医学英语复习资料 56页

MaterialDigestivesystemMouthStomachPancreasduodenumLinguallipase舌脂肪酶Hydrochloricacid盐酸Bicarbonate重碳酸盐Secretin分泌素Salivaryamylase唾液淀粉酶IntrinsicTrypsinogen胰蛋白酶原Cholecystokinin(CCK)缩胆囊素(CCK)Lysozyme溶菌酶Pepsin胃蛋白酶Chymotrypsinogen胰凝乳蛋白酶原Maltase麦芽糖酶Gastriclipase胃脂肪酶Carboxypeptidase羧肽酶Lactase乳糖酶Mucin粘蛋白Elastases弹性蛋白酶Sucrase蔗糖酶,Gastrin胃泌激素Pancreaticlipase胰脂肪酶Sterolesterase甾醇酯酶Phospholipase磷脂酶,Nucleases核酸酶,\nPancreaticamylase胰淀粉酶Urinarysystem&MRsystemTestosterone睾酮Producefacialandbodyhair,supportcollagenproductionProducesperm,prostategrowth,erectilefunctionStrengthenandmusclemassSexdrive,producefeeling,aidsmemoryProduceredbloodcellsMaintainbonedensityFemaleSecretionofhormones:estrogen(雌激素)progesterone(孕酮)Testosterone(睾酮）\nTestDigestivesystemBariumSwallowGastroscopySigmoidoscopyColonoscopyLaparoscopyCT/PETScanpainfulswallowingdifficultyswallowingabdominalpainbloodstainedvomitunexplainedweightlossPancreasTestsComputedtomographyscanMagneticresonanceimaging(MRI):~~cholangiopancreatography(MRCP)isanMRIthatfocusesonthepancreas,liver,andbilesystem.\nEndoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography(ERCP)PancreasbiopsyUltrasoundThoraciccommonimagingindiagnosisthoracicdiseaseChestx-rayplainfilmMRINoradiation;MoreExpansive,NoeverypatientcanundertakeMRI,Betterinassessingchestwall,heart,bloodvessels,tumors,breastUltrasoundHeartdisease(Echocardiography超声心动图)(Size,shape,function,suchascardiacoutput,ejectionfractionanddiastolicfunction.)Radionuclide(SPECTandPET)PET:[PET-CT;PET-MR]metabolicprocesses(usethistracer[(FDG)]toexplorethepossibilityof cancer metastasis)AngiographyBiopsyguidedbyUltrasoundorCTMammographyComputedtomography\nX-raysbasedX-rayradiographyFluoroscopyBariumswallow,bariummealandfollow-through,bariumenemaforevaluationoftheesophagealtract.ComputedtomographySpiralCT:producemoredataandinformation,moreradiation.CTmaybedonewithorwithoutIVcontrast.Reconstruction:3-Dreconstructed;vascularimaging;重建:三维重建;血管成像;Mammographycommonlyusedinscreeningforbreastcancer.Angiography•Non-contrast•Contrastimaging:•Contrastagentssuchasbarium,gastrografin,ChestX-rayplainfilmlungpathology:pneumonia,bronchitis…RibfracturesPleuradiseases:effusion,pneumothorax…Cardiacdiseases:congenital heart disease;\nDiaphragmaticherniaOthers:insertedtubesevaluation,tracheacannula,VenouscatheterizationDiseaseDigestivesystemGastroesophagealrefluxdisease(GERD)C:Acidgetrefluxedupintotheesophagus.Symptoms:burningsensationinthechest;intensePainlikeheartattackuncomplicatedGERDSymptoms:heartburn,regurgitation,nausea,chroniccough,hoarseness,laryngitis,earpainAppendicitisInflammationoftheappendixExamination:originaltestforappendicitis,CTscanUltrasound,Completebloodcount(CBC),Treatment:AppendectomyGastritisAninflammation,irritation,orerosionoftheliningofthestomachSymptoms:Nausea,Abdominalbloating,Abdominalpain,\nVomiting,Indigestion,Burningorgnawingfeelinginthestomach,Hiccups,Lossappetite,Vomitingbloodorcoffeeground-likematerial,BlackstoolsExamination:Upperendoscopy,Bloodtests,Fecaloccultbloodtest(stooltest)Treatment:Takingantacidsandotherdrugs,Avoidinghotandspicyfoods,H.pyloriinfectionaregimenofseveralantibioticsplusanacidblockingdrug(usedforheartburn);perniciousanemiaB12vitamin;EliminatingirritatingfoodsfromdietGastriccancerSignsandsymptomsofgastriccancer:Indigestion,Nauseaorvomiting,Dysphagia,Lossofappetite,Melenaorpallorfromanemia,Weightloss,Palpableenlargedstomach,EnlargedlymphnodesDiagnosis:CBC,Electrolytepanels\nLiverfunctiontestsTumormarkerssuchasCEAandCA19-9Imagingstudies:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy,Double-contrastupperGIseriesandbariumswallows,CTscanningorMRI,BiopsyManagement:SurgeryandChemotherapyPancreatitisThepancreasbecomesinflamedanddamagedbyitsowndigestivechemicals.Swellinganddeathoftissueofthepancreascanresult.PancreaticcancerThepancreashasmanydifferenttypesofcells,eachofwhichcangiverisetoadifferenttypeoftumor.Becausethereareusuallyfewornoearlysymptoms,pancreaticcancerisoftenadvancedbythetimeit’sdiscovered.