英美概况复习资料 49页

《英美概况》复习资料Chapter11.TheUKismadeupoffourparts,theyareEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.(Chapter1,p1)2.OffthecontinentalEuropelietwoislandsknownastheBritishIsles.ThelargestofthemisGreatBritain.ThenextlargestconsistsoftheRepublicofIrelandandNorthernIrelandwhichbelongstotheUK.(Chapter1,p3)3.ThewholeoftheUSAincludes50statesandafederaldistrict,WashingtonDistrictofColumbia,whichistheseatoftheFederalGovernment.(Chapter1,p3)4.ThetwoyoungeststatesoftheUSAareAlaskainthenorthwesternpartofNorthAmericaandHawaiiinthecentralPacificOcean.(Chapter1,p2-3)5.AlaskaisthelargeststateintheUSA,itwaspurchasedbytheUSAfromRussiain1867for$7,200,000.Thetotalareais1,500,0oosquarekilometers,muchofwhichismountainous.(Chapter1,p9)6.HawaiiislocatedinthePacificOcean.ItscapitalisHonoluluonOahu.Itsareais16,764squarekilometers.Itbecamearepublicin1894,cededitselftotheUSAin1898andbecamethefiftiethstateoftheUSAin1959.(Chapter1,p9)7.ThemajorriversintheUKaretheRiverSevernandtheThames.(Chapter1,p7)8.ThemajormountainsintheUKarethePenninesinthemiddle,theCambriansinthewestandtheGrampiansintheNorthofBritain.(Chapter1,p7)49\n9.TheMississippiRiversisthelongestandthemostimportantriverintheUSA.ItflowsfromtheGreatLakestotheGulfofMexico.(Chapter1,p8)10.IntheUSA,therearethreegreatmountainranges:theAppalachianMountains,theRockyMountainsandtheGreatCordilleraMountainRange.(Chapter1,p9)11.TheLakeDistrictareaisverybeautifulandquiet.ManyEnglishpoets,suchasW.WordsworthandS.Coleridgewrotepoemsaboutthedistrict.(Chapter1,p4)12.LoughNeagh(纳湖)isalakeof396squarekilometersinarea,thelargestlakeinNorthernIreland,andintheBritishIslesaswell.LoughistheIrishwordforlake,meaninganarmofthesea.(Chapter1,p10)13.OldFaithfulisthemostfamousgeyserinTheYellowstoneNationalPark,eruptingmorethan100feetintheairaboutevery73minutes.(Chapter1,p6)14.ColoradoValleyortheGrandCanyoninnorthernArizonaisthebestknownoneofmanydeepvalleysorcanyonsinTheColoradoPlateau.Itisoneofthegreatnaturalwondersoftheworld.Itmeasuresabout277mileslong,upto18mileswide,andmorethanamiledeep.(Chapter1,p6)49\n15.DeathValleyintheeasternCaliforniais280feetbelowsealevelandthelowestpointinthewholeofNorthAmerica.Itis225kilometerslongand2-26kilometerswide.Itistheoneofthehottestplacesintheworld.(Chapter1,p6,p10)16.ThethreeriversystemsintheUSAarethesystemoftheGulfofMexico,thesystemoftheAtlanticOceanandthesystemofthePacificOcean.(Chapter1,p8)17.TheNiagaraFalls(尼亚加拉瀑布)islocatedontheUS-CanadianboundarybetweenLakeErieandLakeOntario.(Chapter1,p8)18.ThefiveGreatLakeslyingbetweentheboundaryofCanadaandtheUSAare:LakeMichigan（密歇根湖）,LakeSuperior（苏必利湖）,LakeOntario（安大略湖）,LakeHuron（休伦湖）andLakeErie（伊利湖）(Chapter1,p8)Amongthefivelakes,LakeSuperioristhelargestfreshlakeofitskindintheworld.LakeMichiganiswhollywithintheUSA.(Chapter1,p8)19.UK：theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(Chapter1,p1)20.USA:TheUnitedStatesofAmerica(Chapter1,p1)21.EU：TheEuropeanUnion(Chapter1,p9)49\n22.TheGrampiansliesinthehighlandsofScotland.ItisthelargestmountainrangeintheUKinwhichtherearefourhighmountains,allofwhicharemorethan1000metershighandtwoofwhicharethehighestintheUK.(Chapter1,p4)23.TheYellowstone(National)ParkistheoldestnationalparkintheworldandcontainsthelargestwildlifepreserveintheUSA.Itwasestablishedin1872andgotitsnamefromtheyellowrocksliningtheYellowstoneRiver.TheYellowstoneNationalParkhasthousandsofhotspringsandover200geysers.(Chapter1,p6)24.WherearetheUKandtheUSArespectivelylocated?(Chapter1,p11)(1)TheUKsituatesinNorthwesternEurope,lyingtothenorthofFranceandthewestoftheNetherlands,DenmarkandNorway.(2)TheUSAsituatesinthecentralpartofNorthAmericawithitstwoyoungeststates—AlaskainthenorthwesternpartofNorthAmericaandHawaiiinthecentralPacificOcean.(Chapter1,p1,p2-3)49\n25.WhatarethemajorriversandmountainsintheUKandtheUSA?(Chapter1,p11)(1)ThemajorriversintheUKaretheRiverSevernandtheThames,etc;themajorriversintheUSAaretheMississippiRivers,etc.(2)ThemajormountainsintheUKarethePennines,theCambriansandGrampians;themajormountainsintheUSAaretheAppalachianMountains,theRockyMountainsandtheGreatCordilleraMountainRange,etc.(Chapter1,p7,pp8-9)26.Englandispredominatelyaflatlandorundulatingcountry.Scotlandischieflymountainous.Walesis,likeScotland,mostlymountainous.(Chapter1,p4)27.TheUnitedStatesofAmericacanbedividedintothreepartsaccordingtoitsgeographicalfeatures:theeasternpart,thewesternpart,andthecentralPlainsinbetween.(Chapter1,p5)28.ThetotalareaoftheUKis242,532squarekilometers.Itjustlessthan1000kilometersfromnorthtosouthandjustunder500kilometersacrossinthewidestpart.29.ThetotalareaoftheUSAis9,372,614squarekilometers.32.Discuss:WhatisthesimilaritiesanddifferenceinthephysiographicalfeaturesbetweentheUKandtheUSA?49\n30.TheAppalachianRangeholdsonesixthofthenationalterritoryonthecontinent.Thesehighlandsarerelativelylow.Theaveragealtitudeisonly800metersabovesealevel.TherangebeginsfromnorthMaineandreachestocentralAlabama,coveringadistanceof1,200miles.Theaveragewidthoftheuplandbeltsisnotmorethan300miles.(Chapter1,p5)31.TheDistrictofColumbia,orWashingtonDC,isthecapitaloftheUSAsituatedonthePotomacRiver.Itsareais178squarekilometers.ItcoversonlytheareaofthecityofWashington.(Chapter1,p9)Chapter21.ThebeginningsofthehistoryoftheUKcanbetracedbacktoabout750B.C.whentheCeltictribescametoEnglandbecausetheyshapedtheScottish,IrishandWelshracesandcultures.(Chapter2,p12)2.Fromabout750B.C.theCeltictribeswhohadcrossedfromEuropeinsearchofemptylandsbegantosettleinthecountry.ThefirsttocomeweretheGaels,whoselanguageisstillspokeninScotland.Fromabout500B.C.anothergroupoftheCeltscalledBritons,fromwhomthemodernWelsharemainlydescended,arrivedanddrovetheGaelstothe49\nnorth.Thethirdgroupcamearound100B.CfromGaul.(Chapter2,p13)3.About3oooB.C,IberiansfromtheMediterraneanlandssailedrightupthewestcoastofEnglandandaroundScotlandtoScandinavia.