笔译理论复习资料 12页

笔译理论课参考资料I.Writedefinitionsofthefollowingterms.1.Accuracy（准确）一Atermusedintranslationevaluationtorefertotheextenttowhichatranslationmatchesitsoriginal.2.Adaptation（改编）一Atermtraditionallyusedtorefertoanytargettextinwhichaparticularlyfreetranslationstrategyhasbeenadopted.Thetermusuallyimpliesthatconsiderablechangeshavebeenmadeinordertomakethetextmoresuitableforaspecificaudienceorfortheparticularpurposebehindthetranslation.3.Agent（经纟己人）一Atermusedtorefertothepersonwhois"inanintermediarypositionbetweenatranslatorandanenduserofatranslation55.4.Autotranslation（自译）一Atermusedtorefertothetranslationofanoriginalworkintoanotherlanguagebytheauthorhim-/her/self.5.Back-translation（回译）一Atermusedtorefertoaprocessinwhichatextwhichhasbeentranslatedintoagivenlanguageisretranslatedintothesourcetext.6.Caique（仿造；彳昔译）一Atermusedtodenotetheprocesswherebytheindividualelementsofansourcelanguageitemaretranslatedliterallytoproduceatargetlanguageequivalent.7.Closetranslation（贝占近翻译）一Atermusedtorefertotranslationstrategieswhichfavorexactcon^espondencebetweenthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguagelinguisticunitsoveranemphasisonconveyingtheoverallmeaningorspiritofthesourcetext.8.Commission（委托）-Atermedusedtorefertothespecificationswhichthetranslatorworkswithwhenproducingatargettext.9.Communicativetranslation（交际翻译；传意翻译）一atermusedtorefertoanyapproachwhichviewstranslationasa"communicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext”.10.Correspondence（对应）一Atermusedtorefertotherelationshipwhichexistsbetweenelementsofsourcelanguageandtargetlanguageinsomewayconsideredtobecounterpartsofeachother.11.CulturalboiTowing（文化借用）一Atermusedtodescribethetypeofculturaltranspositioninwhichansourcelanguageexpressionistransferredverbatimintothetargetlanguagebecauseitisnotpossibletotranslateitbyasuitabletargetlanguageequivalent.\n1.Culturalsubstitution（文化替换）一Atermusedtorefertotheuseofarealworldreferentfromthereceptorcultureforanunknownreferentoftheoriginal,bothofthereferentshavingthesamefunction.2.Directtranslation（直接翻译）一atermusedtorefertothetypeoftranslationprocedureinwhichaTTisproduceddirectlyfromtheoriginalST,ratherthanviaanother,intermediatetranslationinanotherlanguage.3.Documentarytranslation（文献型翻译）-Atermusedtorefertothetranslationwhichservesas“adocumentof[asourceculture]communicationbetweentheauthorandthesourcetextrecipient^.Thusinthistypeoftranslationthetargettextrecipientbecomesamereobserverofa“pastcommunicativeaction",asthesourcetext（orpossiblyonlycertainaspectsofthesourcetext）isreproducedwithoutanyattempttomakeadjustmentsinthelightofthetargetcontexts.WORD-FOR-WORDandothertypesofLITERARLtranslation,aswellas"exoticisingtranslation^whichtriestopreservethe"localcolor，，ofthesourcetext,areallexamplesofdocumentarytranslation;whatallsuchtypesoftranslationhaveincommonisthattheyfocusoncertainaspectsorfeaturesofthesourcetext,whileignoringothers.4.Domesticatingtranslation（归化翻译；归化）一Atermusedtodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforthetargetlanguagereaders.5.Dynamicequivalence（动态刘•等）一Atermusedtorefertothequalityoftranslationwhichcharacterizesatranslationinwhichthemessageoftheoriginaltexthasbeensotransportedintothereceptorlanguagethattheresponseofthereceptorisessentiallylikethatoftheoriginalreceptors.6.Equivalence（刘•等）-Atermusedtodescribethenatureandtheextentoftherelationshipswhichexistbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguagetextsorsmallerlinguisticunits.7.Faithfulness（忠实）一Atermusedtorefertotheextenttowhichatargettextcanbeconsideredafaircorrespondenceofsourcetextaccordingtosomecriterion.8.Fidelity（忠实）-Atermusedtorefertotheextenttowhichatargettextcanbeconsideredafaircorrespondenceofsourcetextaccordingtosomecriterion.9.Foreignizingtranslation（异化翻译；异化）-Atermusedtorefertothetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.10.Formalequivalence（形式对等）一Atermusedtorefertothequalityofatranslationinwhichthefeaturesoftheformofthesourcetexthavebeenmechanically\nreproducedinthereceptorlanguage・1.Freetranslation（意译）-Atermusedtorefertosense-for-sensetranslation.2.Gisttranslation（要旨翻译）一Atermusedtorefertoastyleoftranslationinwhichthetargettextexpressesacondensedversionofthecontentsofthesourcetext.3.Idiomatictranslation（地道翻译）一Atermusedtorefertoatranslationstrategywhichaimsforatargettextwhichreadsasnaturallyaspossible.4.Indirecttranslation（间接翻译；中介翻译；中继翻译；转译）-atermusedtorefertotheprocedurewherebyatextisnottranslateddirectlyfromanoriginaltext,butviaanintermediatetranslationinanotherlanguage.5.Instrumentaltranslation（工具型翻译）一Atermusedtorefertothetranslationwhichisintendedtofulfillanewcommunicativepurposeinthetargetculture"withouttherecipientbeingconsciousofreadingorhearingatextwhich,inadifferentform,wasusedbeforeinadifferentcommunicativeaction^.Assuchitis“acommunicativeinstrumentinitsownright,?ratherthanmerelyadocumentaryrecordofthesourcetextauthor^actionofcommunicationwiththesourceculturerecipients.6.Interlineartranslation（逐行番羽译）一Atypeofextremelyliteraltranslationinwhichtargetlanguagewordsarearrangedlinebylinebeloworabovethesourcetextitemstowhichtheycorrespond.7.Interlingualtranslation（语际番羽译）一Atermusedtorefertoaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguages.8.Intersemiotictranslation（符际翻译）-Atermusedtorefertoaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofnonverbalsignsystems.9.Intralingualtranslation（语内翻译）一Atermusedtorefertoaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage.10.Literaltranslation（直译）-Atermusedtorefertoword-for-wordtranslation.11.Naturalness（通顺；自然）一Atermusedtorefertotheextenttowhichatranslationisexpressedinclear,unforcedtermsinthetargetlanguage.12.Originallanguage（原语）―Atermusedtorefertothelanguageinwhichthesourcetextiswritten.13.Pseudotranslation（伪译）一Atermusedtorefertotargettextswhichareregardedinthetargetcultureastranslationsthoughnogenuinesourcetextsexistforthem.\n1.Receptorlanguage（译语；译入语）一Atermusedtorefertothelanguageintowhichamessageistranslatedfromtheoriginallanguage.2.Skopostheory（目的论）一Atermusedtorefertoanapproachtotranslation.Skopostheorystressestheinteractional,pragmaticaspectsoftranslation,arguingthattheshapeofthetargettextshouldaboveallbedeterminedbythefunctionor"skopos，'thatitisintendedtofulfillinthetargetcontext.3.Sourcelanguage（原i吾）一Atermusedtorefertothelanguageinwhichthesourcetextiswritten.3&Sourcetext（原文本）—Atermusedtorefertothetexttobetranslated.39.Targetlanguage（目的语；的语；译语；译入语）-Atermusedtorefertothelanguagewhichisbeingtranslatedinto.40.Targettext（译本）-Atermusedtorefertothetexttobetranslatedinto.41.Translatability（可译性）一Atermusedtodiscusstheextenttowhichitispossibletotranslateeitherindividualwordsandphrasesorentiretextsfromonelanguagetoanother.42.Translationasrewriting（翻译即改写）一Atermusedtorefertothetranslationwhichreinterpret,alterormanipulateanoriginaltextinsomeway.43.TranslationStudies（翻译研究）一Atermusedtodescribethedisciplinewhichconcernsitselfwithproblemsraisedbytheproductionanddescriptionoftranslations.44・Translationese（番羽译体）一Atermusedtorefertothetargetlanguageusagewhichbecauseofitsobviousrelianceonfeaturesofthesourcelanguageisperceivedasunnatural,impenetrableorevencomical.45.Unitoftranslation（翻译单位）一Atermusedtorefertothelinguisticlevelatwhichthesourcetextisrecodifiedinthetargetlanguage.ILAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1.Whatisthenatureoftranslation?Translationisanintentional,interpersonal,interculturalinteractionbasedonthesourcetext.2.Whyistranslationregardedasameansofinterculturalcommunication?Inthetranslationaction,twodifferentculturesareinvolved-thesourcecultureandthetargetculture.Therearesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthesecultures.Actuallytranslationshouldbedonesoastobridgethegapbetweenthesetwocultures.\n1.Whatisskopos?SkoposisaGreekwordfor“purpose".AccordingtoSkopostheorie(thetheorythatappliesthenotionofSkopostotranslation),theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurposeorSkoposoftheoveralltranslationaction.Hence,skoposisthedeterminingfactorofanytranslationaction.2.Whataroledoesskoposplayintranslation?SkoposisaGreekwordfor"purpose”.AccordingtoSkopostheorie(thetheorythatappliesthenotionofSkopostotranslation),theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurposeorSkoposoftheoveralltranslationaction.Hence,skoposisthedeterminingfactorofanytranslationaction.3.Whyistranslationregardedasapurposefulinteraction?TranslationasaninteractionispurposefulItisintendedtochangeasituation,forinstancetobridgethegapbetweenthesourcetextandthetargetreaders.4.Whyistranslationacommission?Translationisanpurposefulinteraction.Itisintendedtochangeasituation.Hence,translationcanberegardedasanactiontofulfillacommission.Insomecases,thecommissionisexplicitlyexpressed;butinsomeothercases,itisjustimplied.Nevertheless,translationisacommission.Itshouldbedoneonthebasisofthecommissionstatingfirstlythepurposeofthetargettextandsecondlytheconditionsunderwhichthispurposeshouldbeachieve5.Whatissource-orientedevaluationoftranslation?Itisakindofevaluationofthetranslationconcerningwhetherthetranslationisfaithfultothesourcetextornot.6.Whatistargetlanguage/culture-orientedoftranslation?Itmeansthatthetranslationisorientedtowardthetargetlanguage/culture.Thatis,thetranslationisdonewithregardtotheappropriatenessofthetargettextinthetargetlanguage/culture.7.Whatisfunction-orientedevaluationoftranslation?Itmeansthattheevaluationofaspecifictranslationisbasedonthefunctionthetargettextdoesinthetargetculture.8.Whoaretheparticipantsoftranslation?Therearevariousparticipantsintranslation.Themainparticipantsaretheinitiator,thetranslator,thetargetreader,thesourcetextwriter,theuserandsoon.11•Whatrolesdotheparticipantsplayintranslation?Therearevariousparticipantsintranslation.Themainparticipantsaretheinitiator,thetranslator,thetargetreader,thesourcetextwriter,theuserandsoon.Inthe\ntranslationaction,suchparticipantsarefunctional.Inthetranslationaction,theseparticipantsareinteractive.Somemayaffectand/orbeaffectedbyothers.Andoneofthemmayplaytheleadingrole.12.Whataroledoestheinitiator/commissionerplayintranslation?Theinitiator/commissioneristheorganizerofaspecifictranslationactivity.He/Shedoesplayadominantroleintranslation.13.Whataroledoethetranslatorplayintranslation?Atranslatorplaysacertainroleintranslation.Insomecases,he/sheisinvisible;andinsomeothercases,he/sheisvisible.Itdependsonthespecificconditionswhicharedeterminedbythetranslationpurpose.14.Whataroledoestheuserplayintranslation?Theuserisoneoftheparticipantsintranslation.He/Shedoesplayacertainroleintranslation.Incertaincases,he/sheisalsotheinitiator/commissionerofthetranslation.Andhe/sheevenplaytheleadingroleintranslation.Itdependsonthepurposeofthespecifictranslation.15.Whataroledoethetargetreaderplayintranslation?Thetargetreaderisoneoftheparticipantsoftranslation.He/Sheplaysacertainroleintranslation.Ifthetranslationisfunction-orientedand/ortarget-1anguage/-cu1tureoriented,he/shewillplayaveryimportantroleandeventheleadingroleintranslation.Ifthetranslationissource-oriented,he/shemayevenplaynoanyroleinthetranslation.16.Whyistranslationregardedasadecision-makingactivity?Translationisregardedasdecisiomakingactivitybecauseitisaseenasachoicewhichneedstobetakenbetweenanumberofpossiblesolutionstoagivenproblemencounteredwhiletranslatingatext,andwhichwillinfluencesubsequentchoicesbyopeninguporclosingoffotheroptionsdependentontheinitialselectionmade.17.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureintranslation?Translationisaninterlingualandinterculturalinteraction.Thesourcelanguageandcultureandthetargetlanguageandcultureareinvolvedintranslation.Hencetranslationisnotmerelyaninterlingualinteraction.Languageandcultureareclosedrelatedwitheachother.18.Whyistranslationaninterculturalinteraction?Translationisaninterculturalinteractionbecauseboththesourceandtargetculturesareinvolvedintranslation.Andtherearemanydifferencesbetweenthesetwoculturesinmanycases.Hencetranslationasaninterculturalinteractionshouldbedonetobridgethegapbetweenthetwocultures.\n12.Whataroledoesthesourcetextplayintranslation?Thesourcetextisthebasisoftranslation.Itdoesplayaveryimportantroleintranslation.Nevertheless,itisnotalwaystheforemostandonlybasisoftranslation.Itdependsonthespecifictranslationpurpose.13.Whatarolemaythesourcecultureplayintranslation?Thesourcecultureplaysaroleintranslation.Incertaincases,itevenplaysanimportantrole.Itdependsonthepurposeoftranslation.Ifitissource-oriented,thesourceculturemayevenplayadominantrole.Ifthetranslationistarget-language/cultureoriented,thesourceculturemaybelessimportantthanthetargetcultureintranslation.14.Whatarolemaythetargetlanguageplayintranslation?Thetargetlanguagedoesplayaroleintranslation.Andincertaincases,itevenplaysthedominantroleifthetranslationistargetlanguageoriented.Itdependsonthepurposeoftranslation.15.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandtargettext?Thetargettextistranslatedintoonthebasisofthesourcetext.Andinmanycasestherearecorrespondencebetweenthem.IILAnswereachofthefollowingquestionswithabout150Englishwords.1.Whatistherelationshipbetweentranslationactionandtranslationtheories?Translationactionandtranslationtheoriesarerelatedwitheachother.Ontheonehand,thetranslationtheoriescomefromtranslationactions.Ontheotherhand,translationtheoriesmaybehelpfulforthetranslationaction.（讯各）2.Whatarolemaythetranslationtheoriesplayintranslatortraining?Thetranslationtheoriesmaybehelpfulinthetranslatortraining.Theymaybehelpfulinguidingthetrainees9perspectivesontranslation.Nevertheless,weshouldseethatnotalltranslationtheoriesaresuitableintranslatortraining.Andtranslationtheoriescannotguaranteeonetobecomeaqualifiedtranslatorifhe/shedoinsufficienttranslationactivities.（略）3.Whataroledoestranslationplayinoursociety?Translationplaysaveryimportantroleinoursociety.Actuallyitisadrivingforceofoursociety.Thankstotranslation,thereareinternationalcooperationandexchangesanddevelopmentofoursociety.（略）4.Howcanthetranslatorknowthespecificpurposeoftranslation?Thetranslatorshouldtrytomakesurethespecifictaskoftranslationconcerningwiththereasonofthetranslation,therequirementsoftheinitiatorandtheexpectationofthetargetreadersandsoon.（略）5.Inwhatcondition（s）shouldthetranslatorbesource-orientedinhis/her\ntranslation?Incaseswhenthesourcetextistheforemostandevenonlybasisofthetranslation.（略）1.Istherealwaysanabsolutecorrespondencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext?No.Itdependsonthespecificsituationandpurposeoftranslation.Ifthetranslationissource-oriented,therewillbecloseandevenabsolutecorrespondencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Ifnot,theremaynotbesuchcorrespondence,andevennocorrespondencebetweenthem.（田各）2.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthesourcetextwriter,thetranslatorandtargetreader?Thereexistrelationshipbetweenthem.Nevertheless,therelationshipisnotclear.Itdependsonthespecifictranslationactivity.（略）3.Showyourunderstandingoftheterm64bi-culturalismnintranslation.Bi-culturalismisconcernedwithintranslationstudies.Accordingtothescholars,aqualifiedtranslatorshouldknowboththeoriginalandtargetcultureswellIdeally,he/sheshouldbeabi-culturalist.Otherwise,theremaybeproblemsinhis/hertranslation.Andhis/hertranslationmaynotbesuccessful.（讯各）4.Howcanonebecomeabi-culturalist?Onecanbecomeabi-culturalistbytryingtwounderstandthetwocultureswelLWhatismostimportantisthathe/sheshouldfirstofallhaveagoodperspectiveofthetwoculturesconcerned.Thatis,he/sheshouldbeopen-mindedandbejustinviewingthetwocultures.Andthen,he/sheshouldtrytwogainthetwocultures.Especiallyhe/sheshouldknowandbeawareofthegapsbetweenthetwoculturesandknowhowtobridgethegaps.（略）5.Whatisthedifferencebetweendomesticatingtranslationstrategyandforeignizingtranslationstrategy?Theyaretwodifferenttranslationstrategies.Domesticatingtranslationstrategyisadoptedtomakeatransparentandfluentstyleinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforthetargetlanguagereaders.Withforeignizingtranslationstrategy,thetargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal6.Inwhatcondition（s）maythedomesticatingtranslationstrategybeappliedimproperly?Ifthetranslationissource-oriented.Specifically,iftheoriginallinguistic/culturalfeaturesneededtobekept.（略）7.Howimportantistheforeignizingtranslationstrategy?\nItmaybehelpfultomakethereadersfeelthe"strangeness^ofthesourcelanguage/culture.Itmayalsohelpfultoreformthetargetlanguage/culture.（略）1.Inwhatcondition（s）shouldtheforeignizingtranslationstrategybedominatingintranslation?Incertaincases,theforeignizingtranslationstrategymaybedominantlyappliedintranslationifthetranslationisintendedtokeepthe"strangeness”oftheoriginallinguisticandculturalfeatures.（略）2.Howcanacollegestudentbecomeaqualifiedtranslator?Inordertobeaqualifiedtranslator,acollegestudentshouldtrytobewellpreparedfortranslationactions.Basically,he/sheshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:First,he/sheshouldbegoodatboththeforeignlanguageandChinese.Second,he/sheshouldknowthebackgroundinformation/knowledgeasmuchaspossible.Third,he/sheshouldworkhard.Fourth,he/sheshouldhaveaproperunderstandingoftranslation.Fifth,he/sheshouldbelaw-abiding・Sixth,he/sheshouldbeskillfulofIT.（略）3.WhatrolesdoesINTERNETplayintranslation?Internetplaysaveryimportantroleintranslation.Todayweliveinane-era.Thatis,thepaper-eraisbeingreplaced.Insuchane-era,ITisindispensable.Withouttheinformationtechnologiesincludinginternet,wecannotimaginehowinefficientourtranslationwouldbe.Specifically,withinternet,wecaneasilysearchtheinformationweneed,wecanmakeuseoftheemailandotherformstocommunicatewiththoseinvolvedinthetranslationactionefficiently.（略）4.Whatarolemaythetranslationsoftwareplayintranslation?Thetranslationsoftwareisusefulintranslation.Inpractice,itisincreasinglyused.Itisparticularlyusefulintranslationactionsofthosenon-literarytexts,forinstance,contract,resume,introductionsandsoon.Itismoreefficienttousesuchsoftware.（略）5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenformalequivalenceanddynamicequivalence?Formalequivalenceisatermusedtorefertothequalityofatranslationinwhichthefeaturesoftheformofthesourcetexthavebeenmechanicallyreproducedinthereceptorlanguage.Dynamicequivalenceisatermusedtorefertothequalityoftranslationwhichcharacterizesatranslationinwhichthemessageoftheoriginaltexthasbeensotransportedintothereceptorlanguagethattheresponseofthereceptorisessentiallylikethatoftheoriginalreceptors.（讯各）6.WhyisthereChinglish?TherearedifferentcausestoChinglish.First,thetranslatorisnotgoodatEnglish.Second,he/shemaynotknowtheEnglishculturewell.Third,he/sheisnotawareofthespecifictranslationpurpose.Fourth,he/shemaynothaveagoodunderstandingofthe\nnatureoftranslation.（略）IVCommentononeofthefollowingstatementswithabout100Englishwords.1.Thosewhocantranslatedotranslation;thosewhocannottranslateteachthetranslationcourse;andthosewhocannotteachtranslationdoresearchesontranslation.Suchastatementshowsaprejudiceagainstthosewhoteachtranslationandthosewhodoresearchesontranslation.Accordingtosuchastatement,atranslatorcannotbetrainedandthetranslationtheoriesareuselessfortranslatorsandthosewhowanttobetranslators.Suchastatementiswrong.Actuallyatranslatorcanbetrained.Andtranslationtheoriesincertaincasesarehelpfulfortranslationactionsandtranslatortraining.（略）2.Anyonewhoisgoodatboththesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguagecanbeaqualifiedtranslator.Suchastatementisnotappropriate.Itistruethataqualifiedtranslatorshouldbegoodatboththesourceandtargetlanguages.However,itisnotenoughforapersontobeaqualifiedtranslator.Therearemorerequirementsonhim/her.He/Sheshouldknowthebackgroundinformationasmuchaspossible.He/Sheshouldworkhard.He/Sheshouldtrytobeabi-culturalist.He/Sheshouldhaveaproperunderstandingoftranslation.He/Sheshouldhaveagoodhabitoftranslation.（田各）3.OurEnglishmajorsarebetterthanthenon-majorsintranslating,forourEnglishisbetterthantheirs.Thisstatementiswrong.Translationisnotmerelyaninterlingualactivity.Forinstance,thebackgroundinformationdoesplayanimportantroleintranslation.Inmaycases,thenon-majorsmaybebetterthanourEnglishmajorsinunderstandingandeveninexpressingthetextconcerningwithonespecificfield.（略）4.Atranslatorshouldalwaysbeinvisibleintranslation.Thetranslatorisnotalwaysinvisible.Atranslatorplaysacertainroleintranslation.Insomecases,he/sheisinvisible;andinsomeothercases,he/sheisvisible.Itdependsonthespecificconditionswhicharedeterminedbythetranslationpurpose.（略）5.Oneshouldalwaysbefaithfultothesourcetextinhis/hertranslation,forthesourcetextisalwaystheforemostandonlyimportantbasisoftranslation.ThestatementisverytraditionalManytraditionaltranslatorsandscholarsoftranslationholdsuchanopinionbecausetheybelievetranslationisatransferoftheoriginalmeaninginanotherlanguage.However,suchanunderstandingmaynotbeappropriateincertaincases.Itdoesn'tdisclosethenatureoftranslation.Actuallytranslationisanintentional,interpersonal,interculturalinteractionbasedontheoriginaltext.Thatis,eventhoughitisthebasisoftranslation,theoriginaltextmaynotalwaysbetheforemostandonlybasisoftranslation.Itdepends.Incertaincases,itmaynotbetheforemostandonlybasisoftranslation.Anditmaynotbenecessaryforatranslatortobefaithfultotheoriginaltextallthetime.（略）\n1.Themeaningofthesourcetextisalwaysfixed.Inotherwords,itsmeaningisunchangeable.Hencetherecanonlybeonequalifiedtranslationforonesourcetext.Suchastatementisnotalwaysright.Incertaincases,themeaningofthesourcetextischangeable.Eventhoughthemeaningofthesourcetextisfixed,thetranslationactionmaybedoneforspecificpurposeswhichmayrequirethetranslatedversionmaybesomehowdifferentfromtheoriginalinmeaning.Hencewecannotsaythereisonlyonequalifiedtranslationforonesourcetext.Itdepends.（略）2.Nomatterinwhatcases,thetranslatorshouldalwaysfollowtheinitiatorinhis/hertranslation.Thatis,thetranslatorcanneversayNOtotheinitiato匚Thisstatementiswrong.Itistruethattheinitiatorplaysaveryimportantroleintranslation.Nevertheless,thetranslatorisnotalwayspassiveandinvisibleintranslation.He/sheisactiveintranslation.Incertaincases,he/shemaydiscussandevenarguewiththeinitiator.Andhe/sheevenhastherighttosayNOtotheinitiator.（略）3.Oneneedn^ttakeintoconsiderationofthetargetreadersresponseinhis/hertranslation,forinmanycases,he/shedoesn^tknowwhothetargetreadersare.Thestatementiswrong.Thetargetreadersasoneoftheparticipantsintranslationdoplayacertainroleintranslation.Andincertaincases,theyevenplaytheleadingroleintranslation.Itdependsonthepurposeofthetranslation.Forinstance,ifthetranslationisfunction-oriented,thetargetreadersplayanimportantroleinthetranslation.（田各）4.Foreignizingtranslationmaymakesometargettextsstrangeinexpressions,soweshouldtrytoavoiditintranslation.Thisstatementisnotappropriate.Foreignizingasatranslationstrategyisdifferentfromdomesticating.Bothofthemareappliedintranslation.Itdependsonthetranslationpurposes.Incertaincasesdomesticatingiswelcomedandinsomeothercasesforeignizingiswelcomed.Eventhoughforeignizingtranslationmaymakesometargettextsstrangeinexpressions,itisfunctionalbecauseithastheadvantagesincludingkeepingtheformoftheoriginallanguageandthe"strangeness^oftheoriginalcultureandshapingthetargetlanguageandculture.（略）5.Weshouldalwaysfollowthedomesticatingtranslationstrategyinourtranslation.Thisstatementisnotappropriate.Domesticatingtranslationstrategyandforeignizingtranslationstrategyaretworatherdifferentstrategiesintranslation.Incertaincases,domesticatingtranslationstrategymaybeusedandinturnforiegnizingtranslationstrategymaybeabandoned.Insomeothercases,domesticatingtranslationstrategymayplayamoreimportantroleinonetranslation.However,insomeothercases,foreignizingtranslationstrategymaybewelcomedincertaintranslationactivities.Itdependsonthepurposesandsituationsoftranslation.（略）6.Thetranslationtechniquesandskillsderivedfromliterarytranslationcanbefullyappliedtonon-literarytranslation.Thestatementiswrong.Translationisdiversified.Specifictranslationalactivities\nmaybedifferentfromoneanothe匚Theevaluationoftranslationisratherdifferentfromoneanother.Translationalpurposesmayberatherdiversified・Hencethetechniquesandskillsderivedfromliterarytranslationcan/cannotbeusedinothertranslationalactivitieswhicharedifferentfromliterarytranslation.（略）