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TextAHowtobeasuccessfullanguagelearner?本课主要单词1.successfuladj.成功的 Heisasuccessfulwriter.(他是一个有成就的作家。) Hehopeshewillbesuccessfulthistime.(他希望他这次能够成功。)successn.成功 Theirfilmisagreatsuccess.(他们的影片很成功。) Wearesureofsuccess.(我们一定能成功。)succeedv.成功 Isucceededingettingthejob.(我成功地得到了这份工作。) Shesucceededinpassingtheexam.(她考试及格了。)2.adultadj.&n.成年的,成熟的;成年人 Theseadultfilmsarenotsuitableforchildren.(这些成人电影,儿童不宜观看。) Don'tworrytoomuchabouthim,heisanadultnow.(别为他过分担心,他是成年人了。)3.disagreevi.有分歧,不同意;不符,不一致agreevi.同意 Idisagreewithyouaboutthis.〔对于这件事,我跟你的意见不同。〕 Thesefiguresdisagreewithlastweek'sresults.(这些数据与上周的结果不符。) Iagreewithwhatyousaid.(我同意你所说的。) Sheagreedtotheplan.(她赞成这个计划。) Wehaven'tagreedonthedateofthemeeting.(我们还没商定会议的日期。)agreementn.同意;协议 disagreementn.不同意 Wehaven'treachedanagreementyet.(我们还没达成协议。) Therewasnodisagreement,andtheproposalwasaccepted.(没有不同意见,这个建议被接受了。) (请注意:前缀dis-通常可以加在动词,名词,形容词前面,构成反意词。例如:dissatisfy,disorder,disable.后缀-ment加在动词的后面,构成名词。例如:arrangement,argument等。)4.statementn.声明,陈述(由动词state加名词后缀-ment构成) Verysoonhemadehisfirstpublicstatementabouttheaffair.(他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。) Doyoubelievethewitness'sstatement?(你相信证人的陈述吗?) (请注意动词与名词的搭配:issueastatement,makeastatement)5.guaranteen.&v.保证,担保,保修 Hegavehisguaranteethathewouldrepaythemoneyassoonashecould.(他保证他会尽快还钱。) Thewashingmachineisguaranteedforfiveyears.(这台洗衣机保用5年。) (请注意guarantee做动词的用法:guaranteesth.,guaranteethat,guaranteeagainst/from)6.intelligentadj.聪明的,明智的 Hemadeanintelligentdecision.(他做出了明智的决定。) Humanbeingsaremuchmoreintelligentthananimals.(人类远比动物聪明。)Intelligencen.聪明,智力 Shepridedherselfonherintelligence.(她为自己的聪明感到自豪。)Intelligentlyadv.聪明地,明智地 Theydealtwiththeproblemintelligently.(他们明智地处理了这个问题。)7.converselyadv.相反地 Somearewealthybutunhappy;conversely,othersarehappybutnotwealthy. (有的人富有但不快乐,相反,另一些人快乐但不富有。)converseadj.相反的 Iholdtheconverseopinion.(我的观点相反。)conversev.交谈,谈话\n HefeltitdifficulttoconversewithHeleninEnglish.(他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。)8.similaradj.相似的,类似的 Thetwoanimalsaresimilartoeachotherinappearance.(这两只动物外表很相似。)similarityn.相似,类似 Theirdifferencesaremorenoticeablethantheirsimilarities.(他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。)9.independentadj.独立的,自主的 (这个词的词根是depend,在depend的后面加上后缀-ent可以构成形容词,加上-ence则可以构成名词;在dependent,dependence前面加上前缀in-又可以构成反义词。)dependv.依靠,依赖dependencen.依靠,依赖dependentadj.依靠的,依赖的independencen.独立,自主 Indiawonitsindependencein1947.(印度于1947年赢得了独立。)10.cluen.线索,提示 Thepolicesearchedallthehousesbutfoundnoclues.(警察搜索了所有的房屋,但是没有发现任何线索。) (注意用法:find/giveacluetosth.)11.conclusionn.结论,推论concludev.断定,决定(注意用法:cometoaconclusion,jumpataconclusion,drawaconclusion,reachaconclusion)Whatconclusionsdidyoucometo?(你得出了什么结论?)12.communicatev.交流,交际,通讯communicationn.交流,通讯communicativeadj.爱说话的Tocommunicatewithhimisnoeasyjob,asheisnotacommunicativeperson.(他是一个不爱说话的人,与他交流可不容易。)Speechandwritingareman'smostimportantmethodsofcommunication.(说和写是人类最重要的交流方式。)13.inexactadj.不正确的,不精确的 与independent一样,该词是由形容词exact加前缀in-构成的。14.incompleteadj.不完整的completeadj.&v.完整的;完成Thisisanincompletesentence,pleaseaddtheomittedpartandmakeitcomplete. 〔这是一个不完整的句子,请加上省略的成分使其完整。〕Idon'tthinkIcancompletetheworkin2hours.〔我想我在两小时内干不完这活。〕15.purposen.目的,意图,用途purposefuladj.有目的的,有意图的purposefullyadv.有目的地,蓄意地Thepurposeofthemeetingwastodiscusshisproposal.〔会议的目的是讨论他的建议。〕Heletouttheinformationpurposefullytoyou.〔他有意向你透露了这个消息。〕16.regularlyadv.经常地,定期地regularadj.经常的,定期的irregularadj.不规则的,无规律的Ifyoureviewyourlessonsregularly,youwilldowellontests. 〔如果你定期复习功课,就能在考试中取得好成绩。〕17.techniquen.技术,技巧,手艺 GoodstudytechniqueshelphimtobeoneofthestraightAstudentsinhisclass. 〔良好的学习技巧使他成为班上的全优生之一。〕18.outlinev.&n.概括;大纲,提纲;轮廓 HelistenedcarefullyasIoutlinedmyreasons.〔在我简述我的原因时,他认真地听着。〕 TheEnglishteacheraskedustowriteabriefoutlineofthestory.\n 〔英语老师让我们写这篇故事的概要。〕 Hesawtheoutlineofthehouseinthemoonlight.(在月光下,他看到了那座屋子的轮廓。)本课主要词缀1.名词后缀-ment agreement,statement2.名词后缀-ation,-ion,-sion communication,completion,conclusion3.名词后缀-ity similarity,regularity4.名词后缀-ence intelligence,independence5.形容词后缀-ful successful,purposeful6.副词后缀-ly conversely,regularly,purposefully7.反义词前缀in inexact,incomplete,independent8.反义词前缀dis disagree,discover本课简介 HowtoBeaSuccessfulLanguageLearner是一篇典型的说明文。此类文章通常以逻辑顺序安排材料,作者要回答HOW或WHY方面的问题。在说明文的阅读与写作中,要注意抓主题句以及使文章内容启承转合的常用词句。 本课中,作者从一句引言入手,先谈了人们对语言学习的看法,然后阐述了自己对学好语言的看法。文章条理十分清楚,对我们学写说明文很有帮助。本课语言点1.Learningalanguageiseasy. 这是一个主语+动词+表语(SVP)句型。句中learningalanguage为动名词短语,在句子中做主语。再如: Forgettingthepastmeansbetrayal.(忘记过去就意味着背叛。)请翻译下面的句子: 1)阅读英语比讲英语容易。(ReadingEnglishiseasierthanspeakingit.) 2)集邮是我弟弟的爱好。(Collectingstampsismylittlebrother'shobby.)2.Evenachildcandoit. even在句中作副词用,加强语气,表示“甚至(…也),连(…都)”。如:Heevendidn'ttrusthisbestfriend.(他甚至不信任他最好的朋友。)请注意even与evenif/though的区别并翻译下面的句子: 1)这个我连听都没听过。(Ihaven'tevenheardofit.) 2)即使花了数天时间复习,他也没能考好。(Hedidn'tdowellintheexameventhoughhespentdaysreviewing.)3.Mostadultswhoarelearningasecondlanguagewoulddisagreewiththisstatement. 句中whoarelearningasecondlanguage为定语从句,修饰先行词mostadults,再如: Themanwhowrotethisbookisateacher.(写这本书的人是一位教师。)请翻译下面的句子: 1)穿蓝色夹克的那个男孩是我们的班长。 (Theboywhoisinabluejacketisourmonitor.) 2)你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。 (Thebookthatyoulentmeyesterdayisveryinteresting.) 句中的would是助动词,表示“可能”,“(将)会”。例如:\n Apicnicwithoutyouwouldn'tbefun.(野餐没你参加会很没意思。)助动词would的用法很多,概括起来主要有如下几种: 1)表示过去将来时:Ifeltconfidentthateverythingwouldbeallright. 2)表示意愿:Iaskedhimnottodoit,buthewouldn'tlistentome. 3)表示习惯性:Everyevening,wewouldgoforawalkalongtheriver. 4)表示虚拟,假设,条件:Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim. 5)表示婉转地请求或建议:WouldyoulookaftermycatwhileIamaway?4.Theyneedhundredsofhoursofstudyandpractice,andeventhiswillnotguaranteesuccessforeveryadultlanguagelearner. 注意句中hundredsofhours的用法,阅读课本第六页注解2。请翻译下面的词组: 1)十个学生tenstudents 数十个学生tensofstudents2)五百年fivehundredyears 数百年hundredsofyears3)两千年twothousandyears 数千年thousandsofyears4)三百万美元threemilliondollars 数百万美元millionsofdollars5.Languagelearningisdifferentfromotherkindsoflearning. 句中bedifferentfrom意为“与…不同”,如:Myopinionisdifferentfromyours.(我的观点与你的观点不同。)请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组: Manisdifferentfromalltheotheranimalsinhisabilitytolearnandusealanguage. Mandiffersfromalltheotheranimalsinhisabilitytolearnandusealanguage. Thegreatestdifferencebetweenmanandalltheotheranimalsishisabilitytolearnandusealanguage. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词,different是形容词,difference是名词。6.…finditdifficulttosucceedinlanguagelearning. …finditdifficulttosucceedinotherfields.句中的it是形式宾语(formalobject),真正的宾语(realobject)是不定式tosucceedinlanguagelearning,此类用法在英语中很常见,请注意掌握。如:AtfirstIfounditdifficulttorememberallthesenewwords.(开始我感到记住这些单词很难。)请翻译下面的句子: 1)外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 (Thenoiseoutsidemadeitdifficultformetogoonwithmywork.) 2)他们觉得再争论下去是浪费时间。 (Theyconsideritawasteoftimetoargueanyfurther.) 3)她认为把真相告诉小王是对的。 (ShethoughtitrighttotellXiaoWangthetruth.)7.Languageteachersoftenofferadvicetolanguagelearners.本句中注意掌握动词offer的用法,请看下面的例句:1)HeofferedmeacupofteaafterIsatdown.(我坐下后他给我端来一杯茶。)2)Whatsuggestionswouldyouliketooffertothoseyoungteachers?(对这些新教师你有什么建议要提吗?)3)Thisshopoffersallkindsofstationery.(这家商店供应各种文具。)4)Theoldmanofferedme100yuanfortheusedbike. (那个老人向我出价100元买这辆旧自行车。)5)SheofferedtohelpmewithmyEnglish.(她表示愿意帮我学英语。)句中的advice为不可数名词,其后不加s,正如课本第六页注解3所说,有许多东西在汉语中是可数的,在英语中却是不可数的。如news,information,paper等,若要表示“一个”这类概念,就必须加apieceof这类定语,例如: apieceofnews\n apieceofadvice asumofmoney apieceofbread8.Readasmuchasyoucan.句中的much是副词,用副词作同等比较时,可以用as…as和so…as这种结构,如:1)Readasmuchasyoucanandyourvocabularywillbeenlarged.(尽量多阅读,你的词汇量就会扩大。)2)Wemustarrangeeverythingaswellaswecan.(我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。)3)Pleasegivemeacallassoonaspossible.(请尽早给我打电话。)4)Idon'tspeakEnglishsowellasyou.(我英语讲得没你好。)9.Practicespeakingthelanguageeveryday. practice在美国英语中可以做动词也可以做名词,而在英国英语中,practice是名词,动词的拼写则是practise。 作动词用时,其后只能跟动名词,不能跟不定式。如:Itisreallynofuntopracticerunninginsuchhotweather.(在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。)10.Languagelearningresearchshowsthatsuccessfullanguagelearnersaresimilarinmanyways. thatsuccessfullanguagelearnersaresimilarinmanyways是宾语从句。在非正式场合下that引导宾语从句时可省略。如:Ithink(that)youareright.请翻译下面的句子: 1)小男孩承认是他打碎了窗玻璃。 (Thelittleboyadmittedthathebrokethewindow.) 2)大量证据表明他是有罪的。(Plentyofevidenceshowsthatheisguilty.) 3)我保证将会给他更多的帮助。(IpromisedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.)11.…theydiscovertheirownwaytolearnthelanguage.tolearnthelanguage不定式做定语,例如:Isitthebestwaytosolvetheproblem?(这是解决问题的最好方法吗?)请翻译下面的句子: 1)他没有勇气承认自己是无知的。(Hehasnocouragetosaythatheisignorant.) 2)这将是一个交流思想的好机会。(Thiswillbeagoodopportunitytoexchangeideas.) 3)他们在会上没有发言权。(Theyhadnorighttospeakatthemeeting.)12.Insteadofwaitingfortheteachertoexplain,theytrytofindthepatternsandrulesforthemselves. 动词不定式toexplain和名词teacher构成复合结构,作waitfor的宾语,称为复合宾语。此类用法在英语中很常见,例如:1)I'llgetsomeonetorepairthebikeforyou.(我去找人来帮你修自行车。)2)Hewantsyoutocallhimintheafternoon.(他要你下午给他打电话。)3)Theteacheriswaitingforthestudentstoanswerthequestions. (老师在等学生们回答问题。)4)Youcancountonhimtogiveyoufullsupport.(你放心,他会给你全力支持。)请注意insteadof与instead的区别:1)InsteadofstayingathomewatchingTV,hewentoutforawalk. Hedidn'tstayathomewatchingTV,insteadhewentoutforawalk.2)Insteadofhavingmilkforbreakfast,hehadacupofcoffee. Hedidn'thavemilkforbreakfast,insteadhehadacupofcoffee.13.Whentheyguesswrong,theyguessagain. wrong常常作形容词或动词用,而本句中的wrong则作副词用。请注意下面句子中wrong的词类:1)Hewasannoyedthathehadbeengivensomewronginformation.(wrongadj.错误的)2)IknewIhadwrongedherterriblywhenIgaveherallthecomplaints.(wrongv.