(Chapter2,p13)4.Between55and54B.C.JuliusCaesar,aRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.Therealconquestbeganin43A.D.afteraseriesofsmallbattles.TheBritishchieftainsweredefeatedandBritainnowbecameaRomanprovinceinname.ThePictsandScotslivinginScotlandfrequentlyrevoltedagainsttheRomans.Later,about122A.D.,inordertokeepbackthePictsandScots,theRomansbuiltawall,calledHadrian’sWall,fromtheSolwaytotheTyne,andtothisdaypeoplecanstillseetheremains.(Chapter2,p13)5.410-871,theGermanictribescametoEngland,thelatteraretheAngles,SaxonsandJutes.ThefirstarrivalswereinvitedbyaBritishkingtodefendhiskingdomagainstthePictsandScots.TheyspokealanguagethatwenowcallOldEnglish.(Chapter2,p14)6.TheCelts,inspiteofbraveleaders,oneofwhommayhavebeenKingArthur,werewhollydefeatedbyheGermanictribes.Thosewhoescapedtheswordwerepushed49\nbackintothemountainsofWalesorScotlandoracrosstoIreland,wheretheirseparatelanguages,Welsh,GaelicandErse,maystillbeheard.(Chapter2,p14)7.TheHeptarchymeanstheperiodbetweenthe6thcenturyandthe9thcenturyinthehistoryofEnglandinwhichoneorotherofthesevenkingdomsofAnglo-Saxonoriginwasdominant.Finallyin829thekingofWessexdefeatedtheotherkingsandunifiedEngland.(Chapter2,p24)10.Finallyin829Wessexwontheownershipofalltherest,andEgbert,thekingofWessex,begantohimself“KingoftheEnglish”.(Chapter2,p15)11.Aroundtheturnofthe8thcenturynorthernwarriors,calledtheViking,invadedEngland.SomeofthemcamefromNorway,butthemainbodycamefromDenmark.ThinkingthatitwasimpossibletodrivealltheBanesfromtheisland,KingAlfredofWessexmadeanagreementwithGuthurm,whomhehadcaptured,thatallowedGuthurmtorulethenorthofEnglandwhilehehimselfruledthesouth.HealsoforcedtheDanestoacceptChristianity.Alfredwasconsideredthefirstnationhero.(Chapter2,p15)12.Beowulf,consideredthegreatestOldEnglishpoem,issometimesassignedtoAnglo-Saxontimes.(Chapter2,p15)49\n13.OnChristmasDay1066DukeWilliamofNormandy,knowninhistoryasWilliamtheConquer,wascrownedinWestminsterAbbey.14.DuringhisreignWilliamtheConquerestablishedthefirstHouseinEngland.(Chapter2,p25)15.WhatconsequencesdidtheNormanConquestcause?(1)ItincreasedtheprocessoffeudalismthathadbegunduringAnglo-Saxontimes.(2)ItestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.(3)Anglo-Saxonfreemenhadbeenmostlydegradedintothestatusofserfs.(4)Italsobroughtaboutchangesinthechurch.(5)TheEnglishlanguagewasgreatlyenrichedbytheNormanConquest.(Chapter2,p17)16.ThehistoryoftheUSAmaybetracedbacktothearrivalofthe“Indians”yetthefirstEnglishpermanentsettlementwasestablishedin1607inVirginia.(Chapter2,p12)aboriginaltasmania17.TheIndianslivinginAmericaoriginatedfromAsiasome25,000yearsagobycrossingtheBeringlandbridge.TheIndianshavebeenidentifiedasthedescendantsofMongoloid.(Chapter2,p18)18.TheexplorerwhofirstdiscoveredandidentifiedthenewcontinentsisChristopherColumbus.Columbus’spartyset49\noutonAugust3rd1492,inthreesmallshipsnamedthe“Pinta”,“Nina”,andthe“SantaMaria”.AtlastonOctober12ththeyreachedagroupofislandsthatarenowcalledtheBahamas.ColumbusmistooktheseislandsforpartofIndiaandsocalledthepeoplethereIndians.Heneverrealizedthathehaddiscoveredanewcontinent.(C2,p19)19.WhywasitimportanttodiscoverAmerica?(C1,p26)(1)Notonlydiditwidenpeople’shorizon,butitalsoopenedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.(2)Itpromotedthedevelopmentofcommerce,seanavigationandindustry,andprovidedthewayfortherapiddevelopmentofearlycapitalism.(Chapter2,p19)20.Theperiodofcolonizationcoveredtheyearsfrom1607to1776,thatis,fromthefirstsettlementofEnglishcoloniststotheindependenceoftheUSA.(Chapter2,pp17-18)21.AfterthediscoveryoftheNewWorld,thethreeEuropeanpowerssentmanyexplorerstothenewcontinents:theSpanish,theEnglishandtheFrench.(Chapter2,p19-20)22.TheSpanishexplorerwasthefirsttocometotheNorthandSouthAmerica.Magellan,whowasaPortuguesebutsailedfortheSpanishKingwasthefirstmanwhosailedaroundtheearth.(Chapter2,p20)49\n23.Asaresultoftheearlyexplorations,thetwogreatcontinentswerediscoveredandpeoplegainedabetterideaofthesizeoftheearth.Anotherimportantresultwasthattheexplorersclaimedlargeareasoflandfortheirkings.SpainclaimedthesouthernpartofNorthAmerica,andthewholeofSouthAmericaexceptBrazil.EnglandclaimedtheeasternshoresofthepresentUSAasrightfullybelongstoher.FranceclaimedNovaScotiaontheSt.LawrenceandontheGreatLakes,andthewholeMississipiValley.(C2,P20-21)24.Intheautumnof1620,73menand29womenstartedforAmericainashipnamedthe“Mayflower”.(C2,p21)25.ThanksgivingisnowobservedthroughouttheUSA,thisholidaybeganin1621asawaytoexpresssettlers’thankstoGodforthegoodharvest.(C2,p21)26.Thethirteencoloniesweredivided.Therewerethreesections:thesoutherncolonies,themiddlecoloniesandthenortherncoloniesorNewEngland.ThenortherncolonieswerebasicallyfoundedbyPuritansandIndependents,bothofwhomhadsufferedalotofreligiouspersecutioninEngland.TheycametotheNewWorldforthesakeoffreeworship.(Chapter2,p21)49\n27.OpposedtowhatwasperceivedasBritishoppression,colonialleadersheldtheFirstContinentalCongressin1774inPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.(Chapter2,p22)28.InMay1775,asecondContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphiaandbegantoassumethefunctionofanationalgovernment.ItfoundedaContinentalarmyandnavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.(Chapter2,p22)29.ThomasJeffersondraftedDeclarationofIndependence,whichthecongressadoptedonJuly4,1776.(Chapter2,p22)30.TheWarofAmericanIndependencewentonforfiveyearsuntilGeneralCornwallisandhis7,000BritishmensurrenderedatYorktownin1781.TheParisPeaceTreatywassignedbetweentheUSAandtheUKin1783,thustheWarcametoanend.(Chapter2,p22)31.In1803,theUSApurchasedLouisianafromNapoleonfor$15,000,000.(Chapter2,p23)32.AsaresultoftheUS-Mexican/US-SpanishWarbeginningin1846,halfoftheentireterritoryofMexicanwasthuslost.(Chapter2,p23)33.TheHawaii,whichfellunderUScontrolin1889,aresituatedinthePacificOceanandbecamethefiftiethstateoftheUSAin1959.(Chapter2,p23)49\n34.TheUSAtodayisthefourthlargestcountryinsizeintheworld.