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前言学英语关键学动词我每天工作:Iworkeveryday.我现在工作:Iamworkingnow.我昨天工作:Iworkedyesterday.在汉语中是通过时间状语来体现时态。在英语中是通过动词变化来体现时态。一、学动词学什么?1.时态(8种)一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时,一般将来时2.语态(分“主动”和“被动”)3.动词短语。eg:lookat;lookfor.二、动词的形式(5种)。1.动词原形(work)2.三单形式(works)3.现在分词(working)过去式(worked)4.过去分词(worked)三、动词的分类。1.连系动词(be动词,无感动词)dj(表):look看起来,smell闻起来,sound听起来,taste尝起来,feel感觉起来2.实义动词及物动词:能直接涉及到物品的动词。直接+宾语不及物动词:不能直接涉及到物品的动词。+介词+宾语3.情态动词(铁甲V)特征:①不随主语变化。②保护后面的动词原形。③可自己变否疑。4.助动词:说明V构成否、疑、时态的词。eg:Heisrunning.Hedoesn’treadabook.Doesheworkeveryday?返回首页第二章一般现在时第一节定义1.目前的状态。(常用“主系表”结构)2.经常发生的动作。(常用“主谓宾”结构)eg:Iamateacher.IspeakEnglisheveryday.第二节“主系表”结构的否疑。一、肯定句构成:主+be(am,isare)+表be动词在人称后的用法口诀:我用am,你用are,is连着他、她、它,复数后面全用are。表语由形容词、名词、副词、介词等来充当。Heisadriver.(n.)Sheisyoung.(adj)He’sthere./I’mhere.(adv.)Thebookisonthedesk.(介短)二、否定句。构成:be(am,isare)+主+表变疑口诀:找到be(助/情),直接提句首。人称做变化,问号别忘了。改错:Yes,I’m.★当Iam后没有单词时,不能缩写。第三节“主谓宾”结构的肯否疑\n一、肯定句。构成:主+谓V+宾eg:Ilikeapples.二、否定句。构成:主+don’t+谓V+宾口诀:无“be”,无“情”,必加“助”。三、一般疑问句。构成:Do+主+谓+宾口诀同上改错:DoyoulikeLily?Yes,Ilike.→do★用“谁”提问,用“谁”回答。第一节“主(三单)+谓V+宾语”的肯否疑一、“三单”包括:①第三人称单数he,she,it.②一个物(如,Adog)③一个人(如Myfather,Mary)二、肯定句。构成:“主(三单)+谓V.+s+宾语”口诀:主语是三单,谓语+s;“主三单,谓s”do→doeshave→hassay→saysgo→goestry→tries动词变三单名词变复数Tomdoeshishomeworkeveryday.三、否定句。构成:主(三单)+doesn’t+V.原+宾Tomdoesn’tdohishomeworkeveryday.①第一句中的does是实义动词。“做”②第二句中的does是助动词→doesn’t③第二句中的do是第一句中的does恢复而来。一、一般疑问句。构成:Does+主(三单)+V.原+宾?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.Doeshedohishomeworkeveryday?口诀:does是个照妖镜,后面V现原形。第二节一般现在时的“标志性时间状语”Herunseveryday.口诀:“以时定态”依照时间来定时态。决定“一般现在时”的“时状”有1.every系列:everyday/week/month/year2.频率副词系列:always→usually→often→sometimes位置口诀:be之后,行之前,情、助与行之间。Ioftengetupat6:00.(行之前)Hedoesn’toftengetupat6:00.(助与行之间)但sometimes有时常放于句首/尾。Wecanallswim.Weareallhere.3.“每逢周几”系列:on+星期复数。eg:onSundayseg:HegoestochurchonSaturdays.4.onceaweek.每周一次twiceamonth一月两次threetimesaday一日三次Iwritetomymothertwiceamonth.5.“客观真理不动摇”系列:要始终用现在时①Theteachertoldustheearthgoesaroundthesun.②Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.第三节特殊疑问句一.复习:“一般疑问句”的构成be/助/情+主+其它?Areyouhappy?DoyouknowLily?Haveyoueaten?Canyouswim?如何判断句子是“一般疑问句”?1.看句首是否是“be,助,情”。2.看是否能用“Yes,No”回答。3.句首不是特殊疑问词。4.汉语译文是“………吗?”二、特殊疑问句的构成。特殊疑问词+一般疑问句+?特词+be/助/情+主+其它?★特词均以wh/h开头what系列:whattime/colour/class/grade/about/…?how系列:howmany/old/much/…?\nwhen,where,which,why,who,whom,whose例:Icleanthefloorintheclassroominthemorning.三、对句子的不同成分提问。常考题型:对划线部分提问。提示:只要是对划线部分提问,肯定要变成特殊疑问句,被划线的部分不能在问句中出现。对例句的五大部分提问。1.主语(I)口诀:特词替主语,谓词变三单,其它写下来,句尾加问号。2.谓+宾(cleanthefloor)3.对宾(floor)4.地点状语(intheclassroom)5.时间状语(inthemorning)1.对主语提问→Whocleansthefloorintheclassroominthemorning?又如:Tomrunseveryday.→Whorunseveryday?2.对“谓+宾”提问→Whatdoyoudointheclassroominthemorning?★“特词”变法“四步走”①“心中想句”提“特词”②有be,有情直接用。无be,无情,必+助③主语放在第三位④其它照写+?。思维过程⑴.DoIdowhatinthe……?⑵.略eg:Hebrusheshisteetheveryday.→Whatdoeshedoeveryday?3.对宾提问。→Whatdoyoucleanin...in…?4.对地点提问。口诀:对地点提问用Where.→Wheredoyoucleanthefloorinthemorning?5.对时间提问。口诀:对时间提问用when→Whendoyoucleanthefloorintheclassroom?总结:⑴对主语提问→“who”⑵对谓宾→“what”⑶对宾语→“what”⑷对时间→“when”⑸对地点→“where”第一节Have的用法have称为“完全动词”一、have做“有”讲肯定句:主+has/have+has/have+(got)+宾eg:Ihave(got)acat.Hehas(got)acat.Hehas(got)adog.否定句:共2种①Ihaven’tgotacat.②Idon’thavegotacat.第一种:可直接把have,has提前。第二种:借助“助动词”变否。疑问句:共2种①Haveyougotacat?②Doyouhavegotacat?第一种:可直接把Have;Has提前第二种:借助助动词变疑二、Have作其它实义V讲Eg:Hehaslunchathome.Hehasaholidayeveryyear.★只能借助助V变疑变否→Doeshehavelunchathome?必背词组:Havebreakfast/lunch/supper/dinner,haveameal,havetea,haveaglassofwater,haveaswim,haveabath,haveahaircut,havealesson,haveaparty,haveaholiday,haveagoodtime=havefun=enjoyoneself,haveasmoke=haveacigarette,haveameeting,haveacarcrash,havearest,havealook,haveaseat,haveawalk,haveadrink,haveatry,haveapicnic,턄haveaheadache\n一、have作助V构成:“现在完成时和过去完成时Ihavehadsupper.WhenIarrivedthere,thetrainhadleft.返回首页第三章现在进行时第一节定义Iamrunningnow.Thewriteriswritinganewbookthesedays.1)表示此刻正在发生的V2)表示现阶段正在发生的V第二节肯定句一、构成;主+be(am,is,are)+v-ing注意:①be动词是助动词,无汉语意思②V-ing,学名叫现在分词二、现在分词的变法规则口诀:直,去,双,改→①V-ing②V-ed③adj/adv+er/est直:直接加ingDoing,going,studying,enjoying,playing去:去e+ingMaking,taking,having,writing,dancing,phoning,biting,riding,moving,living双:双写尾字母+ingPutting,cutting,running,getting,swimming,shopping,beginning,stopping,改:变ie为y+ingDie—dying(Bedying:奄奄一息)Lie—lying(躺,说谎)Tie—tying(系)发音规则-ing〔ing〕将其与动词尾音像拼音一样连读即可第三节:“现进”的否,疑口诀:找到be(助、情)直接+not一、否定句:构成主+be(am,is,are)+not+v-ing二、疑问句:构成be(am,is,are)+主+v-ing+?口诀:找到be(助、情),直接提句首第四节特殊疑问句对不同句子成分提问Theboyisplayinggamesontheplayground.1.