冤枉)3)Thewholeclassburstintolaughterwhentheteacherpronouncedhernamewrong.(wrongadv.错,不对)14.…theylookforsuchachance. 句中的such是前置限定词,可放在可数或不可数名词前,如:1)I'veneverseensuchbeautifulscenery.(我从没见过这样美丽的景色。)\n2)Hedidn'texpectthattheaudiencewouldgivehimsucharesponse.(他没料想到观众们会给予如此反应。)3)Shedidn'tfeellikegoingoutonsuchacoldday.(她不想在如此寒冷的日子里出门。)从下面的句子中可以看出so与such的区别,so是副词,通常用来修饰形容词或副词:1)Thequestionwassodifficultthatnobodycouldanswerit. (这个问题太难了,没人能回答。)2)Hiseyesightwassopoorthathecouldn'tseeanythingclearly. (他的视力不好,什么也看不清。)3)Heransofastthatnobodycouldcatchupwithhim. (他跑得那么快,没有人能赶上他。)15.Itismoreimportantforthemtolearntothinkinthelanguagethantoknowthemeaningofeveryword.不定式短语tolearntothinkinthelanguage是句子的真正主语。it常常被用来代替不定式,在句子中充当形式主语,而把真正的主语移到句子后面去,这样使句子显得比较平稳。为了说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,便在不定式前加for引起的短语。又如:1)Itisnotatalldifficultforhimtounderstandthepoem. 2)Itisnecessaryforustolendhimahelpinghandatthistime.moreimportantthan是形容词比较级形式,请翻译下面的句子:1)汤姆的年龄比玛丽大。(TomisolderthanMary.)2)这本书比那本书更有趣。(Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthatone.)3)我们班的学生人数比他们班的多。(Therearemorestudentsinourclassthanintheirs.)16.…youhaveprobablybeenlearningindependently,actively,andpurposefully. 句中所用的时态为现在完成进行时,表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。又如:1)Hehasbeenworkingforawholeday. 2)TheyhavebeenwatchingTVfortwohours.请翻译下面的句子: 1)老李已经在南京生活了二十年。(LaoLihasbeenlivinginNanjingfor20years.)2)雨下多久了?(Howlonghasitbeenraining?)3)我等了他一个多小时了。(Ihavebeenwaitingforhimformorethananhour.)17.…ifyourlanguagelearninghasbeenlessthansuccessful,youmightdowelltotrysomeofthetechniquesoutlinedabove. lessthan用在形容词的前面是为了给所要表述的内容增加否定意味。又如:Itwouldbelessthanfairtoputalltheblameonhim.(把所有的责任都加在他身上是不太公平的。)请翻译下面的句子: 1)父亲对他的成绩不太满意。(Fatherwaslessthansatisfiedwithhisperformance.)2)这个计划远不够完美。(Theplanwasagooddeallessthanperfect.)dowelltodosth.的意思是“最好…做”,如:Shewoulddowelltogoawayfromthese dishonestpeople.(她最好远离这些不诚实的人。)本课主要词组1.disagreewith2.bedifferentfrom3.succeedin4.offersth.tosb.5.asmuchas6.practicedoingsth.7.besimilarto8.firstofall9.dependon10.insteadof11.waitfor12.lookfor13.learnfrom14.communicatewith15.bewillingto16.beinterestedin17.inorderto18.ontheotherhand\n19.lessthan20.dowelltodosth.本课主要句型动名词做主语1)Learningalanguageiseasy.2)Learningalanguageisaverydifficulttask.B.定语从句1)Mostadultswhoarelearningasecondlanguagewoulddisagreewiththisstatement. 2)Somepeoplewhoareintelligentandsuccessfulintheirfields… 3)Theyaregoodguesserswhofindcluesandformtheirownconclusions. 4)Theyfindpeoplewhospeakthelanguage… 5)…theycanacceptinformationthatisinexactorincomplete.C.it做形式宾语1)…somepeople…finditdifficulttosucceedin… 2)Theyfinditeasytopracticeusingthelanguageregularly…D.it做形式主语1)Itismoreimportantforthemtolearntothink… 2)Itisnecessaryforthemtolearnthelanguage…TextBLanguage1.notonly…butalso(不但……而且)例:Tosomepeoplelanguagelearningisnotonlytime-consuming,butalsodifficult. Youcanfindtheplacenotonlywiththehelpofamap,butalsobyaskingtheway.2.upanddown(上上下下,前前后后)例:Hiseyesmovedupanddowntherowsofpeople,lookingfortheescapedprisoner. Hewalkedupanddownthestreet,notknowingwhatdecisionheshouldmake.3.neither…nor(既不……也不)例:NeitheryounorIshouldberesponsibleforthisaccident. Thisbookisneitherinterestingnorinstructive.4.meantodosth.(打算做某事,想要做某事)例:Imeanttosay“sorry”tohim,buthedidn'twanttolisten. Hedidn'tmeantohurtyou.5.notatall(一点也不)例:Iamnotatalltired. Hewasnotatallfrightenedbythestrangenoise.6.consistof(由……组成)例:Ourclassconsistsof20boysand26girls. Themedicalteamconsistsof3doctorsandtwonurses.TextATaxes,Taxes,andMoreTaxes本课主要单词1.taxn.&v.税(款);对…征税Thegovernmentplanstoincreasetaxesby3percent. (政府计划把税收增加三个百分点。) InBritain,tobaccoandalcoholicdrinksareheavilytaxed. (在英国,烟草和酒类饮品的税收很高。)incometax(所得税)salestax(销售税)importtax(进口税)housingandlandtax(房地产税)VAT(value-addedtax)(增值税)polltax(人头税)\ntax-collector(税务员)tax-payer(纳税人)dodgetax(逃税,漏税)tax-free(免税的)2.typen.类型,种类,品种 v.打字Nooneknowswhyhedoesn'tlikethistypeofwork.(没有人知道他为什么不喜欢这种工作。) ThemanageraskedMarytotypetheletteragain.(经理要玛丽把信重打一遍。) typewriter(打字机) typist(打字员)3.salaryn.工资 v.(常用被动语态)给…发薪salariedadj.拿薪水的,领工资的Shewashappytoknowthatshewouldgetapromotionandanincreaseinsalary.(得知她将得到提级和加薪,她很开心。) Don'tworryabouthim,hewillbesalariedbyabigcompany.(别为他担心,一家大公司会给他发薪水。) Withhisknowledgeandexperiencehewasboundtogetahigh-salariedpost.(凭借他的知识和经验,他一定能找到一份高薪的工作。)salary和wage的区别在于:salary是指为从事非体力劳动的人按月支付的薪水,wage则通常指为从事体力劳动的人按周支付的薪水。4.earnv.挣得;赢得,获得 Heworked14hoursadayinorderthathecouldearnenoughtosupportthefamily.(为了能挣足够的钱养家,他每天工作十四小时。) Hissincerityearnshimfriendswhereverhegoes.(无论走到哪,他的真诚都能赢得朋友。)5.percentagen.百分比,百分率;比例,部分 percent/percentn.每百中,百分之…Thepercentageofuniversityenrollmentwillbegreatlyincreasedthisyear.(今年,大学录取的百分比将大大提高。) About70percentofhighschoolgraduatesinNanjingwillbeenrolledbyuniversitiesthisyear.(今年,南京的高中毕业生将有百分之七十被高校录取。)6.varyvi.变化,有不同 vt.改变,使不同Pricesoffishvaryfrom70centsapoundtoonedollarapound.(鱼的价格从七十美分到一美元一磅不等。) Theweatherinthisareavariesfromhourtohour.(这儿的天气时刻有变化。) Ididn'tvarymyplanatthelastmoment.(我在最后一刻没有改变我的计划。)7.graduatedadj.(税)累进的;刻度的 graduatev.&n.毕业;毕业生 graduationn.毕业Asthefederalgovernmenthasagraduatedincometax,themoreyouearn,thehighertaxyouhavetopay.因为联邦政府实行累进所得税,所以,你挣的越多,缴的所得税就越高。 Agraduatedglasswillenableyoutoknowhowmuchwateryouhaveputintothevessel.(量杯能够使你知道你在容器里放了多少水。)Hegraduatedfromhighschoollastyear.Butitwasdifficultforahighschoolgraduatetofindasatisfactoryjob. (他去年高中毕业,但是高中毕业生要找一份称心如意的工作是很困难的。)Aftergraduationshewenttoworkinahospitalasanurse.(毕业后,她去医院做了一名护士。)8.salen.出售,卖;廉价出售 sellv.卖Mr.SmithisnowinterestedinmycarandIhopeIcanmakethesaletoday.(史密斯先生现在对我的汽车感兴趣,我希望今天就能卖成。) HesoldhisbiketoTom.(他把自行车卖给了汤姆。)forsale(待售)onsale(上市的)aclearancesale(清仓拍卖)salesdepartment(营业部)salespromotion(促销活动)salesmanager(销售经理)\nsalesperson/salesclerk(营业员) 9.chargev.索价;指控;使充满 n.价钱;指控;负责Hechargedme10yuanforabowlofplainrice.(一碗白米饭,他要了我十块钱。) Theyoungmanwaschargedwithstealing.(那个年轻人被指控犯了盗窃罪。) Chargeyourglassesanddrinktoourfriendship.(斟满杯,为我们的友谊干杯。)Thechargeforafront-rowseatis250yuan.(前排座位票价250元。) Thepolicearrestedhimonachargeofmurder.(警察以谋杀罪拘捕了他。) Whowillbeinchargeofourclasswhentheteacherisaway?(老师不在的时候,谁管我们班?)10.figuren.数字;人物;外形 v.想出;算出;估计Hehasagoodheadforfigures.(他的数字概念很强。) Noonehadexpectedthathissavingscouldreach5figuresinsuchashorttime.(谁也没料到在这么短的时间里,他的存款能达到五位数。) HewasanimportantfigureinAmericanhistory.(他是美国历史上的重要人物。) Shewasalwaysworryingaboutherfigureasshecouldn'tresistthetemptationofchocolates.(她抵御不了巧克力的诱惑,所以总是担心自己的体形。)Wearetryingtofigureoutawaytohelpthem.(我们正在想办法帮助他们。) Figureouttheexpensesandseeifwehaveenoughmoney.(算一算费用,看看我们的钱是否够。) Shebroughtanumbrellaasshefiguredtheymightneedit.(她带了一把伞,因为她估计他们会需要。)11.addv.增加,增添 additionn.加(inadditionto除…之外) additionaladj.附加的,另外的Thefireisgoingout,addmorewoodtoit.(火要灭了,再加些木柴。) Hisexplanationaddstomyconfusion.(他的解释使我更加糊涂。)Inadditiontoleaves,theseanimalseatagreatdealoffruit.(除了树叶之外,这些动物还吃大量的水果。)Itwilltakeanadditionaltwodaystofinishthework.(还要再花两天时间才能完成这项工作。)12.revenuen.收入,收益;税收Themanagerisworryingaboutthedropinadvertisingrevenue.(经理正为广告收入的下降着急。) Thelossoftaxrevenueinmanyareasisgettinghigher.(许多地区的税收流失越来越严重。) thePublicRevenue(财政收入,国库收入) InlandRevenue(国内税收)revenuedepartment(税务部门)13.diverseadj.不同的;多种多样的 diversityn.多样性;差异Heisamanofdiversetalent.(他是一个有多种才能的人。) Theyofferedusdiversesuggestionsatthemeeting.(他们在会上给我们提出了各种各样的建议。)Hiswritingdisplaysthediversitiesofhumanbehavior.(他的作品展示了人类行为的多样性。) Agreatdiversityofmethodshasbeentriedindoingthisexperiment.(实验中尝试过各种各样的方法。)14.confusev.使混乱,混淆 confusionn.混乱,慌乱Whathesaidjustnowconfusesallofus.(他刚才说的话把我们都弄糊涂了。) Heranswershaveonlyaddedtohisconfusion.(她的回答只使他更加糊涂。)15.propertyn.财产,资产;(房)地产;特性,性质Thatcarismyproperty,youcannotuseitwithoutmypermission.(那辆车是我的财产,没我的允许,你不能动用。) Thecityisgrowingandpropertyinthecenterisbecomingmorevaluable.(城市在发展,市中心的房地产越来越有价值了。) Manyplantshavemedicinalproperties.(许多植物有药用特性。)stateproperty(国家财产)personalproperty(动产)\nrealproperty/estate(不动产)intellectualproperty(知识产权)16.excisen.国产税,本国消费税 exercisen.&v.行使,运用;锻炼;练习 customsn.关税 (Customs海关)17.fundn.基金,专款;储备,贮存 v.提供资金,供以款项Wewouldsetupafundtohelpthosechildrenwhoseparentscouldn'taffordtosendthemtoschool.(我们将设立一项基金,帮助那些父母供不起他们读书的孩子。) Theyhaveafundofknowledgeandexperiencetodrawon.(他们有丰富的知识和经验可利用。)Thisresearchisfundedbythegovernment.(这项研究由政府提供资金。)18.departmentn.部,部门;系科 theStateDepartment(美国)国务院 theDepartmentofEducation教育部 departmentstore百货商店 thedepartmentofphysics物理系19.municipaladj.市的,市政的 themunicipalgovernment 市政府 municipaladministration 市政管理 amunicipaluniversity 市立大学20.complainv.抱怨,埋怨,发牢骚,诉苦 complaintn.抱怨,诉说Hecomplainedtothemanagerabout/ofthepoorafter-service.(他对经理抱怨说售后服务太差。) Shecomplainedabout/ofherhusband'scarelessness.(她抱怨说她丈夫太粗心。) Theteachercomplainedthatthestudentsdidn'tworkhardenough.(老师抱怨学生学习不够努力。)Itisacommoncomplaintthattoday'schildrenlackthesenseofcooperation.(人们常常抱怨今天的孩子缺少合作意识。)21.impracticaladj.不切实际的,不能实行的 practicaladj.实际的,可行的Hissuggestionsoundsgood,butitisreallyimpractical.(他的建议听起来不错,但是的确不切实际。) Howlongwillitbebeforethistheorycanbeputintopracticaluse?(这一理论还要多久才能被实际运用?)22.programn.计划;(电视)节目;程序 v.使按预定步骤工作;编程Theyaredrawingupaprogramofwaterpurification.(他们正在制定一个净水计划。) Tonight'sTVprogramswillbeveryinteresting.(今晚的电视节目会非常有趣。)Iknownothingaboutcomputerprograms.(我对电脑编程一窍不通。) Youcanprogramittododifferenttasksatspecifictimes.(你可以使它在特定的时间按计划完成各项不同的任务。)23.viewn.看法,观点;视野,眼界;景色,风景 v.看待,考虑Hewasunwillingtoexpresshisviewsonwhathadhappened.(他不愿意就所发生的一切发表自己的观点。) Whenwestoodonthetopofthemountain,thewholecitycameintoourview.(我们站在山顶时,整个城市尽收眼底。) Lookingoutofthewindow,hehadafineviewoftheSlenderWestLake.(朝窗外望去,他看到了瘦西湖的美景。)Severalpossiblebuyershavecometoviewyourcar.