(Chapter2,p23)35.TheBostonTeaPartyisanincidentwhichhappenedon16December,1773inBoston,inwhich342chestsofteaweredumpedfromtheBritishshipsintoBostonHarbourbyapartyoffiftyorsixtycitizensdisguisedasIndians.ThestruggleagainsttheBritishtaxationoftealedtotheWarofAmericanIndependence.36.Discuss:HowandwhydidthePuritanscometoNorthAmerica?Chapter31.In1215Johnsignedthe“MagnaCarta”(《大宪章》，法语词汇)ortheGreatCharter.(Chapter3,p28)2.Whatarethecontentsofthe“MagnaCarta”?Itcontainedthreesetsofprovisions:a)thatthekingwasnottoexactextrapaymentsfromthefeudalvassals(ortowns)withouttheirconsent;b)thatlawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;andc)thatshouldthekingattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit.(Chapter3,p28)3.The“MagnaCarta”wasessentiallyafeudaldocument.(Chapter3,p28)49\n4.TheHundredYears’Warbetween1337-1453happenedbetweenEnglandandFrance(orAnglo-French).(C3,p28)5.ThemoreimportantphaseofmedievalAnglo-Frenchhostilitybeganin1337andendedin1453,andisknownastheHundredYears’war.(Chapter3,p28)6.Shakespeare’sdramaHenryVIreflectstheWarsoftheRosesbegunin1455andendedin1485.ThewargotsuchanamebecausetheLancastriansworebadgesofredrosesandtheYorkistsworethebadgesofwhiteroses.(C3,p30)7.TheWarsoftheRoseswasafeudalcivilwar.Ithadanimportantconsequence:theweakeningoftheoldfeudalnobility.8.ThetworesultsoftheEnclosureMovementaretheprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalandthecontinuationofthesupplyofcheaplabour.(Chapter3,p33)9.TheIndustrialRevolutionstartedduringthelastpartofthe18thcentury,itpromoteddevelopmentofproductionandlaidagoodfoundationfortheworld.(Chapter3,p33)10.WhycouldtheIndustrialRevolutionfirsttakeplaceintheUK?TheIndustrialRevolutionsfirsttakeplaceintheUKbecauseithadseveralspecialconditionswhichnoothercountrycouldmatch:(1)Britain’spopulationgrewrapidly49\nafter1780andthepeoplewereskilledinmanydifferentcraftsandtrades.Thishelpedaccountfortheincreasedlaboursupplyandconsumerdemand.(2)Britainhadbuiltalargeempirewhichhadapowerfulnavyandahugemerchantfleet.Ithadcreatedaworldwidemarketforitsgoodsanditscoloniessuppliedrawmaterialsforher.(3)TheBritishslavetradersalsogotalotofmoneyintheir“triangle”trade.(4)TheParliamentpassed3800EnclosureActs.Theybuiltcapitalistfarmsthere.(Chapter3,p33)12.What’sthesignificanceoftheIndustrialRevolution?TheIndustrialRevolutionexertedagreatinfluenceonbothBritishsocietyandtheworld:(1)Itpromotedthedevelopmentofproduction.WithinashortperiodtheIndustrialRevolutiontookoveralloverindustriesinBritainandreplacedothersystemofproduction.(2)TheIndustrialRevolutionlaidagoodfoundationforthe“world”.Britainbegantoproducealargequantityoflow-pricedgoodsinamoreefficientmanner.TheBritishgoodsalmostachievedamonopolypositionintheworldmarket.(3)Afactorysystemwasestablished.Workerswereemployedandmanagersbecamecapitalist.Theconflictingclasseswereborn.(C3,p34)13.TheChartistMovementflourishedmostinconditionsof49\neconomicdepressionandreacheditsheightin1839-1848duringwhichthreepetitionswerepresentedtoParliament,butallthethreewererejected.TheChartistMovementfailedbecauseofitsdividedleadershipandlackofastrongbasisforclassunity.ItwasafterTheChartistMovementthattheEnglishworkingclassenteredaperiodofindependentpoliticalmovementsagainstthebourgeoisie.(C3,p35)14.ThePeople’sCharter:ItdrawnupbyWilliamLovettandFrancisin1838,waspromptedmainlybytheacutesocialdistressofthetime.ItsbasicpointisuniversalsuffrageasMarxhaspointedout.(Chapter3,p34)15.TheEastIndiaCompanyisaBritishtradecompanywhichwascharteredin1600bytheBritishParliamentforthemonopolyoftradewiththeeasternhemisphere.ItdevelopedinIndiaandmadeahugeprofitthereinthe18thcentury,butitwasdissolvedin1874.(Chapter3,p54)16.WhatisthesignificanceoftheWarAmericanIndependence?(1)AnewrepublicemergedanditmarkedanewbeginningofAmericanhistory.(2)Ittellstheworldthatajustcausewillsoonerorlaterwinwhiletheevilcausewillcertainly49\nlose.(3)ThevictoryoftheAmericanpeoplealsogreatlyencouragedthepeopleinthecoloniesruledbytheSpanishandpromotedthenationalliberationstruggleoftheothercoloniesintheworld.(C3,p38)17.TheWarofAmericanIndependencestartedin1775andendedin1783,lastingabouteightyears.(C3,p35)18.ThefirstthreeUSpresidentsareGeorgeWashington(1789-1797),JohnAdams(1797-1801)andThomasJefferson(1801-1809).(C3,p39-40)19.AfterthecreationandadoptionoftheUSConstitution,NewYorkwaschosenasthefirstcapitaloftheUSA.(C3,p39)20.GeorgeWashingtonwasthefirstpresidentoftheUSA,andwasinauguratedonApril30th,1789.AshetookaneutralstandintheFrenchRevolutionandcarriedoutFederalistpolicy,peoplegrewdissatisfiedwithhimandsointheelectionof1796,hewasdefeated.(Chapter3,p39)21.ThomasJeffersonwasthefirstAmericanpresidentwhowasinauguratedinthecityofWashington.(Chapter3,p40)22.ThomasJeffersonpreferredaweakergovernmentinwhichthefarmers,mechanicsandpoorerclasseswouldhaveavoice.Hispolicypavedtheroadforthenewnation’s49\ndevelopment.(Chapter3,p40)23.In1852,anovelUncleTom’sCabinwaswrittenandpublishedintheUS,itarousedagreatdiscontentforslavery.(C3,p42)24.TherearethreesignificantcausesoftheCivilWarintheUnitedStates:thedifferenteconomicsystemsinthenorthandthesouth,theslaveprobleminthesouthandthepoliticalconflictsbetweenthenorthandthesouth.(C3,p41)25.What’sthesignificanceoftheAmericanCivilWar?TheAmericanCivilWarwasanepoch-makingeventinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,because:(1)itwasabourgeoisrevolutioninnature,acontinuationandexpansionoftheWarofIndependence.Itwasastruggleoflifeanddeathbetweentwosocialsystems,betweentheonethatcouldpushhistoryforwardandtheonethatwoulddraghistorytotheoldtimes.(2)Itwasthebroadmasseswhosecuredthevictorywithlifeandblood.Theyplayedaveryimportantroleininfluencingtheprogressandtheoutcomeofthewar.(3)TheabolitionofslaveryandtheemancipationoftheNegroesenabledthecountrytodevelopmorerapidlyineveryfield.IttookAmericaonlythreedecadesafterthewartoassumetheleadasindustrialcountryintheworld.(4)49\nMostAmericansweregladtoseethattheircountrywasnolongerassociatedwithslaveryandtheUnionwasheldtogether.(C3,p45)26.TheFirstWorldWarbrokeoutonJuly28th,1914andendedonNovember11th,1918,lastingabout4years.