对主语提问:Whoisplayinggameson…?2.对谓+宾提问:Whatistheboyisdoingon…?3.对宾提问:Whatistheboyplayingon…?4.对地点的提问:Whereistheboyplayinggames?第五节.现进的时间标志词口诀:依时定态1.now=atthemoment2.look!Listen!\n口诀:Look,Listen来提醒,动作正在进行中。1.Look!lilyisdancing2.Listen!Lilyissinging3.Bequiet!Bequick!Bequiet!TheboyissleepingBequick!Tomiswaitingforyou注意:一些小的祈使句的出现,其后面可以跟两种时态(现在时和将来时),应根据题意来进行判断。Hurryup.Oryouwillbelate.第六节.特殊用法1.主+系+表结构来表现在时Weareattable(正在吃饭)Heisatchurch(正做礼拜)Lilyisatwork(正在上班)2.live,like,love,hope,wish,want等动词一般都不用进行时态。eg.Iliveinzhengzhounow.明星考王——基础篇(一般现在时)1.like是实义动词,故用助动词do来说明构成疑问2.对宾语提问用What3.用it来代替主语4.eveyyday是一般现在时的标志。5.在简答中Yes后不缩写,No后常用缩写形式。Eg.Yes,theyare,/No,theyaren’t.6.两个名词在一起变复数时第一个名词不变只变第二个。但除了man,womanw外。Eg,twoappletreestwo(boyorgirl)friends.Menteachers7.句子中如果没有be无情绝不加,(除现在进行时)8.not是寄生虫,必须依附在其它词身后。9.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的n在变复数时应加es。10.and是并列连词,如果他连接的是并列谓语,则动词用法一致。11.决定谓语的是主语。12.整体1用单数。13.Bepoundof/that+从句。14.liketodo(一次性)/doing(经常性)的喜欢eg,Ilikeswimminginsummer,ButthisafternoonIdon’tliketoswim.(swim)15.代词限定名词前,eg,ThegirlinredisMary.Whichgirlismary?16.连词成句的技巧。1)关键由标点决定。2)如果是“·”,则选找主语(人称主格)祈使句(第一三人称用Let开头。Letme/us/himdosth.)(第二人称用原形开头。Openthedoor.3)如果是?,先找特词,再找be,助,情,再找主语。4)其它排序靠习惯搭配。明星考王——基础篇(现在进行时)1.直接以动词原形开头的句子表示命令或请求。变否定时直接在动词原形前面加Don’t.2.就我们目前所学的范围之内,如果be后有动词,则一定填动名词形式,从而构成现在进行时。3.宾语应跟在动词和介词后。4.动名词可表示后面名词的作用。(walkingstrick,readingroom,sleepingcar,dressingtable.5.有名词用形容词eg,yourcoat(you)6.如果动词在在助动词Do/Does后,动词要恢复原形,7.打开(关上)水,电,气时用turnon/turnoff\n1.固定句式“某人正在干什么?”What+be+主+doing?2.对年龄提问要用Howold,对姓名提问用Whoareyou?/Whatisyourname?对身体状况提问用Howareyou?3.waitfor+人(车)+atthebusstop.4.数量词加不可数名词5.Thisis不用缩写。明星考王——提高篇(一般现在时和现在进行时)1.if如果,主句将来时,从句现在时。=口诀:主将从现2.借(borrow是短暂性的瞬间v.)/(keep保存for加一段时间,要求要用延续性3.wait加上at+地方或是some听4.Lookfor(寻找的过去)而find(找到的结果)LookatListentoseehear5.打球下棋者衣冠不整(不加the)football,演绎乐器者衣冠不整的(加the),playthepiano.6.Belatefor中文为吃饭7.Befrom=comefrom.8.whatisyourjob?=Whatareyou?=Whatdoyoudo?9.yourfamily,(整体时用单数,如果强调是成员时要用其复数)10.在简答中,常用相应的助动词来代替问题中出现的实意动词。11.Showsbaround+place12.too(much不可数名词、many可数名词)13.asksb.forhelp向某人求助givesb.hand说明某人14.不定代词作主语,谓语要用单三式。15.五感动词不用进行时态,形容词作表语。16.hadbetterdo最好干…17.givetimeto…把时间用在…18.helpsb.Withsth.帮助某人做某事leavefor前往19.所有从句动用陈述句。20.在英语中,与thinkof连用的“怎么样”,不用“how”用“what”返回首页第四章一般将在时态1.定义。Heisgoingvisithisteacher.Youwillbefinesoon.表示将来某个时间,将来发生的事情或存在的状态。译文:…打算干、、、(将要干、、、、)2.1)will(shall)+v.原2)begoingto+v.原3)现在时表将来4)进行时表将来5)todo表将来6)beabouttodo第一节will/shall+v.原一.肯定句,主+will/shall+v.原Hewillbefreetomorrow./Ishallgotomyhometown.1)will/shall是助动词+v,原。2)will用于各种人称,shall(第一人称I.we)二,否定句,主+will/shall+no+v.原\n口诀:找到助动词在其后面加not注意:willnot=won”tshallnot=shan”t一.疑问句:will/shall+主+v.原+?口诀:找到助动词直接提到句首。Willhebefreetomorrow?/Yeshewill/Nohewon”t.四。特殊,ShallIopenthewindow?我干什么好么?Willyoupleasesayitagain?你干什么好么?表示征求意见时,回答语为:1)肯定:Yes,please./Allright./Goodidea.否定:No,thanks.五.特殊疑问句Iwillcleanthefloorintheclassroomtomorrow.1)对“主”提问时,Whowillcleanthefloorintheclassroomtomorrow.2)对“谓宾”提问时,Whatwillyoudointheclassroomtomorrow?3)对“宾”提问时Whatwillyoucleanintheclassroom.4)对“地点”提问时,Wherewillyoucleanthefloortomorrow5)对时间提问时,Whenwillyoucleanthefloorintheclass构成:特+will/Shall+主+原第二节begoingto+主+原(表将来的)一.)肯定句:主+be(am/is/are)+goingto+v.原。Iamgoingtodomyhomeworktonight.注意be动词是助动词,goingtoto来帮忙。二)否定句,主+be(am/is/are)+not+goingto+v.三)疑问句:Be(am/is/are)+主+goingto+v.+?四)特殊问句:Iamgoingtocleanthefloorintheclassroomtomorrow1)对主提问,Whoisgoingtocleanthefloorintheclassroomtomorrow?2)对谓宾提问,Whatareyougoingtodointheclassroomtomorrow?,3)对宾语提问,Whatareyougoingtocleanintheclassroomtomorrow?4)对地点提问,Whereareyougoingtocleanthefloortomorrow?5)对时间提问,Whenareyougoingtocleanthefloorintheclassroom?第三节will/shall与begoingto的区别一.两者可以互换。Therewill/isgoingbeafootballmatchthisafternoon.二.只能用begoingto情况。1)常译文、、、、、打算干、、、、、时Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?1)明显迹象将发生。Lookattheclouds,itisgoingtorainBecareful,theboxesaregoingtofall.三.只能用will情况。1)表强烈意图,自意干、、、、。Cansomebodyhelpme?Iwill.Iwillgiveupsmoking.Ireallywill.Remembermetoyourparents.2)表示客观必然性与主观意愿无关。TodayisMonday,tomorrowwillbeTuesday.Iwillbe36yearsold.\n明星考王——提高篇1.人在床上用in,物体在床上用on.Beinbed卧床有病,stayinbed,Donnotstayinbed,Thereisabookonthebed.2.船在水上用on,水在火上用in.HEisswimminginthelake.Theyareboatingonthelake.3.doingsomewashing=doingthelaundry.4.puton/wear穿着(常用于进行时态)5.Donnothetakephotographs?(对经常性提问=对工作提问)回答:Yes,hedoes/No,hedoesn”t.6.justnow译1)恰恰现在2)刚才7.makesomedifferent起作用第四节一般将来时标志性时间状语1.today系列thisafternoon(evening),today,但thismorning常过去时2.tomorrow系列tomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening.Thedayaftertomorrow后天3.next系列nextweek/month/year4.soon不久infuture今后inthefuture将来5.