材料概论复习资料 10页

影响材料使用的因素Materialsbehavior材料的行为AvailabilityCostSynthesisandproductionmethod（材料的合成与生产方法）ProcessingtechniquesEnvironmentalacceptabilityFactorsonthepropertiesofmaterials组成材料的各元素的原子结构，Atomicstructure原子间的相互作用、相互结合，Natureofchemicalbonds原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律，Atomicordering原子集合体的形貌特征。MicrostructurePropertiesofMaterialsMechanicalproperties:Thebehaviorofmaterialsdeformedbyasetofforces.弹性Elasticity塑性Plasticity强度Strength硬度Hardness韧性Toughness疲劳特T生Fatiguebehaviour耐磨性AbrasionresistaneeClassificationofmaterials:basedonatomicstructuresandthenatureofbondsMetalsandtheiralloysOrganicpolymersCeramicsMechanicalproperties:whichreflectthebehaviorofmaterials^deformedbyasetofforces这反映材料的行为，变形力的由一组Physicalproperties:whichdescribethebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfields,orlight•它描述材料的行为受:到的动作温度、电场或磁场，或者光。\nChemicalproperties:whichcharacterizethebehaviorofmaterialinareactiveenvironment•用材料的行为在一个无功的环境。PerformancesPropertiesTypesofmaterials1metalitisstrongandcanbereadilyformedintopracticalshapes.itsextensive,permanentductilityisanimportantassetinpermittingsmallamountsofyieldingtosuddenandsevereloads•这是强大的，可以很容易形成实际的形状。其广泛的、永久的延性是一个重要的资产在允许少最的收益率突然和严重的负荷。2ceramicsandglassesChemicalstable,siginificantlyhighermeltingpoint,brittleness化学稳定,sigini行cantly更高的熔点，脆性3polymerspolymersarefrequentlylightweightJowcost,lowerstrength,lowermeltingpointandhigherchemicalreactivity聚合物经常是轻量级的,低成本，低强度、低熔点和更高的化学反应4compositesitcarriesalongthesuperiorpropertiesofeachcomponent,producingaproductthatissuperiortoeitherofthecomponentsseparately它携带沿着优越的性能，每个组件住产一个产品，优于要么单独的组件Solidsexistinthenatureintwoprincipalforms:crystallineandamorphousI古I体存在于自然以两种主要形式:水晶和非晶AnelementarycellofcrystallatticeisdescribedThreesectionsa,b,andc,Threeanglesmadebyeachtwoofthesesections,a,P,andy・\n晶格常数latticeconstant/latticespacing:a>b、c.crystalstructure:body-centeredcubicstructure,face-centeredcubicstructure,hexagonalclose-packedstructurethepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections,whichareassociatedwithanorderedarrangementofatomsinspace.以少体为屮心的立方结构,面心立方结构，六角拥挤不堪的结构性能的晶体是不同的各种晶体方向，它们代表一个有序排列的原子在空间。AdvantagesofMetalsStrongSoft:Cutting,Machining,Shaping软:切割、加工、成型MeltingandcastingHeatconductiveElectricconductiveLight-ReflectiveIronconsistofslagandcarbon,butsteelconsistofmanyelementsuchascarbon,silicon,manganese,nickelandsoon铁由矿渣和碳，但是钢由许多元索如碳、硅、猛、鎳等Thetypesofcastiron；whitecastiron,graycastiron,alloycastiron,nodularorductilecastiron,malleablecastiron口口铸铁、灰铸铁、合金铸铁，结节或球墨铸铁、可锻铸铁AluminumRustresistant抗锈的Highreflectivity高反射率Canbediecast可以模铸Easilymachined容易加工Goodformability容易加匚成世容易加r.Nonmagnetic非磁性Nontoxic无毒的One-thirdthestiffnessofsteel三分Z—的刚度钢\nOnethirdoftheweightofsteel三分Z—的钢材的重量Goodthermalandelectricalconductivity良好的热和导电性Highstrength-to-weightratio高强度重量比Canbegivenahardsurfacebyanodizingandhardcoating可以给一个坚硬的表血，阳极氧化和硬涂层吗Mostalloysareweldable大多数合金町焊接的Copperanditsalloys:copper,brassandbronzeMagnesiumThelightestofallstructuralmetalsSpecificgravity:1.75Magnesiumweighs1.5timeslessthananequalvolumeofaluminumand4timeslessthanzinc.Highstrength,stiffness,dimensionalstability,高强度、刚度、尺寸稳定性，Highstrength-to-weightratio高强度重量比AlloyshaveRelativelyhighthermalandelectricalconductivities;相对较高的热、电传导率的区域；Goodenergyabsorptioncharacteristics;良好的能量吸收特性Nonmagneticproperties非磁性特性MechanicalpropertiesForbasictypesofstresses:tensile,compressive,shear,torsion（拉力,压力，剪切力,扭转力）Strength:thestrengthofametalisitsabilitytoresistchangingitsshapeorsizewhenexternalforcesareapplied.