国家形象 复习资料 3页

DisseminationofChineseCulturetotheWorldScience,Nature,NationalGeographic,FT,TIME,WSJ,WPandTheEconomistChinaDaily,CGTN,NPR,CNN,FOXNews,BBC,VOA,CBSAP,Reuters,PulitzerPrizeTheHuffingtonPostBritainBrexitsoftpower中华文化向世界传播科学，自然，国家地理，FT，TIME，WSJ，WP和TheEconomist中国日报，CGTN，NPR，CNN，福克斯新闻，BBC，VOA，CBS美联社，路透社，普利策奖赫芬顿邮报英国Brexit软实力判断Tigris–Euphrates，CodeofHammurabi，hieroglyph，Macedonian，Darius，Ptolemaicdynasty，CleopatraVIIPhilopator，Octavian，Athena，底格里斯-幼发拉底河，汉穆拉比法典，象形文字，马其顿，大流士，托勒密王朝，克娄巴特拉七世哲学家，屋大维，雅典娜，配对GeorgSimmel--TheStranger(1908)RobertEzraPark--MarginalmanRobertK.Merton--CosmopolitanWilliamGrahamSumner--ethnocentrismCharlesHortonCooley--lookingglassselfBronisławMalinowski--detailed participantobservationDellHathawayHymes--ethnographyofcommunicationRaymondHenryWilliams--twotransitionsinwesternnotionofcultureHoraceMeyerKallen --culturalpluralismTheodorW.Adorno,MaxHorkheimer--Instrumentalrationality,repressionofimaginationandcreativity,alienationEdwardWadieSaid--OrientalismGayatriChakravortySpivak--ThinkingAcademicFreedominGenderedPost-ColonialityJacquesDerrida--Mustnotstructurehaveagenesis？Sapir–Whorfhypothesis--linguisticdeterminismSigmundFreud--Id,egoandsuper-egoMichelFoucault--power and knowledgeEdwardTwitchellHall,Jr. –Highvs.LowContextCultureGerardHendrik(Geert)Hofstede--culturaldimensionsStuartMcPhailHall–oneofthefoundingfiguresofBritishCulturalStudiesorTheBirminghamSchoolofCulturalStudies,aJamaican-bornculturaltheorist,politicalactivistandMarxistsociologistGeorgSimmel-陌生人（1908）罗伯特Ezra公园-边缘人罗伯特K.默顿-大都会威廉格雷厄姆萨姆纳-民族中心主义查尔斯霍顿库利-寻找玻璃自我BronisławMalinowski-详细的参与者观察戴尔哈撒韦Hymes-通信民族志雷蒙德亨利威廉姆斯-西方文化观念的两次转折贺拉斯迈耶卡伦-文化多元主义TheodorW.Adorno，MaxHorkheimer-工具理性，压抑想象力和创造力，异化爱德华Wadie说-东方主义GayatriChakravortySpivak-在性别后殖民性中思考学术自由雅克德里达-不应该有结构吗？萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说-语言决定论西格蒙德弗洛伊德-身份，自我和超自我米歇尔福柯-权力和知识EdwardTwitchellHall，Jr.-高低语境文化杰拉德亨德里克（吉尔特）霍夫斯泰德-文化维度StuartMcPhailHall-英国文化研究或伯明翰文化研究学院的创始人之一，牙买加出生的文化理论家，政治活动家和马克思主义社会学家RuthBenedict--ChrysanthemumandtheSwordLederer&Burdick--TheUglyAmericanEdwardTwitchellHall,Jr.--TheSilentLanguageStellaTing-Toomey--facenegotiationtheoryGerryPhilipsen--TheoryofSpeechCodesHowardGiles--TheoryofCommunicationAccommodationYoungYunKim--Integrativetheoryofcommunicationandcross-culturaladaptation露丝本尼迪克特-菊花和剑Lederer＆Burdick-丑恶的美国人EdwardTwitchellHall，Jr.-沉默的语言StellaTing-Toomey-面对谈判理论格里菲利普森-语言代码理论\n霍华德吉尔斯-传播住宿理论YoungYunKim-交流和跨文化适应的综合理论填空IntegrationassimilationseparationmarginalizationMulticulturalismmeltingpotsegregationexclusion整合同化分离边缘化多元文化主义熔炉隔离排斥名词解释Meltingpotvs.SaladbowlRaimonPanikkaridentified29waysinwhichculturalchangecanbebroughtabout,includinggrowth,development,evolution,involution,renovation,reconception,reform,innovation,revivalism,revolution,mutation,progress,diffusion,osmosis,borrowing,eclecticism,syncretism,modernization,indigenization,andtransformation.Pompeii，theancientcityinwesternItaly,southeastofNaples.ThecitywasburiedbyaneruptionofMountVesuviusinad79;excavationsofthesitebeganin1748andrevealedwell-preservedremainsofbuildings,mosaics,furniture,andthepersonalpossessionsofthecity'sinhabitants.TheBlackDeath,alsoknownastheGreatPlagueorsimplyPlague,orlesscommonlyastheBlackPlague,wasoneofthemostdevastatingpandemicsinhumanhistory,resultinginthedeathsofanestimated75to200millionpeopleinEurasiaandpeakinginEuropefrom1347to1351.Theplaguecreatedaseriesofreligious,socialandeconomicupheavals,whichhadprofoundeffectsonthecourseofEuropeanhistory.Atonement：InwesternChristiantheology,atonementdescribeshowhumanbeingscanbereconciledtoGodthroughChrist‘ssacrificialsufferinganddeath.Atonementreferstotheforgivingorpardoningofsiningeneralandoriginalsininparticularthroughthesuffering,deathandresurrectionofJesus.ChineseRitesControversyThedisputeamongRomanCatholicmissionariesoverthereligiosityofConfucianismandChineseritualsduringthe17thand18thcenturies.ThedebatecenteredoverwhetherChineseritualpracticesofhonoringfamilyancestorsandotherformalConfucianandChineseimperialritesqualifiedasreligiousritesandwerethusincompatiblewithCatholicbelief.简答1、Acivilizationisanycomplexsocietycharacterizedbyurbandevelopment,socialstratificationimposedbyaculturalelite,symbolicsystemsofcommunication(forexample,writingsystems),andaperceivedseparationfromanddominationoverthenaturalenvironment.Metaltoolsbecamewidespread(intheCopperAgeorBronzeAge;or,insomegeographicalregions,intheIronAge).TheNeolithicisaprogressionofbehavioralandculturalcharacteristicsandchanges,includingtheuseofwildanddomesticcropsandofdomesticatedanimals.2、HomeristhenameascribedbytheancientGreekstothelegendaryauthoroftheIliadandtheOdyssey,twoepicpoemswhicharethecentralworksofancientGreekliterature.TheIliadissetduringtheTrojanWar,theten-yearsiegeofthecityofTroybyacoalitionofGreekkingdoms.ItfocusesonaquarrelbetweenKingAgamemnonandthewarriorAchilleslastingafewweeksduringthelastyearofthewar.TheOdysseyfocusesonthejourneyhomeofOdysseus,kingofIthaca,afterthefallofTroy.ManyaccountsofHomer'slifecirculatedinclassicalantiquity,themostwidespreadbeingthathewasablindbardfrom\nIonia,aregionofcentralcoastalAnatoliainpresent-dayTurkey.3、TheroleofChristianityintheMedievalperiodhasbeenintricatelyintertwinedwiththehistoryandformationofWesternsociety.Throughoutitslonghistory,theChristianChurchhasbeenamajorsourceofsocialserviceslikeschoolingandmedicalcare;inspirationforart,cultureandphilosophy;andinfluentialplayerinpoliticsandreligion.InvariouswaysithassoughttoaffectWesternattitudestoviceandvirtueindiversefields.Ithas,overmanycenturies,promulgatedtheteachingsofJesuswithintheWesternworldaswellasthroughoutothernations.4、TheReformation,or,morefully,theProtestantReformation,wasaschisminWesternChristianityinitiatedbyMartinLutherandcontinuedbyJohnCalvin,HuldrychZwingli,andotherProtestantReformersin16th-centuryEurope.ThemovementinfluencedtheChurchofEnglandafter1547,underEdwardVIandElizabethI,althoughtheEnglishReformation（Anglicanism）hadbegununderHenryVIIIintheearly1530s.ItisusuallyconsideredtohavestartedwiththepublicationoftheNinety-fiveThesesbyMartinLutherin1517andlasteduntiltheendoftheThirtyYears'Warin1648.5、TheRenaissanceisaperiodinEuropeanhistory,coveringthespanbetweenthe14thand17thcenturies.ItisanextensionoftheMiddleAges,andisbridgedbytheAgeofEnlightenmenttomodernhistory.Itgrewinfragments,withtheveryfirsttracesfoundseeminglyinItaly,comingtocovermuchofEurope,forsomescholarsmarkingthebeginningofthemodernage.TheintellectualbasisoftheRenaissancewasitsowninventedversionofhumanism,derivedfromtheconceptofRomanHumanitasandtherediscoveryofclassicalGreekphilosophy,suchasthatofProtagoras,whosaidthat"Manisthemeasureofallthings."Thisnewthinkingbecamemanifestinart,architecture,politics,scienceandliterature.6、TheAgeofDiscovery,ortheAgeofExploration(approximatelyfromthebeginningofthe15thcenturyuntiltheendofthe18thcentury)isaninformalandlooselydefinedtermfortheperiodinEuropeanhistoryinwhichextensiveoverseasexplorationemergedasapowerfulfactorinEuropeancultureandwasthebeginningofglobalization.ItalsomarkstheriseoftheperiodofwidespreadadoptioninEuropeofcolonialismandmercantilismasnationalpolicies.ManylandspreviouslyunknowntoEuropeanswerediscoveredbythemduringthisperiod,thoughmostwerealreadyinhabited.Fromtheperspectiveofmanynon-Europeans,theAgeofDiscoverymarkedthearrivalofinvadersfrompreviouslyunknowncontinents.论述IntellectualreflectionofeasternandwesternculturesbyLiangShuming(梁漱溟)LiangShumingbelievesthatcultureisthewayoflife,andlifeistheendlessdesireandthesatisfactionanddissatisfactionofdesire.Atthesametime,thedesireisproducedwithlife.Itisaninstinct,aneternalandindivisiblelifeimpulse.Basedonthis,hedivideswesternculture,Chineseculture,andIndiancultureintothreetypes:desiretomoveforward,desiretohold,anddesiretoback,accordingtodifferentintentions.HeopposesthetheoryofharmonybetweenChineseandWesterncultures.Themainreasonsforthisarethattheconciliationistsareunawareoftheirreasons,threewaystotheircompleteness,andthreereasonsfortheirprogressiveness.TraditionalChinesevaluesandChina’sforeignpolicyTheculturalvaluesofacountryinfluenceitsnationalpsychologyandidentity.Citizens’valuesandpublicopinionsareconveyedtostateleadersthroughthemediaandotherinformationchannels,bothdirectlyandindirectlyinfluencingdecisionsonforeignpolicy.ThetraditionalculturalvaluesthatinfluencethepsycheoftheChinesepeopleareharmony,benevolence,righteousness,courtesy,wisdom,honesty,loyalty,andfilialpiety.“Apeacefulfamilywillprosper”isafamousandwidelyembracedsaying.Thisbenevolence,althoughbasedinfamilialties,extendstofriendshipsandsocialrelationships,producingafullsetofvaluesthatincludejustice,courtesy,wisdom,honesty,loyalty,self-discipline,andcommitment.