口诀:in+一段时间,要求用在将来时,翻译为“在、、、、之后”,而不能翻译为“在、、、、、之内”。Eg,Lilywillcomebackinthreedays?Howsoonwilllilycomeback?Lilywillcomebackafter10o”clock.注意:after+时间点in+时间段第五节其它将来时的表示方法一.一般现在时表示将来,常用于状语从句中。(条件,时间),常在连词if,when,assoonas(一、、、、就、、、),until,unless(除非)口诀:主将(祈,情),从现Eg.1)ifitdoesnotraintomorrow,wewillgotopark(主将从现)2)ifthesellshisoldcar,hecanbuyanewone.(主情从现)3)Donotleavehereuntilthemeetingisover.(主祈从现)4)AssoonashecomesIwillcallyou。5)Iwillnotgotothepartunlessmaryisinvited.6)Idonotknowwhenhewillcome,whenhecomes,Iwilltellyou解析:第一个when是特词,翻译为“什么时候”,引导宾从,而不是状从,因此该用什么时态就用什么时态。(将来时)。第二个when是连词,翻译为“当、、、的时候”,引导时间状语从句,因此用主将从现,从句用现在时。二.现在进行时表将来口诀:if是否,是宾从(将来),if是如果,是条件(从现在)动词,come,go,leave(for),arrive,move,fly等表示将来来去的“趋向性”词,常用进行时表将来。特别是come与go.更是常见的coming,going.Eg,1)Iamcoming.2)Theyareleaving/arrivingtomorrow.1)Wearegoingtoparkthisafternoon._Whereareyourgoingthisafterno三。Betodo不定式表示将来Theyaretohaveameetingtomorrow.他们明天要开会。二.Beabouttodo表示将来,强调该动作在几分钟之内或几秒钟后就要发生。Weareabouttoswimwhensuddenlyhetellsustheriverisdangerous.第六节Therebe句型\n一.表示某地有某物不能翻译为有某物在某地。二.构成:肯定形式:Thereis/are+某物+某地(介短)否定形式:Therebe(is/are)+not+某物+某地疑问形式:Be(is/are)+there+某物某地。Eg,Therearesomebooksonthedesk.Therearenotanybooksonthedesk.Arethereanybooksonthedesk?回答:Yes,thereare/No,therearenot.一.Therebeandhave的区别1)have某人有某物Hehasacat.2)Therebe客观存在(某地有某物)Thereisabookonthedesk口诀:Therebeandhave是天敌,不能同时出现在一个句子里。二.就近原则。Thereisapenandtowbooksonthedesk.Therearetowbooksandapenonthedesk.Therearesometrousersonthebed.Thereisapairoftrousersonthebed.补充:在英语中一共有四个就近原则。1)Either…or…或…或…EitheryouorIamright.2)Neither…Nor…既不、、、也不、、、NeitherInorsheknowsthenumber.口诀:谓语没被否定,只好否定不定代词。3)Notonly…butalso…不但、、、、而且、、、Notonlythechildrenbutalsotheirfatherlikescomputergames.1)Therebe.三.Therebe注意事项1)Therebe本无v.但想加v.+动名词。句型:“有某人在某地正在干某事”Theboyisswimmingintheriver.Therebeaboyswimmingintheriver.2)Therebe将来时Therewill(isgoing)tobeafootballwatchthisafternoon3)Therebe反义疑问句Therearesomebooksonthedesk,aren’tthere?口诀:前肯后否,前否后肯。回答:用事实说话——焦点访谈4)Thereisabookonthedesk.Whatisthereonthedesk?=Whatisonthedesk?明星考王——Therebe句型1.单数n.不可能单独存在。例题:Isthere_____?(D)A.supermarketB.videoarcadeC.smallD.abigbank2.Therebe中的be常被lie,stand(耸立),exist代替。例题(改错):Therestandafactorybytheriver.答:把stand改成stands3.Thereshould/maybe\n4.TherearetwoapplesinthebagWhatisthereinthebag?因为问时不知有几个苹果,故用单数提问。5.little(几乎没有,表否定)/alittle(有一些,表肯定)+不可数名词。Few(表否定)/afew(表肯定)+可数名词复数。口诀:hardly几乎不never从不little,few本身否定含有no.6.lightn.灯,adj.轻的,浅的。7.主句是过去时,则所有的从句都要戴上去的帽子,即使是将来时,也要变成过去将来时。例题:hesaidthere__(be)asportsmeetingthenextday.填would/wasgoingtobe.8.Howmany+可数名词的名词/much+不可数名词。9.例子:Iamafraidtheremustbenomoretimeleft_D_?A.aren’tIB.amIC.mustthereD.isthere技巧:在therebe句型中,出现的主观看法不起作用。《明星考王>>__therebe1.例:Tom,thereisaman-——foryouattheschoolgate.A.waitedB.waitingC.iswaitingD.hasbeenwait2.Thereisnoneedforsb.todo对某人来说没必要干……(Itis+adj.+forsb.dosth)3.例:Look!Theboyisempty__nothinginitA.ThereisB.itisC.ThereareD.Therehave解析:选A因为nothing是不定代词,不定代词作主语,谓语要用单三形式。4.Thereis/are一般现在时Therewas/were一般过去时Therewill/isgoingtobe一般将来时Therehave/hasbeen现在完成时。5.anumberof=many+可数复6.adj.修饰不定代词要在和后面一致。例:Look!Thereissomethingstrangeinthesky.明星考王——一般将来时1.a/an区别:不见原因(元音音素),不施恩(n)。2.Thereis——oldtreeinfrontof——house.A.a;anB.an;theC.a;theD.my;her解析:选B。规定前不定(a/an),后定(the).3.字母h在o前常不发音.eg:hourhonest4.用the口诀:特指双方熟悉,上文已经提及。5.第一次提到泛指用a/an,第二次提到特指用the。6.例:Thereis——“s”inthework“six”and——“s”isthefirstoftheword.A.a;theB.a;anC.an;theD.a;the解析:选B。口诀:Mr.Lihasonefox.在26个字母中,若遇到字母单独存在时,前面用an的共有12种:(1)/e/mlsnfx(2)/ei/ah(3)/a/r(4)/i/e(5)/ai/i7.(1)anumberof=many谓→复(2)thenumberof谓→单8.(数“-”单n)+n(100-metre)race9.想用“职业人”来表地点,前the,后加’s。但,当是姓名时前面不用加the.例,Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?Ihavebeento—D—。A.theHenryhouseB.thehenry’sfamilyC.thehenry’shouseD.henry’house10.不可数名词无复数,相变复数变数量,本身不变。Eg,somebottlesofwater\n11.U/an+人(anumbrella)/a+/ju:/(ausefulbook/auniversity/auniform)12.当同位语中想加所有格时,只在第二个词后加’s.eg.mysisters’13.gototown进城beintown在进城gotoschool上学名词前不加the,与其抽象化。《明星考王——提高篇(将来时)》1)Doyouknow_C_?__Nextyear.A.whenhecamehere.BwhendidhecomehereC.whenhewillcomehereD.whenwillhecomehere.因为规定,从句都要用陈述句式。特词+主+谓2)配对题技巧:1.首先看是否一一对应,是否有干扰性。2.若是一般疑问句。肯定用Yes/No来回答,直接找答案。3.若是特殊疑问句。则根据特词来回答。4.选一个,3)join(以成员身份)/takepartin(以主办人身份)译为:参加。4)alone独自(客观上)lonely寂寞(主观上)Themanlivesalone,buthedoesn’tfeellonely.5)if如是“是否”,是特词,该什么时态,就什么事时态。“如果”是连词,主将从现。6)the+adj./adv.比较级+主+谓,theadj./adv.比较级+主+谓译为:主越…主越…Themorewegettogher,thehappilywillbe.Thefewerchildrentheyhave,thebetterthey’lllive.7)What+主+谓“所……的东西”WhatIwant,whatheknows,whathehasleaned.8){延续性v.