Statistic复习资料 4页

Statistic名词解释1.Data:Whichisdefinedasagroupofgivens,ormeasurements,relatedtoanysubjectweareinterestedinstudy.2.DescriptiveStatistic:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdateinaninformativeway.3.InferentialStatistic:Decision,estimate,prediction,orgeneralizationaboutapopulation,basedonasample.4.Population:thesetofdatacorrespondingto(与之相符)theentirecollectionofunitsaboutwhichinformationissought(寻求).5.Sample:Aportion,orpart,ofthepopulationofinterest.6.Qualitative/Attributesymbol/variable:indicates(指出)theattributivecharacteristicsoftheelementofthepopulation.7.Quantitativesymbol/variable:indicatesthequantitativecharacteristicsoftheunits.8.Attributepopulation:Apopulationcomprised(由…组成)bythesamequalitativesymboliscalledanattribute(标志)population.9.Variablepopulation:Apopulationmadeupbythesamequantitativesymboliscalledavariablepopulation10.Nominalleveldata:Datathatisclassifiedintocategoriesandcannotbearranged(排列)inanyparticularorder.Nominaldataarenumbersthatmerelyindicatenameorlabeldifferencesinkind.Suchasgender,eyecolorandreligiousapplication.Mutuallyexclusive(互斥的):Aproperty(性质)ofasetofcategories(种类)suchthatanindividualorobject(物体)isincludedinonlyonecategory.Exhaustive(无遗漏的):Apropertyofasetofcategoriessuchthateachindividualorobjectmustappearinacategory..11.Ordinalleveldata:involvesdataarrangedinsomeorder/rank,butthedifferencesbetweendatavaluescannotbedetermined(确定)oraremeaningless.Suchasjobclass,productqualityratingsanddegreesofagreement.12.Intervallevel:Similartotheordinallevel,withtheadditionalproperty(性质)thatmeaningfulamountsofdifferencesbetweendatavaluescanbedetermined.Thereisnonaturalzeropoint.Itpermitsadditionandsubtraction(增加和减少)Suchastemperature,IQscores13.Ratiolevel:theintervallevelwithaninherent(固有的)zerostartingpoint.Differencesandratiosaremeaningfulforthislevelofmeasurement.Suchasheight(0isthelowerlimit,and6istwiceastallas3feet),totalChina’sinvestment,totalconsumption,speed,andannualsales.Alltypesofarithmeticoperationscanbeperformedwithsuchdatabecausethesenumbershaveanaturalortruezeropointthatdenotes(表示)thecompleteabsenceoftheunitofmeasurement14.Quantitativeindicator(AggregateorAbsoluteindicator)Itreflectsthesizeorleveloftheobjectivethings(Totalinstance,totaloutputvalue,population)15.QualitativeindicatorItreflectstherelationships,ratio,developingspeedandinnerstructureoftheobjectivethings.(Laborproductive,percapitanationalincome)16.Descriptive(描述)indicatorreflectsaccomplishedfacts.17.Evaluating(评估)indicatorreferstothespecificindicatorthatitshouldbeaccordingtotheanalysisofthehappenedeconomicphenomenaofthesociety.\n18.Predicting(预测)indicatorreferstothepossiblyreachableindictoraccordingtotheestimationbasedontherealisticsituationanddevelopingtendency.19.Leading(领先)indicator:It’sabletopredictthetendencyoftheeconomy,effectthedevelopmentofeconomicalsituationinturn.(Moneysupply,stockindexmovement,etc)Lagging(滞缓)indicator:Concurrent(一致同步)indicator:20.Overallsurvey:It’sakindofmethodinwhichthestatisticiansobserveandregisteralltheelementsofapopulation.(Thecensusofpopulation,industry,agriculture).21.Non-overallsurvey:Onlypartofthepopulationaccordingtothespecificpurposesandtasks.22.Continuoussurvey:It’sakindofsurveywhichobservesandregistersthesurveyedobjectcontinuouslyandregularlywithoutinterrupt.(Daily,weeklyormonthlyrecordoftheindustrialoutput)23.Incontinuoussurvey:It’sakindofsurveywhichobservesandrecordthesurveyobjectseveryaperiod.24.Statisticgrouping(编组):It’sakindofmethodappliedtodivideapopulationintoseveralrelatedparts.25.Quantitative(Categories)frequencydistribution:Itreferstothefrequencywhichisformedaccordingtothequalitativegroupings.(Thegroupswithinapopulationwhichhasdifferentattributes)26.Variable(变量)frequencydistribution:Itreferstothefrequencydistributionwhichisformedaccordingtothequantitativegroupings.