(C3,p45)27.WhatarethecausesoftheFirstWorldWar?ThecausesoftheFirstWorldWarare:(1)ThefirstandalsofundamentalcauseofthewarwastoredividetheworldcoloniesamongtheEuropeanimperialistpowers.(2)ThesecondcausewasthesystemofmilitaryalliancebetweentheCentralPower:Germany,AustriaandItaly;andtheAllies:England,FranceandRussia.(Chapter3,p45)28.WhyhadtheUSeventuallyenteredtheFirstWorldWar?TheUShadnotenteredtheFirstWorldWaruntil1917.TherewereseveralcausesthatmadetheUSenteredthewar:(1)Firstly,theGermansannouncedthatsubmarinesweretobeusedtosinkshipsgoingtoEngland.ThiswouldgreatlyinjuretheAmericantrade.(2)Secondly,aGermanplotwasdiscoveredandmadepublic.ItwasaschemeforanalliancewithMexicoincasetheUSenteredthewaragainstGermany.(3)Thirdly,Germanyhadsentmanyspiesto49\nAmericatosetforetofactoriesandputbombsinshipsthatwerecarryinggoodsacrosstheocean.Fourthly,aftermorethantwoyearsoffighting,bothsidesgrewweary.Thiswasagoodchancefortoenterthewar.(4)Andthelastcausewasthatthe“FebruaryRevolution”tookplaceinRussiain1917.TheAmericanGovernmentthoughtthatRussiamightwithdrawfromthewar.(C3,p46)29.Aneconomiccrisisemergedattheendoftheprosperous1920’s,whichshooktheUSAandthewholecapitalistworldtoitsfoundation.ThisistheGreatDepressionof1929to1933.(C3,p47)30.FranklinD.RooseveltwasempoweredbyCongresstodealwiththeemergencyandsavethesituation.Hecalledhisprogrammethe“NewDeal”.(C3,p48)31.SneakAttack:OnDecember7th,1941,Japan’splanesfromcarriersatseamadeaswiftandsuddenraidontheUS/snavalbaseatPearlHarbour.ThisattackdealtaheavyblowtotheUnitedStatesnavyandshookthewholecountryoftheUSA.(C3,p49)32.TheSecondWorldWarbrokeoutonSeptember1939andendedonAugust14th,,1945,lastingabout6years.(C3,p51)49\n33.InApril1945,justattheendofthewar,aconferencewascalledatSanFranciscoinAmericatoorganizetheUnitedNations.(C3,p51)34.UN:theUnitedNations.(Chapter3,p51)35.Discuss:WhatrolesdidtheUKandtheUSAplayintheSecondWorldWar?(C3,p54)Chapter41.ThewartimePrimeMinister,Churchillwasvotedoutinthe1945generalelection.TheLabourPartyreturnedtopower.UndertheParliamentofClementAttlee,thenewLabourgovernmentnationalizedmanyindustries:electricity,gasandwater.(C4,p57)2.WhywastheUKnolongeraworldmajorpoweraftertheSecondWorldWar?Despitebeingonthewinningside,itcouldnolongerkeepuppretences.(1)Itscitieshadbeendamaged;(2)itsnavyandarmystretchedtothelimit;(3)itswardebtwasenormous.(Chapter4,p57)3.WhatdidtheLabourgovernmenttrytodoinordertocatchupaftertheSecondWorldWar?TheLabourgovernmentstruggledtodealwiththeproblems:(1)toimprovestandardsofliving;(2)movetoa49\n“mixedeconomy”;(3)closethetradegapandmaintainitsarmedforcesinsufficientstrengthtomeetanewthreatfromtheSovietUnion.(Chapter4,p57)4.MargaretThatcherwasthefirstfemalePrimeMinisterinthenation’shistoryandherreputationas“theironlady”forhertightcontrolofBritain’smonetarypolicy.ShebelongstotheConservativeParty.TheThatcherErareferstotheyearsfrom1979to1990.(Chapter4,p58)5.JohnMajorthentookoverthereignsoftheConservePartyasPrimeMinister.Hewascommittedtokeeping“Thatcherism”alive.(Chapter4,p59)6.WhatistherealproblemoftheNorthernIreland?TheproblemoftheNorthernIrelandcanbedividedintotwo:(1)Thefirstisitsownership.TheRepublicofIrelandandsomepeopleinNorthernIrelandconsiderthatNorthernIrelandisapartofIrelandandwillbelongtoIrelandsoonerorlater.(2)ThesecondiswhichreligiousgroupistoholdpowerwithinNorthernIreland:theRomanCatholicortheProtestantChurch.(Chapter4,p60)7.IntheUSAthereoccurredsixeconomiccrisesduringtheperiodoftimefromtheendoftheSecondWorldWartothemiddleof1970s.(Chapter4,p60)49\n8.RightbeforetheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUSAachievedprominentbreakthroughsinthethreefieldsofatomicenergy,electroniccomputersandspacenavigation.(Chapter4,p61)9.Thethirdgreatscientificandtechnologicalrevolutioninman’shistoryoriginatedfromtheUSAanditbenefiteditmost.Thefirstcomputercameintobeingin1945andinthesameyear,thefirstatombombwastested.Soonafterthefirstman-madesatelliteoftheSovietUnionwassentintotheskyin1957,theUSAlaunchedherearthsatelliteintotheorbit.ThentheUSAstartedanApolloprogram,withtheaimofsendingmantothemoonwithinadecade.Theprojectwassuccessfullycarriedoutin1969,forthefirsttimeinman’shistory,twohumanbeingslandedonthemoon.(Chapter4,p61)10.Siliconvalley(硅谷)isthetermusedtoindicatetheplacewheresiliconsortransistorsorcomputersareproduced.Nowadaysthetermisusedtodenotethedevelopmentarea(s)inwhichhi-techproductsaremanufactured,includingthecomputers.(Chapter4,p68)11.TheblackAmericansstruggleagainstsegregationreachedaclimaxin1960s.(Chapter4,p62)49\n12.AnoutstandingleaderoftheCivilRightsMovementwasMartinLutherKing,aBaptistclergyman.ButhislifewascutshortonApril14th,1968whenhewasassassinated.(Chapter4,p62)13.In1946,inaspeechinFulton,Missouri,WinstonChurchillwarnedthewestthat“anironcurtain”wastransformingEasternEuropeintoaSovietsphere.(Chapter4,p63)14.“Anironcurtain”isthetermpopularizedbytheUKPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillfrom1945,usedtorefertothesymbolicfrontierbetweenthecapitalWestandthecommunistEast.(Chapter4,pp68-69)15.WiththeTrumanDoctrineandMarshallPlan,theUSAbecametheleaderofthe“freeworld”,whileBritainwasajuniorpartnerintheWesternalliance.(Chapter4,p63)16.TheTrumanDoctrineisthedoctrineformulatedbyTruman,the33rdUSPresidentin1947.Thedoctrineaimedtogiveeconomicaidstoresistthespreadofcommunism.Itmarkedthebeginningofthe“ColdWar”period.(Chapter4,p67)17.InApril1949,twelvenationsestablishedtheNorth49\nAtlanticTreatyOrganizationtocoordinatethemilitaryactionsofmembernationsagainsttheUSSR.(Chapter4,p64)18.NATO:theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization（北大西洋公约组织，或北约）.(Chapter4,p64)19.TheKoreanWarbrokeoutinJune1950.TheVietnamWarendedin1975.(Chapter4,p64,p65)20.MarshallPlan：ItreferstotheUSprograminitiatedbyMarshallinaspeechatHardvardinJune1947.ItismainlyabouttheUSfinancialaidtoEuropewhichsetupattheSecondWorldWar,totaling,officiallyknownastheEuropeanRecoveryProgramme.(Chapter4,p69)21.WhydoesthepostwarUSAremainaneconomicpowerintheworld?(1)Ithasthelargestgrossnationalproduct.(2)TheUSdollarsarestillcirculatingintheworldasabasiccurrency.