+until/didn’t}/{don’t/doesn’t/won’t}瞬间动词+until.Eg.Iwon’tgotobeduntilmothercomesbackHewillwaituntilthetrainstops.《试卷》1.gotoschool上学/gototheschool去上学(有the表场所,无the表抽象)2.口诀:读书,看报用read.3.turntosb.Forhelp向某人寻求帮助。4.goacross=cross.5.large=huge=giant6.of+同类词/in+不同类词。7.不可数名词“雷打不动”的“金钥匙”。Weather,music,advice,luck,fun,progess,news,work,information,healthy.8.haveagoodtime=Enjoythemselves=haveafun返回首页第五章一般过去时态第一节.一般过去时的定义表示:过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。Heworked/t/lastyear.Iemptiedthebasketjustnow.Iwasadoctor3yearsago.第二节.主系表结构的肯,否,疑。肯:am,is(was,were)句子一般过去时/动词要用过去式。补:Therebe的过去式Therewasacarraceinourtownlastyear否:主+was/were+not+表。解析:wasnot=wasn’twerenot=weren’t.疑:Was/were+主+表+?肯回:Yes,主+was/were否回:No,主+wasn’t/weren’t\n例子:他昨天晚上很忙——Hewasbusylastnight.否定——Hewasn’tbusylastnight.疑问——Washebusylastnight?回答——Yes,hewas./No,hewasn’t.第三节.。主谓宾的肯定句一.构成:主+动词ed形式+宾Iworkedlastyear.IboughtabookyesterdayHehad100yuantwodaysago.二.规则动词过去式的口诀。直:-ed,workedstayedlookedplayed去:去尾e再加-ed,arrivedlivedphonedmovedlikedbakedclosedusedchangedtypedpreparedshavedhopedsavedimprovedsmiled双:-ed,stoppedplanneddropped改:辅音字母+ied:studiedemptiedcarriedmarriedtriedworriedhurried三.规则动词过去式的发音1)多数发/d/arrivedlivedphonedstayed2)当遇v.尾/t/+ed/id/和/tid/dustedpaintedwaitedwantedgreeted3)如遇尾音为清辅音-ed/t/lookedjumpedwalkedwashedworkedaskedwatchedtalkedhelpedthanked四.不规则动词的过去式Bring—brought—broughtbuy—bought—boughtthink—thought—thoughtfight—brought—broughtcatch-caught—caughtteach—taught—taught总结规律:如果本身单词中已有a,则变过去式时也要带上a,即,aught.第四节,主谓宾的否定和疑问一.否:主+didnot+v.原+宾HestudiedEnglishyesterday.否,HedidnotstudyEnglishyesterday.解析Didnot=ddidn’t二.疑:Did+主+v.原+宾?肯回:Yes,主+did否回:No,主+didn’tEg,DidhestudyEnglishyesterday?Yes,hedid/No,hedidn’t.第五节.特殊疑问句Theywatchedafilmatthecinemayesterday1)对主提问:WhowatchedafilmatthecinemayesterdayTheydid.注意;在简答中,用相应的助动词代替原句中的实意动词。2)对谓宾提问:Whatdidtheydoatthecinemayesterday?3)对宾提问:Whatdidtheywatchatthecinema…?4)对地点提问:Whatdidtheywatchafilmyesterday?5)对时间提问:Whendidtheywatchafilmatthecinema?第六节.一般过去时的时态1)Yesterday系列:thedaybeforeyesterday.前天yesterdaymorning/afternoon2)last系列:lastweek/month/year去年3)…ago系列:threeyearsago/twoyearsago.4)justnow系列5)in+_时间点in2000,inthepast,在过去intheolddays旧社会返回首页第六章过去进行时态\n一.表示:过去某个时间点正在发生的动作。Iwashavingameetingat9:00thismorning.二.构成:肯定:主+was/were+v-ing+宾否定:主+was/were+not+v-ing+宾疑问:Was/Were+主v-ing+宾?例子:他们昨天晚上八点正在看电视:TheywerewatchingTVat8:00yesterdayevening否定:Theyweren’twatchingTVat8:00yesterdayevening.疑问:WeretheywatchingTVat8:00yesterdayevening.回答:Yes,theywere.No,theyweren’t.小结:现在进行时中的am,is,are变成was,were,即使过去时。三、基本用法:1.句后一定有一个过去时间点作为过去进行时。Iwasdoingmyhomeworkatthesometimeyesterdayevening.2.用于复合句中(主句+从句)中。WhenIwashavingbreakfast,someoneknockedatthedoor.JustasIwasopeningthedoor,thetelephonerang.Hecuthimselfwhilehewasshaving.解析:过去进行时与一般过去时,常同时出现在一个句子里。延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时,另一个动作用一般过去时,中间常用的连词有when,(just)as,while四特殊用法:1.when,whieeg:IwascookingwhilemyhusbandwaswatchingTV.至于while可前后都用过去进行时,强调动词同时发生,有对比作用。1.主+wasdoing…when(suddenly)+主+一般过去时。“某人当时正……时”、“突然……了”五动词时态题的“五中暗示”1.依时定态,2.上下文对话暗示。3.前后动词暗示Ihearedasound4.特殊词性暗示(Iwilltellyouifhecomes)5.特殊动词暗示(Iwantyoutocome)<明星考王——一般过去时》1.口诀:在否定句或疑问句中,do,does,did后动词恢复原形。2.口诀:句中无时(时间状语),判一般现在时.3.在所有格中,首先复数完整。4.不定代词做主语,要用单三式(除了bothall)every不与of连用。5.口诀:无名比用名:eg,yours6.具体数字两无(s,of)500棵树fivhundrentrees.泛指数字两有(有s,of)成百的树hundrensoftrees.7.enough修饰adj.adv.要致后。宽(wide具体/.widelybewildlyuse.8.tellorderask.Wantsb(not)todosth.9.heresb.doingsth英语中,图片敲门时常用it指代人。10.人做修饰语用edexcited物做修饰语用ingexciting11.stopdoingsth停下正在干的事。12.某物忘在某地用leave,忘记某事用forget.13.电话/敲门应答时用answer.14.1)liev.躺laylaineg.Helayinthebed.\n2)lien./v.说谎liedliedeg.Heliedtomother.3)layv.下蛋laidlaideg.Thehenlaid4eggs.规则地说谎,不规则的躺,躺下就下蛋,下蛋不规则。《明星考王》1.时间状语只能决定谓语动词的时态,而句中的其他动词用固定搭配来定形式。Maryfinishedswimmingjustnow.finishdoingsth/完成某事。2.seesb.Doingsth.看见某人做某事。3.花费spendcostpaytake(spentcostpaidtook)人+spend+钱/时(on+n./indoingsth.)人+paid+钱forsth.物+cost+人(宾)+钱Ittook+人(宾)+钱/时+todosth.Eg.Ispent15yuanonthebook/inbuyingthebook.Ipaid15yuanforthebook.Ittookme15yuantobuythebook.Thisbookcostme15yuan.4.arriveat+小地点/in+大地点get+地点reach+地点Arrive/get/reachhome到家5.hurt+vt.+宾(伤害)/vi.痛Eg.Youhurtmyheart/Myleghurt.6.规定:当morningafternoon,eveningnight前后有修饰语时立刻把in/at变为on.7.TheboywithtwodogsBintheyardatthatmoment.A.isplayingB.wasplayingC.areplayingD.wereplaying解析:因为介词短语做后制定语,对主语不起作用。8.1)…tooadj.todo=…not…adj.enoughtodo=…not…adj.enoughsothat+从句。Eg.1)Heistooyoungtogotoschool.2)Heisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.3)Heisn’toldenoughsothathecan’tgotoschool.第七章过去将来时(wouldwaswere)一.