(Thegroupswithinapopulationwhichhasdifferentvariables)27.Distributiononmonomial/discretevariables(单项式变量分配数列):thereisonlyonevalueinagroup28.Distributiononintervals(组距式变量分配数列):inwhichthevariablesaredividedintosections(分段)andeachofthesectionsisagroup.30.Variation(变化)referstothecharacteristic/phenomenonstatisticpresentationsaredifferent.Variable(可变物)signifiesthemeasurementsofquantitativesymbolsvaryoverdifferentunits.31.Discrete(离散)variable:Variablesinwhichtherearebreaks/gapsinthevaluesareknownasdiscrete.(Thenumberofmachines,familymembersorsizeofshoes)Continuous(连续)variable:Variablesinwhichtherearenobreaks/gapsinthevalues,whichmeananyvaluecanideallybetakenintheintervals,areknownascontinuous.(Thetotalprofitsofenterprises,weightofproducts,ortotalassets.)32.Frequencydistribution:Agroupingofdataintomutuallyexclusiveclassesshowingthenumberofobservationsineach.33.ClassMidpoint:Apointthatdividesaclassintotwoequalparts.Thisistheaverageoftheupperandlowerclasslimits.ClassFrequency:Thenumberofobservationsineachclass.Classinterval:Theclassintervalisobtainedbysubtractingthelowerlimitofaclassfromthelowerlimitofthenextclass.Theclassintervalsshouldbeequal.34.Periodindictorandpointindicator:periodindicator:Itreferstotheresultofthedevelopmentinacertainperiod.(Grossoutput,outputvalue,totalinvestment)Pointindicator:Itreferstothemomentaryarrivedlevelorsituationofsomesocialeconomicphenomenonatacertaintimepoint.(Population,bankdeposit,stocks.)\n35.Aggregate(Quantitative)indicatorofthepopulationisthesummationofthenumberofunitsofthewholepopulation.(Thenumberofemployees/enterprises/people/students)Aggregateindicatorofthevariableisthesummationofthespecificvalueoftheunitsofthepopulation.(Industrialoutputvalue,salesortotalassets)36.Dimensionless(无名数)Indicators:numbers,suchascoefficient(系数),multiple(倍数),percentageorpercentile(千分数).37.Median:Themidpointofthevaluesaftertheyhavebeenorderedfromthesmallesttothelargest,orthelargesttothesmallest.(Itcanbecomputedforratio,intervalandordinallevel)38.Skewed(倾斜)distribution:Onewhoseshapesoneithersideofthecenterdiffer;anonsymmetrical(不整齐)distribution.39.Variance:Thearithmeticmeanofthesquareddeviationsfromthemean.40.Standarddeviation:Thesquarerootofthevariance.41.Meandeviation:Thearithmeticmeanoftheabsolutevaluesofthedeviationsfromthearithmeticmean.42.Proportion:Thefraction(小部分),ratio,orpercentageindicatingthepartofthesampleorthepopulationhavingaparticulartrait(特色)ofinterest(利息).43.Quartiles:44.Zscores:It’sanextremevalueoroutlierlocatedfarawayfromthemean.45.Inter-quartilesrange:thedistancebetweenthethirdquartileQ3andthefirstquartileQ1.46.Population:Theentiresetofindividualsorobjectsofinterestorthemeasurementsobtainedfromallindividualsorobjectsofinterest(利息).47.Sample:Aportion,orpart,ofthepopulationofinterest.48.Parameter(参数):Aparameterisameasurablecharacteristicofapopulation.49.Statistic:Astatisticisameasurablecharacteristicofasample.50.Samplesize:Itmeansthenumberofpopulationunitsincludedinthesample.51.Samplingerror:Thedifferencesbetweenthesampleanditscorrespondingpopulationparameter.52.Samplingdistribution(分配)ofthesamplemean:Thesamplingdistributionofthesamplemeanisaprobabilitydistributionconsistingofallpossiblesamplemeansofagivensamplesizeselectedfromapopulation.53.Surveyerror:ErrorsinvolvedinaSamplingrefertodifferencesbetweenthesamplestatisticandthepopulationparameter54.Pointestimate:Apointestimatedrawsinference(推论)aboutapopulationbyestimatingthevalueofanunknownparameterusingasinglevalueorapoint.55.Unbiased(无偏性):Anunbiased(没有偏见的)estimatorisonewhoseexpectedvalueisequaltotheparameter(参数)itestimates.Consistency(一致性):Anunbiasedestimatorissaidtobeconsistent(一致的)ifthedifferencebetweentheestimatorandtheparametergrowssmallerasthesamplesizeincrease.Relativeefficiency(有效性):Fortwounbiasedestimators,theonewithasmallervarianceissaidtoberelativelyefficient.56.Intervalestimate:Anintervalestimatordrawsinferencesaboutapopulationbyestimatingthevalueofanunknownparameter(参数)usinganinterval.(Theintervalestimationisaffectedbythesamplesize.)57.Timeseries:Anvariablethatismeasuredovertimeinsequentialorderiscalledatimeseries\nordynamicseries.58.