(3)TheUSisstillthelargestinternationalmarket.(Chapter4,p62)22.TheCivilRightMovementisoneoftheprominenteventsintheUSAinthe1960s.(Chapter4,p56)23.TheColdWarbeganwiththeappearanceofthe“TrumanDoctrine”ofexpansionandsuppressionin194749\nandendedwiththecollapseoftheUSSRin1991.(Chapter4,p56)24.TheUSSR:theUnionoftheSovietSocialistRepublics(苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟，简称苏联).25.Discuss:WhatdidtheUKnationalizationmeanandwhywastherenationalizationintheUK?(Chapter4,p69)26.Discuss:WhywasthereaColdWaraftertheSecondWorldWar?Whatisitsconsequence?(Chapter4,p70)Chapter51.ThepopulationoftheUKconsistsoftheEnglish,holding80%,theWelsh,theScottishandtheIrish.(Chapter5,p71)2.Englishistheofficiallanguage,butnotalloftheBritishpeoplespeakit.InWalesmanypeoplespeakCeltic(aboutoneinfour);inScotlandsomepeoplepossestheirownGaeliclanguage.(Chapter5,p71)3.TheBritonsoftheCeltictribesgavetheirnametothewholeislandofBritain.(Chapter5,p72)4.WhatisthecompositionofthepopulationintheUKandintheUSArespectively?(1)ThepopulationintheUKconsistsoftheEnglish49\n(80%),theWelsh,theScottishandtheIrish.(2)MostofinhabitantsintheUSAareofEuropeanorigin,holdingabout80%ofthetotal.Therearealsomanyblackpeople,Mexicans,Indians,PuertoRicans,Chinese,JapaneseandPhilippines,etc.(Chapter5,p71,p73)5.HowisthepopulationintheUKandintheUSAdistributed?(Chapter5,p81)(1)AbouteightypercentofthepopulationintheUKlivesincitiesortown,whereastwentypercentlivesinthevastcountryside.(2)ThereisratherunevendistributionofthepopulationintheUSA.Therearefourdensely-populatedareasinthecountryandtheirnumberofpeopleamountstoalmosthalfthetotalpopulationinthecountry.Thefourareasare:theareaalongtheAtlanticSeaboard,theareaaroundthefiveGreatLakes,theareaalongthePacificcoastandtheareaalongtheGulfofMexico.(Chapter5,p72,p74)6.TheUSAisanationwithmanynationalities.MostofinhabitantsintheUSAareofEuropeanorigin,holdingabout80%ofthetotal.(Chapter5,p73)7.TheIndiansweretheoriginalinhabitantsonthecontinentandthenativesintheUSA.(Chapter5,p73)8.ThenumberofChineseinthecountryisabout1,505,000(1990census).ManyofthemarefoundintheChinatowninSanFrancisco,California.AnotherimportantChinatownislocatedinNewYorkCity.(Chapter5,p73)9.LondonisthecapitalofEnglandandtheUK,the49\npoliticalcenteroftheCommonwealth,andamajorport.(Chapter5,p74)10.London,onthenorthbankoftheThames,isoneoftheworld’sleadingbankingandfinancialcenters.(Chapter5,p75)11.ThecapitalcityofScotlandisEdinburgh.TheUniversityofEdinburghwasestablishedin1583.(Chapter5,p75)12.ThecapitalcityofWalesisCardiff.(Chapter5,p75)13.Manchesterisanindustrialandcommercialcenter,aportinnorthwestEngland.(Chapter5,p75)14.ThecapitalcityofNorthernIrelandisBelfast.(Chapter5,p76)15.ThebuildingofWashingtonD.C.wasaccomplishedin1800andsincethatyear,ithasservedasthecapitalofthecountry.(Chapter5,p76)16.NewYorkCityisthelargestcityandthechiefportoftheUSA.Ithasapopulationofover7million.(Chapter5,p77)17.TheStatueofLiberty(152metershigh)wasgivenbyFrenchpeopleasagifttoNewYorkCity.ItwaserectedonLibertyIslandinthemiddleofNewYorkHarbour.(Chapter5,p77)18.ChicagoisthelargestindustrialcityandthesecondlargestcityintermsofpopulationintheUSA.(Chapter5,49\np77)19.OnMay1st,1886,thousandsuponthousandsofworksinthecityandthecountrywentonstrikefortheeight-hourworkdayandsucceeded.Since1890,May1sthasbeenobservedeveryyearasanInternationalLabourDay.(Chapter5,p77)20.OnMarch8,1909,womenworkersinChicagoheldastrikeforfreedomandequalrightswithmenandsince1910,March8thhasbeencelebratedeachyearasInternationalWorkingWomen’sDay.(Chapter5,pp77-78)21.PeoplegiveHoustonitsnickname“SpaceCityofUSA”.(Chapter5,p78)22.Philadelphiawasthebirthplaceofthenation.Thenamehasthemeaningof“thecityofbrotherlylove”.ItwasthelargestofAmericancitiesincolonialdaysandplayedanimportantroleduringtheRevolutionastheseatoftheContinentalCongress.(Chapter5,p78)23.Hollywood,thebaseofthefilmindustrylocatedinLosAngeles,isaworldfamousfilm-producingcentersince1911.(Chapter5,p79)24.Detroit,the“motorcity”,isontheDetroitRiverbetweenLakeHuronandLakeErie.(Chapter5,p79)49\n25.TherearemanyuniversitiesandcollegesintheBostonarea,suchasHarvardUniversity,andMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyetc.(Chapter5,p79)26.SanFranciscoislocatedonthecentralpartoftheCaliforniashoreline.IthasbeenoneoftheprincipalgatewaystotheEast,whichwasestablishedin1776andnowitisthechiefportandthefinancialcenterofthePacificCoast.(Chapter5,p79)27.SanFranciscoisthelargestChinesesettlementintheUSA.Thereareover300,000Chinese.(Chapter5,p80)28.TheCommonwealth(ofNations):ItafreeassociationofBritainandcertainsovereignindependentstatesthatusedtobethecoloniesoftheBritishEmpireandtheirdependencies.TheBritishcrownisacknowledgedbyallthemembersasthesymboloftheassociation.(Chapter5,p80)29.ManhattanisanislandlyingbetweentheHudsonRiverandformingaboroughofthecityofNewYork.Itis20kilometerslongand4kilometerswide.(Chapter5,pp80-81)30.TheCommonweath(ofNations)(英联邦国家)isafreeassociationofBritainandcertainsovereign49\nindependencestatesthatusedtobethecoloniesoftheBritishEmpireandtheirdependencies.TheBritishcrownisacknowledgedbyallthemembersasthesymboloftheirassociation.(Chapter5,p80)31.Discuss:WhataresimilaritiesanddifferencesofconcentrationofpopulationintheUKandtheUSA?(Chapter5,p81)Chapter61.ThepoliticalsystemintheUKistheconstitutionalmonarchy,whiletheUSA’sisthefederalsystem.(Chapter6,p82)2.TheconstitutionalmonarchyintheUKstartedattheendofthe17thcenturybecauseParliamentthenestablisheditsrights,wherebypowergraduallypassedintothehandsofministers.(Chapter6,p83)3.ThevitalpowerliesinthePrimeMinisterandCabinetintheUK.TheCrown(君主)isusedasasymbolandisdescribedastherepresentativeofpeople.(Chapter6,p83)4.ThepoliticalsystemoftheUSAisestablishedonthebasisofthreemainprinciples:federalism,theseparationofpowersandrespectfortheconstitutionandtheruleoflaw.(Chapter6,p84)5.TheFederalConstitutionoftheUSA,whichwasadoptedin1787andcameintoeffectin1789,isthefirstcomparativelycompletewrittenconstitution.Later26amendmentswereadded.