表示,过去将来的某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。Hesaidhewouldhaveameetingtomorrow.二.构成:肯定,1)主+would+v.原+宾2)主+was/weregoingto+v.原+宾。否定,1)主+would+not+v.原+宾2)主+was/werenot+goingto+v.原+宾。疑问,1)would+主+v.原+宾?2)Was/Were+主+goingto+v.原+宾?三.常考题型。过去将来时常用于从句。而主句常是过去时。主+asked/said/told+[主+would+v.原]口诀:主语是过去时,则后边所有从句都要带上过去的帽子,即使是将来时也要变成过去将来时。Theteachertolduswewouldhavearesttomorrow.口诀:主句和从句之间,一定有一个手拉手的词(特词)所有的从句都要用陈述句式。四.特殊用法,(不表过去将来,只能征求意见)1)Iwouldliketodosth.我想干……2)Wouldyouliketodo……?你想干……?你……好么?Yes,I’dliketo=YesI’dhaveto/I’dloveto,butI……Eg.Wouldyouliketogoswimmingwithme.\n五.Therebe的过去将来时返回首页Theteachersaidtherewouldbe/wasgoingtobeafootbookmatchthisafternoon不第八章现在完成时(助动词have/has)第一节定义。表示一个动作从过去开始,到目前为止已经完成,强调对现在造成的影响。现在的时态:一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时过去的时态:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。将来的时态:一般将来时。Ihavewateredthegarden.HehasgonetoBeijing.Hehasbeenherefor3years.(状态)第二节.现在完成肯定,否定,疑问。一.肯定,主+have/has+v-ed+宾二.否定,主+have/hasnot+过去分词+宾三.疑问,Have/Has+主+v-ed+宾?解析:1)have,has是助动词,帮助构成时态,无实际汉译。2)havenot=haven’thasnot=hasn’t3)v-ed的学名“过去分词”。肯定:Hehaspostedtheletter否定:Hehasn’tpostedtheletter.疑问:Hashepostedtheletter?肯定回答:Yes,hehas.否定回答:No,hehehasn’t.四.特殊疑问词看句子:Ihaveseenthisfilmatthecinema.1)对主语提问,Whohasseenthisfilmatthecinema?2)对谓宾提问,Whathaveyoudoneatthecinema?3)对宾语提问,Whathaveyouseenatthecinema?4)对地点提问,Wherehaveyouseenatthecinema?<明星考王》——过去将来时1.Wouldyoupleasetellme--C----next,MrWang.?A.shouldwedowhatB.weshoulddowhatC.whatweshoulddo解析:因为引导宾语从句的特词应放在主句和从句之间。2.能(beableto努力之后才有的结果/can会,可以Hecanwillbeabletopasstheexam./Icanswiminthesea.New:Wouldyoupleasetellme……?你能告诉我……好吗?Once曾经expert专家serious严重的treatsb.Well对某人好Concert音乐会again(用于将来时)advicesb.todosth.建议某人做Dogoodto…对…有益.Helpsb.Withsth.帮助某人的…on关于五.重要区别。Havegoneto/havebeento1)havegoneto某人去某地:“去而未归”.关键是人已离开出发地,可能在去的路上,可能已经到达目的地,可能在返回的路上,但肯定比在出发地。Whereisjack?HehasgonetoFrence.2)havebeento曾经去过某地“去而已归”。Ihavebeentoshanghai.3)havebeento常与次数连用。\nHehasbeentoshanghaitwice.现在完成时常与次数连用。ThisisthefirsttimeIhavebeenhere4)Ihavebeenthere.我曾去过那儿。Ihavebeenhereforthreetime.There和here把to顶掉。第三节现在完成时的标志性时态1.already,yet,jut,ever,never位置:1)already,just,never助于行之间。1)yet尾句——疑问,否定。2)ever一般疑问句与定从中。练习:Ihavealreadyemptiedthebasket.否,Ihavenotemptiedthebasketyet.Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.疑,HaveyoueverbeentoGreatWall?ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseenIhaveneverbeentoshanghai,注意:句子中有never故此句为否定句。2.recently近来。Sofar到目前为止before以前inthelastfewyearIhavebeentoxian’before.Sofarwehavlearndtenenglishsongs.Greatchanginghavetakenplayinzhengzhouinthelastfewyear3口诀,for+一段时间后要求前边用延续性动词或状态词。完成时Ihavelivedherefor10.yearsIhavetaughtfor10yearsIhavelivedfor10year.()Hehasbeendeadfor10year.()常见的瞬间(短暂的动词)如想变成相应的延续动词,列表如下:1)die(死亡)——havebeendead2)buy(买)——havehad(拥有)3)join(参加)——havebeeninthearmy4)begin(start)——havebeenon(上演)5)go(leave)____havebeenaway6)borrow____havekept7)finish(stop,end)____havebeenover8)come(arrive)____havebeenhere(back回来)9)getmarried(marry)____havebeenmarried10)getup____havebeenup11)open____havebeenopen开着的4.口诀:句子中有since,前面用现在完成时,后边用一般过去时间点。句型,1)主+have/hasdone+since+一般过去时间点。2)Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since+一把把过去时的句子。Eg.1)Ihavelivedheresince2000.2)Tomhaslivedinzhengzhousincethreeyearsago.3)ItissevenyearssinceIbegantolearnEnglish.第四节.现在完成时和一般过去时间的去区别1.一般过去时间只是简单说明了过去发生的一件事,于现在无关,是过去的时态。2.现在完成时虽然也从动词开始,但却强调对现在的影响,是现在的时态。小技巧:如果句中以明显写出对现在所造成的影响多数用现在完成时。1)Ican’tdomyhomework,becauseIhavelostthepen.2)Ihavehadlunch(强调目前肚子是饱的)/Ihaditat12:00(不强调是否饱)3.强调forandsince.1)for后+一段时间,而since前+一段时间\n2)当ago见since,以since为主,前面用现在完成时。3)forandsince均要求动词用延续性。《明星考王》——提高篇(现在完成时)1.yet在否定句中译为尚未——Ihavn’tfinishedyet.2.yet在疑问句中译为已经——Haveyoufinishedyet?3.All…haven’t部分否定(半否定)4.(wrong)Allofushaven’tbeentosanya}=Wehaveneverbeentosanya.(right)Noneofushasbeentosanya5.Recive(客观)接受/accept(主观)接受Eg,一个女孩接受了许多男孩子的情书,但她只接受了一个。6,现完since+3yeassago(时间点)/for+3years(时间段)7.机器等坏了可以用doesn’twork.书,玻璃等坏了可以用break.8.find不用进行时。9.在农场用onthefarm.10.Whichplacehaveyou________?A.traveledB.travelC.traveledtoD.traveling解析,选C.因为在一个句子中,首先保持词组完整。Travelto+地点11.havebeenin+大地点/at+小地点返回首页第九章过去完成时第一节定义Ihaveeatenanapple.——IhadeatenanapplebeforeTomcamein.Bytheendoflastmonth,wehadleared12Englishsongs.到上个月底,我们已经学了二十首英文歌曲。Bytheendoflastmonthwehadleaned12Englishsongs.在我关灯之后,我离开了我的房间。AfterIhadturnedoffthelightsIlefttheroom.一.在过去的某一时间或过去的某一天之前,发生或完成的动作或状态。表示过去的过去,与现在无关。二.构成:主+had+v-ed+其他第二节.用法由于过去完成时所表示的动作发生在过去的过去,所以句子必须有一个过去某一时间点或过去十五动作,来作为实践参照点------根据不同的时间参照点过去分别用于三种形式中:第一种,用于单句中,通常有一个过去时间点作为提示词,如before,by等短语练习:1.那天以前我从未看过这样的球赛。