(因为通常很少或没有早期症状，胰腺癌在被发现时通常已经发展到晚期。)PancreaticpseudocystAfteraboutofpancreatitis,afluid-filledcavityTreatment:surgicaldrainageorspontaneouslyrecoveryUrinarysystem&MRsystemazoospermia,oligozoospermia,\naspermia精子缺乏,无精症Chordee勃起性淋病cryptorchidism隐睾症DescentofthetestisintothescrotumEpididymoorchitis睾丸附睾炎erectiledysfunction勃起功能障碍SIGNSOFED1)Getsanerectionbutnothardenough2)Getsanerectionbutcan’tmaintainduringintercourse3)Can’tgetanerectionATALL!Common>age40yearsoranyagesFactor:endocrine,vascular,pelvictrauma/surgery,neurologic,diabetes,medicationhydrocele水囊肿hypospadia尿道下裂Infertility不孕phimosis包茎priapism阴茎异常勃起prostatitis,benignprostatichyperplasia(BPH)\n前列腺炎，良性前列腺增生sexuallytransmittedinfections–gonorrhea,genitalherpes,syphilis,genitalwarts性传播感染——淋病、生殖器疱疹、梅毒、生殖器疣Condoms,abstinence禁欲,befaithful忠实于你的性伴侣,twistedspermaticcord扭曲精索urethrolithiasis尿道结石varicocele精索静脉曲张MethodsofContraceptionvasectomy输精管结扎术,Condomsimmuneseverecombinedimmunodeficiency(SCID)严重的联合免疫缺陷(SCID)congenitalimmunodeficiency先天性免疫缺陷Lymphoma淋巴瘤\nSmallpoxThoracicAllergic-typecontrastreactionsMild(eg,cough,nasalcongestion鼻塞)Moderate(eg,dyspnea,wheezing气喘)Severe(eg,respiratorydistress,arrhythmias（心律失常）suchasbradycardia（心动过缓）,cardiopulmonaryarrest（心肺骤停）)TraumaBronchiectasisAsthmaInvestigations•Spirometrywithpostbronchodilatorresponse肺气肿术后支气管扩张反应•Exercisespirometryisthestandardmethodforassessingpatientswithexercise-inducedbronchoconstriction运动诱发支气管收缩,运动量肺法是评估病人的标准方法。respiratorydistresssyndrome呼吸窘迫综合征(prematureinfant早产儿)PneumoniaAninflammationofthedistalairways,\nFurtherInvestigations•SputumGramstainand/orculture•Bloodculture:5-14%血液培养：5-14%•Serumsodiumlevel血清钠水平•Serumbloodureanitrogen(BUN)andcreatininelevels血清尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐水平•Serumtransaminaselevels血清转氨酶水平•Lacticacidlevel乳酸水平•Creatinephosphokinase肌酸激酶alveoli,andinterstitium间质ofthelung.Agents:Bacteria,virus,fungus,orcombineddifferentinfectiousSymptoms:feveranddifficultybreathing.X-rayandCTshowsdifferentshapeopacitywithhyperdensityPathology(Eg.Pneumococcalpneumonia)•Edemaphase水肿期•Redhepatizationphase红肝期•Grayhepatizationphase灰色肝期•Resolutionphase分辨率阶段AnatomicalClassification•Lobarpneumonia(alveolarpneumonia)大叶性肺炎（肺泡肺炎）•Lobularpneumonia(bronchopneumonia)小叶性肺炎（支气管肺炎）•Interstitialpneumonia间质性肺炎EtiologicalClassification\n•Bacterialpneumonia•Viralpneumonia•Fungalpneumonia•Otherpathogensassociatedpneumoniaemphysema肺气肿honeycomblungsyndrome蜂窝肺综合征Honeycombingsign蜂窝状Lungcancerretrosternalgoiter胸骨后甲状腺肿peoplewhohaveamassstickingoutoftheneck.SurgerytocompletelyremovethegoitermayberecommendedpneumothoraxaccompaniedbythecollapsedlungInspection:enlargedhemithorax•Palpation:shiftofthetracheatothecontralateralsideandreducedexpansion,diminishedtactilefremitus气管对侧移位和扩张减少，减少触觉震颤•Percussion:tympany鼓胀•Auscultation:nobreathsoundspleuraleffusion胸腔积液•Acutemyocardialinfarction急性心肌梗死\n•Pulmonaryembolism肺栓塞•BullaofthelungOrthopnea端坐呼吸Paroxysmalnocturnaldyspnea阵发性夜间呼吸困难FemalereproductiveBartholin’scyst巴多林氏囊肿Uterineprolapse子宫脱垂EndocrinesystemCategoriesofEndocrineDiseasesHormoneoverproduction激素生产过剩Hormoneunderproduction激素分泌不足Alteredtissueresponsestohormones改变了组织对激素的反应Tumorsofendocrineglands内分泌腺的肿瘤Excessivehormoneinactivationordestruction过量的激素失效或破坏Acromegaly肢端肥大症GrowthHormone↑Enlargementofbonesandsofttissue\nCushing’ssyndromCortisol↑Weightgain,centralobesity,‘buffalohump’水牛背,‘moonface’,purple/redstriae条纹Hypothyroidism甲状腺功能减退Thyroidhormone↓Fatigue疲劳,depression,weightgain,dryhair,intoleranceofcold,bradycardia心动过缓Adrenalinsufficiency肾上腺功能不全Cortisol↓(andothersteroidhormones)Darkeningoftheskin,fatigue,anxietyGigantism巨人症↑GrowthhormoneTallDwarfism侏儒症↓GrowthhormoneShortCongenitalhypothyroidism先天性甲状腺机能减退(Cretinism)克汀病ThyroidfunctionNeonatalhyperthyroidism新生儿甲状腺功能亢进症;ThyroidfunctionDiabetesthirst,polydipsia烦渴,polyuria,polyphagia多食症,lossofbodyweightHypoglycemia低血糖症sweating,hunger,tremor\nHyperthyroidism甲状腺机能亢进Thyroidhormone↑heatintolerance,sweating,lossofweight,palpitation心悸Hyperparathyroidism甲状旁腺功能亢进asymptomati无症状c,osteoporosis(bonepain/fracture)骨质疏松(骨痛/骨折),abdominalpain,dehydration,thirst,nocturia夜尿,anorexia厌食Hypoparathyroidism甲状旁腺功能减退Ca2+↓tetany疼痛,depression,perioralparaesthesiae口周感觉异常Addison’sDiseasecortisol↓hyperpigmentation色素沉着,fatigue,anorexia厌食症Hyperaldosteronism高醛甾酮症hypertension,hypokalaemia低钾血症Phaeochromocytoma嗜铬细胞瘤episodichypertension,anxiety,chesttightness间歇性高血压，焦虑，胸闷Others:Hypopituitarism垂体机能减退/Hyperprolactinaemia高泌乳素血症/Acromegaly/Diabetesinsipidus尿崩症/Hirsutism多毛症/Virilism男性化现象/Gynaecomastia男子女性型乳房/Impotence阳痿Sheehan’ssyndromePostpartumpituitaryglandnecrosis产后垂体前叶坏死Hypopituitarism垂体机能减退症CompressionsyndromeHeadacheVisualfieldloss\nHypothalamussyndromeCavernoussinussyndrome(oppresstheⅢ-Ⅵcranialnerves)CerebrospinalFluidRhinorrheaKnowledgeNeurology1olfactorynerveSmell2opticnerveVision3oculomotornerveEyemovement4trochlearnerveEyemovement5trigeminalnerveChewingmuscleandface6abducensnerveEyemovement7facialnerveFacialexpression,taste8vestibulocochlearnerveEquilibrium,hearing9glossopharyngealnerveSwallowing,parotidgland,taste10vagusnerveSwallowing,vocalization,parasympatheticheartlungsabdominalviscera11accessorynerveMoveheadandneck\n12hypoglossalnerveTonguemovement(foodmixingwhenchewing,swallowingspeech)FrontallobeMotoractivities,speech,andsomethought-processingParietallobeReceptionofthedifferentsensationsexperiencedbythebodyTemporallobeHearingandspeechOccipitallobeCenterforvisionInsulaAutonomicfunction(emotions,viscera)SympatheticDivisionParasympatheticDivisionDilatesthepupilstoincreasetheamountoflightenteringtheeyetooptimizevisionDecreasestheflowofsalivaDilatesthebronchiIncreasesheartrateandmetabolicrateDecreasesorincreasesthediameterofthepupilsinresponsetochanginglevelsoflightIncreasestheflowofsalivaConstrictsthebronchiDecreasesheartrate,bloodpressure,and\nDecreasesdigestiveactivitiesConstrictsvisceralbloodvesselsmetabolicrateIncreasesdigestiveactivitiesDilatesvisceralbloodvesselsPeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)SomaticNervousAutonomicNervousSystemSystem•12pairsofSympatheticParasympatheticcranialnervesDivisionDivision•31pairsof(fightorflight)(restand\ndigest)spinalnervesimmuneThreeFunctionsofImmunesystemDefense:defenseagainstinfectiousdiseasesSurveillance:killcancercellsHomeostasis:maintaininternalequilibriumImmunecells(phagocytosis吞噬作用)Neutrophils中性粒细胞macrophages巨噬细胞ImmunityInnateInborn(geneticfactor)adaptivehumoralimmunity体液免疫Blymphocytessecreteantibodiesthatpreventinfectionsandeliminateextracellularmicrobes.cell-mediatedimmunityhelperTlymphocytesactivatemacrophagesandneutrophilscytotoxicTlymphocytesdirectlydestroy\ninfectedcellsAdaptive(acquired)immunityActiveLess-damagedantigen(pathogen)wasaddedtothehumanbodyArtificial:immunization免疫接种(vaccine)Natural:exposuretoinfectionagent(infection)PassiveJustdirectlyaddedtheantibodytohumanbodyArtificial:antibodiesfromothersources(Serum抗蛇毒血清)Natural:maternalantibodies母亲的抗体ArtificialimmunizationcontrivedbyartratherthannatureNaturalimmunizationoccursthroughcontactwithadiseasehypersensitivityIAllergy(Immediate)IIAntibodyagainst\nfixedcell/tissueIIIImmune-complexIVDelayed-typeAutoimmunityEndocrinesystemEndocrinesystemHomeostasisGrowthandDevelopmentReproductionEnergyMetabolismBehaviorsFT3:freetriiodothyronineCBC:completebloodcountFT4:freethyroxineHGB:hemoglobinTSH:thyroidstimulatinghormone,thyrotropinPLT:plateletFSH:follicle-stimulatinghormoneK:potassium(ion),kaliumLH:luteinizinghormoneNa:sodium,natriumE2:estrogenT-CH:totalcholesterolPROG:progestogenLDL:lowdensitylipoproteinPRL:prolactinWBC:whitebloodcellTesto:testosteroneCortisol:cortisolCl:chlorineOsm:osmoticpressure\nSURGEYClosedsurgery:Surgerywithoutincisionintoskin,e.g.,EndoscopicsurgeryOpensurgery:Operationsrequiringincisionsofsomesize,arereferredtoasopensurgeryCaesariansection剖腹产术Rhinoscopy鼻镜检查Thoracoscopy胸腔镜检查Fracturereduction骨折复位Cystoscopy膀胱镜检查Cystostomy膀胱造口术Craniotomy开颅术Mastectomy乳房切除术Debridement清创术Biopsy活检Hysterectomy子宫切除术Phacoemulsification超声乳化术Cheilorrhaphy唇裂缝合术Anesthesiology(麻醉学）Generalanesthesia:unconscious,Local\nanesthesia:awakeAsepticTechnique（无菌技术）GeneralsurgeryGastrointestinal,hepatobiliary,Abdominalhernia,Thyroid,Breast,PancreaticOrthopedicsMusculoskeletalsystemNeurosurgeryNervoussystemUrosurgeryUrinarysystemandmalegenitaliaTCVSThoracicCardiovascularsurgeryPlasticsurgeryRepairingand/orremodelingapartofbodyOphthalmologyEyesOtorhinolaryngologyEars,nose,throat,andstructureintheneckareaObstetricsConditionsaffectingpregnantwomenGynecologyConditionsaffectingnon-pregnantwomen•Endocardium心内膜•Myocardium心肌组织•Epicardium=visceralpericardium心外膜=内脏心包•Parietalpericardium壁心包Cardiothoracicratio心胸比率\nMedicalWordsroot-centesisThoracentesis胸腔穿刺术-desisPleurodesis胸膜固定术-ectomyEsophagectomy食管切除术-opsyBiopsy活检-plastyRhinoplasty鼻成形术-rraphyEpisiorrhaphy会阴切口缝合术-scopyLaparoscopy内窥镜检查-stasisHemostasis止血法-stomyGastrostomy胃造口术-tomyCraniotomy开颅术CARDIORESPIRATORYAirBronchogram支气管充气征Seenin:•Pulmonaryconsolidation肺实变•Pulmonaryhemorrhage肺出血•Bronchioloalveolarcarcinoma细支气管肺泡癌\nencephal/obrainencephal/o/cele:herniationofthebrain-cele:hernia,swellingEncephaloceleisaconditioninwhichportionsofthebrainandmeningesprotrudethroughabonymidlinedefectintheskull.gangli/oganglion(knotorknotlikemass)gangli/ectomy:excisionofaganglion-ectomy:excision,removalAganglionisamassofnervecellbodies(graymatter)intheperipheralnervoussystem.gli/oglue;neuroglialtissuegli/oma:tumor(composedof)neuroglialtissue-oma:tumorkinesi/omovementbrady/kines/ia:conditionofslowmovementbrady-:slow-ia:condition\nlex/othin,slenderdys/lex/ia:difficultyusingwordsdys-:bad;painful;difficult-ia:conditionDyslexiaisadifficultywithreadingoraninabilitytoread,includingthetendencytoreverselettersorwordswhenreadingorwriting.lept/oword,phraselept/o/mening/o/pathy:diseaseofthethinmeninges-mening/o:meninges-pathy:diseaseTheleptomeningesincludethepiamaterandarachnoid,bothofwhicharethinanddelicateinstructure,asopposedtotheduramater.mening/omeninges(membranescoveringthemening/o/cele:herniationofthemeninges-cele:hernia,swelling\nbrainandspinalcord)meningi/omeningi/oma:tumorinthemeninges-oma:tumormyel/obonemarrow;spinalcordpoli/o/myel/itis:inflammationofthegraymatterofthespinalcordpoli/o:gray;graymatter(ofbrainorspinalcord)-itis:inflammationnarc/ostupor;numbness;sleepnarc/o/tic:relatingtosleep-tic:pertainingtoNarcoticsdepressthecentralnervoussystem,thusrelievingpainandproducingsleep.neur/onerveneur/o/lysis:destructionofanerve-lysis:separation;destruction;looseningNeurolysisissometimesperformedusingcryoablationor\nradio-frequencytechniquestorelieveintractablepainasatemporaryorpermanentmeasure.radicul/onerverootradicul/algia:paininthenerveroot-algia:painsthen/ostrengthhyper/sthen