(Chapter6,p84)6.ThelegislativebodyoftheUKistheParliament,whilethatoftheUSAistheCongress.(Chapter6,p85)7.TheBritishParliamentconsistsofthreeelements:thecrown,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.TheofficialheadofParliamentistheQueen.(Chapter6,p85)8.WhydotheBritishvaluetheiroppositionparty?49\nTheHouseofCommonsisdividedinthelightofpoliticalparties.ThestrongerpartyformstheGovernmentandtheweakertheOpposition.TheBritishgreatlyvaluetheirOpposition.TheythinkthereisnotademocracywithoutonebecausethemembersoftheOppositionarenotjusttrouble-makers.TheOppositioncriticizesGovernmentpolicy,suggestsGovernmentpolicy,exposesitsweakpoints,suggestsamendmentsandpointsoutothermattersthattheGovernmentmightignore.(Chapter6,p87)9.TheAmericanCongressismadeupoftwohouses:theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.TheSenatehas100members,twofromeachofthefiftystates.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435members.(Chapter6,p87)10.TheCabinetisthecoreoftheleadershipoftheBritishgovernment.(Chapter6,p89)11.WhyitissaidthatthePrimeMinisteristheheadofcentralgovernmentintheUK?(1)HeorshehasthedutytoreportthegovernmentworktotheKingorQueen,hastherighttodirectallthedepartments,solvestheissuesbetweenthemandapprovesthedecisionsofdepartmentswhichdonotneedtobediscussedintheCabinet.Heorshehasthelastwordindecidingthegovernmentpolicy.(2)ThePrimeMinisternotonlyhasthepowerofappointmentbutalsohastherighttoreorganizethegovernment,speakforthegovernmentintheHouseofCommononimportantdecisionsandanswerthequestionsbythemembersintheHouseofCommon.(Chapter6,p90)12.Whyitissaidthatthepresidentisthemost49\nimportantfigureinthefederaladministrationintheUSA?ThepresidentperformsmanyofthefunctionsofboththeBritishprimeministerandthemonarch.(1)Heorsheistheheadoftheadministrationandchiefofstate.WiththeconcurrenceoftheSenate,heorshenegotiatesforeigntreatiesandappointsgovernmentofficials,includingambassadors,judgesanddepartmentheads.(2)Heorshecommandsthearmedforcesandsendsandreceivesdiplomaticofficials.(3)Astheheadoftheexecutivebodyheorsheseestoitthatlawsenactedbythelegislativearecarriedout.(4)Heorshealsotheleaderofhisorherpoliticalparty,andatthesametimeheorsheservesastheheadofthewholenation.Administrativedecreesissuedbythepresidenthavethesameeffectaslaw.(5)Eachyearthepresidentsubmitsto“StateoftheUnionMessage”,budgetmessageandotherreports.Throughthesemessagesandtheaccompanyingbills,thepresidentintroduceslegislativebillsintotheCongress.(Chapter6,p92)13.ThesupremejudicialbodyintheUKistheHouseofLordsbutthejudicialpoweroftheUSAisintheSupremeCourt.(Chapter6,p93)14.AccordingtotheBritishlaw,theremustbethe49\npresenceofthejuryinmostoftrials.Thejury’sjobisdecidingwhethertheaccusedpersonisguiltyorinnocentinthelightofevidence.(Chapter6,p95)15.InEnglandandWales,thejuryconsistsoftwelvepeopleincriminalandcivilcases;inScotland,fifteenincriminalcases,twelveincivilcasesintheHighCourtofJusticeandsevenincivilcasesintheCountyCourt.(Chapter6,p95)16.TheAmericanSupremeCourtisheadedbyaChiefJusticeandeightotherjudges.(Chapter6,p95)17.TheChiefJustice((美国)大法官)oftheSupremeCourtistheheadofjudgeswhoisappointedtoadministerthelawintheUSA.(Chapter6,p98)18.TheLordChancellor((英国)大法官/上议院议长)isagovernmentministerwhoisalsoheadofthejudiciaryandtheSpeakeroftheHouseofLords(贵族院/上院).(Chapter6,p99)19.Discuss:WhatistheessenceofthepoliticalsysteminboththeUKandtheUSA?(Chapter6,p99)Chapter71.TherearethreemajorpartiesinBritaintoday:the49\nConservativeParty,theLabourPartyandtheSocialandLiberalDemocratsParty.(Chapter7,p101)2.Thetwo-partysystemoftheUKwasformedinthecourseofthedevelopmentofthecapitaliststateandthepoliticalparties.(Chapter7,p101)3.IntheUK,theConservativePartyisthepartyoftherightbecausetheyareopposedtogreatchangesinsocietyandhaveabelieveinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.(Chapter7,p102)4.IntheUK,theLabourPartyisthepartyofthereformist,non-revolutionaryleftbecauseitbelievesinthepursuitofgreatersocialandeconomicequality.(Chapter7,p103)5.TheSocialDemocraticPartyisanewpartywhichwasfoundedbyagroupofleadersfromtheLabourPartyonMarch26,1981becausetheythoughtthepartywasbecomingtooleft-wing.In1988itvotedtomergewiththeLiberalPartytoformtheSocialandLiberalDemocrats,andthusbecamethethirdmajorpoliticalpartyintheUK.(Chapter7,p103)6.TheCommunistPartyintheUKwasbuiltupbysomeMarxistgroupsonJuly21,1920.(Chapter7,p104)7.In1874,thefamousAmericanartistThomasNastdrewapictureoftwoanimalsrepresentingtheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanPartyintheUS.Theyarerespectivelydonkeyandelephant.(Chapter7,p104)8.TheDemocraticPartygrewoutofthe“Anti-Federalists”thatappearedafter1787whentheConstitutionwasmadeandwasfoundedin1828,ledbyagroupofplantersandcapitalistsandsomesmallfarmers,thussupportingstates’rightsandtheinterestsofworkers,49\nsmallfarmersandthepettybourgeoisie.(Chapter7,p105)9.TheRepublicanPartycameintobeingin1854.Itwasapartyofthenortherncapitalistswhoopposedslaveryfromtheirownpoliticalandeconomicinterests.(Chapter7,p105)10.Every5yearsageneralelectionisheldintheUK.Theelectoralsystemislargelydominatedbythetwomajorparties:theConservativePartyandtheLabourParty.(Chapter7,p106)11.Everymanorwomanaged18oroverhastherighttovoteintheUK.Theonlyexceptionsarecertifiedlunatics,criminalsandpeerswhoalreadyhaveseatsintheHouseofLords.(Chapter7,p106)12.WhataretheseriousdisadvantagesintheBritishgeneralelection?(1)OneistheexclusionofthemajorityofworkersascandidatesbecauseLabourelectioncommitteesoftenchoosemiddle-classratherworkingclasscandidatesfortheybelievethesecandidateswillappealtoawiderspectrumofvotersandwillthereforebemorelikelytowin,sothedoortheHouseofCommonsisshutbeforethemajorityofworkers.(2)Theotherisdiscouragementofindividualopinionsandinitiativesbecauseapersonhastovoteforthecandidate49\nchosenbytheparty.(3)Thethirdunfairnessisthattheotherpartieshavelittlechancetowinandformthenewcabinet.