Ihadneverseensuchamatchbeforethatday.2.Bytheendlastweekwehadleaned3000words.3.By5o’clockwehadarrivedthere.第二种,宾从中,主句是过去时(said,told,asked,thought),而且宾从的v.发生在主句之前,则要求宾从用过去完成时。练习:1.Hesaidhehadreadthebook.2.HeaskedmeifTomhadbeentotheGreatWall.3.Marytoldmeshehadlostherpen.第三种,在复合句中,主句+时间状语从句1.因为有主句和从句,则一个用过,一个用过完,先发生的用v.用过完,而后发生的v.用过,所以学习过完最重要的技巧是那个先发生,那个后发生。\n1.主句与从句之间一定有一个手拉手的连词,afterbefore,when,bythetime+从句明星考王——提高篇(先完)1.want-ed=wanted本来想2.作谓语的乘公交车----takebusto做方式状语的乘公交-----goto……bybus3.…+延词(since前要用延续性v.的现完,但since后应用瞬间v.的一般过去式4.改错技巧保证词组完整离谁进就该谁。例子:Hashe–been-England?Beento5.吃(药)-----take/have不能用eat.返回首页第十章祈使句和感叹句第一节祈使句一.定义表示命令,请求,建议,主语常常省略。二.分类第一类说话对象是第二人称肯定句v.原+宾语Openthedoor.否定句Don’t+v.原+宾语第二类Let’sgoto thepark.Lethimentertheroom.Letme….说话对象是第一、第三人称。肯定句Let+人称(宾)+动词原形。否定句如果宾语是第一人称,在宾语后面+not例如Let’snotwastetime.如果宾语是第三人称,则前面加Don’t例如Don’tletthemmakesanynoisy.解析:以学生对Lily说为例:letus只含学生,不含老师。说“我们干你同意吗?”用willyou.Let’s既含学生,又含老师,对老师说“我们一起干…好吗”用shallwe三、其它重要用法1.祈使句用在反义疑问句里。Letusgohome,willyou?Let’sgoswimming,shallwe?解析:一般的祈使句肯定/否定常用willyou?/won’tyou?/wouldyou?/canyou?/couldn’tyou?Openthedoor,willyou?Don’topenthedoor,willyou?2.“请勿…”“禁止…”表示类①No+v-ing注意:在汉语中,祈使句句尾用“!”,但在英语中,一般用“.”(个别除外)Noparking!/Nosmoking!/Nospitting!/Nolittering!②No+名词复数Nophotos③“勿踏草坪”Keepoffthegrass.3.祈使句用在复合句中,与if引导的句子中结构:and/or+youwill…Useyourhead,andyou’llfindaway.IfyouUseyourhead,you’llfindaway.口诀:用and不用ifyou.Hurryup,oryou’llbelateIfyoudon’tHurryup,you’llbelate练习,①Youareaskedtocomehere,Mary.==comehere,Mary.②Youshouldn’tlistentotheradioinclass.Don’tlistentotheradioinclass.第二节:感叹句一.表示强烈愿望二.常用whathow开头。翻译成“多么”不再是特殊疑问词。a/an+adj+单数可数名词+adj+可数名词复数+adj+不可数名词a/an+单数可数名词三.构成What主+系动词/谓语动词\nWhatabeautifulgirlsheis!Whatagoodjobshehasfound!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyarewearing!Whatfineweatheritis!Whataday!Whatapity!当不用形容词时,表示“消极”反面的意思例如:Howbeautifultheflowersare!Howheavily/harditisraining!Howtimesflies!HowIwantedtoseeyou!+adj+adv○How主+系动词/谓语动词四.做题技巧:感叹句,要记清,what要求“主前名”how却要求“主副形”五.what与how的互换Howcleverthegirlis!Whataclevergirlsheis!返回首页第十一章宾语从句Ithinkthathe’llbebackin2days.I’mafraidthathecan’tanswerthisquestion.第一节定义定义:宾语由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫宾语从句。解析:在谓语动词或者系表结构的从句---宾语从句。第二节:直接引语变间接引语一、引号内人称变化口诀:一随主语,二随宾,第三人称不变化。解析:1.Hesays“I’mateacher.”----Hesaysthatheisateacher.2.Hesays”youareright”-----HesaysthatIamright.注意只定人称不定格1.Hesays“Theywillcometomorrow.”----Hesaysthattheywillcometomorrow.二、引号内的时态变化1.第一类,见以上三例,当主语谓语是现在时,去引号后,该什么时态,就什么时态。---依时定态2.第二类,当主句谓语是过去时,saidtoldasked.则五种时态倒退跑,即一般现在时变成一般过去时一般将来时变成过去将来时现在进行时变成过去进行时一般过去时变成过去完成时现在完成时变成过去完成时Hesaid,“Sheisagoodteacher.”-----Hesaidthatshewasagoodteacher.Hesaid,“Tomwillairtheroom”-----HesaidthatTomwouldairtheroom.Hesaid,“Ididmyhomework”-----Hesaidthathehaddonehishomework.三、引导词1.that---引导陈述句2.if/wether(是否)引导“一般疑问句”3.特殊疑问词引导特殊疑问句4.to符号---引导祈使句解析:that不充当句子成分,省略不讲Heasksme“canyouswim?”HeasksmeifIcanswim.Heasksme“Haveyoufinished?”\nHeasksmeifIhavefinished.注意:原来疑问句式—变成—陈述句。Motherasksme:”whereisyourfather?”Matherasksmewheremyfatheris.Maryasksme,”whendidyougohome?”MaryasksmewhenIwenthome.Heasksme,”whatdoesMarywant?”HeasksmewhatMarywants.注意:助动词(dodoesdid)变成陈述式应该藏到动词里。1.to符号引导引号内是祈使句(肯/否)ask/tell/ordersb(not)todomothersaidtous,”Don’ttalkinclass.”Mothertoldusnottotalkinclass.注意:原句中的saidto变成了toldLilysaidtous,”Openthedoor”Lilytoldustoopenthedoor.练习:我想知道你叫什么。我不知道你几岁了.你能告诉我公园在哪里吗.你知道他们正在谈论什么.第三节否定前置看句子1:Ithinkheisateacher.Idon’tthinkheisateacher.译文:我认为他不是一个老师。必须符合以下两个条件:1.主句的主语必须是第一人称I/we2.主语的谓语动词必须是thinkknowbelive等看句子2:Idon’tthinkheisateacher,ishe?第四节宾语从句和todo动词的互换1.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddo.==Idon’tknowtodo.2.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothepark?=Couldyoutellmehowtogettothepark?3.Shedidn’ttellmewhichonesheshoulebuy.=Shedidn’ttellmewhichonetobuy.总结:宾语从句的做题技巧一看:是否考两个字---从句二看:是否是陈述式排除疑问句式三看:引导词是否在主句与从句之间,排除在句尾的情况。并保证“引导词”使用正确。四看:时态现在时—-依时定态如果主句过去时---五种时态倒着跑宾语从句练习:1.对人口提问:Howmanypeoplearethere+地方?Whatisthepopulationof+地方2.Whattodo=howtodoitwhat做宾语,how做状语------特殊疑问词+todo3.giveme动宾结构looklikeme介宾结构4.forwhat=whyegFortheyknowwhattheyarestudingfor5.Whendoyouthinkhelefthere?6.介词+名词/代词/动名词\n7.Itis+形容词+forsbtodosth,例如:Itishardforthemtodecidewhattodonext.=Theycanhardlydecidewhattheywilldonext.返回首页第十二章反意疑问句一、反义疑问句口诀:前肯后否,前否后肯1.Youareanartist,aren’tyou?2.Tomcan’tswim,canhe?注意:有be有情态动词直接用,无be无‘情’必加‘助’当人名字做主语时,用相应的代词代替。Theycleanedtheroom,didn’tthey?二、反义问句的回答口诀:用事实说话与事实相符回答:yes,heis.反之,no,heisn’t.英语一致,汉语相反。三、特殊用法⑴Have的用法:当have作“有”讲时,反意问句可用have或者用do的变形,当have作其它实意动词时,反意只能用do的变形。1.Hehasabook,hasn’the?