一个金属的强度是能够抵抗改变它的形状或人小当外部力量被应用。Elasticity:theabilityofamaterialtostrainunderloadandthenreturntoitsoriginalshapeandsizewhenunloaded.—种材料的能力来应变负荷下撚后回到原来的形状和大小当卸载。Yieldpoint:yieldingorplasticflowoccursinmaterialswhentheelasticlimithasbeenexceeded.屈服或犁料流发生在材料在弹性极限已经超过了。\nPlasticity:metalsundergoplasticflowwhenstressedatorbeyondtheirelasticlimits•金属的塑性流动进行时强调在或者超过其弹性极限。Brittleness:amaterialthatwillnotdeformplasticallyissaidtobebrittle种材料，不会变形可鴉性是脆弱的。Stiffness:stiffnessisexpressedbythemodulusofelasticity.刚度是农达的弹性模量。Ductility:thepropertythatallowsametaltodeformpermanentlywhenloadedintension•属性,允许一个金属变形永久当装载在张力Astemperaturedecreases,thestrength^hardness9andthemodulusofelasticityincreaseforalmostallthemetals•当温度降低，强度、硬度和弹性模量增加，几乎所有的金属。MetalsandnonmetalsAbilitytodonateelectronsandformapositiveion能力positiveion捐赠电了和形成Crystallinestructure晶体结构Highthermalandelectricalconductivity高热量和导电性Abilitytobedeformedplastically能力是畸形的可塑性Metallicluster（光泽）orreflectivityBody-centeredcubic:columbium,barium,vanadium,（钿J,领，飢）Face-centeredcubic:calcium,aluminum,copper,lead,nickel,gold：钙、铝、铜、铅、镣、金Hexagonalclose-packed:zinc,titanium,magnesium锌，钛，猛Thereareseveralwaystoprotectagainstcorrosion.CorrosioncanbepreventedorlessenedbyCoatings/涂层Designconsiderations,设计考虑Environmentalcontrol,坏境控制\nAlloying,amongothers合金化Ceramiccompounds:Canbedefinedasinorganiccompoundsmadebyheatingclayorothermineralmattertoahightemperatureatwhichtheypartiallymeltandbondtogether.Traditionalceramicsarederivedandprocessedfromclayornonclayminerals.MostadvancedceramicsareproducedfromfinerelativelypoorpowersusingnewtechnologyThepropertyofceramics可以定义为无机化合物由加热粘土或其他矿物质到很高的温度，他们部分融化和债券在一起。传统的陶瓷派生和加工从粘土或nonclayr物质。最先进的陶瓷生产从好，相对贫穷的人国使用新技术属性的陶瓷Extremehardness高度Heatresistanee耐热性Corrosionresistanee耐蚀性Lowelectricalandthermalconductivity低电和热导率Lowductility(brittleness)低韧性(脆性)Poresaffectthestrengthofceramicsintwoways：theyproducestressconcentrations・Oncethestressreachesacriticallevel,acrackwillformandpropagate.他们产生应力集中。一旦压力达到临界水平，裂纹形成和传播。poresreducethecross-sectionalareasoverwhichaloadcanbeappliedand,consequently,lowerthestressthatthesematerialscansupport.毛孔减少截面的负载可以应丿IJ,因此，降低压力，这些材料能支持。DefinitionofglassGlassisaninorganicproductoffusionwhichhascooledtoarigidconditionwithoutcrystallization.Glassformation玻璃是一种无机产品的融合已冷却到一个刚性条件没有结晶。玻璃形成Glassformationoccursinmaterialsofallchemicaltypes:covalent,ionic,molecular,metallicandhydrogenbondedmaterials.Glasshavebeenmadefromelement,simplechemicalcompounds,complexorganicmolecules,saltmixturesandalloys・thereisnoparticularlyadvantageouswayofgroupingglassformingmaterials.玻璃的形成发生在材料的化学类型:共价，离子、分子、金属和氢保税材料。玻璃被制成的元素，简单的化学化合物，复杂的有机分子，盐混合物和合金。没有特别有利的方式分组玻璃成型材料。\nCompositionofoxideglassMainoxidesinglassGlassformers:anoxidewhichformsaglasseasily（形成体）B2O3,SiO2,P2O5…Glassmodifiers:（修改体）L12O,Na2O,K2O,MgO,CaO...Intermediates:（中间体）TiO2,ZnO,PbO,AI2O3Twomodelofglass1continuousrandomnetworkmodel连续无规网络模型2randomclosepackingmodel随机紧密堆积模型PhysicalpropertiesDensity:glasscooledatvariousratesfromabovetheannealingpointwilldifferindensitywiththemorerapidlycooledglasseshavingalowerdensity密度:玻璃冷却在不同的利率从上面将不同的退火点在密度和更迅速冷却眼镜有一个较低的密度Strength:Themeasuredmechanicalstrengthofglassismuchlowerthanthetheoreticalstrength.Mostglassesshowareductionofstrengthwithincreasingtemperature强度:测最玻璃机械强度远低于理论强度。人部分眼镜显示减少强度随着温度的增加Brittleness:Thepresenceofsurfacedefects脆性:表面缺陷的存在Stressconcentration应力集屮Iftheglassiscooledtoorapidlyitdoesnothavetimetoreleasestressessetupwithinitduringcooling.Thesestressesare"frozen-in"andcancausetheglasstoshatter（粉不卒）whenitbecomesasolid.如果玻璃冷却过快它没冇时间释放强调建立在它在冷却。这些压力是“冻结",可以使玻璃碎裂当它变成固体\nOpticalPropertiesTherefractiveindexdependsuponthewaveIengthoflight,thedensity,temperature,thermalhistory,stress,andcompositionoftheglass折射率取决于光的波长、密度、温度、热历史、压力,和成分的玻璃Therefractiveindexofaglassanditschangewiththecompositionandheattreatmentareofprimaryimportanceforopticalglasses的折射率玻璃及其变化的成分和热处理是头等重要的光学眼镜Chemicalstabilityandresistancetocorrosion化学吒急定，性和抗腐蚀CemntandconcreteThecompositionofcement:氧化钙，氧化铝，二氧化硅，三氧化二铁以及其他组分Thedefinitionofcement:Abinder（胶结料）,whichsets（凝结）andhardens（硬化）independently,andcanbindothermaterialstogether.*Cementsusedinconstructionarecharacterizedashydraulic（水百更性）ornon-hydraulic（非水百更性）.Themostimportsntuseofcementistheproductionofmortar（砂浆）andconcrete・C=CaO,S=SiO2,A=AI2O3,F=FaCh,M=MgO,HydrationreactionHydrationdegree水化程度HydrationproductMicrostructuredevelopment微观结构发展Heatevolvement热演化ConcreteThepropertiesofthefleshorplasticconcrete:1.thewetnessordrynessofthemixisreferredtoastheconsistencyorslump湿润或干燥的组合称为一致性或衰退2.uniformityindicatesthattheconcreteismixedthoroughly,hasastandardappearance,andthatallingredientsareevenlydistributedinthemix.一致性表明，混凝土和彻底，有一个标准的外观，所有的原料都是均匀分布的组合。3.workabilityistheeasewithwhichconcreteisplacedandconsolidated.Water-cementratio:therelationbetweentheamountofwaterandcementusedinthepasteThepropertiesofhardenedconcrete可加工性是轻松混凝土放置和合并。水灰比的联系的水量和水泥用丁粘贴属性的硬化混凝土1・hardenedconcreteshouldbedurable,strong,watertight,andresistanttoabrasion.硬化混凝土应该耐丿IJ,强壮，水密和耐磨损。2concretemustbedurableenoughtowithstandextremeexposureconditionsandtogivelongservicewithaminimumofupkeep.混凝土必须是持久的，足以承受极端的曝光条件和给长期服务，最低的保养。3.themostdestructiveweatheringfactorthatcanactonconcreteisthefreezingandthawingifconcretewhileitiswetormoist.最具破坏性的风化因索，可以作用于混凝土冻融如果混凝土虽然湿或潮湿。4.concretemustbestrongenoughtocarrytheheavyloadsplacedonit.混凝土必须足以携带重物放在它。\nPolymermaterialsAPolymersismacromolecule（大分子）builtupbythelinkingtogetheroflargenumbersofmuchsmallermolecules建立了由连接在一起的大量更小的分子builtupbythelinkingtogetheroflargenumbersofmuchsmallermoleculesTheConstitutionalRepeatingUnit（CRU）:isthesmallestpossiblerepeatingunitofthepolymer宪法重复单位（CRU）:是最小的可能重复单元的聚合物Additionpolymerization:themostcommontypeofadditionpolymerizationisfreeradicalpolymerizationTherearethreesignificantreactionthattakeplaceinadditionpolymerization:initiationreaction，propagationreaction,terminationreaction•加成聚合反应:最常见的加成聚合反应是自山基聚合有三个重要的反应发牛在加成聚合反应:引发反应，传播反应，终止反应。