/ia:conditionofexcessivestrengthhyper-:excessive,abovenormal-ia:conditionHyperstheniaisaconditionofexcessivestrengthortonicityofthebodyorabodypart.thalam/othalamusthalam/o/tomy:incisionofthethalamus-tomy:incisionThalamotomyisperformedtotreatintractablepainorpsychoses.thec/osheath(usuallyreferstomeninges)intra/thec/al:pertainingtothespacewithinasheathintra-:in,within-al:pertainingto\nton/otensiondys/ton/ia:poor(muscle)tonedys-:bad;painful;difficult-ia:conditionDystoniausuallyreferstoamovementdisordercharacterizedbysustainedmusclecontractions,resultinginapersistentlyabnormalposture.ventricul/oventricle(oftheheartorbrain)ventricul/itis:inflammationoftheventricles(oftheheartorbrain)-itis:inflammation-algesia-algiapainan/algesia:absenceof(anormalsenseof)painan-:without,notsyn/algia:joined(referred)painsyn-:union,together,joinedSynalgiaispainexperiencedinapartofthebodyotherthantheplaceofpathology.Forexample,rightshoulderpainiscommonlyassociatedwithgallstones.-astheniaweakness,my/asthenia:muscleweakness\ndebilitymy:muscle-esthesiafeelinghyper/esthesia:increasedfeelinghyper-:excessive,abovenormalHyperesthesiainvolvesamarkedsensitivitytotouch,pain,orothersensorystimuli.-kinesiamovementhyper/kinesia:excessivemovement;alsocalledhyperactivityhyper-:excessive,abovenormal-lepsyseizurenarc/o/lepsy:seizureofsleepnarc/o:sleepInnarcolepsy,theindividualhasasuddenanduncontrollableurgetosleepataninappropriatetime,suchaswhendriving.-paresispartialparalysishemi/paresis:partialparalysisofone-half(ofthebody)hemi-:one-halfWhenusedalone,thetermparesis\nmeanspartialparalysisormotorweakness.-phasiaspeecha/phasia:withoutspeecha-:without,not-plegiaparalysisquadri/plegia:paralysisoffour(extremities)quadri-:four-taxiaorder,coordinationa/taxia:withoutcoordinationa-:without,notAtaxiareferstopoormusclecoordination,especiallywhenvoluntarymovementsareattempted.Pachy-thickpachy/mening/itis:inflammationoftheduramatermening:meninges(membranescoveringthebrainandspinalcord)-itis:inflammationTheduramaterisathickmembranethatprovidesprotectionforthebrainandspinalcord.\nPara-near,beside;beyondpara/plegia:paralysisofthelowerbodyandlimbs-plegia:paralysisSyn-union,together,joinedsyn/algia:referredpain-algia:painPaininadeterioratedhipcommonlycausesreferredpaininahealthyknee.Uni-oneuni/later/al:pertainingtoonesidelater:side,tooneside-al:pertainingtoFemalereproductivevulva外阴=vulvar(adj)Externalgenitalia生殖器（尤指外阴部）perineum[perineal(adj.)](会阴)-Diamond-shaped-areathatcontainstheurogenitalandanalorgans.菱形的区域包括泌尿生殖器官和肛门。urogenital=uro(urinarysys.)+genitalsys.（泌尿生殖的）泌尿生殖=URO(尿SYS)+生殖器系统(泌尿生殖的)labiaminora(小阴唇)Perineumbody会阴体labiamajora(大阴唇)clitoris（阴蒂）Anerectileorganhomologoustothepenis.(erect=erectile)(homologous=similar)\nurethralorifice(opening=orifice)Anopeningwhereurineexits(goesout)Vestibule/Vestibula(前庭)thediamond-shapedspacebetweenthelabiaminoraBartholin'sglands(Lubricate=tomakesmooth/slippery)-secretealubricantduringcoitus[sexualintercourse(交配)]Episiotomymidwife助产laborsuturelocalanestheticUtero-,HysterouterusHYSTERECTOMYHYSTERO(uterus)+-ECTOMY(removalof/cuttingof)Isthmusofuterus子宫峡部Thespaceforcesareansection.(剖宫产)fallopiantube/Uterinetube输卵管Rectouterinepouch直肠子宫陷凹Fallopianligation输卵管结扎术hymen处女膜AmpullaoffallopianThemostcommonsiteofectopicpregnancy（宫外孕）Bimanualexamination双手检查copulate=sexualcontact(交配=性接触)Menstruation(月经)MENOPAUSE(绝经)MENARCHE(初潮)(plural–fornices)(复数-上的穹窿)\nSanitarypads/sanitarynapkins(卫生巾)fornixofthevaginaAspacethatthevaginacreateswhenitmeetsthecervix阴道穹窿阴道接触子宫颈时产生的空间Posteriorfornix---culdocentesisLateralfornix----getleukorrheaLeukorrhea(白带)阴道后穹窿穿刺术---culdocentesisThesurfaceofovariesaresmoothinyounggirlsbutafterpuberty(青春期)becomescarred(疤痕)andpitted（坑坑凹凹）frommonthlyreleaseofova.Theovaryissurroundedbyafibrouscapsulecalledtunicalalbuginea(白膜)OOGENESIS(卵子发生)OVULATION(排卵)luteum（黄体）.Pruritusvulvae(外阴瘙痒)Abdominalcircumference(腹围)Abortion(流产)EndocrinesystemEndo-=withinCrine-=toseparateHormoneexcess:Hyper-Normal:Eu-Hormonedeficiency:Hypo-\n英文中文英文中文cardiovascularsystem心血管系统respiratorysystem呼吸系统lymphaticsystem淋巴系统oxygen氧气circulatorysystem循环系统carbondioxide二氧化碳pulmonarycirculation肺循环acid-basebalance酸碱平衡systemiccirculation体循环pulmonology肺病学pericardium心包nose(naso-,rhino-)鼻parietalpericardium心包壁层nasalcavity鼻腔visceralpericardium心包脏层pharynx咽pericardialeffusion心包积液nasopharynx鼻咽pericarditis心包炎oropharynx口咽cardiactamponade心包压塞laryngopharynx喉咽epicardium心外膜pharyngitis咽炎myocardium心肌层tonsil扁桃体endocardium心内膜tonsillitis扁桃体炎atrium心房larynx喉ventricle心室laryngitis喉炎septum间隔epiglottis会厌interatrialseptum房间隔glottis声门\ninterventricularseptum室间隔vocalcords声带congentialatrialseptaldefect先天性房间隔缺损rhinitis鼻炎congentialventricularseptaldefect先天性室间隔缺损sinusitis鼻窦炎atrialseptaldefect,ASD房间隔缺损frontalsinus额窦ventricularseptaldefect,VSD室间隔缺损sphenoidalsinus蝶窦cyanosis紫绀ethmoidalsinus筛窦valve瓣膜maxillarysinus上颌窦atrioventricularvalve房室瓣upperrespiratorytract上呼吸道bicuspidvalve二尖瓣mucus黏液mitralvalve二尖瓣mucous黏液的tricuspidvalve三尖瓣trachea气管semilunarvalve半月瓣bronchus支气管aorticvalve主动脉瓣bronchitis支气管炎pulmonaryvalve肺动脉瓣lung肺valvestenosis瓣膜狭窄bronchiole细支气管valveregurgitation瓣膜返流alvelous肺泡valveinsufficiencymediastinum纵隔\n瓣膜关闭不全endocarditis心内膜炎diaphragm膈肌diastole舒张期pleural胸膜systole收缩期parietalpleural壁层胸膜strokevolume每搏输出量visceralpleural脏层胸膜heartrate心率pleuralcavity胸膜腔cardiacoutput心输出量pleuritis胸膜炎tachycardia心动过速pleuralfluid胸水bradycardia心动过缓pneumothorax气胸heartsound心音pleuraleffusion胸腔积液conductivesystemoftheheart心脏传导系统sternum胸骨sinoatrialnode窦房结sputum痰atrioventricularnode房室结emphysema肺气肿atrioventricularbundle房室束apex肺尖BundleofHis希氏束base肺底Purkinjefibers浦肯野纤维dullness浊音electrocardiography(ECG)心电图resonance清音coronaryartery冠状动脉hyperresonance过清音atherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化tympany鼓音\ncoronaryheartdisease冠心病angina心绞痛flatness实音myocardialinfarction心肌梗塞consolidation实变heartarrest心跳骤停pneumonia肺炎artery动脉COPD慢性阻塞性肺疾病vein静脉inhalation吸气capillary毛细血管inspiration吸气aorta主动脉exhalation呼气arteriole小动脉expiration呼气venule小静脉externalintercostalmuscles肋间外肌superiorvenacava上腔静脉crackles湿啰音inferiorvenacava下腔静脉wheeze哮鸣音bloodpressure血压pleuralrub胸膜摩擦音sphygmomanometer血压计pulmonaryfunctiontests肺功能检查systolicpressure收缩压spirometry肺量测定diastolicpressure舒张压tidalvolume潮气量pulsepressure脉压residualvolume残气量meanarterialpressure平均动脉压functionalresidualcapacity功能残气量hypertension高血压vitalcapacity肺活量hypotension低血压acidosis酸中毒\nheartfailure心力衰竭alkalosis碱中毒plasma血浆apex顶点serum血清functionalmurmur功能性杂音leukocyte白细胞thoracicduct胸导管leukocytosis白细胞增多aneurysm动脉瘤leukocytopenia白细胞减少anginapectoris心绞痛leukemia白血病arrhythmia心律失常erythrocyte红细胞cerebrovascularaccident脑血管意外erythrocytosis红细胞增多Clubbingfingers杵状指erythrocytopenia红细胞减少deepveinthrombosis深静脉血栓形成macrocytosis巨（红）细胞dissectinganeurysm分割性动脉瘤microcytosis小（红）细胞dyslipedemia血脂异常platelet血小板embolism栓塞thrombocyte血小板embolus栓子megakaryocyte巨核细胞fibrillation纤维性颤动hemophilia血友病heartblock心传导阻滞bonemarrow骨髓hemorrhoid很难相处的人hematocrit红细胞压积ischemia缺血\nESR红细胞沉降率occlusion闭塞neutrophil中性粒细胞patentductusarteriosus动脉导管未闭neutrophilia中性粒细胞增多phlebitis静脉炎neutropenia中性粒细胞减少plaque斑块eosinophil嗜酸性粒细胞rheumaticheartdisease风湿性心脏病eosinophilia嗜酸性粒细胞增多shock冲击eosinopenia嗜酸性粒细胞减少stroke中风basophil嗜碱性粒细胞syncope晕厥basophilia嗜碱性粒细胞增多thrombophlebitis血栓性静脉炎basopenia嗜碱性粒细胞减少angioplasty血管成形术granulocyte粒细胞artificialpacemaker人工心脏起搏器\nlymphocyte淋巴细胞cardioversion复律法lymphocytosis淋巴细胞增多coronaryangiography冠状动脉造影lymphopenia淋巴细胞减少coronaryarterybypassgraft(CABG)冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)monocyte单核细胞defibrillation去纤颤状态monocytosis单核细胞增多echocardiography超声心动图monocytopenia单核细胞减少electrocardiography心电描记法coagulation凝固lipoprotein脂蛋白thrombocytosis血小板增多percutaneoustransluminalcoronaryangioplasty(PTCA)经皮穿冠状血管成形术(PTCA)thrombosis血栓lymphoma淋巴瘤thrombocytopenia血小板减少lymphadenitis淋巴腺炎albumin白蛋白lymphangiitislymphangiitisglobulin球蛋白apexbeat心尖搏动prothrombin凝血素ductus开放性动脉导管\narteriosusfibrinogen纤维蛋白原foramenovale卵圆孔未闭cholesterol胆固醇KorotkoffsoundKorotkoff声音hyperlipidemia高脂血症perfusion灌注hypercholesterolemia高胆固醇血症precordium心前区hematopoiesis造血sinusrhythm窦性节律erythropoiesis红细胞生成Valsalvamaneuver并发操作hematopoieticstemcell造血干细胞bruit谣传anemia贫血coarctationoftheaorta主动脉缩窄aplasticanemia再生障碍性贫血ectopicbeat异位击败pancytopenia全血细胞减少extrasystole期外收缩agglutinogen凝集原flutter颤振agglutinin凝集素intermittentclaudication间歇性跛行transfusion输血mitralvalveprolapse二尖瓣脱垂\ndonor献血者occlusivevasculardisease闭塞的血管疾病recipient受血者palpitation心悸varicoseveins静脉曲张pittingedema压凹性水肿lymph淋巴polyarteritisnodosa结节性多动脉炎lymphvessel淋巴管Raynauddisease雷诺现象的疾病lymphnode淋巴结stasis瘀lymphoidorgan淋巴器官subacutebacterialendocarditis(SBE)亚急性细菌性心内膜炎(”lymphadenopathy淋巴结病tetralogyofFallot法洛四联症thymus胸腺thromboangiitisobliterans血栓闭塞性脉管炎spleen脾脏vegetation生长，呆板lymphedema淋巴水肿Wolff-Parkinson-White预激综合征(WPW)\nsyndrome(WPW)elephantiasis象皮肿cardiaccatheterization心导管检查adenoids腺样体centralvenouspressure中央静脉压力carbonicacid碳酸Holtermonitor动态心电监测expectoration咳痰homocysteine同型半胱氨酸surfactant表面活性剂phlebotomist抽血者turbinatebones鼻甲骨pulmonarywedgepressure(PWP)肺楔压(PWP)ventilation通风stresstest应力测试tidalvolume潮气量Swan-Ganzcatheter血流导向气囊导管residualvolume剩余体积TransesophagealEchocardiography(TEE)经食管超声心动图expiratoryreservevolume呼气储备量atherectomy经皮腔内斑块旋切术;inspiratoryreserve吸气储备量automated自动体外除颤器\nvolumeexternaldefibrillator(AED)(AED)totallungcapacity肺总容量commissurotomy切开的inspiratorycapacity吸气量embolectomy栓子切除术vitalcapacity肺活量implantablecardioverterdefibrillator(ICD)植入型心律转复除颤器(ICD)functionalresidualcapacity功能剩余容量intra-aorticballoonpump(IABP)主动脉内气囊泵(IABP)forcedexpiratoryvolume用力呼气量leftventricularassistdevice(LVAD)左心室辅助装置forcedvitalcapacity用力肺活量stent支架acidosis酸中毒angiotensin-convertingenzyme(ACE)inhibitor血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）抑制剂acuterespiratoryangiotensinII\ndistresssyndrome急性呼吸窘迫综合征receptorantagonist血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂alkalosis碱中毒antiarrhythmicagent抗心律失常药aspiration抽吸beta-adrenergicblockingagentβ-肾上腺素能阻断剂atelectasis肺不张calciumchannelblocker钙通道阻滞剂bronchiectasis支气管扩张digitalis洋地黄chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease慢性阻塞性肺疾病diuretic利尿药cysticfibrosis囊性纤维化hypolipidemicagent降血脂药dyspnea呼吸困难lidocaine利多卡因emphysema肺气肿nitroglycerin硝酸甘油empyema脓胸statins他汀类药物hemoptysis咯血streptokinase链激酶hemothorax血胸tissueplasminogenactivator(tPA)组织纤溶酶原激活剂（TPA）hydrothorax胸腔积液vasodilator血管扩张剂hyperventilation过度换气orthopneic矫形位置\npositionhypoventilation通气不足posturaldrainage体位引流influenza流感adenoidectomy腺样体切除术pleuraleffusion胸腔积液intubation插管pleurisy胸膜炎lobectomy肺叶切除术pneumoconiosis尘肺病pneumoplasty肺成形术pneumothorax气胸tracheotomy气管切开术pyothorax脓胸tracheostomy气管切开术respiratorydistresssyndrome呼吸窘迫综合征antihistamine抗组胺药tuberculosis结核病antitussive镇咳药arterialbloodgases动脉血气bronchodilator支气管扩张剂pulseoximetry脉搏血氧饱和度decongestant解充血药thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术expectorant祛痰药tuberculintest结核菌素试验isoniazid异烟肼carina隆突mucolytic粘液溶解的hilum脐smallcellcarcinoma小细胞癌nares鼻孔mediastinoscopy纵隔镜检查\nnasalseptum鼻中隔thoracoscopy胸腔镜检查anoxia缺氧nasalcannula鼻套管asphyxia窒息epistaxis鼻出血bronchospasm支气管痉挛fremitus震颤corpulmonale肺心病pleuralfrictionrub胸膜摩擦感coryza鼻炎stridor喘鸣croup臀部tussis咳deviatedseptum鼻中隔偏曲miliarytuberculosis粟粒性结核pertussis百日咳cardi/ohearttrache/otracheaatri/oatriumbronch/o,bronch/ibronchusventricul/oventriclebronchiolbronchiolevalv/o,valvul/ovalvephren/odiaphragmangi/ovesselphrenic/ophrenicnervevas/o,vascul/ovesselpleur/opleuraarter/o,arteri/oarterypulm/o,pulmon/olungsarteriol/oarteriolepneumon/olungaort/oaorta\npneum/o,pneumat/oair,gas,respiration,lungven/o,ven/iveinspir/obreathingphleb/ovein-capnialevelofcarbondioxidelymph/olymph-phoniavoicelymphaden/olymphonodenas/onoselymphangi/olymphaticvesselrhin/onosesplen/ospleenpharyng/opharynxthym/othymusglandlaryng/olarynxtonsill/otonsil-oxialevelofoxygen-pneabreathingACEangiotensin-convertingenzyme血管紧张素转换酶AEDautomatedexternaldefibrillator自动体外除颤器AFatrialfibrillation心房颤动AMIacutemyocardialinfarction急性心肌梗死\nARaorticregurgitation主动脉反流ASaorticstenosis主动脉狭窄ASCVDarterioscleroticcardiovasculardisease动脉硬化性心血管疾病ASDatrialseptaldefect房间隔缺损ASHDarterioscleroticheartdisease动脉硬化性心脏病ATatrialtachycardia房性心动过速AVatrioventricular房室的BBBBundlebranchblock束支传导阻滞BPbloodpressure血压bmpbeatsperminute每分钟心跳次数CABGcoronaryarterybypassgraft冠状动脉旁路移植术CADcoronaryarterydisease冠状动脉疾病CCUcoronary/cardiaccareunit冠状动脉/心脏监护病房CHDcoronaryheartdisease冠心病CHFcongestiveheartfailure充血性心力衰竭CKcreatinekinase肌酸激酶CPRcardiopulmonaryresuscitation心肺复苏CVDcardiovasculardisease心血管疾病\nCVPcentralvenouspressure中心静脉压DOEdyspneaonexertion劳累性呼吸困难DVTdeepvenousthrombosis深静脉血栓形成ECG/EKGelectrocardiogram心电图HDLhigh-densitylipoprotein高密度脂蛋白HTNhypertension高血压病IABPintra-aorticballoonpump主动脉内球囊反搏ICDinplantablecardioverterdefibrillator可植入复律除颤器IVCDintraventricularconductiondelay脑室传导延迟JVPjugularvenouspulse颈静脉搏动LADleftanteriordescending(coronaryartery)左前降支（冠状动脉）LDLlow-densitylipoprotein低密度脂蛋白LVleftventricle左心室LVADleftventricularassistdevice左心室辅助装置LVEDPleftventricularend-diastolicpressure左心室舒张末期压LVHleftventricular左心室肥厚\nhypertrophyMImyocardialinfarction心肌梗死mmHgMillimetersofmercury毫米汞柱MRmitralregurgitation二尖瓣反流MSmitralstenosis二尖瓣狭窄MVPmitralvalveprolapse二尖瓣脱垂MVRmitralvalvereplacement血管紧张素转换酶NSRnormalsinusrhythm自动体外除颤器Ppulse心房颤动PACprematureatrialcontraction急性心肌梗死S1thefirstheartsound第一心音S2thesecondheartsound第二心音SAsinoatrial窦房的SBEsubacutebacterialendocarditis亚急性细菌性心内膜炎TEEtransesophagealechocardiography经食管超声心动图tPAtissueplasminogenactivator组织纤溶酶原激活剂VADventricularassistdevice心室辅助装置VFventricularfibrillation心室颤动\nVLDLverylowdensitylipoprotein极低密度脂蛋白VPCventricularprematurecomplex室性早搏复合体VSDventricularseptaldefect室间隔缺损VTventriculartachycardia室性心动过速VTEvenousthromboembolism静脉血栓栓塞症WPWWolff-Parkinson-WhitesyndromeWolffParkinsonWhite综合征ABGarterialbloodgases动脉血气AFBacid-fastbacillus耐酸芽孢杆菌ARDSacuterespiratorydistresssyndrome急性呼吸窘迫综合征ARFacuterespiratoryfailure急性呼吸衰竭BSbreathsound呼吸音CFcysticfibrosis囊性纤维化CO2carbondioxide二氧化碳COLDchronicobstructivelungdisease慢性阻塞性肺疾病COPDchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease慢性阻塞性肺疾病CXRchestX-ray胸部X光片\nLLLleftlowerlobe左下叶LULleftupperlobe左上叶O2oxygen氧气PaCO2arterialpartialpressureofcarbondioxide二氧化碳动脉分压PaO2arterialpartialpressureofoxygen动脉血氧分压PCPPneumocystiscariniipneumonia卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎PNDparoxysmalnocturnaldyspnea阵发性夜间呼吸困难PPDpurifiedproteinderivative纯化蛋白衍生物RDSrespiratorydistresssyndrome呼吸窘迫综合征RLLrightlowerlobe右下叶RMLrightmiddlelobe右肺中叶RSVrespiratorysyncytialvirus呼吸道合胞病毒RULrightupperlobe右上叶SpO2oxygenpercentsatruation氧百分率测定TBtuberculosis结核病URIupperrespiratoryinfection上呼吸道感染\nPAPpulmonaryarterialpressure肺动脉压PSVTparoxysmalsupraventriculartachycardia阵发性室上性心动过速PTCApercutaneoustransluminalcoronaryangioplasty经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术PVCprematureventricularcontraction室性早搏PVDperipheralvasculardisease周围血管疾病PWPpulmonary(artery)wedgepressure肺动脉楔压