/doesn’the?2.Wehadagoodtime,didn’twe?3.Hehastoleave,doesn’the?4.Tomhaslosthiscar,hasn’the?⑵’d情况hadbetter/wouldlike(rather)---反意问句用had/would1.You‘dbetterdoitnow,hadn’tyou?2.He’dliketodowithme,wouldn’tyou?⑶Therebe句型的反意问句,仍然用bethere?/助动词+there1.thereisairallroundus,isn’tthere?2.therestandsatallbuilding,doesn’tthere?⑷当句中有否定词时,后面用肯定形式。(not,no,hardly,never,little,seldom,few,nothingnoone,none,nobody)1.Youhaveneverbeentobeijing,haveyou?2.Therearefewpeopleintheroom,arethere?⑸祈使句,无论肯定句否定句常用willyou,但let’s用shallwe?1.Comehere,willyou?2.Don’topenit,willyou?3.Letusgohome,willyou?4.Let’sgohome,shallwe?⑹含有否定缀的词不起作用,看作“肯定”后面用否定反意问句。例如:unhappy,unlucky,unsuccessful,unfair,unknown,dislike,misunderstand,careless,hopeless1.Heisunhappy,isn’the?2.Youmisunderstoodme,didn‘tyou?3.It’sunfair,isn’tit?⑺否定前置:当含有宾语从句的主句,符合以下条件:1.主语是第一人称2.谓语动词是think,know,believe等词时,常常否定前置,但是反意时,应该先把主观看法去掉,再把否定还原,反意从句。例如:1.Idon’tthinkhecandoit,canhe?2.Wedon’tbelievehewillcome,willhe?⑻must表示“猜测”时,不起作用,要看must后面的词来定,但是must当“必须”mustn’t当“禁止”讲时起作用。例如1.Theymustbehungry,aren’tthey?\n2.Hemustgetupat5:00,doesn’the?/mustn’the?3.Hemustbesleeping,isn’the?⑼表人的不定代词作主语时,反意应用“they”anyone(body),someone(body),everyone(body),noone(body),neither,none例如:1.Everyoneknowstheanswer,don’tthey?2.NoonephonedmewhileIwasout,didthey?⑽表物的不定代词或者指示代词(this,that,something,everything,nothing),作主语时用“it”反意。例如:1.Everythingisallright,isn’tit?2.ThisisMary‘sbike,isn’tit?⑾感叹句:看做肯定句,后用否定反意,主句系动词用be,主句谓语动词用do的变形。例如:Whatafinedayitis,isn’tit?Whatacleverboy,isn’the?Howhardheworks,doesn’the?特例:IamateacherofEnglish,aren’tI?Five-year-oldchildrenaretooyoungtogotoschool,aren’tthey?返回首页第十三章被动语态一、语态,分为主动语态和被动语态二、区别主动句:主语是动词的发出者。例如:Ihityou.被动句:主语是动作的承受者。例如:Youwerehitbyme.注意:1.被动句中的动词一定是及物动词。2.by后面的格为宾格,如果不强调可以省略。3.被动语态的基本句型为:be+过去分词4.主语和动作是被动关系,翻译为“…被…了”.三、被动语态的各种时态一般现在时的被动语态:主语+am/is/are+donee.gHistoryismadebypeople一般过去时被动语态:主语+was/were+donee.g:Mybikewasstolenyesterday.一般将来时被动语态:主语+will/shall+bedonee.g:Anewhospitalwillbebuiltintwodays.现在进行时被动语态:主语+am/is/are+beingdonee.g:Anewhospitalisbeingbuilt.现在完成时的被动语态:主语+have/hasbeendone含有情态动词的被动语态:主语+情态动词bedonee.g:Watercanbechangedintoice。解析:所有的变化都在be上,只要是被动语态,最后肯定是done。下列动词变被动时,后面跟to1.四看seewatchlooknotice2.三个使役动词makelethave3.两个听动词hearlisten4.感觉动词:feelIwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom.Sbisseentodosbisheardtodo变被动要保证词组的完整性Theyweretakengoodcareof被动句型:Itissaidthat…It’sreportedthat…It’swell-knownthat…四、不用被动语态的情况1.五感动词looksmellsoundtastefeel与writesellwash翻译为“…起来”ThefoodtastesgoodThepenwritessmoothlyThebooksellswell(畅销)但是当sellwritewash作其它意思时,有被动。2.takeplace,happen,breakfastout(爆发),begin,belong没有被动\n返回首页第十四章定语从句第一节定义“…的”1)aredflower;agoodteacher单词做定语要前置,与汉语一样。2)Thebookonthedeskismine.Thegirlinredislucy.两个词以上的词组做定语,要后置。与汉语相反。3)ThisisthebookwhichIlikebest.Theladywhoislaughingislucy.一个句子做定语,要后置,与汉语相反。1.定义:定语由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫定语从句。2.常见题型:选择引导词。例如Thehousestandsonthehillismine.(which)第二节两个概念1)先行词2)关系词一.什么叫先行词Thisisthebook.Iboughtthebookyesterday.ThisisthebookwhichIboughtyesterday.规定:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词就叫先行词。Sheisthegirl.Shemetmeyesterday.Sheisthegirlwhometmeyesterday.二.什么是关系词规定:让主句与从句发生关系的词就叫关系词。三.关系词的作用1)连接作用,放于先行词与定语从句之间2)在定语从句中,充当一个句子成份(主语时间地点定语)四.做题技巧1)在先行词上画Δ。2)用括号括住(定从)3)写出关系词在定语从句的成分。4)翻译成汉语。ThisisthebookwhichIboughtyesterday.SheisthegirlwhomImetyesterday.HeistheboywhomIinvitedyesterday.五.关系词的分类HeistheboywhosenameisTom.SheisthegirlwhometmeyesterdayHeistheboywhomIinvitedyesterday.ThisisthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.ThisisthereasonwhyTomwaslate.先行词是--人,在定语从句中作定语时,用whose作主语时,用whothat作宾语时,用whom/who/省略that先行词是—物,在定语从句中作主语时,用whichthat作宾语时,用whichthat\n先行词是时间名词,用when做时间状语先行词是地点名词,用where先行词是原因名词,用why引导不同的先行词有不同的关系词,同样的先行词因为在定语从句中充当的成分不同,则关系语也不一样。Thisisthedaywhichwespendtogether.ThisisthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.ThisisthefactorywhereIworked.ThisisthefactoryinwhichIworked.ThisisthefactorywhichIworkedin.where=inwhich注意:1.定语从句中没有what但是allthat=what2.当关系词在定语从句中做宾语时,可以省略,但介词后宾语不能省略。3.万金油that在多数情况下可用,但不用于介词宾语第三节只能用that的情况。(1)先行词有人又有物Doyouknowthingsandpeoplethattheyaretalkingabout?(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、theonly、thevery\thelast等修饰时。ThisisthefilmthatI’veeverseen.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentsthatwantstogothere.(3)先行词本身都是all,few,little,everything,something,anything,nothing等,或者被all,few,little修饰时,Allthatwecandoistogivemoney.Thisisallthathesaid.Thisiswhathesaid.返回首页第十五章主谓一致一、定义:谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,实际上是谓主一致二、须注意五种情况:1谓语单数的情况a.