Initiation:Generationofreactionwithmonomertoformgrowingchains起始:一代的反应与单体形成增长链Propagation:Chainextensionbyincrementalmonomeraddition传播:链扩展通过增量单体加法Thereexistsatypeofadditionpolymerizationthatdoesnotundergoaterminationreaction・Thereactioncontinuesuntilthemonomersupplyhasbeenexhausted.存在一种加成聚合反应，不经历一个终止反应。反丿应持续进行肓到单体供应已经筋疲力尽。PolycondensationistheabbreviationofcondensationandPolymerization.缩聚的缩写凝结和聚合。Acondensationreactionisareactionbetweentwodifferentfunctionalgroups,losingamolecule,suchasH2O.—个缩合反应是一个反应两种不同官能团,失去一个分了，比如H2O。Besidesmainproduct,thereisabyproduct.除了主要产品，冇一个副产品。Theflexibilityofapolymerdependsontheeasewithwhichthebackbonechainbondscanrotate.除了主耍产品，有—个副产品。Highlyflexiblechainswillbeabletorotateeasilyintothevariousavailableconformations（结构）高度灵活的连锁店将能够旋转轻松的各种可用的构象Theinternalrotationsofbondsinastiffchainarehinderedandimpeded.内部旋转的债券在刚性链是阻碍和阻碍。Anincreaseinthelatticeenergyofacrystalliteisobtainedwhenthethree-dimensionalorderisstabilizedbyintermolecularbonding.增加一个微晶晶格能获得当三维秩序是稳定的分子间粘结。Severalpolymers:Fiber,rigidplastic,flexibleplastic,elastomer•纤维、刚性塑料、灵活的塑料、橡胶。ConceptsModulus.TheresistaneetodeformationasmeasuredbytheinitialstressdividedbyAL/L.模量。这个变形阻力测算的初始应力除以AL/LOUltimateStrengthorTensileStrength.Thestressrequiredtorupturethesample.极限强度或抗拉强度。断裂的应力要求的样品。UltimateElongation.Theextentofelongationatthepointwherethesampleruptures.极限彳申长。伸长的不呆度的地方样木破裂。ElasticElongation.Theelasticityasmeasuredbytheextentofreversibleelongation.弹性伸长。通过测量弹性程度的可逆伸长。DefinitionofCompositeAcompositeisacombinedmaterialcreatedbythesyntheticassemblyoftwoormorecomponentsa\nselectedfillerorreinforcingagentandacompatiblematrix（基体）binder（e.g.aresin）inordertoobtainspecificcharacteristicsandproperties.复合材料是一个联合创建的合成装配两个或两个以上的组件选择填料或补强剂和一个兼容的矩阵（基体）粘结剂（例如一个树脂）为了获得特定的特性和属性。TheclassificationofcompositesPolymerMatrixComposites,MetalMatrixComposites,CeramicMatrixComposites.MechanicalpropertyofpolymerMatrixcomposite聚合物基复合材料、金属基复合材料、陶瓷基复合材料。聚合物基复合材料的力学性能Thepropertiesofthecompositearedeterminedby:Thepropertiesofthefibre纤维Thepropertiesoftheresin树月旨；木公香Theratiooffibertoresininthecomposite(FiberVolumeFraction(FVF))纤维树脂的比率在复合(纤维体积分数(地层体积系数))Thegeometryandorientationofthefibresinthecomposite几何和取向的纤维的复合AdvantagesofusingComposites:Compositesaresuperiortometalsformanyapplicationsdueto使川复合材料的优点:复合材料优于金属对于许多应用程序由于HighstrengthsStiffnesses,；【力学】刚度Easeofmouldingcomplexshapes易于造型复杂形状Highenvironmentalresistance高环境阻力LowdensitiesFillersofferavarietyofbenefits:increasedstrengthandstiffness,heatresistance,heatconductivity,stability,wetstrength,fabricationmobility,viscosity,abrasionresistance,andimpactstrength,reducedcost,shrinkage,exothermicheat,thermal-expansion‘coefficient,porosity,andcrazing,andimprovedsurfaceappearance.填料提供各种好处:增加强度和刚度、耐热性、导热、稳定性、湿强度、制造移动、粘度、耐磨性，冲击强度，降低了成木，收缩，放热热、热膨胀系数、孔隙度和，银纹，改善表而。