(Chapter7,p107)13.TheelectionprocessintheUSAisrathercomplex.Thefirstthingtodoischoosethecandidates.Thesecondstepistheelectionofthepresident.(Chapter7,p107,p108)14.Whentheelectionofpresidencycomesevery4years,nationalpoliticalpartiesareformedbylocalgroupstocombinetotrytowinthepresidency.(Chapter7,p107)15.WhatarethedisadvantagesofprimaryelectionintheUSA?(Chapter7,p111)(1)Oneisthegreatsumofmoneythataprimarycampaigncosts.(2)Theotheristhetimethattheprimarysystemtakes.Candidateshavetobeginasearlyasayearbeforethegreatelection.(Chapter7,p108)16.IntheUSAonlythepresidentandvice-presidentareelectedbyallthepeople,onnationwidescale.Thepresidentiselectedforafour-yeartermandiseligibleforre-election.(Chapter7,p108)17.TherearetwostagesintheelectionofpresidentintheUSA:First,thepeopleineachstatechoosethelistofpresidentialelectors(总统选举人)forthestate,andsecond,49\ntheelectorsfromallthestatescasttheirvotesforpresidentialcandidates.(Chapter7,pp108-109)18.ThenumberofthepresidentialelectorsfromeachstateisequaltothatofitssenatorsandrepresentativesinCongress,sotherearealtogether538presidentialelectors,535forthestates(435plus100),and3fortheDistrictofColumbia(withoutseatsinCongress).(Chapter7,p109)19.The“winner-take-all”principle:Ifthecandidatesofapartyforthepresidentialelectorsinagivenstatereceiveamajorityofthetotalvote,thenthepartyisentitledtohavealltheelectoralvotesforthestate.Thissystemisknownasthe“winner-take-all”principle.(Chapter7,p109)20.TheFabianSocietyisaBritishsocialistsocietywhichwasfoundedin1883topromotesocialismbygradualreforms.ItwasinfluentialinthefoundingoftheLabourPartyin1990.IthadBernardShaw,etc.asitsearlymembers.(Chapter7,p110)21.Discuss:WhydotheBritishexercisethetwo-partysystem?(Chapter7,p111)22.Discuss:ComparetheBritishpartysystemwiththeAmericanpartysystemintermsoftheirprocess,politicalviews,thewaysandtheprinciples.(Chapter7,p111)49\nChapter81.TheUKexercisesamixedeconomicsystemwhiletheUSAdoesnothaveasystemofpublicownership.Asaresult,theUKdidnotexperienceanymajoreconomiccrises,buttheUSAdidnotescapethem.(Chapter8,p113)2.TheUKisoneoftheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.(Chapter8,p113)3.TheBritishcurrency,thepoundsterling,（STG）istheexchangecurrencyforaboutonethirdoftheworld’sforeigntrade.(Chapter8,p113)4.WhatarethefeaturesoftheBritisheconomy?(1)TheBritisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrialized.(2)TheBritishagriculturedoesnotproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry’sbasicneeds,andthereforepartofallvitalfoodstuffshastobeimported.(3)TheBritishindustryisoperatedbymanydifferenttypesoffirms.(4)TheBritishlabourforceisremarkablyhomogeneous.(Chapter8,p114)5.WhatarethefeaturesoftheUSAeconomy?(Chapter8,p127)(1)FirstofalltheAmericaneconomyisafreeenterprisesystem.(2)ThebulkofAmerica’swealthisproducedbyprivateindustriesandbusinesses.(3)TheUS49\ngovernmentplaysanimportantroleintheUSeconomy.(4)TheUSfarmersareveryefficientintheproductionofgrain.(5)Thelastisthesaleofarmedweaponstotheothercountriesintheworld.(Chapter8,p124)6.ThereareroughlythreeindustrialsectionsintheUSA:thenorthernsection,thesectionofthesouthandthewesternsection.(Chapter8,pp117-118)7.ThefiveAmericanagriculturalbeltsarethebeltofcheese,thebeltofwheat,thebeltofcorn,thebeltofcottonandthebeltoffruits,vegetablesetc.(Chapter8,p120-121)8.Britishisbasicallyanimporteroffoodandrawmaterialsandanexporterofmanufacturedgoods.(Chapter8,p121)9.TheBankofEnglandisthecentralbankoftheUK,whichwasfoundedbyActofParliamentin1694andnationalizedin1946.(Chapter8,p122)10.CurrentlyUSexportsareabout15%oftheworld’stotal.Theleadinggroupsofproductsforexportareindustrial,electrical,agricultural,andofficemachine,andsoon.(Chapter8,p123)11.TheUSAimportsabout13%ofallworldimports.Itisheavilydependentonforeignsourcesforanumberofessentialprimaryproducts.(Chapter8,p123)12.Americanfinancialmarketstodayarenumerousanddiverse.ThemostfamousandlargestistheNewYorkStockExchange,whichhandlestradesinstocksandbonds.ItisintheWallStreetinNewYork.(Chapter8,p124,p126)13.Horticulture(园艺,园艺学)istheartandscienceofgrowingflowers,fruitsandvegetables.IntheUK,muchlandisdevoteditandvegetablesaccountforthreequartersoftheproducebecauseofthemildclimateandlightfertilesoil.(Chapter8,pp125-126)14.TheFederalReserveSystem(联邦储备)istheUSAfederalbankingsystemandnoteissueauthority,whichwasfoundedin1913toregulatethecountry’screditandmonetaryaffairs.Thesystemismadeupof12federalreservebanksandtheir25branchesandotherfacilitiesinthecountry.(Chapter8,p126)49\n15.GNP（国民生产总值）:Thegrossnationalproduct(Chapter8,p115).16.Discuss:Whycouldn’tUSeconomyavoideconomiccrises?(Chapter8,p127)Chapter91.WhataretheproblemsoftheBritishscience?(1)Oneoftheproblemsisscientificresearchhavenotbeenturnedintoproductiveforcessofarasmostoftheindustriesareconcerned.Therefore,thescientificdiscoveriesandresearchdonotguaranteetechnicalinnovationandprosperity.(2)Anotherproblemmaybetheconservativeattitudetowardstheimportofadvancedtechnologyandequipment.(Chapter9,p131)2.WhydidtheAmericansciencedevelopsoquickly?(1)TheUSAhasalargescientificorganizationandeachyearprovidesmillionsofdollarstoresearch,whichpromotesthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.(2)TheAmericanadministrationhasalsotakenaseriesofeffectivemethodsinthefieldofscienceandtechnologytoencourageandinspirescientificinventions.(Chapter9,pp131-132)3.TheRoyalSociety(皇家学会)wascharteredin1662andisanoldestandindependentscientificsocietyintheUK.(Chapter9,p133)4.NASA（(美国)全国航空航天局）:TheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(Chapter9,p134)Chapter101.TherearetwosystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationinBritain-thestateschoolandtheindependentschoolorthe“public”school.Theformerisinthemajority;thelatterinfewinnumberbutofgreatinfluence.(Chapter10,p136)2.IntheUK,thereisacompletesystemofstate49\nprimaryandsecondaryeducation—primaryuptotheageofeleven,andsecondaryfromeleventosixteenoreighteen.Allchildrenmust,bylaw,receiveafull-timeeducationfromtheagefivetosixteen.Thatis,Englishchildrenbegintheirschoolingfrom5yearsold.(Chapter10,p138)3.MostpublicschoolsintheUK,especiallythemosteminentones,arecalledbythenameofthetownorvillageinwhichtheyarelocated;somearecalled“college“andsomearecalled“school”.(Chapter10,p138)4.ThefourmostfamousschoolsofallintheUKareEatonCollege,HarrowSchool,WinchesterCollegeandRugbySchool.(Chapter10,p138)5.IntheUS,manychildrenbegintheirschooleducationattheageofsix,usuallygraduatefromhighschoolattheageof18.(Chapter10,p139)6.Theterm“olduniversities”referstoOxfordandCambridge.(Chapter10,p141)7.Theoldestuniversityestablishedin1167intheUKisOxfordUniversity.CambridgeUniversitywasestablishedin1284.(Chapter10,p141)8.OxfordUniversityistheoldestuniversityandaworldfamousoneinOxford,England,whichwasestablishedin49\n1167.Itexercisesthetutorialsystemandthelecturesystemintherunningoftheuniversity.(Chapter10,p145)9.CambridgeUniversityisthesecondoldestuniversityandafamousoneintheUK,whichwasestablishedin1284.Ithas32colleges.Eachcollegeisself-governing,buthasasenate(评议会)regulatestheuniversity’sadministrativeaffairs.(Chapter10,p145)10.TutorialsystemisoneofthesystemintherunningoftheuniversitiesintheUK,especiallyOxfordandCambridge.Itisasystemofsessionsofpersonalinstructionwithacollegetutor.(Chapter10,p146)11.OpenUniversityisanautonomous,independent,degree-awardingEnglishuniversityopenedin1971.(Chapter10,p146)12.TherearethreeacademicdegreesinBritain:theBachelor’s,theMaster’sandtheDoctor’sdegree.(Chapter10,p142)13.TherearethreetypesofinstitutionsofhighereducationintheUSA:two-yearcollege,four-yearcollegeanduniversity.(Chapter10,p143)14.Atwo-yearcollegewasoriginallycalleda“juniorcollege”,butnowitiscalleda“communitycollege”.49\n(Chapter10,p143)15.Afour-yearcollegeisoftencalleda“liberalartscollege”ora“collegeofartsandscience”.Theyaresmallerthanuniversities,withsmallerclasses.MostcommonlytheyofferthedegreeoftheBachelorofArts(BA)andtheBachelorofScience(BS).(Chapter10,p143)16.Therearetwokindsofthemaster’sdegreeintheUSA.Onerequiresadissertationpaper,whichcountsforacertainnumberofcredits.Anotherkinddoesn’trequireadissertationpaper,butmorecreditsarerequiredintheprocessofstudy.(Chapter10,p144)17.HarvardUniversityistheoldestuniversityoftheUSAatCambridge,Massachusettswhichwasfoundedin1636afteritsfirstbenefactor,JohnHarvard.ItconsistsofHarvardCollegeformen,graduateschoolsandresearchinstitutes.(Chapter10,p146)18.Discuss:MakeacontrastbetweenthepublicschoolintheUKandtheprivateschoolatthehighschoollevelintheUSA.(Chapter10,p146)Chapter1149\n1.Therearethreeworldreligions:Buddhism,IslamandChristianity.(Chapter11,p148)2.JesusChrististhefounderofChristianity.(Chapter11,p148,p155)3.ChurchofEnglandisadenominationofChristianityorProtestantChurch.(Chapter11,p149)4.TheChurchofEnglandtodayisall-inclusive,havingtheabilitytobebothProtestantandCatholic.(Chapter11,p149)5.IntheUK,themostimportantdenominationistheChurchofEngland.Itisalsocalledthe“AnglicanChurch”(圣公会或安立甘宗).(Chapter11,p149)6.AnglicanChurchwascreatedasanationalinstitutionbytheActofSupremacyin1534,whichreplacedthePope’sauthoritybythatofthekingastheonlysupremeheadonearthoftheChurchofEngland.(Chapter11,p156)7.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheBritishworship?(1)Thefirstisunityamongthechurches.(2)Thesecondissocialresponsibility.(3)Thethirdisthekeeping-upwiththetime.(4)Thefourthisno“Christian”politicalparty.(5)Thelastisawidespreadinterestinreligion.(Chapter11,p151-152)8.TheAmericanpeoplehavereligiousfervency.Among256millionpeople,thereareover3000religious49\ndenominationsand60%oftheAmericanpeoplehavereligiousbeliefs.(Chapter11,p152)9.AmongAmericanpeople,36%areProtestants,24%areRomanCatholics,3%Jewsand2%OrthodoxChurchgoers.Thatis,overthree-fifthofallAmericanreligiouspeoplebelongtoChristianity.(Chapter11,p152)10.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheAmericanworship?Therearethreechiefcharacteristicsofreligion.(1)Thefirstisthewidevarietyofdenominations:about3,000religiousdenominations.(2)ThesecondistheemphasisonsocialproblemsandhumanitarianidealsratherthanontheCalvinistconcernwithindividualsin.(3)Thethirdistheseparationofchurchandstate.(Chapter11,pp153-154)Chapter121.AP（美联社）:TheAssociatedPress(Chapter12,p162)2.BBC（英国广播公司）:TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(Chapter12,p163)3.CNN（（美国）有线广播电视网）:CableNewsNetworks(Chapter12,p165)4.NBC（（美国）全国广播公司）：NationalBroadcastingCorporation/Networks(Chapter12,p167)49\nChapter131.Threeroyaltraditionsareplayingtheflute,changingoftheQueen’sguardandroyalceremonyinvolvingonlythemonarch.(Chapter13,pp169-170)2.Englishpeoplehavethree“Don’ts”.Whatarethey?(1)Neverjumpupthequeuewhentheygointothebus,getonthetrainorbuysomething.(2)Don’taskawomanherage.(3)Don'ttrytobargainintheUKwhenyoudoshopping.(Chapter13,p170)3.JohnBullisthenicknameforBritain.UncleSamisanicknameandpopularsymboloftheUSA.(Chapter13,p175)Chapter161.GodSavetheQueen(King)isthenationalanthemoftheUK.(Chapter16,p202)2.TheStarSpangledBanneristheapatrioticsongwrittenbyFrancisScottKeyin1814andofficiallyadoptedonMarch3,1931,asthenationalanthemoftheUSA.(Chapter16,p204)3.ThenationalflagoftheUKisUnionJackorUnion49\nFlag.(Chapter16,p206-207)4.TheStarsandStripesisalsocalledOldGloryorStar-SpangledBanner,whichisthenationalflagoftheUSA,consistsofwhitestars(50fromJuly4,1960)onabluecanton,withafieldof13alternatestripes,7redand6white.The50starsstandforthe50statesintheUSAand13stripesstandfortheoriginal13states.(Chapter16,p208)Chapter17-181.EEC（欧洲经济联合体）：TheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(Chapter17,p213).2.NATO（北大西洋公约组织，或北约）:TheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(Chapter17,p220)3.NHS（国家卫生服务体系）：TheNationalHealthService(Chapter18,p226).考试题型及分值安排一、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）在每小题列出的4个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。多选无分。二、填空题（本大题共15小题，每空1分，共15分）三、缩写转写题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）用英语写出下列英语缩写词的全称。四、名词解释题（本大题共3小题，每小题5分，共15分）用英语作答。五、简答题49\n（本大题共4小题，每小题7分，共28分）用英语作答。六、论述题（本大题共1小题，每小题15分，共15分）用英语作答。49