就近原则:notonly…butalso;either…or;neither…nor连接时谓语按照后一个定,therebe却由第一个定。eitherheorIamgoingtoBeijingnextweek.thereisabookandtwopensonthedesk.▲both…and…不用就近原则,用复数。b.Theteacher(togetherwithtwostudents)iscomingtotheclassroom.主语后的介词短语不起作用,由主语定谓语。介词常用的词(together)with,aswellas和…一起,but除了,except,like像等。Nobodybutgirlslikesdancing.c.金钱,时间、距离等作主语,谓语动词用三单。Twentyyearsisalongtime.Fivehundreddollarsistoomuchforthecoat.d.Thepetanddoctorhascome虽然有and连接主语但若提到的是同一人或者是同一个事物则谓语用单数,注意:两个主语必须是用同一个冠词。Aknifeandfork(一套刀叉)hasputonthetable.e.国名、人名、书名、组织机构等专有名词做主语,形式上即使是复数,谓语动词也要用单数。(一千零一夜)isknownallovertheworld.TheUnitedstatesisabigcountry.f.Pliticsisnothardforme.部分以s结尾的词形式上是复数,但是意义上是单数,所以谓语动词用单数,例如:maths,politics,physics;news.g.口诀:不定代词做主语,谓语要用三单形式(除了both,all)nither,either‘every,each’none,noone,someone,anyone,everyone,(thing系列,body系列)例如:neitherofusknowstheanswers.h.Gettingupearlyisgoodforourhealthy.不定式(todo)或者动词ing形式作主语,谓语动词用单数。To\nseeistobelieve./seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。但是两个不定式或者两个动名词联合作主语时,谓语动词用复数。I.Thereismorethanoneanswertoyourquestion.Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.(=manystudentshave)规定:morethanone+单数或者manya+单数作主语,尽管意义上是复数,但是因为中心词是单数,而且词组中间含有one和a(提示词)谓语动词要求用单数。第二种情况:谓语用复数1.theold,theyoung,therich,theside,thewounded等,the+形容词/过去分词,可以表示一类人,谓语用复数。TheoldaretakencareofinChina.Thewoundedweresenttothehospital.2.半否定(部分否定):NotallthestudentslikeJanpan.=Allthestudentsdon’tlikeJanpan.当all与not同时出现在一个句子里面时,不能表示全否定,只能是部分否定,所以因为句子中的all,谓语动词用复数。3.the+姓-s表示一家人,谓语动词用复数。Thewangsaregoingaboard.4.ThereareoneortwothingsIwanttotalktoyou.oneortwo+复数名词做主语,相当于“两个…”谓语动词用复数第三种情况:由量词+of决定单数Thereisapairoftrousersinthebed.Socks;shoes;pants;gloves;compasses;glasses;sissors…Therearethreebottlsofmilkhere.当句中名词前面有数量修饰词时,谓语动词要应由数量词决定。除了therestof(剩下的)Therestofwateriscold.Therestofbooksaremine.第四种情况:群体名词,family;class;group;team作主语,谓语动词分两种:如果强调整体,谓语动词用单数,如果强调成员时,谓语动词用复数。Hisfamilyisabigoneandallthefamilyarehavinglunch.Classfourareplayingfootball.第五种情况:两个词组anumberof=many+可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数,译成“许多”thenumberof+可数名词复数,谓语动词用单数,译成“…的数量”Thereareanumberofwomenteachersinourschool,andthenumberofthemis70.Oneandahalfapplesareleftonthetable.Anappleandahalfisleftonthetable.一个半小时:oneandahalfhours=anhourandahalfoneandahalf+名词复数谓语动词用复数a/an+单数名词+ahalf谓语动词用单数.返回首页第十六章非谓语动词第一节定义:动词本身可以做谓语,但是有些动词却不能充当谓语,称为非谓语动词,包括动名词,不定式分词(现在分词和过去分词)第二节充当的句子成分一、作主语①不定式作主语TostudyEnglishishard.进化为:ItishardTostudyEnglishit是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式。②动名词作主语Gettingupearlyisgoodforhealthy=Itisgoodforhealthytogetupearly二、作宾语1.Ifindithardtolearntoswim.---简单句2.Ifounditishardtolearnswim---复合句\n①有些动词后可以加不定式,也可以加动名词,但是意义不同.(解析:当一个句子里面有两个动词时,第一个动词作谓语,第二个动词则被包装,包装形式有两个,一是不定式todo,另一种是doing)动名词表示接下来就要做的事情,不定式表示将来remembertodo记住去干…(未干)rememberdoing记得已经干了…forgettodo忘记去干…(未干)forgetdoing忘记已经干了…stoptodo停下A去干Bstopdoing停下来正在干…goontodo继续干另外一件事goondoing继续干同一件事②常用不定式做宾语补足语的词组有:tell(ask/order/advice/except)sbtodo③特殊疑问词+todo作宾语/作宾补heaskedwheretodo.Heaskedmewheretodo.Lilytaughthowtousethecomputer.Teachfishhowtoswim.班门弄斧三、作表语①不定式作表语Mydreamistobeateacher.②动名词作表语Myhobbyiscolectingstamps.Iamdoingmyhomework.注意与现在进行时的区别四、作定语①todo作定语Ihaveabooktoread.Ihavesomethingtodrink.Ihaveachairtositon.Hehasnoroomtolivein.总结:不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或者代词后面,并根据情况添加相应的介词。②动名词作定语放在名词前面表示用途或者特征。areadingroom;awalkingstick;adressingtable,asleepingboy正在睡觉的孩子五、作状语不定式修饰动词,表示动作的目的,结果,原因。例如:Iwenttheretoseemother.Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.Heistooyoungtodriveacar.第三节常考知识点1.不定式分带to不带to两种,四看、三役使,两听、一感觉hear/seesbdo表示经常性发生或者全过程hear/seesbdo表示动作正在进行helpsb(to)do=helpsbwithsthLilyhelpus(to)learnenglish=LilyhelpuswithourEnglish。2.不定式的否定结构nottodo。Teachertoldusnottotalkinclass.3.在英语中有两个to不定式todo和介词to+名词/代词/doingIprefercoffeetotea.Thebosswantstospeaktoyou.4.在简答中,不定式后的动词,常常省略,只留to符号wouldyouliketogowithme?I’dlove/liketo,butI’mbusy.5.wouldlike/lovetodo想去干...hadbetterdo(情态动词)6.Wouldyoupleasedo?你想干…吗?7.liketodo与likedoing的区别Ilikeswimming,butIdon'tliketoswimthisafternoon.8.It’stimetodosth=It’stimeforsth例如It’stimetogotobed=It’stimeforbed9.therebe句型中本无动词想加动词变成动名词Therearetwoboysplayingunderthetree.10.what/howaboutdoing?11.Whynotdo?=Whydon’tyoudo?12.havesbdo/doing例如:Lilyhaduscopythebooks/Lilyhaduslaughingallthetime.13.havesthdoneIhadhaircutyesterday.(含义是让别人干,自己不干)Hehadhisbrokenyesterday.(含义是某人遭遇)\n14.Yourjacketneedswashing/tobewashed物质名词+want/needdoing/tobedone返回首页第十七章句型转换第一类特殊句子种类A:感叹句(圈出丢失项)口诀what要求主前名,how要求主形副B:被动句1.若原句中宾语变成主语则成被动2.定时态(用原句时态)C: