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初中英语语法PPT课件\n初中语法分类初中语法项目分类:(共8类)一般分类1、一般现在时2、一般过去时3、一般将来时4、现在进行时5、现在完成(进行)时6、过去进行时7、过去完成时8、过去将来时\n一般现在时构成:动词用原形三人称单数-s/es用法:表示经常性的动作或状态象征词:Every often alwayson天in月、季、节、年。\n\n\n\n一般过去时规则变化:一般/去e双写/辅+y结尾-ied不规则变化:go-wentcome-camedo-didleave-left等例句:Hewrotealetteryesterday.Istudiedhardlastyear.\n练习题:1. What _____they _____dinner yesterday ?A. do; have for B. did; had for C. did; have for D. were; have for2. Could you tell me what time the plane ______?A. left B. leaves C. leaved D. was leaving3. One of us ______band last month.A. leaves B. leave C. leaved D. left\n一般将来时构成:begoingto+V原will/shall+V原用法:在将来某个时间或某段时要做的事象征词:tomorrow/afternext/tonight in2010\n一般将来时不规则变化:Gocomeleavestayfly等用进行表将来例句:Areyougoingtoread?Heiscomingtomorrow.\n练习题:1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be2. Charlie ________ here next month.A. isn't working B. doesn't working C. isn't going to working D. won't work3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be\n现在进行时构成:be+doing用法:表此时此刻正进行的动作或状态象征词:listen look nowallthetime Don’t…\n现在进行时规则变化:一般去e双写+ing不规则变化:tie die lie–变ie为y加ing例句:Tomiswritingnow.Theyarelyingonthebed.\n练习题:1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be2. Charlie ________ here next month.A. isn't working B. doesn't working C. isn't going to working D. won't work3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be\n现在完成时构成:have/has+PPhave/hasbeen+doing用法:发生在过去影响在现在的动作或状态等象征词:含糊的频率副词 already just neverever\n现在完成时规则变化:分词规则的同过去式是一样的不规则变化:不规则的动词的过去分词需逐个记忆例句:Ihavebeenteachingfor8years.Hehassleptfortwodays.\n练习题:1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.”“When ________ you __________ (have) it?” “I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.”2. “_______ you _______ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”“Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.”、3. “_________ he ____ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”、4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”、5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work.\n过去进行时构成:was/were+doing多用于复合句中用法:表在过去某时间正在进行的动作象征词:atthistimeyesterdaylastSundayevening\n过去进行时规则变化:一般去e双写+ing不规则变化:tie die lie–变ie为y加ing例句:HewasreadingatthattimelastFriday\n练习题:1. While we __________ (wait) for the bus, a girl __________ (run) up to us.2. I __________ (telephone) a friend when Bob __________ (come) in.3. Jim __________ (jump) on the bus as it __________ (move) away.4. We __________ (test) the new machine when the electricity __________ (go) off.5. She __________ (not want) to stay in bed while the others ________________ (all, work) in the fields.\n过去完成时构成:had+动过去分词多用于复合句中用法:该动作发生在过去的过去象征词:bythetime+过去时when after before\n过去完成时规则变化:规则的分词构成与过去时一样的不规则变化:需要逐个记忆详见不规则动词表例句:Wehadlearnt2000wordsbytheendof lastyear.\n练习题:By the end of this century, we__ ours into a strong modern country.A. will build B. had built C. have built D. will have builtWe _________the work by six yesterday evening.A. finished B.would finish C. had finished D. had been finishedI _________to help you but couldn’t get here in time.A. want B. had wanted C. have wanted D. was wanting\n过去将来时构成:would+V原形多用宾语从句中用法:过去看来将要发生的动作或状态象征词:Hesaidthathe…thenextday.\n过去将来时例句:Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethenextday.\n练习题:1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month.A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; cameD. will be; come2. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China.A. spent B. would spentC. was going to spent D. would spend3. —What did your son say in the letter?—He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day.A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit\n第三节手三阳经一、手阳明大肠经(一)经脉循行起于食指桡侧端,沿上肢外侧前缘上行,经肩颈,通过面颊,在人中部左右交叉,止于对侧鼻翼旁,与足阳明胃经相接。\n\n\n(二)联系脏腑器官大肠,肺;口,下齿,鼻。(三)主治概要本经腧穴主要治疗头面、五官、咽喉病,胃肠病,热病以及经脉循行部位的其他病证。如头痛、齿痛、咽喉肿痛、鼻病、口眼斜、发热、泄痢、上肢外侧前缘疼痛等。\n(四)本经腧穴本经单侧共20穴,首穴商阳,末穴迎香。其穴位依次为:商阳、二间、三间、合谷、阳溪、偏历、温溜、下廉、上廉、手三里、曲池、肘髎、手五里、臂臑、肩髃、巨骨、天鼎、扶突、口禾髎、迎香。\n手阳明穴起商阳,二间三间合谷藏,阳溪偏历温溜齐,下廉上廉三里长,曲池肘髎五里近,臂臑肩髃巨骨当,天鼎扶突禾髎接,鼻旁五分号迎香。经穴歌诀\n商阳定位:食指桡侧指甲根角旁约0.1寸。作用:宣肺解表,清热开窍。主治:热病,昏迷;咽喉肿痛,齿痛;食指麻木。刺灸法:浅刺0.1寸,或点刺出血。可灸。附注:配少商、合谷治疗咽喉肿痛;配中冲、关冲治疗高热、昏迷、中暑。手阳明经之井穴。\n\n合谷定位:手背第1、2掌骨之间,约平第2掌骨桡侧的中点处。简便取穴法:将一手拇指指关节横纹放在另一手拇、食指之间的指蹼缘上,屈指当拇指尖处为穴。\n作用:祛风解表,调和营卫,镇惊止痛,泻热开闭。主治:头痛,齿痛,目赤肿痛,咽喉肿痛,口眼歪斜,鼻衄,牙关紧闭,耳鸣耳聋,痄腮;发热恶寒,无汗或多汗;痛经,经闭,滞产;胃痛,腹痛,便秘,泄泻,痢疾;半身不遂,小儿惊风;瘾疹。\n刺灸法:直刺0.5~1寸;孕妇不宜针;可灸。附注:凡表证、热病、汗证、多种痛证及妇人经闭、滞产等,皆可以本穴作为主穴。配颊车、下关治疗牙痛;配风池、大椎、曲池治疗外感发热头痛;配复溜治疗无汗或多汗;配三阴交治疗痛经、经闭、滞产;配肩髃、曲池、外关治疗上肢痹证或瘫痪;配太冲治疗抽搐、小儿惊风等。手阳明经之原穴。\n阳溪定位:在腕背横纹桡侧,拇指向上翘起时,当拇短伸肌腱与拇长伸肌腱之间的凹陷中。作用:清泻阳明,疏经利节。主治:头痛,耳聋耳鸣,咽喉肿痛;手腕疼痛无力。刺灸法:直刺0.5~0.8寸,可灸。附注:配翳风、听宫治疗耳鸣耳聋;配阳池、阳谷治疗腕关节疼痛。手阳明经之经穴。\n偏历定位:曲肘,在阳溪穴与曲池穴连线上,腕横纹上3寸处。作用:疏经活络。主治:耳鸣,鼻衄,咽喉肿痛;手臂疼痛;水肿等。刺灸法:直刺或斜刺0.5~0.8寸,可灸。附注:配太渊为原络配穴法,主治感冒、头痛、咽喉痛。手阳明经之络穴。\n手三里定位:在前臂背面桡侧,当阳溪与曲池连线上,曲池下2寸。作用:疏通经络。主治:肘臂疼痛,上肢痿痹;腹痛,腹泻,腹胀;齿痛。刺灸法:直刺0.8~1.2寸,可灸。附注:配曲池、肩髃等穴治疗肩臂疼痛;配合谷治疗腹胀,吐泻。\n\n曲池定位:在肘横纹外侧端,屈肘时当肘横纹外侧端与肱骨外上髁连线的中点。作用:祛风解表,清热通络。主治:热病,疟疾;咽喉肿痛,目赤肿痛,齿痛;腹痛,吐泻,痢疾;丹毒,瘾疹,瘰疬;上肢不遂,手臂肿痛;癫狂。\n\n刺灸法:直刺1~1.5寸,可灸。附注:本穴是治疗表证、热病、皮肤病及上肢不遂的常用穴之一。配大椎、合谷、外关治疗表证、热证;配合谷、膈俞、委中、血海治疗丹毒、荨麻疹;配肩髃、手三里、合谷治疗上肢不遂。手阳明经之合穴。\n肩髃定位:在肩部,三角肌上,上臂外展或向前平伸时,当肩峰前下方凹陷处。取法:上臂平举时,肩部出现两个凹陷,前方的凹陷中。作用:理气化痰,疏经利节。主治:肩臂疼痛,上肢不遂;瘾疹。\n\n刺灸法:直刺或向下斜刺0.8~1.5寸,可灸。附注:配肩髎、肩贞治疗肩关节诸证;配曲池、合谷、外关治疗上肢不遂。\n扶突定位:在颈外侧部,结喉旁,当胸锁乳突肌的胸骨头与锁骨头之间。作用:清泻阳明。主治:咽喉肿痛,暴喑;瘿气,瘰疠;咳嗽,气喘;呃逆。刺灸法:直刺0.5~0.8寸,注意避开颈动脉,不可针刺过深,一般不使用电针;可灸。\n迎香定位:在鼻翼外缘中点旁约0.5寸,当鼻唇沟中。作用:清热散风,通窍驱虫。主治:鼻塞,鼻鼽,鼻衄;口,面痒,面肿;胆道蛔虫症。\n\n刺灸法:略向内上方斜刺或平刺0.3~0.5寸,不宜灸。附注:本穴是治疗鼻病和面部病症的主穴。配印堂、合谷治疗鼻渊;配上星、风池、合谷治疗鼻衄;配水沟、合谷治疗面肿。\n小结1.循行概要起于食指桡侧端,行于上肢外侧前缘,上肩,经水沟,左右交叉,止于对侧鼻翼旁。本经腧穴:首穴商阳,末穴迎香,单侧共20穴。左右对称。\n2.取穴要点食指桡侧甲角旁取商阳。第一、二掌骨间取合谷。拇短、长伸肌腱之间凹陷取阳溪。尺泽与肱骨外上髁之间取曲池。曲池下两寸取手三里,上7寸取臂臑。肩峰前下方凹陷取肩髃。鼻唇沟中取迎香。\n3.主治要点本经腧穴主要治疗前头、口齿、鼻病及热病。商阳治中风昏迷。合谷治热病、汗证、上肢不遂、滞产。曲池治热病、皮肤病及上肢不遂。肩髃治肩臂疼痛、风疹、瘾疹。迎香治鼻病。\n4.操作要点商阳浅刺或点刺放血。合谷孕妇慎针。迎香向上斜刺或平刺,不宜艾炷灸。