(几个想买车的人来看过你的车了。) Ifyoustandinhisshoestoviewtheproblem,youwillcometoatotallydifferentconclusion.(如果你站在他的立场上来考虑这个问题,你会得出完全不同的结论。)24.issuen.问题,争论点;发行 v.出版,发行,颁布Attoday'smeetingwehavetospendsometimediscussingthisissue.(在今天的会上,我们得花点时间讨论这个问题。) Theminutehegotthelatestissueofthesportsmagazine,hereaditwithgreatinterest.(一拿到最新一期的体育杂志,他就津津有味地看了起来。)\nHerfirstnovelissuedinMay.(她的第一部小说于五月份出版了。) Heissuedinstructionsthattheprisonersshouldbesetfree.(他下令释放犯人。)25.tendv.护理,照管 tendto易于,往往会;倾向于Sheistendingaverysickpatient.(她在护理一位重病人。) Inadditiontohisfull-timejob,hetendsabar.(除了一份全日制的工作,他还照管一个酒吧。)Whenyouaskhermorethanonequestion,shetendstogetimpatient.(你问她两个以上的问题,她往往会不耐烦。) Hetendstobeoptimisticnomatterwhathappens.(无任发生任何事情,他总倾向于乐观。)本课主要构词法 Conversion (转类法──名词和动词相互转类)taxtypesalarychargepacketfigurefundprotestprogramviewissuetend本课简介 Taxes,Taxes,andMoreTaxes介绍了美国三级政府(联邦政府,州政府,市政府)征收的三种税(incometax,salestax,propertytaxandexcisetax)。美国人对税收的一致看法是:Thetaxesaretoohigh.这篇文章对我们了解美国社会很有帮助,值得一读。本课主要语言点1.Americansoftensaythattherearetwothingsapersoncanbesureofinlife:deathandtaxes. 句中的that引导的是一个宾语从句,例如:Everybodyknowsthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.(众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。)请翻译下面的句子: 1)他知道我不会责怪他。(HeknewthatIwouldn'tblamehim.) 2)妈妈说他必须在六点以前回来。(Mothersaidthathehadtobebackbefore6:00.)3)我想天气很快会放晴。(Ithinkthatitisgoingtoclearupsoon.) 4)我相信他对我说了实话。(Ibelievethathetoldmethetruth.)句中的apersoncanbesureof…是定语从句,修饰twothings,引导定语从句的关系代词that被省去了。例如:Haveyoufoundthebookyouwant?(你找到你要的书了吗?)请翻译下面的句子: 1)他找到了他丢失的那块表。(Hefoundthewatchhehadlost.) 2)这儿有很多我感兴趣的书。(TherearemanybooksIaminterestedin.)besureof的意思是“对……确信无疑”,例如: ─Ishegoingtocallusat9:00?(他会在九点给我们打电话吗?) ─Yes,Iamsureofit.(是的,我肯定。)翻译下面的句子,掌握sure的用法: 1)Iamsureofhissincerity.(我确信他的诚意。) 2)Youaresureofawarmwelcome.(你肯定会受到热烈的欢迎。)3)Idon'tknowforsurewhetherhewillcomeornot.(我不很确切地知道他是否会来。)\n 4)Makesurethatyouturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.(确保在你离开时把灯关掉。)5)Besurenottoforgetwhatyourparentssaidtoyou.(千万别忘了父母对你说的话。)2.Americansdon'thaveacorneronthe“death”market,butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStatesleadstheworldwiththeworsttaxes.haveacorner的意思是“垄断”,例如:haveacorneronthecottonmarket(垄断棉花市场);haveacornerontheblackvote(垄断黑人选票)。有时也会见到以in代替on的用法:haveacornerinbanking lead在句中的意思是“走在…前列”,“在……领先”,“胜过”。请翻译下面的句子: 1)HeleadshisclassinEnglish.(他在班上英语学的最好。) 2)Heledthebroadjumpwithaleapof26feet.(他以26英尺的成绩在跳远中领先。) 3)Pollutionstillleadsthelistofmajorproblemsinthatcountry.(污染仍然是那个国家的头号严重问题。)3.Taxesconsistofmoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment. 句中which引导的定语从句修饰themoney。请翻译下面的句子: 1)ThisisthebookthatIjustborrowedfromthelibrary.(这是我刚刚从图书馆借的书。) 2)Heputthemoneythathismothergavehiminasafeplace.(他把妈妈给他的钱放在一个安全的地方。) 3)Idon'trememberwhereIputtheCDthatIboughtyesterday.(我记不得把昨天买的CD放在哪儿了。)consistof的意思是“由……构成”,它与makeupof,composeof的区别在于:consistof不可用被动语态,而makeupof和composeof可以用被动语态。例如:1)Thehouseconsistsof6rooms. 2)Themedicalteamismadeupofthreedoctorsandanurse. 3)Thebookiscomposedof25units.4.Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollarsmustpayacertainpercentageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment. 句中who引导的定语从句修饰people。请翻译下面的句子: 1)ThegirlwhohelpedmewithmyEnglishisourmonitor.(帮助我学外语的那个女孩是我们班长。) 2)Themanwhoknockedatthedoorjustnowismynext-doorneighbor.(刚才敲门的那个人是我的隔壁邻居。) 3)Theboywhowasshottodeathbyhisclassmatewasonly8.(被同学开枪打死的那个男孩才八岁。)在单词部分我们已经对percentage和percent的区别有所了解,现在我们再来翻译几个句子:1)税率从百分之十四到百分之七十不等。(Thepercentageofthetaxvariesfrom14%to70%.) 2)学生的及格率达到了百分之九十五。(Thepercentageofstudentswhopassedtheexamreached95%.) 3)工业产量上涨了百分之十四。(Theindustrialoutputincreasedby14%.)5.Itdependsontheirsalaries. dependon在句中的意思是“视……而定”。除此以外,还可表示“依靠”;“信赖”等。请翻译下面的句子: 1)成功与否得看你的能力和努力。(Successdependsonyourabilityandefforts.) 2)Whetherwecangooutingdependsontomorrow'sweather.(我们能否去郊游取决于明天的天气。) 3)Theoldmandependsonthegovernmentpensionforaliving.(那位老人靠政府的养老金生活。) 4)他总是依赖姐姐给他做作业。(Healwaysdependsonhissistertodohishomework.) 5)Heisnottobedependedon.(他不可信赖。)6.Withthehighcostoftaxes,peoplearenotveryhappyonApril15,whenthefederaltaxesaredue. 介词with在句中的意思是“由于,因为”。例如:Withtheirsupport,wefulfilledourtaskaheadoftime.(由于他们的帮助,我们提前完成了任务。)如果仅仅有月份,没有具体的日期,月份前用介词in,如果有具体的日期则用介词on,例如:1)HewasborninMay. 2)HewasbornonMay23. 句中due的意思是“到期”,例如:Thebooksaredue,Ihavetoreturnthemtothelibrary.(书到期了,我得去图书馆还书。)请翻译下面的句子,注意due在不同语境下的其他意思:\n 1)Thetrainisduetoarriveat8:00.(火车定于八点钟到达。) 2)ThebabyisdueinthemiddleofOctober.(婴儿的预产期为十月中旬。) 3)Dueattentionshouldbepaidtothiswork.(应该给这项工作以适当的关注。) 4)Oldpeopleexpecttobetreatedwiththerespectduetotheirage.(老人们期望受到他们这个年龄的人应得的尊敬。) 5)Hisdeathwasduetoheartattack.(他的死是由心脏病引起的。)7.Somestateshaveanincometaxsimilartothatofthefederalgovernment. 句中的that用来代替the加前述名词tax,以免重复。请翻译下面的句子: 1)南京的天气比青岛的天气热。(TheweatherofNanjingishotterthanthatofQingdao.) 2)黄金的价格比白银的价格要高。(Thepriceofgoldishigherthanthatofsilver.)8.Otherstateshaveasalestax,whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitemwhichyoubuyinthatstate. 句中前一个which引导的是一个非限定性定语从句,修饰salestax。非限定性定语从句通常在句中起进一步说明作用,既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子。如果省去,原句意义不受影响。非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句隔开;关系代词不可用that,而用who,whom,whose来修饰人,用which来修饰物,并且不能省略。请翻译下面的句子: 1)Thesunwarmstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantsandanimalstolive.(太阳温暖了大地,这才使动植物有可能生长。) 2)Hefailedtheexam,whichmadehimverydisappointed.(他考试没及格,这使他非常失望。) 3)Hehasason,whoisdoinghisPH.DintheUnitedStates.(他有一个儿子,在美国读博士学位。)句中后一个which引导的是一个限定性定语从句,修饰anyitem。但是传统语法中通常有这样的规定:当先行词是all,everything,something,nothing等不定代词,或被first,only,few,much,some,any,no以及形容词最高级等词修饰时,应该用关系代词that,不用which。例如:Iaminterestedinallthatyoutoldme.9.Thecitiesusethesefundsforeducation,policeandfiredepartment,publicworksandmunicipalbuildings. work用作单数时,通常指工作,例如:Ihavealotofworktodothisafternoon. 用作复数时,works则指 1)著作:TheCompleteWorksofMaoZetong(《毛泽东全集》) 2)工程:publicworks(公共建筑工程,市政工程)10.Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandimpracticalprograms. spendtoomuch(money)onsth的意思是“把太多的钱花在……”,例如:Hewouldspendsomemoneyonbookseverymonth..(他每个月都花一些钱买书。) 我们常常会碰到的另一个词组spendsometime(in)doingsth.的意思是“花时间做某事”,例如:Hespentalotoftimedoingtheexperiment.(他花了很多时间做实验。)在英语学习中,我们还要注意pay,cost和spend在用法上的区别。请注意下面的句子:1)Tompaid20dollarsforthatT-shirt. 2)TheT-shirtcostTom20dollars. 3)Tomspent20dollarsonthatT-shirt.请翻译下面的句子: 1)我借给他的那本新字典花了我三十多块钱。(ThedictionaryIlenthimcostmemorethan30yuan.) 2)把这辆自行车修一修要花很多钱吗?(Doesitcostmuchtogetthisbikerepaired?)3)在过去的几年中,这家工厂花了很多钱改善工作条件。(Inthepastfewyears,thefactoryhasspentalotofmoneyimprovingtheworkingconditions.) 4)她不喜欢把钱花在华而不实的服装上。(Shedoesn'tliketospendmoneyonfancyclothes.)5)买这部手机你花了多少钱?(Howmuchmoneydidyoupayforthisself-phone?) 6)她花了一百多块钱买那双鞋。(Shepaidmorethanahundredforthatpairofshoes.)本课主要词组1.besureof2.haveacorner3.consistof\n4.varyfrom5.dependon6.apacketof7.inadditionto8.complainabout9.inthewrongway10.spend…on11.tendto12.agreeon本课主要句型A.宾语从句:1)Americansoftensaythatthereareonlytwothingsapersoncanbesureof.2)…butmanypeoplefeelthattheUnitedStatesleadtheworldwiththeworsttaxes.3)…theyoftenfeelthattheyareworkingonedayeachweekjusttopaytheirtaxes.4)Theyoftenprotestthatthegovernmentusestheirtaxdollarsinthewrongway.5)Theysaythatitspendstoomuchonuselessandpracticalprograms.B.定语从句:1)Taxesconsistofmoneywhichpeoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.2)Salariedpeoplewhoearnmorethanafewthousanddollarsmustpayacertainpercentageoftheirsalariestothefederalgovernment.3)Otherstateshaveasalestax,whichisapercentagechargedtoanyitemwhichyoubuyinthatstate.4)…peoplewhoownahomehavetopaytaxesonit…5)…andexcisetax,whichischargedoncarsinacity.美国五十个州A.TheNewEnglandStates(6)1.Maine(缅因)2.NewHampshire*(新罕布什尔)3.Vermont(佛蒙特)4.Massachusetts*(马萨诸塞)5.Connecticut*(康涅狄格)6.RhodeIsland*(罗得岛)B.TheMiddleAtlanticStates(7)7.NewYork*(纽约)8.Pennsylvania*(宾夕法尼亚)9.NewJersey*(新泽西)10.Delaware*(特拉华)11.Maryland*(马里兰)12.Virginia*(弗吉尼亚)13.WestVirginia(西弗吉尼亚) C.TheSouthernAtlanticStates(11)14.NorthCarolina*(北卡罗来纳)15.SouthCarolina*(南卡罗来纳)16.Georgia*(佐治亚)17.Florida(佛罗里达)18.Alabama(亚拉巴马)19.Mississippi(密西西比)20.Tennessee(田纳西)21.Louisiana(路易斯安那)22.Arkansas(阿肯色)23.Texas(得克萨斯)24.Oklahoma(俄克拉何马) D.TheCentralStates(13)25.Wisconsin(威斯康星)26.Illinois(伊利诺斯)27.Kentucky(肯塔基)28.Indiana(印第安那)\n29.Ohio(俄亥俄)30.Michigan(密执安)31.Minnesota(明尼苏达)32.Iowa(衣阿华)33.Missouri(密苏里)34.NorthDakota(北达科他)35.SouthDakota(南达科他)36.Nebraska(内布拉斯加)37.Kansas(堪萨斯) E.TheWesternStates(13)38.Washington(华盛顿)39.Oregon(俄勒冈)40.California(加利福尼亚)41.Montana(蒙大拿)42.Idaho(爱达荷)43.Nevada(内华达)44.Utah(犹他)45.Arizona(亚历桑那)46.Wyoming(怀俄明)47.Colorado(科罗拉多)48.NewMexico(新墨西哥)49.Alaska(阿拉斯加)50.Hawaii(夏威夷) (注:有*者曾为英国在北美的十三个殖民地,也是美国最早的十三个州。)TextBAdvertising短语表达1.attractattention 吸引注意Hetalkedloudlytoattractattention.(他大声说话以吸引注意。)2.forthemostpart 在很大程度上,多半Thesecars,forthemostpart,aremadeinChina.(这些汽车多半产于中国。)3.persuadesb.todosth. 劝某人做某事 bepersuadedtodosth. 被劝说做某事Thedoctorpersuadedmyfathertogiveupsmoking.(医生劝我父亲戒烟。)Theyoungmanwaspersuadedtotakeupthatjob.(那个年轻人被劝说接受那份工作。)4.alargeamountof 一大笔Heborrowedalargeamountofmoneyfromthebank.(他向银行借了一大笔钱。)5.putout 发布,公布;出版;广播Thearticlewasputoutinanationalmagazinetoreachalargeraudience.(为了能影响更多的读者,文章被登发在一份国家级杂志上。)Thisnewspaperisputouteveryday.(这份报纸每天出版。)Theweatherforecasthasjustputoutastorm.(天气预报刚刚发出了暴风警报。)6.becharacteristicof 为…所特有,是…的特征RainydaysarecharacteristicofMarch.(多雨的日子为三月所特有。)7.catchtheeye 引人注目Thebeautifulbluedressinthewindowcaughthereyewhenshepassedthestore.(她经过那家商店时,橱窗里漂亮的兰色连衣裙吸引了她。)8.identifywith 与一致;认为…等同于;跟…发生共鸣,同情;(无意识地)仿效Hisideaidentifieswithmine.(他的观点和我的观点相同。)Neveridentifypersonalopinionswithfacts.(切莫把个人观点与事实等同起来。)Allthemoneycamefromthosewhoidentifiedwithhim.(所有的钱都来自于那些同情他的人。)Childrenusuallyidentifythemselveswiththeirparents.(孩子往往会仿效自己的父母。)9.carryover 继续下去,遗留下来Thereportwascarriedovertothenextpage.(报告转入下一页。)Hishabitcarriesoverfromhischildhood.(他的习惯从小保留至今。)10.aswellas 和,也Women,aswellasmen,havetherighttowork.(妇女和男人一样有工作的权利。)11.overandoveragain 反复Hementionedtheincidentoverandoveragain,whichreallyboredmetodeath.(他反复提及那件事,真把我烦死了。)\n12.putupwith 忍受Bothwaterpollutionandairpollutionarebecomingmoreandmoreseriousbutwehavetoputupwiththematthemoment.(水污染和空气污染都在变得越来越严重,但是我们暂时只好忍着。)13.beresponsiblefor 为…负责Itisnotyetclearwhoshouldberesponsiblefortheaccident.(谁该对这起事故负责现在还不清楚。)14.decideon 决定,选定Theydecidedontheirplanofactionafterhoursofdiscussion.(经过数小时的讨论,他们决定了行动计划。)15.beinvolvedin 参与,介入TextATheAltoanticOcean本课主要单词1.unwillingadj.不情愿的,不愿意的;勉强的Selfishassheis,sheisunwillingtoshareanythingwithothers. (她很自私,不愿意与他人分享任何东西。)Hewasunwillingtogiveuphalfwayeventhoughtheremightbemoredifficultiesahead. (尽管前面可能有许多困难,但他不愿意中途放弃。)Theygotsomeunwillingassistancefromthelocalgovernment. (地方政府勉强给了他们一些协助。)2.equatorn.赤道Ecuadorisneartheequator.(厄瓜多尔靠近赤道。)Peopleusedtobelievethatattheequatortheoceanwouldbeboilinghot. (人们过去认为,在赤道处海水是滚烫的。)3.bulgen.不规则突起;鼓起之处;(突然)上涨,增多 v.使膨胀;塞满BetweenthebulgeofSouthAmericaandthebulgeofAfricaliesthenarrowestplaceoftheAtlanticOcean.(大西洋的最狭窄处位于南美洲的突起处和非洲的突起处之间。)Thegraphshowsabulgeinthebirthrateintheyearofdragon. (图表显示龙年出生率的暴增。)Hisschoolbagwasbulgingwithappleswhenhecamebackfromhisuncle'sorchard. (他从叔叔的果园回来时书包里鼓鼓囊囊装满了苹果。)4.unusualadj.少有的;不寻常的;与众不同的,独特的Itwasnotunusualforhimtoworkverylateeverynight. (每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。)Hehasanunusualname.(他有一个不寻常的名字。)Itisunusualtoseesnowinthisregion.(这个地区难得下雪。)Thisyoungmanhasanunusualtalentfororganization.(这个年轻人有非凡的组织才能)。5.saltyadj.咸的,含盐的saltn.盐;风趣 v.用盐调味;用盐腌;撒盐于道路上Hedidn'thavemuchfordinnerasthedishesweretoosalty. (他晚餐吃的不多,因为菜太咸了。)Itmightbeagoodideatowashtheseinsaltywater. (把这些放在盐水里洗一洗也许是个好主意。)Headdedabitmoresalttothesouptomakeittastier. (为了使汤的味道更好,他又加了一点盐。)Hiswitaddedsalttothediscussion. (他的妙语使讨论增添了风趣。)Haveyousaltedthepotato?(你往土豆里加了盐了吗?)Ittookthemalongtimetosaltthemainroads. (他们花了好长时间才在主要公路上撒上盐。)grindsaltinsb.'swounds在某人伤口上撒盐,使某人痛上加痛withagrainofsalt 半信半疑地SaltLakeCity 盐湖城(美国尤他州州府)saltmine 盐矿 saltshaker (瓶盖上有细孔用于匀撒的)盐瓶saltspreader 撒盐车 asaltwaterlake 咸水湖saltwaterfish 海产 asaltedegg 咸蛋请注意:形容词salty是由名词salt加形容词后缀–y构成的。这样的形容词在英语中还有很多,如:windy,snowy,rainy,cloudy,sunny,funny,muddy,foggy…6.averagen.平均数,平均 adj.平均的;平常的,普通的 v.平均Theaverageof5,7and9is7.(5,7,9的平均数是7。)Hereceivesanaverageof50callsaday.(他平均每天接到50个电话。)Mr.Browncouldhardlybelievethathisson'sworkatschoolisbelowtheaverage.\n (布朗先生几乎无法相信他儿子的学习成绩低于一般水平。)Theaveragetemperatureyesterdaywasbelowzero.(昨天的平均气温在零度以下。)Heisanaveragestudentinhisclass.(他是班上的一般学生。)Amanofaverageheightcametoseeyoutoday.(今天有一位中等身材的人来看你。)Heaveragesonepackofcigarettesaday.(他平均每天抽一包香烟。)Theannualrainfallhereaverages700mm.(这里的年降雨量平均为700毫米。)7.spotn.地点,处所;点,斑点 v.点缀;认出;准确定位 adj.当场作出的;现付的Shetouredmanyscenicspotsduringtheholiday.(假日里她游览了许多风景胜地。)Shetoldustheexactspotwheretheaccidenthappened. (她把事故发生的准确地点告诉了我们。)Shedecidedonabluetiewithwhitespotforherhusband. (她给丈夫选了一条蓝底白点的领带。)Thereisaspotofinkonthewhitewall.(白墙上有墨水渍。)Hedidn'twanttoleaveaspotonhisreputation.(他不想在名誉上留下污点。)Thenightskyisspottedwithtwinklingstars.(闪烁的星星点缀着夜空。)Hisshoesarespottedwithmud.(他的鞋子上有泥渍。)Sheissospecial,youcanspotherinthecrowdeasily. (她很特别,你在人群中能一眼认出她来。)Hewassenttospotthebatterypositionoftheenemy.(他被派去测定敌炮阵地。)Shewasurgedtomakeaspotdecision.(她被催促当场做决定。)onthespot 当场,在现场 inaspot 在困境中,在窘境中putsb.onthespot 使某人处于难堪地位putone'sfingeronsb.'sweakspot 指出某人性格上的弱点spotcheck 抽样检查 spotsurvey抽样调查spotlight 聚光灯;汽车上的反光灯;公众注意中心spotnews 现场报道的新闻 spotprice现货价8.rangen.山脉;幅度,范围v.(在某范围内)变动,变化;把…排列成行OneofthelongestmountainrangesoftheworldrisesfromtheflooroftheAtlantic. (世界最长的山脉从大西洋洋底耸起。)Theagerangeisfrom45to65.(年龄幅度在45岁至65岁之间。)Heisnotveryclearabouthisrangeofresponsibility.(他对自己的责任范围并不清楚。)Thequestionyouaskedisoutofmyrange.(你问的问题我不懂。)Pricesofgasolinerangefromonedollartoonedollarandtwentyagallon. (汽油的价格从1美元至1美元20美分1加仑不等。)Thetiger-sharksrangeinlengthfromninefeettofourteenfeet. (虎鲸的体长从9英尺到14英尺不等。)Thepuddingsareneatlyrangedontheshelf.(布丁整齐地排列在架子上。)medium-rangemissile 中程导弹 widerangeofinterests 兴趣广泛atcloserange 接近地 in/withinrange 在射程内9.peakn.山峰;顶点Themountainpeakiscoveredwithsnowalltheyear.(山峰终年积雪。)Hiscareerisatitspeaknow,nowonderhewillmakegreaterachievement. (他的事业正处于鼎盛时期,毫无疑问,他会取得更大的成就。)10.vesseln.船,舰;容器,器皿anocean-goingvessel 远洋轮 anescortvessel 护卫舰afishingvessel 渔船 adrinkingvessel 饮具11.crewn.全体船员,全体机务人员Thecrewwas(were)annoyedatthecaptain'sdecision.(船员们对船长的决定感到恼火。)Theaircrafthasacrewof6.(这架飞机有6名机组人员。)All312passengersand6crewmembersdiedintheplanecrash. (312名乘客和6名机组人员在飞机失事中丧生。)12.becalmv.(常用被动语态)(指帆船)因无风而停止前进Inthedaysofsailingvesselsthecrewwereafraidtheywouldbebecalmedontheocean.\n (在使用帆船的时代,船员们担心他们会因为无风而无法在海洋上航行。)Hewasbecalmedforawholeweeknorthoftheisland. (他在海岛北面因无风而停泊了整整一周。)13.gulfn.海湾;隔阂;鸿沟CanyoutellmeforsurewhowastherealwinneroftheGulfWar? (你能确定地告诉我谁是海湾战争的真正赢家吗?)Thequarrelleftagulfbetweenthetwoclosefriends. (那场争吵在两位好友间造成了隔阂。)thePersianGulf 波斯湾 theGulfofMexico 墨西哥湾GulfStream 湾流,墨西哥湾流14.streamn.小河,溪流 v.流,涌Theyhadawalkalongthebankofthestream.(他们沿着河岸散步。)Lotsoftreeleavesarefloatingalongwiththestream.(许多树叶正随着水流漂浮。)Touristscameintothecaveinasteadystream.(游客们源源不断地进入山洞。)Tearsstreameddownhercheekswhensheheardthenews.(当她听到那个消息时,泪水顺着脸颊流了下来。)Hedidn'tevenfrownwhenbloodstreamedfromhiswound. (血从伤口涌出时,他连眉头都没皱一下。)astreamofcoldair 一股冷空气 astreamofpeople 一股人流astreamoflies 一串谎言 astreamofgoodideas 一系列好主意astreamoflight 一道光线 streamofconsciousness 意识流goagainstthestream 逆潮流而动 gowiththestream 随波逐流 stream-linedcars流线型汽车15.currentn.(空气,水等的)流,潮流;电流;倾向 adj.当前的,通行的Thechildhadbeensweptawaybythecurrent.(孩子被水流卷走了。)Asteadycurrentofheatedairrosefromthemountaintop. (一股热气从山顶源源不断升起。)Therewasapowerfulelectriccurrentrunningthroughthewires. (一股强大的电流流过电线。)Massmediainfluencethecurrentofpublicopinion.(大众传媒影响舆论的倾向。)GivemeacurrentissueofReader'sDigest.(给我一本最近一期的读者文摘。)Alongtimeago,itwasacurrentbeliefthattheearthwasflat. (很久以前,人们普遍相信地球是扁平。)themaincurrent 主流 awarmcurrent暖流analternatingcurrent 交流电 adirectcurrent 直流电currentevents 时事 currentsituation 当前形势16.affectv.影响;打动;(疾病)侵袭effectn.效果;作用,影响;Hismoodwasgreatlyaffectedbythesadnews. (那个悲痛的消息使他的心绪大受影响。)Computersaffectourlifeinmanyways.(计算机在许多方面影响我们的生活。)Readingindimlightconstantlywillsurelyaffecttheeyes.(经常在昏暗的光线下看书肯定会对眼睛有影响。)Thechildwasaffectedwithhighfever.(孩子发高烧了。)Thecolorgivestheeffectofbeingwarm.(这颜色给人以暖感。)Thewonderfulskyeffectonthefestivalnightimpressedeverybody. (绚丽的节日夜空给每一个人都留下了深刻印象。)Ijusthopethismedicinewon'thaveseriousside-effect. (我只希望这种药没有严重的副作用。)soundeffect 音响效果 three-dimensionaleffect立体感lightingeffect 灯光效果 causeandeffect 因果noeffects 无存款(银行在空头支票上的批语)beofnoeffect无效 bringsth.toeffect 实行,实施ineffect实际上 takeeffect 见效;生效17.climaten.气候Thechangeinclimatemightbeoneofthecausesfortheextinctionofdinosaurs. (气候的变化也许是恐龙灭绝的一个原因。)Incoldclimates,someofthelivestockhavetobekeptindoorsallwinter. (在寒冷的气候区,一些牲畜得在室内一冬。)Inthepresenteconomicclimatewecanmakegreaterachievement.\n (在目前的经济气候下,我们能够取得更大的成就。)weathern.天气Thefootballmatchhadtobeputoffbecauseofbadweather. (由于天气不好,足球比赛被推迟了。)What'stheweatherlikeinHangzhou?Ihopeitisnotashotthere.(杭州的天气怎么样?希望那儿不那么热。)18.flown.流 v.流动Heavyrainsbroughtmudflowsdownthemountain.(暴雨把泥流冲下了山。)Thedoctorstoppedtheflowofblood.(医生把血止住了。)Theriverflowseastintothesea.(这条河向东流入大海。)19.furnishv.供应,提供;装备,(用家具)布置Theschoolhasdecidedtofurnishthelibrarywithsomenewbooks. (学校决定给图书馆提供一些新书。)Theyfurnishedallthepassengerswithlifejackets.(他们为所有的乘客提供救生衣。)Shewantstofurnishhernewhousewithmodernfurniture.(她想用时新家具布置新家。)20.highwayn.公路;(水陆)交通干线Thecanalwastheonlyhighwayforcommerce.(这条远河是唯一的商业路线。)Youcanfindmanymotelsalongthehighways.(在高速公路沿线你会看到许多汽车旅馆。)21.floatv.(使)漂浮Colorfulflagsarefloatinginthemorningbreeze.(彩旗在晨风中飘荡。)Whenwintercomesyellowleavesfloatdown.(冬天到来时,黄叶飘落。)Itwillbemucheasierforyoutofloatthelogsdowntheriver.(你们把木材顺流下漂将会容易得多。)本课主要构词法Affixation (词缀法) 1.反意词前缀un- unusual,unwilling 2.形容词后缀-y salty 3.名词后缀-or sailorCompounding (合词法) 1.复合名词 highway,steamship,airplane 2.复合形容词 mid-Atlantic,eastward本课简介TheAtlanticOcean向读者介绍了有关大西洋的情况。我们可以了解航行大西洋的过去和现在,也可以了解大西洋“制造”出来的世界之最。本课主要语言点1.TheAtlanticOceanisoneoftheoceansthatseparatetheOldWorldfromtheNew.在表示河流,海洋,群岛,沙漠等地理名称的名词前,以及以复数形式出现的国名前要用定冠词,例如:theYellowRiver(黄河),thePacificOcean(太平洋),theBritishIsles(不列颠群岛),theSahara(撒哈拉沙漠),theAlps(阿尔卑斯山脉),thePhilippines(菲列宾)在表示某一座山,岛屿或某一个湖时不用定冠词,例如:YellowMountain(黄山),LakeErie(伊利湖),HainanIsland(海南岛)oneof+复数名词是英语中常见的用法,请翻译下面的句子:Sheisoneofthemosthardworkingstudentsinourclass. (她是我们班学习最刻苦的学生之一。)Shanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesintheworld.(上海是世界最大的城市之一。)印度是世界上人口最多的国家之一。 (Indiaisoneofthecountrieswiththelargestpopulationintheworld.)尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。(Nileisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.)在oneof+复数名词+定语从句的结构中,定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词,因此该从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如:Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthathavebeenpublishedthisyear. (这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。)Mr.Smithisoneofthosemenwhoalwaysthinktheyareright.(史密斯先生属于那些总是认为自己正确的人。)Heisnotoneofthosewhobowbeforedifficulties.(他不是那种在困难面前低头的人。)但是在theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句的结构中,定语从句应该被看成修饰单数名词。例如:\nHewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowaspraisedbytheteacher. (他是男孩中唯一受到老师表扬的。)Helenistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhodoesn'twearmake-up. (海伦是那些女孩中唯一不化妆的。)separatefrom是常用词组,在句子中的意思是“(使)分离,(使)分开”,请翻译下面的句子:1)英吉利海峡把英法两国隔开。(TheEnglishChannelseparatesEnglandfromFrance.)2)理论不应该脱离实际。(Theoryshouldnotbeseparatedfrompractice.)theOldworld指欧,亚,非三洲,有时仅指欧洲。theNew(World)指哥伦布发现的美洲大陆。2.ForcenturiesitkepttheAmericasfrombeingdiscoveredbythepeopleofEurope.forcenturies意为“许多世纪”。在英语中用介词for加表示时间的复数名词的表达形式很常见。请翻译下面的句子:1)Ihaven'tseenyoufordays.Howiseverything?(多日不见,一切都好吗?)2)Ihaven'tseenhimforyears,Iamsurehehaschangedalot. (我多年没见到他了,他一定变了不少。)3)ItseemsIhavebeenwaitingforyouforcenturies.Wherehaveyoubeen? (我似乎等了你几个世纪了,你去哪儿了?)keep…fromdoing是习惯用法,意思是“使…不…”。 例如:ItisreallynoteasytokeepFatherfromsmoking.(要使父亲不抽烟真不容易。)请翻译下面的句子:1)Heavyfogkepttheshipsfrombeingdiscoveredbytheenemy. (大雾使得船只未被敌人发现。)2)Wehadnowaytokeephimfromgettinginvolvedinthematter. (我们没有办法使他不卷入那事件中去。)3)那种药使他的咳嗽不再加剧。 (Themedicinekeepshiscoughfromgettingmoreserious.)4)当地人的保守思想使得那个地方不能快速发展。 (Thelocalpeople'sconservativemindkeepsthatplacefromdevelopingrapidly.)3.ManywrongideasabouttheAtlanticmadeearlysailorsunwillingtosailfaroutintoit.makesb.unwillingtodosth.意为“使得某人不愿做某事”。例如:Hisindifferencetoworkmadeeverybodyunwillingtocooperatewithhim.(他对工作的冷漠态度使得所有的人都不愿与他合作。)主语+动词+宾语+补语(SVOC)的句型在课本第二单元的语法中已有较详细的论述。请翻译下面的句子:1)Hisbehavioratthedinnerpartymadethehostannoyed. (他在晚宴上的行为使主人很恼火。)2)Thatfilmmadehimfamous.(那部影片使他出了名。)3)他刚才的一番话使玛丽很伤心。(WhathesaidjustnowmadeMaryverysad.)4)老师对他作文的评价令他失望。 (Theteacher'scommentonhiscompositionmadehimdisappointed.)5)Whathehaddonemadehisfriendshesitanttoaccepttheinvitation. (他的所为使得他的朋友们对接受邀请犹豫不决。)6)他的挥霍浪费使得他的父母不愿意再给他钱。 (Hisunthriftinessmadehisparentsunwillingtogivehimanymoremoney.)4.Oneideawasthatitreachedoutto“theedgeoftheworld”.Anotherideawasthatattheequatortheoceanwouldbeboilinghot.这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为:主语+系动词+表语从句。请看下面的例句:Myideaisthatwecontacthimassoonaspossible.(我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。)请翻译下面的句子:1)Mysuggestionisthatweshouldputoffthemeeting.(我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。)2)Oneadvantageofsolarenergyisthatitwillneverbeusedup. (太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。)3)问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。 (Theproblemiswhowilltakecareofthechildrenwhileyouareaway.)4)看起来天要下雨。(Itlooksthatitisgoingtorain.)请注意辨析another和other:another由an+other构成,只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another+单数名词表示不定的“另一个”,theother+单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。请看下面的例句:1)Thisideaisnotverypractical,willyouthinkofanotherone? (这个主意不太实际,你能另想一个吗?)2)Thisbookistoodifficult.Showmeanotherone.(这本书太难了,给我看另外一本。)3)Ofthethreebooksinmybag,twoarepublishedinChina,theotherispublishedintheUnitedStates.\n(我包里的三本书中,两本是中国出版的,另一本是美国出版的。)4)Tomishere,butwherearetheotherboys?(汤姆在这儿,其他的男孩在哪儿呢?)5)Ilikethiscoatbetterthantheotherone.(两件上衣中,我更喜欢这一件。)6)Thiscameraismoreexpensivethantheotherone.(这架照相机比另一架贵。)boilinghot意思是“滚热的,酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词,表示热的程度,修饰hot。5.Sailorswereafraidthattheymightsailrightofftheearth.此句中,that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如:1)IamafraidthatIcannotfinishthearticleintwohours. (我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。)2)Hewasafraidthathecouldn'tgiveyouadefiniteanswer. (他担心他不能给你一个明确的答复。)3)IamafraidthatIhavemadeamistake.(我担心自己犯了一个错误。)4)Weareconfidentthatwecanovercomeallthedifficulties. (我们相信自己能克服所有的困难。)对“be+形容词+that引起的从句”这类结构,语法家们有的认为that从句做宾语用,有的认为that从句做状语用。根据句子的逻辑意义来判断也许比较方便一些。如:I'msorrythatyoufailedtheexamagain.这个句子中的that从句起状语作用,相当于“…becauseyoufailedtheexamagain.”6.TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacific,…在第一单元中我们讨论过副词的同等比较。本句中asbigas则是形容词的同等比较。在这类句子中,可以有表示程度的状语。例如:1)Thisbookisnothalfasinterestingasthatone.(这本书还不如那本书一半有趣。)2)Mymonthlyincomeisonlyhalfasmuchashis.(我的月收入只有他的一半多。)3)Thisyearouruniversitywillenrollthreetimesasmanystudentsasitdidtheyearbeforelast. (我们学校今年的招生人数将是前年的三倍。)请翻译下面的句子:1)我的英语口语还不及你的一半流利。(MyspokenEnglishisnothalfasfluentasyours.)2)这只手提箱还没有那只手提箱一半重。(Thissuitcaseisnothalfasheavyasthatone.)3)这个房间是那个房间的两倍。(Thisroomistwiceaslargeasthatone.)7.Butsupposenomorerainfellintoitandnomorewaterwasbroughttoitbyrivers.suppose常常做动词用,意思是“假定;猜想;认为”。例如:1)Let'ssupposeittobetrue.(让我们假定这是真的。)2)Isupposeheisverynervous.(我猜想他很紧张。)3)Isupposedhimtobeanhonestman,butheoftentellslies. (我以为他很诚实,他却经常说谎。)在本句中suppose(也可以用supposing)是一个连词,意思是“假设(=if);假使…结果会怎么样”。例如:1)Supposeheisill,whatshallwedo?(假如他病了,我们怎么办?)2)Supposeatigershouldcomeoutofthecage? (如果一只老虎从笼子中跑出来怎么办?)3)Supposesomethingshouldgowrong?(如果出了什么问题会怎么样?)8.Itwouldtaketheoceanabout4000yearstodryup.ittakes(sb.)sometimetodosth.是很常用的一个句型。例如:1)我骑自行车到学校要花半小时。(Ittakesmehalfanhourtogettoschoolbybike.)2)他花了两个星期时间才看完那本书。(Ittookhimtwoweekstofinishreadingthatbook.)请翻译下面的句子:1)Ittooktheboythreehourstofinishhishomework.(那个男孩花了3小时才写完作业。)2)Ittakeslessthan4hourstogettoShanghaibytrainfromNanjing.(从南京乘火车到上海只要不到4小时。)3)他花了4天时间才走出密林。(Ittookhim4daystogooutoftheforest.)4)照顾一个生病的老人要花许多时间。(Itwilltakeagreatdealoftimetolookafterasickoldman.9.Ontheaveragethewaterisalittlemorethantwomilesdeep,butinplacesitismuchdeeper.ontheaverage在句子中的意思是“平均而言”。例如:1)Ontheaverage,theydrove70milesanhour.(他们平均每小时行驶70英里。)2)Ontheaverage,theyspend20yuanonfoodeveryday.(他们平均每天花20块钱吃饭。)alittle在句子中修饰more,表示程度,意思是“一点儿,稍许”。much在句子中修饰deeper,也表示程度,加强形容词比较级,意思是“…多”。例如:\n1)Ifeelalittlecold.(我觉得有点冷。)2)Hespentalittlemorethan20yuanyesterday.(昨天他花了20块多一点儿。)3)Ifeelmuchbetternow.(我现在感觉好多了。)4)Sheismuchmorecarefulthistime.(她这一次细心多了。)请翻译下面的句子:1)干了一天的工作,我觉得有点累。(Ifeelalittletiredafteraday'swork.)2)她对她的同学有点不友好。(Sheisalittleunfriendlytoherclassmates.)3)听了那个消息他开心多了。(Hewasmuchhappierafterhearingthatnews.)10.This“deep”measures30,246feet——almost6miles(9.6km). 本句中的deep做名词用,意思是“深处”,“海渊”(水深超过3000英里)。 measure在句子中做动词用,意思是“测量”,“有…深”。例如: 1)Thisroommeasures10metresacross.(这个房间宽10米。) 2)Thebridgemeasures17kilometreslong.(这座桥长17公里。)3)Thewatertankonlymeasures2metresdeep.(这只水箱只有2米深。)11.OneofthelongestmountainrangesoftheworldrisesfromtheflooroftheAtlantic.本句中的longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest,saltiest,deepest一样,都是形容词的最高级形式。因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词,所以,最高级的构成是在词尾加-est。对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词,最高级的构成是在形容词前面加most。请看例句:1)Hewantstomakeeverybodybelievethatheisthehappiestpersonintheworld. (他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。)2)ThisisthestrongesthorseIhaveeverseen.(这是我所见过的最强壮的马。)3)Thebosswantedtofindthemostcarefulemployees.(老板想找最细心的雇工。)4)黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。(YellowMountainisoneofthemostbeautifulmountainsIhaveeverknown.)5)这条高速公路是中国最长的。(ThisexpresswayisoneofthelongestinChina.)6)这本书是三本书中最有意思的。(Thisbookisthemostinterestingofthethree.)rise是一个不及物动词,在句子中的意思是“升起;隆起”。例如:1)Thesunrisesintheeast.(太阳在东方升起。)2)Givethechildsomemedicine,histemperatureisrising. (给孩子服药,他的体温在升高。)3)Themountainpeakrisesabovetheclouds.(山峰高耸入云。)请注意区别以下动词:1)rise不及物动词(起立;上升,高耸;浮现)Theoldladyrosetoherfeetwhensheheardthedoorbell.Thetowerrisestoaheightof70feet.Anidearisesinmymind.2)raise及物动词(举起;养育;提高;召集)Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleaseraiseyourhands.WhenFatherwasinthearmy,Motherhadahardtimeraisingthreechildren.Themanagementpromisedtoraisetheworkers'salaryafterthenegotiation.Hefailedtoraisethemoneyforhisfather'sheartoperation.3)arise不及物动词(升起;出现;由…引起)Heavysmokearosebeyondthemountain.Newproblemsarisewhenoldonesaresolved.Hisillnessarosefrommalnutrition.4)arouse及物动词(唤醒;激起,引起)Thenoiseoutsidearousedhimfromsleep.Themusicarousedafeelingofhomesicknessinhim.floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中,floor当然有其他的意思。如;1)Helivesontheseventhfloor.(他住在7楼。)\n2)Thewoodfloorgivesafeelingofwarmthinthewinter. (冬天时,木地板给我温暖的感觉。)3)Hewasgiventheflooratthemeeting.(他在会上得到了发言权。)4)Hedecidedtofloorthekitchenwithplastictiles.(他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。)12.Thetopsofafewofthemountainsreachupabovetheseaandmakeislandtop在句中做名词用,意思是“顶部,山顶”。例如:1)Hewasthefirsttoclimbtothetopofthehill.(他第一个爬上山顶。)2)Whenwestandonthetopofthemountain,thewholecityisinsight.(我们站在山顶时,整个城市尽收眼底)请翻译下面的句子,注意top的词类和意思:1)Heshoutedatthetopofhisvoice.(他放声高叫。)—n.2)Heisrunningatthetopofhisspeed.(他正以最快的速度奔跑。)—n.3)Heisthetopstudentintheclass.(他是班上的尖子学生。)—adj.4)Thisisthetopnewsoftheweek.(这是本周的头条新闻。)—adj.5)Hisfatherisatopdiplomaticadvisor.(他父亲是高级外交顾问。)—adj.6)Motherisgoingtotopthecakewithcream.(妈妈准备在蛋糕上浇奶油。)—v.7)Hetopshisfatherbyhalfahead.(他比父亲高出半个头。)—v.8)Sheneedsanewskirttomatchhertop.(她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。)—n.与top有关的词组:comeouttop(名列前茅)comeoutontop(出人头地)fromtoptobottom(从上到下,彻底地)fromtoptotoe(从头到脚;完全)ontopoftheworld(非常幸福;心满意足)13.SeveralhundredmileseastwardfromFloridathereisapartoftheoceancalledtheSargassoSea. calledtheSargassoSea是修饰ocean的定语从句,在其前省去了whichis。 请看下面的例句:1)Opportunitiesareoftenthing(that)youhavenotnoticedthefirsttimearound. (机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。) 2)Thereismuch(that)thelittleboycando.(有许多是那小男孩能做。)3)Heistherightperson(that)Iwanttodiscusstheproblemwith.(他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。)14.Inthedaysofsailingvesselsthecrewwereafraidtheywouldbebecalmedhere.Sometimestheywere.days常常指“时期,时代”,有时也表示“一生;生命”。请看例句:1)Inhisboyhooddays,heoftenwentswimmingandfishingwithhisfriends. (在他的童年时代,他常常和伙伴们一起游泳,钓鱼。)2)InthedaysofQueenVictoria,theBritishcolonyexpandedrapidly. (在维多利亚女王时代,英国殖民地迅速扩张。)3)Hehasexperiencedalotofhardshipsinhisdays.(他一生中吃了许多苦。)crew是一个集合名词,指“全体船员”,后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数,此句中谓语动词用的是复数were,因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels(船)上的船员。Sometimestheywere.句子中省略becalmed。15.TheAtlanticfurnishesmuchfoodforthepeopleonitsshores. furnishsth.tosb.意思是“为…提供”,我们同样可以用furnishsb.withsth.来表达这个意思。例如: Theyfurnishedblanketsandfoodtotherefugees.(他们为难民供应毯子和食物。) Nooneexpectedthathewouldfurnishtheinformationtotheopponent.(谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。)Luckily,theyhavefurnisheduswithacarandallthenecessarymaps. (幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。)16.Oneofitsfamousfishingregions,theGrandBanks,isnearNewfoundland. theGrandBanks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句: 1)ThistheorywasadvancedbyEinstein,afamousscientist. (这个理论是由著名科学家爱因斯坦提出的。) 2)ThisisMr.Benjamin,deanofourdepartment.(这是我们系主任本杰明先生。)3)QinghaiLake,thelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina,lies3,198metresabovesea-level. (中国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。)本课主要词组及句型词组:\n1.separatefrom 2.keepsb.fromdoingsth.3.beunwillingtodosth. 4.betweenAandB5.makesthunusual 6.so…that7.dryup 8.ontheaverage9.risefrom 10.furnishsthforsb.11.pileup 12.from…to句型:A.定语从句:1)TheAtlanticisoneoftheoceansthatseparatetheOldWorldfromtheNew.2)Oceancurrentsaffecttheclimatesofthelandnearwhichtheyflow.B.表语从句:1)Oneideawasthatitreachedoutto“theedgeoftheworld”.2)Anotherideawasthatattheequatortheoceanwouldbeboilinghot.C.结果状语从句:1)ThereissomuchwaterintheAtlanticthatitishardtoimaginehowmuchthereis.2)Wenowhavesuchfastwaysoftravellingthatthisbigoceanseemstohavegrownsmaller.D.形容词的比较级和最高级:1)TheAtlanticisonlyhalfasbigasthePacific,butstillitisverylarge.2)Itismorethan4,000mileswidewhereColumbuscrossedit.3)Evenatitsnarrowestitisabout2,000mileswide.4)Also,itistheworld'ssaltiestocean.5)ThedeepestspotisnearPuertoRico.E.beoneof+复数名词TheAtlanticOceanisoneoftheoceansthatseparatetheOldWorldfromtheNew.F.ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itwouldtaketheoceanabout4,000yearstodryup.地理名称1.(七)大洲和(四)大洋Asia(亚洲)Europe(欧洲)Africa(非洲)NorthAmerica(北美洲)SouthAmerica(南美洲)Oceania(大洋洲)theAntarctic(南极洲)TheAtlantic(大西洋)thePacific(太平洋)theIndian(印度洋)theArctic(北冰洋)2.常用词continent(大陆)continentalshelf(大陆架)subcontinent(次大陆)iceberg(冰山)mountainrange(山脉)volcano(火山)delta(三角洲)waterfall(瀑布)gulf(海湾)straits;channel(海峡)coastline(海岸线)beach(海滩)3.大西洋之最1)TheAtlanticisthesecondlargestoceanintheworld2)TheAtlanticisthesaltiestoceanintheworld3)PuertoRicoTrenchisthedeepestintheAtlanticOcean.4)GulfStreamisthestrongestwarmwatercurrentintheAtlanticOcean.5)TheGrandBanksnearNewfoundlandisthemostprosperousfishingregionintheworld.6)ThedrainageareaoftheAtlanticisfourtimesthatofthePacificortheIndian.2.主要属海和岛屿theMississippi密西西比河theHudson哈得逊河theAmazon亚马逊河theCongo刚果河BaffinBay巴芬湾theNigeria尼日利亚河theRhine莱茵河theCaribbeanSea加勒比海theMexicanGulf墨西哥湾\ntheHudsonBay哈得逊湾theMediterraneanSea地中海theBlackSea黑海theNorthSea北海theBalticSea波罗的克海Iceland冰岛Greenland格陵兰岛FaeroeIslands法罗群岛ShetlandIslands设得兰岛Bermudas百慕大群岛Azores亚速尔群岛Grenada格陵纳达岛Antilles安的列斯群岛TrinidadIslands特里尼达群岛MalvinasIslands马尔维纳斯群岛Bahamas巴哈马群岛TextBTheMoon短语表达1.tieto(与…联系在一起;使束缚于…)Heisseriouslyillandhasbeentiedtohisbedforalmostamonth. (他病得厉害,已经卧床近一个月了。)Studytiessmokingtomanydiseases.(据研究,许多疾病与抽烟有关。)IamsorryIdidn'thavethetimetogoshoppingwithyou.Iwastiedtohousework. (很抱歉我没能有时间和你一起去购物,家务杂事把我拴住了。)2.exceptfor(除了…之外)Theroomisemptyexceptforsomechairs.(房间里除了一些椅子空荡荡。)Yourcompositioniswellwrittenexceptforsomespellingmistakes.(除了几处拼写错误,你的文章写的不错)3.benearto(靠近)Theparkisneartoourschool.Let'sgoboating.(公园离我们学校很近,我们去划船吧。)Thepolicestationisneartoourcommunity.Itiswithinwalkingdistance. (警察局离我们社区很近,步行就能到达。)4.facetowards(朝向)Myofficeisinthebuildingthatfacestowardsthestreet.(我的办公室在那座朝街的楼里。)Hisnewhousefacestowardsthesouth.(他的新房子朝南。)5.keep…inmind(把…记在心里)Iamnotsureifhewouldkeepwhatyouhavesaidinmind. (我不能肯定他是否会把你说的话记在心里。)Iwillkeepthisinmindforfuturereference.(我会记住这个,供以后参考。)6.lightup(变亮;使容光焕发)Herfacelightedupwhensheheardthenews.(听到那个消息,她面露喜色。)Hisfacewaslighted(lit)upwithexcitement.(他因兴奋而满面春风。)7.reflect(反射)Mirrorsreflectlight.(镜子反射光。)Thewhitesandreflectedthesun'sheat(白沙地反射太阳的热气。).Thelightreflectedfromthewaterintomyeyes.(光线投过水面反射到我眼里。)8.…enoughforsb.todosth.(足以让某人做某事)Theroomisbigenoughforustohaveadancingparty. (这间房够大了,我们可以在里面开舞会。)Thebasketislightenoughforthelittleboytocarry.(这只篮子很轻,那个小男孩能提动。)9.speakof(提到,说起)Ihaveneverheardhimspeakofhispast.(我从来没有听他提起他的过去。)Shealwayslooksproudwhenshespeaksofherson. (说到她的儿子她总是很自豪的样子。)10.otherwise(不然;另外的)HeremindedmeofwhatImightotherwisehaveforgotten. (他提醒了我,不然我可能会忘记那件事。)Heisalittlecareless,butheisotherwisequitesuitableforthejob. (他有点粗心,除此以外,他倒是很适合这个工作的。)Heishonest,buthistwinbrotherisotherwise.(他很诚实,而他的孪生兄弟则不然。)11.nothingbut(仅仅,除了…之外没有什么)\nThereisnothingbutapieceofbreadinthecupboard.(食橱里除了一片面包什么也没有。)Heaskedfornothingbuttrust.(除了信任,他什么要求都没有。)TextAInprovingYourMemory本课主要语言点1.psychologicaladj.心理学的Psychologicalfactorsoftenplayanimportantpartinwinningacompetition.(在赢得一场比赛中,心理因素常常起着重要作用。)Makesureallthekidsarepsychologicallyhealthy.(确保孩子们心理健康。)(thepersonwhostudieshumanmind-心理学家)在希腊语中,psycho表示“灵魂”,“精神”,“心理”。在英语中,有不少词是用psycho做前缀构成的。除了刚才提到的psychology,psychological,psychologist以外,常见的还有:psychoanalysis(精神分析),psychotherapy(心理疗法)等。2.focusv.(使)聚焦,(使)集中(focuson) n.焦点,中心Heisfocusinghiseyesonapaintingonthewall.(他正注视着墙上的一幅画。)Pleasefocusyourattentiononthemainproblems.(请把注意力集中在主要问题上。)Thisareabecamethefocusoftheworld'sattentionagain.(这一地区再次成为世界注意的中心。)The27thOlympicGamesisnowthefocusofpeople'sinterest.(眼下第二十七届奥运会是人们兴趣的中心。)3.basicadj.基本的,基础的Theydidn'tmakeanyefforttosolvethebasiceconomicproblems.(他们没有做任何努力去解决基本的经济问题。)Heevendidn'thaveabasicaiminlife.(他连生活的基本目标都没有。)Therearecertainfactorsthatarebasictoagoodrelationshipbetweenthetwocountries.(有些因素对两国之间的良好关系是很重要的。)Itisnecessarytoteachthemsomebasicmathematicalskills.(教他们一些基本的数学技能是必要的。)4.principlen.原理,原则;信念principaladj.主要的n.校长,负责人;委托人Hewon'tgiveinasitisamatterofprinciple.(这是一个原则问题,他不会让步的。)Thetwomachinesworkonthesameprinciple.(这两台机器的工作原理是一样的。)Nomatterwhatyoudo,itisimportantthatyouhavemoralprinciple.(无论你做什么,道义很重要。)RiceistheprincipalfoodformostoftheChinesepeople.(米饭是大多数中国人的主食。)Goandaskalltheprincipalpersonsconcernedtocomehere.(去请所有有关的主要人员到这儿来。)Sheistheprincipalofthatschool.(她是那所学校的校长。)5.meaningfulnessn.富有意义meanv.表示…意思,意味着;打算meaningn.意思,意义meaningfuladj.有意思的,意味深长的meaninglessadj.没有意思的Meaningfulnessandorganizationarethetwobasicprinciplesthathelpmemory. (信息的意义和组织是有助于记忆的两个基本原则。)Idon'tknowwhathemeantbytellingmethenews.(我不知道他把这个消息告诉我是什么意思。)Canyouexplainthemeaningofthewordtome?(你能把这个单词的意思给我解释一下吗?)Theyfailedtogetmeaningfulresultsfromtheexperiment.(他们在实验中没有得到任何有意义的结果。)Itismeaninglesstoargueanyfurther.(再争辩下去没有任何意义。)6.organizationn.组织;机构organizev.组织ChinawillsurelybecomeamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).(中国一定会成为世界贸易组织的一员。)Everythingisinamessbecausethereisacompletelackoforganization.(由于组织工作的缺乏,一切处于混乱之中。)\nHeorganizedastrikeforbetterworkingconditions.(为了争取更好的工作条件,他组织了一次罢工。)Hethoughtthemeetingwasbadlyorganized.(他认为会议组织得很糟糕。)7.associationn.联合,结合;交往;协会associatev.使联合;把…联想起来;交往(associatewith)associateadj.副的TheculturalactivitywasorganizedbytheChinesePeople'sAssociationforFriendshipwithForeignCountries.(这一文化活动是由中国人民对外友好协会组织的。)Thepictureremindedmeofmybriefassociationwiththeoldladyyearsago.(这幅画使我想起了多年前我与那位老太太的短暂交往。)Herhometownhashappyassociationsforher.(她的家乡给了她许多美好的联想。)Itisreallydifficultformetoassociatethetwoideas. (对我来说把这两个观点联系起来很困难。)Hespentallhissparetimeassociatingwithboysfromtheneighboringcommunity.(他把所有的业余时间都花在与邻近社区男孩的交往上。)PeoplealwaysassociatethenameofAbrahamLincolnwiththeAmericanCivilWar.(人们总是把亚伯拉罕-林肯的名字与美国内战联系在一起。)anassociateprofessor副教授 anassociateeditor副主编8.visualizationn.想像,设想visualizev.设想,想像visualadj.视觉的;看的见的;形象化的Likemeaningfulnessandorganization,visualizationisalsohelpfultomemory.(如同意义和组织,想像也有助于记忆。)Ijustcannotvisualizewhatmightbecomeofhim.(我无法想像他会变成什么样。)EventhoughIwasnotthere,Icaneasilyvisualizethescene.(尽管我不在那儿,那儿的情景我不难想像。)Icannotsayforsureifitwasyourvisualillusion.(我不能肯定这是不是你的视错觉。)Thestorieshewroteareextremelyvisual.(他写的故事非常生动。)9.rhymev.韵,押韵rhythmn.节奏Icannotthinkofarhymefor“seven”.(我想不出一个跟“seven”同韵的词。)ShecalledhimGuppy,torhymewithpuppy.(她叫他Guppy,是为了跟puppy押韵。)Therhythmofhisspeechheldtheattentionoftheaudience.(他讲话时语调的抑扬顿挫抓住了听众的注意力。)Humanbiologicalrhythmsarerelatedtothenaturalcycleofdayandnight.(人的生物节奏与昼夜的自然循环有关。)10.abilityn.能力,才能Humanbeingshavetheabilitytolearnandusealanguage.(人类有学会和使用语言的能力。)Nomatterwhatyoudo,trytodoittothebestofyourability.(不管做什么,你都要尽力而为。)Hisabilitytomaster5foreignlanguageswinshimtheadmirationofallhisclassmates.(他能掌握五门外语的能力赢得了所有同学的钦佩。)Hehasgoodspeakingability,buthiswritingabilityispoor.(他说的能力很好,但写的能力差。)Heisamanofoutstandingability.(他是一个有非凡才能的人。)11.randomadj.胡乱的,任意的,随意的 n.无目的或目标Thewaythebookswerearrangedseemedcompletelyrandom.(图书排列的方式似乎很随意。)Thisisjustarandomselectionofallthecomplaintswehavereceivedaboutourafterservice.(我们只是对所收到的有关售后服务方面的投诉随意地选择了一下。)Heopenedthebooksatrandom.(他胡乱地打开了书。)Whenhiswifewasaway,hepiledthesoileddishesinthekitchenatrandom.(他妻子外出时,他把脏碟子乱七八糟地堆在厨房里。)12.categorizev.分类categoryn.种类;范畴;部门\nIfyoucategorizetheinformationyouneedtoremember,youwillfinditmucheasier.(如果你把所需记忆的信息分类,你就会觉得记忆起来要容易得多。)Theycategorized200songsasfolksongs.(他们把两百首歌归为民歌类歌曲。)Thesebooksfallintothecategoryofreferencebooks.(这些书属参考书类。)Hisresearchdoesnotbelongtothecategoryofnaturalscience.(他的研究不属于自然科学范畴。)13.followingadj.接着的,下述的 prep.在…之后thefollowing如下Hepromisedtheoldmanthathewouldcomeandseehimagainthefollowingday.(他答应老人第二天再来看他。)Afterthemeetingthefollowingteacherswillstay.(会后,以下的老师请留下。)Thefollowingexampleswillprovemypoint.(下面的例子将证实我的观点。)Followingthediscussionadecisionwasmade.(讨论之后便做出了决定。)Followingtheconcerthewenthome.(音乐会后,他就回了家。)Thefollowingareworthyofyourattention.(以下几点值得你们注意。)Thewinnersofthecompetitionarethefollowing:…(竞赛获胜者如下:…)14.needlessadj.不需要的,不必要的Needlesstosay,Idon'tthinkmuchoftheproposalheputforwardatthemeeting.(不用说,我觉得他在会上提的建议不怎么样。)Youdon'thavetotakesuchaneedlessrisk.(你不用去冒这种不必要的险。)Don'tyouthinkitisawasteoftimetogivehimsomuchneedlessare?(你不觉得给他这么多不必要的关心是浪费时间吗?)15.referv.(to)提到,涉及;参考,查阅;把…归到…上;使向…请教;有关联referencen.参考;提及;关联Thewholethingisfinishednow,pleasedon'trefertoit.(整个事情都结束了,不要再提了。)Heoftenreferstoadictionaryforthespellingandmeaningofaword.(他常常翻词典查阅词的拼写和意思。)Hereferredtoherformerclassmatesforhercharacter.(他向她以前的同学询问她的品行。)Hereferredhisdefeattopoorhealth.(他把自己的失败归因于身体不好。)ShereferredmetoProf.Wangfordetailedinformation.(他叫我去王教授那儿询问详情。)Thedoctorreferredhertoaheartspecialist.(医生嘱咐她转诊于一位心脏病专家。)Theseanswersareforreferenceonly.(这些答案仅供参考。)Hisplayisfullofreferencestothepoliticaleventsofthosedays.(他的剧本涉及当时的许多政治事件。)16.relatev.(to)有关联;叙述,讲述relatedadj.有关的,相关的relationn.关系,联系Herelatedthestoryvividlytothewholeclass.(他向全班同学生动地讲述了那个故事。)Idon'tunderstandhowtheresultrelatedto/withthecause.(我不理解结果和原因如何关联。)Ifyouwantmetodothis,youhavetogivemealltherelatedmaterial.(如果你想让我做这件事,你得把所有相关的材料给我。)Don'tworrytoomuchaboutthem,theyhaveverygoodrelations.(别太为他们担心,他们的关系很好。)Thetwocountrieshaveestablishedtraderelations.(两国建立了贸易关系。)17.accuratelyadv.准确地,精确地accurateadj.准确的,精确的accuracyn.准确,精确Rememberthatyouhavetodothisworkcarefullyandaccurately.(记住,这项工作得做得细心而准确。)RightnowIcannotgiveyouaveryaccurateestimate.(现在我不能给你一个非常准确的估计。)Herequiredthatthetypingshouldbedonewithgreataccuracy.(他要求打字必须十分准确。)18.memorizev.熟记,记住OurEnglishteacheraskedustomemorizethewordswelearnedtoday.\n(我们英语老师要求我们熟记今天所学的英语单词。)Itisnoeasythingformetomemorizeallthesetelephonenumbers.(熟记这些电话号码对我来说真不是一件容易的事情。)19.repeatv.重复repetitionn.重复Ididn'tquitecatchwhatyousaidjustnow.Willyoupleaserepeatit?(我没有听清你刚才说的话,请你重复一遍,好吗?)Wecannotrepeatourmistakes.(我们不能重复自己的错误。)Repetitionisnecessaryinlanguageteachingandlearning.(重复在语言教学中是必要的。)Hememorizedhislinesaftermanyrepetitions.(经过多次重复他终于熟记了台词。)20.preservev.保护,维持;保存Youwillsoonbenear-sightedifyoudon'tpreserveyoureyesightfromnow.(如果你不从现在起保护视力,你很快会近视的。)WhatdoyouthinktheUnitedNationscandoinpreservingworldpeace?(你觉得联合国能为维护世界和平做些什么?)Deepfreezingisthesimplestwayofpreservingfood.(深冻是保藏食品最简便的方法。)词缀法1.名词后缀–ation;tion;sionorganization,visualization,information,preservation,integration,relation,association,repetition,separation,addition2.动词后缀–izeorganize,memorize,visualize,categorize,familiarize3.名词后缀–encereference,difference4.名词后缀–itysimilarity,familairity本课简介 本课介绍了在如何增强记忆方面心理学所做的研究。信息的意义,组织,联想和想像是有助于记忆的几个基本原则。如何运用这些基本原则呢?课文对此一一作了介绍,条理十分清楚。学了本课,相信会有收获。本课语言点1.Psychologicalresearchhasfocusedonanumberofbasicprinciplesthathelpsmemory.research在本句中做名词,这个词也可以做动词用。请看下面的例句,注意research的词类和用法:1)Anexcellentpieceofresearchwonhimtheinternationalprize.(一项出色的研究使他获得了国际大奖。)2)Researchshowsthatthepotentialofman'sbrainislimitless.(研究表明人脑的潜力是无限的。)3)Muchresearchhasbeendoneon/intodiseasesofblood.(在血液病方面人们做了很多的研究。)4)Scientistshavebeenresearchingon/intothecausesofbraindamage.(科学家们一直对脑损伤的起因进行研究。)5)Theyfeltverymuchdisappointedastheyhadbeenresearchingforthreeyearsbutwithnoresult.(做了三年的研究而没有任何结果,他们感到很失望。)focuson是一个常用词组,意思是“集中”,在生词部分已作了较为详细的讲解,在此,请翻译几个句子:1)他今天准是累了,他无法把注意力集中在工作上。(Hemustbeverytiredtoday,hejustcouldn'tfocushisattentiontohiswork.)2)她觉得很不自在,因为所有的目光都注视着她。(Shefeltveryuneasyasalleyeswerefocusedonher.)3)这本书着重谈了中东的形势。(ThisbookfocusesonthesituationintheMiddleEast.)anumberof的意思是“许多”。请看下面的例句,注意anumberof和thenumberof的区别:1)Anumberoffactorieshavebeenshutdownbecauseofpollutionproblems.(由于污染问题许多工厂被关闭了。)2)Anumberofstudentshavehandedintheirapplicationforms.(许多学生都递交了申请表。)\n3)Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolincreaseseveryyear.(我们学校的学生人数每年都在增加。)4)Thenumberofpassengerswhowereinjuredintheaccidentisstillunknown.(在事故中受伤的乘客人数还不知道。)2.Itisusefultoknowhowtheseprincipleswork.it在句中做形式主语,真正的主语toknowhowtheseprincipleswork,此类结构我们在第一和第二单元已有了解。请看下面的句子:1)Itisnecessarytolearnhowtousethecomputer.(学会如何使用计算机很有必要。)2)Itisimportanttofindoutwhytheforestfirebrokeout.(找出森林大火的原因很重要。)3)Itisdifficulttoknowwhatheisthinkingabout.(要想知道他在想什么很困难。)work在本句中的意思是“起作用;产生影响”,请翻译下面的句子:1)Thedoctorsaidthatthemedicinewouldwork.(医生说药会起作用的。)2)Theydidn'tthinkhisplanwouldwork.(他们认为他的计划行不通。)3)Theydidn'texpectthattheteacher'sencouragementwouldworksuchachangeinhim.(他们没有料到老师的鼓励会使他产生如此变化。)3.Meaningfulnessaffectsmemoryatalllevels.affect是动词,意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆,请注意下面的句子:1)Thedroughtwouldsurelyaffecttheharvest.(这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。)2)Excessivesmokingaffectedhishealth,badcoughsoftenmadeitdifficulttobreathe.(过度吸烟影响了他的健康,严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。)3)Psychologistsbelievethatcolorshaveadefiniteeffectonpeople.(心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。)4)Wecouldallseetheeffectsoftheillnessonhim.(我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。)5)职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。(Thechangeinpositiongreatlyaffectedhisincome.)6)他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。(Whathesaidhadlittleeffectontheaudience.)4.Informationthatdoesn'tmakeanysensetoyouisdifficulttoremember.that引导的定语从句修饰information;主句是Informationisdifficulttoremember.不定式toremember用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子:1)Einsteinwaseasytogetalongwith.(爱因斯坦很容易相处。)2)Tomanyforeigners,Chineseishardtolearn.(对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。)3)Thewaterinthisriverisnotfittodrink.(这条河里的水不适合饮用。)4)Thisquestionisverydifficulttoanswer.(这个问题很难回答。)makesense的意思是“有意义;可理解”。请看下面的句子:1)Nomatterhowyoureadit,thissentencedoesn'tmakeanysensetome.(无论你怎么读,我都不理解这个句子。)2)Whatthewriterwantedtoexpressinhisbookdoesn'tmakeanysensetothereaders.(读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。)3)Hisexplanationmakesnosensetohisstudents.(学生们不理解他的解释。)5.Organizationalsomakesadifferenceinourabilitytoremember.动词不定式toremember在句中做定语,修饰名词ability。请看下面的句子:1)Youshouldhaveconfidenceinyourabilitytofulfillthetask.(你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。)2)Hehaskeptthepromisetocomeearlyinthemorning.(他遵守了一大早来的诺言。)3)Theyhavethedeterminationtoovercomeallthedifficulties.(他们有克服所有困难的决心。)4)Wecouldseeheranxietytosolvetheproblem.(我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。)makeadifference的意思是“有关系;有影响;起作用”。请看下面的句子:1)Whathesaidwouldnotmakeanydifferenceinmydecision-making.(他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。)2)Yourparticipationintheworkwillmakeagreatdifference.(你参与我们的工作,情况就不一样了。)3)Moneywon'tmakemuchdifferencetohim.(钱对他起不了多大作用。)4)Ididn'tliketheappearanceofthehouse,butthelocationandpricemadeallthedifference.\n(我不喜欢那房子的外观,但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。)6.Materialthatisorganizedisbetterrememberedthanjumbledinformation.句中的better是副词well的比较级形式,意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子:1)Thisstoryisbetterwrittenthanthatone.(这个故事写得比那个好。)2)Thisroomisbetterfurnishedthanthatone.(这间屋子装饰得比那间好。)3)Thisteamisbettertrainedthanthatone.(这个队训练得比那个队好。)4)Thisjobisbetterpaidthanthatone.(这份工作的报酬比那份高。)information是一个不可数名词,不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句:1)Therearemanywaysofobtaininginformation.(获得信息的途径很多。)2)SofarIhaven'tgotanyinformationaboutthegame.(我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。)3)Iamsurethispieceofinformationwillbeofgreatvaluetothem.(我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。)7.Chunkingconsistsofgroupingseparatebitsofinformation.在第一单元的TextB中我们已经对consistof有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”,它与bemadeupof;becomposedof的意思相近,但consistof不用被动语态。请看例句:1)TheUnitedStatesconsistsof50states.(美国由50个州组成。)2)TheUnitedKingdomconsistsofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.(英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。)3)Theirteamismadeupof6teammembers.(他们队由6名队员组成。)4)Ourclassismadeupof45students.(我们班由45名同学组成。)abit在句中的意思是“一点,一些”,它可以用在形容词的前面,但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用abitof。请看下面的例句:1)Iamabittiredtoday.(我今天有点累。)2)Hesaidhewasbithungry.(他说他有点饿。)3)Yourarticleisabitlongforourpaper.(你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。)4)Hegavethebirdabitofwater.(他给了鸟儿一点水。)5)Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldgivemeabitofgoodadvice.(如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。)6)IonlyknowabitofSpanish.(我只懂一点点西班牙语。)8.Categorizingisanothermeansoforganization.句中的means是一个名词,意思是“方式;手段”,它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句:1)Thequickestmeansoftravelisbyplane.(最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。)2)Bicycleisthemostconvenientmeansoftransport.(自行车是最方便的交通工具。)3)Emailisamodernmeansofcommunication.(电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。)4)Hemeanswhathesays.(他说话算数。)5)Forgettingthepastmeansbetrayal.(忘记过去就意味着背叛。)9.Manypeoplewillgroupthemintosimilarcategoriesandrememberthemasfollows:groupinto在句中的意思是“把…分组;把…归类”。请看例句:1)Wecangrouptheanimalsintoseveraltypes.(我们可以把这些动物归成几类。)2)Groupthewordsintosimilarcategoriesandtheywillbemoreeasilytoremember.(把类型相似的单词归类,记起来就更容易了。)asfollows的意思是“如下”,请看例句:1)Thefulltextreadsasfollows:(全文如下:)2)Theresultsareasfollows:(结果如下:)10.Associationreferstotakingthematerialwewanttorememberandrelatingittosomethingwerememberaccurately.referto这一词组的意思很多,我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及;指”。请看下面的句子:1)InthesecondchapterIwillrefertothispointagain.(在第二章中,我还会提到这一点的。)2)Thenumbersinmyarticlerefertothefootnotes.(我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。)\n3)Theauthorreferredtohisgrandfatherseveraltimesinhisstory.(作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。)wewanttoremember和werememberaccurately都是省略了that的定语从句,前者修饰material,后者修饰something。请看例句:1)Thebookyougavemeisveryinteresting.(你给我的那本书很有趣。)2)Thenewshetoldmedisturbedallofusgreatly.(他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。)3)Theinformationyougatheredisofgreathelptome.(你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。)句子中的it指的是thematerial。relate…to在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”,请看例句:1)Histalkmainlyrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection.(他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。)2)Thisregulationrelatesonlytochildrenunder12.(这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。)11.Researchhasshownstrikingimprovementsinmanytypesofmemorytaskswhenpeopleareaskedtovisualizetheitemstoberemembered.striking在句子中做形容词用,意思是“显著的,引人注目的”,请看例句:1)Theymadeastrikingcommercialsuccesswithin5years.(在5年的时间里,他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。)2)Helen'sfacialfeaturesboreastrikingresemblancetohermother's.(海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。)3)Iamnotsurewhetherhecanmakeitthistime.Ijustfeelhehasastrikinglackofconfidence.(我不能确定他这次能否成功,其只是觉得他明显信心不足。)toberemembered不定式的被动形式做定语,修饰theitems。请看例句:1)Therearealotofthingstobedone.(有很多事要做。)2)Areyougoingtothepressconferencetobeheldthisweekend?(你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗?)3)ThiswasthefirstprojecttobedesignedJohn'sbrother.(这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。)12.Inonestudy,subjectsinonegroupwereaskedtolearnsomewordsusingimagery,whilethesecondgroupusedrepetitiontolearnthewords.subject在本句中做名词用,意思是“受试者,实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多,请看例句,注意subject的词义:1)Thesubjectoftoday'sdiscussionis“PopulationandEducation”.(今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。)2)Theteacherexplainedindetailsthesubjectofthestorytothewholeclass.(老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。)3)Howmanysubjectsareyoutakingthissemester?(这学期你选几门课?)4)Hebecamethesubjectforridicule.(他成了人们取笑的对象。)5)Rabbitsandmiceareoftensubjectsformedicalexperiments.(兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。)6)HeisaChinesesubject.(他是中国国民。)7)Thissentencedoesn'thaveasubject.(这个句子没有主语。)subject还常常做动词或形容词用,请看例句:1)Thecountrywasoncesubjectedtoforeignrule.(这个国家曾一度受外国统治。)2)Taipeiwassubjectedtoseriousearthquakeslastyear.(台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。)3)Weareallsubjecttothelawsofnature.(我们都要受自然规律的支配。)4)Thechildisverysubjecttocoughs.(这孩子动不动就咳嗽。)5)Allmenaresubjecttodeath.(人总有一死。)while在句子中做连词用,意思是“而,然而”。while也是一个多义词,请注意下面例句中while的意思:1)Strikewhiletheironishot.(趁热打铁。)2)Helistenedtotheradiowhilehewasdoinghishomework.(他一边听收音机,一边做作业。)3)Heistalkativewhilehistwinbrotherisoffewwords.(他很健谈,而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。)4)Whiletheoldmanisrespected,heisnotwellliked.(这个老人很受尊敬,但不太受喜欢。)5)Youwillsucceedsoonerorlaterwhileyoudon'tloseheart.(只要你不失去信心,你迟早会成功。)usingimagery分词做状语,表示方式,请看例句:\n1)Theystoodtherewaitingforthebus.2)Shehadtoworkstandingup.13.Thusforminganintegratedimagewithalltheinformationplacedinasinglementalpicturecanhelpustopreserveamemory.划线部分是该句的主要成分,forminganintegratedimage动名词短语做主语,canhelp做谓语,ustopreserveamemory做复合宾语。斜体部分是一个“with+名词+过去分词”的独立结构,做方式状语,修饰动名词短语forminganintegratedimage。不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构,做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见,在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句:1)WouldyoulikeTomtogowithyou?(你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗?)2)Hewantsyoutoseehimintheafternoon.(他想让你下午去见他。)3)Fatherencouragedhimtostudyharder.(父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。)4)Iwillgetsomeonetohelpyou.(我去找个人来帮你。)“with+名词+过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见,请看例句:1)Withtheproblemsolved,theplanisgoingonsmoothly.(随着这个问题的解决,计划正顺利进行。)2)Standingthereisatorturetoher,withsomanyeyesfixedonher.(这么多人注视着她,于她而言,站在那儿是一种折磨。)本课主要词组及句型词组:1.focuson2.anumberof3.atalllevels4.makesense5.makeadifference6.inrandomorder7.consistof8.groupinto9.asfollows10.needlesstosay11.referto12.relate…to13.associatewith14.comparewith句型:A.定语从句1)Psychologicalresearchhasfocusedonanumberofbasicprinciplesthathelpsmemory.2)Informationthatdoesnotmakeanysensetoyouisdifficulttoremember3)Thereareseveralwaysinwhichwecanmakematerialmoremeaningful.4)Materialthatisorganizedisbetterrememberedthanjumbledinformation.5)Associationreferstotakingthematerialwewanttorememberandrelatingittosomethingwerememberaccurately.B.动名词做主语1)Chunkingconsistsofgroupingseparatebitsofinformation.2)Categorizingisanothermeansoforganization.3)Forminganintegratedimagewithalltheinformationplacedinasinglementalpicturecanhelpustopreserveamemory.TextBShort-termMemory\n短语表达1.atalatertimeGoaheadwithyourwork,Iwillgiveyouacallatalatertime.IamnotsureifIcanrememberallthisatalatertime.2.incontrast(with/to)Helenisverytalkative.Incontrast,hereldersisterissilent.HisrudenesswasinstrikingcontrastwithJack'sthoughtfulness.3.lookupIdon'trememberTom'stelephonenumber,willyoupleaselookitupinthetelephonebookforme?Lookupthedictionaryforthemeaningofthisnewword.4.beunabletoIamreallysorrythatIwasunabletogiveyouacallbeforehand.Hewasunabletoprovideuswithmoreinformation.5.bereleasedfromHewasreleasedfromprisonafterhehadbeenkepttherefor5years.Hewasreleasedfromahospitallastweekaftertreatmentforadisease.6.berewardedwithThewinnerwasrewardedwithgiftoffruitandflowers.Iftheratcouldfindtherightdoor,itwouldberewardedwithfood.TextAFallaciesaboutFood本课主要单词1.fallacyn.谬误;谬论;错误的推理或信念Thattheearthisflatusedtobeapopularfallacy.(地球是扁平的这一谬误曾一度很流行。)Needlesstosay,thisstatementisbasedonfallacy.(不用说,这是一个基于谬误推理的陈述。)Whatyouhadseencouldn'tbetrue,itmightbeafallacyoftheeye.(你所看到的不可能是真的,也许是你的视错觉。)2.qualityn.质量;品质,特性 adj.优质的,高级的Heisamanofmanygoodqualities.(他具有许多优秀品质。)Thequalityofyourproductsissuperiortothatofours.(你们的产品质量比我们的好。)Theypromisedthattheywouldofferthecommunityavarietyofqualityservices.(他们承诺为社区提供多项优质服务。)Youhavenoreasontodeprivemeoftherighttoaqualityeducation.(你没有理由剥夺我受良好教育的权利。)qualifyv.使合适,使胜任Iamnotverysureifheisqualifiedforthejob.(我不很肯定他是否胜任这份工作。)Hisskillsqualifyhimforthejob.(他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。)qualifiedadj.有资格的;称职的Whatareyougoingtodowithallthesepoorlyqualifiedofficers?(你会拿这些不称职的军官怎么样呢?)Heistryinghardtomakehimselfaqualifiedteacher.(他在努力使自己成为一个称职的教师。)3.savageadj.野蛮的,未开化的;凶猛的,残酷的 n.野蛮人,粗野的人Mostofthetimeelephantsaretamebuttheycanbeverysavage.(大多数时候大象很温顺,但他们也会大发野性。)Noonecanputupwithhissavagemanners.(谁也忍受不了他的粗暴态度。)Theydon'tknowwhatwillbetherewaitingforthemoncetheygettothesavagewilderness.(他们不知道进入蛮荒之后等待他们的会是什么。)Hewasafraidthathewouldencountersomesavagesifhestayedonthatisolatedisland.(他担心呆在孤岛上会碰上野蛮人。)\n4.triben.种族,部落;(动植物)族,类Thisattitudestillremainsinsomeprimitivetribes.(这种观念在一些原始部落中依然存在。)Theydidn'tquiteexpectthatthetribeofcatscouldgivethemsomuchtrouble.(他们没有料到猫族会给他们带来如此多的麻烦。)5.braveryn.勇敢,大胆 braveadj.勇敢的 v.冒(危险等);敢于做(某事)Beinganurserequiresinfinitepatienceandbravery.(做护士需要无限的耐心和勇敢。)Hemadeabraveattempttopreventthegroupfighting.(他勇敢地试图阻止群殴。)Theybravedallthedangersanddifficultiesincompletingtheirwork.(他们冒着各种危险和困难完成了任务。)6.eageradj.热切的,渴望的beeagertodosth.渴望做某事beeagerfor/aboutsth.渴求某事eagerbeaver做事异常卖力的人;雄心勃勃的人Theeagercrowdstreamedintothehall.(急切的人群涌进了大厅。)Sheopenedthetelegramwitheagerfingers.(她用手指急不可奈地拆开了电报。)Theteacherfoundallthestudentswereeagertoexpresstheiropinions.(老师发现所有的学生都渴望表述自己的观点。)Iameagerfortheperformancetobegin.(我热切地等待着演出的开始。)7.civilizedadj.文明的,开化的civilizationn.文明,文化Theiraimistocreateanorderly,justandcivilizedsociety.(他们的目标是建立一个有序,公正而文明的社会。)ProfessorSmithisgoingtogiveusalectureonthehistoryofWesterncivilization.(史密斯教授将给我们做有关西方文明史的讲座。)Chinaisoneofthefourancientcivilizations.(中国是四大文明古国之一。)8.rootn.根;根本,根源; v.(使)生根,(使)扎根Theediblepartofthisplantisitsroot.(这种植物的可食部分是根。)Sheflushedtotherootofherhair.(她羞得满脸通红。)Thelustformoneyistherootofallevils.(贪财是一切罪恶的根源。)Herloveforthemothercountryisdeeplyrooted.(她对祖国的爱坚贞不移。)Hesatthererootedlikeastatue.(他像一尊雕塑一样一动不动地坐在那儿。)9.magicn.魔法,魔力;魔术 magicaladj.有魔力的;神秘的 magiciann.魔术师;巫师Theprincewasturnedbymagicintoabeast.(王子被魔法变成了一只野兽。)Wearetryingtofindsomeonetodosomemagicattheparty.(我们正找人在晚会上玩魔术。)Themagicofmusicisbeyondwords.(音乐的魅力无法用言语形容。)Heusedtobelievethattheoldladyhadmagicalpowers.(他曾以为那个老太太有魔力。)Noonewouldeverforgetthismagicalexperience.(谁也不会忘记这一神秘的经历。)Themagicianwavedhiswandandtherabbitdisappeared.(魔术师挥了挥魔杖,兔子不见了。)(注意:magic也可以做形容词用,词义和magical一样。但是magic通常只能做定语用,而magical既可做定语用也可做表语用。)10.poisonousadj.有毒的 poisonn.&v.毒药;中毒,毒死;破坏Becareful!Itisoneofthemostpoisonoussnakesintheworld.(小心,这是世界上最毒的一种蛇。)Don'teattheleavesofthisplant,theyarepoisonous.(别吃这种植物的叶子,有毒!)Ifhedrankthepoison,hewouldprobablydie.(如果他喝了这毒药,他可能会死。)Oneman'shoneyisanotherman'spoison.(对甲有利未必对乙也有利。)Hepoisonedhiswife.(他毒死了自己的妻子。)\nIndustrialwastesarepoisoningtheatmosphere.(工业废料在污染着大气。)Hehadpoisonedthepoliticallifeofthenation.(他破坏了这个国家的政治生活。)11.overseasadv.在海外,在国外 adj.海外的,国外的Hesaidhewouldtraveloverseasifhehadalongholiday.(他说如果有长假,他就去国外旅游。)Thesecompaniesareinvestinglargesumsoverseas.(这些公司正向海外进行高额投资。)TheoverseasChinesedonatedmedicineandclothestothefloodedarea.(海外华人向受灾地区捐赠药品和服装。)Thereisavastoverseasmarketforourgoods.(我们的产品有广阔的海外市场。)12.widespreadadj.分布广的,普遍的Therewasawidespreadbeliefthatshecommittedsuicide.(人们普遍认为她是自杀的。)Industrialrobotswillbeinwidespreaduse.(工业机器人将会广泛使用。)Pollutionproblemisnowattractingwidespreadattention.(污染问题正引起广泛关注。)13.digestiveadj.消化的,有消化力的digestv.消化;领会digestionn.消化;领悟indigestibleadj.难理解的;难消化的Thedoctortoldhimtheremightbesomethingwrongwithhisdigestivesystem.(医生对他说他的消化系统可能有问题。)Itwillbeveryhelpfulforyoutodigesttheimportantpointsinthebook.(领会这本书中的要点将会对你很有帮助。)Everydaytheygavetheoldmanfoodthatwaseasyofdigestion.(他们每天给老人易于消化的食物。)Thesteakwastoughandindigestible.(这牛排太老,不易消化。)14.foundationn.根据;基金会;基地Theearlytraininggaveheraveryfirmfoundation.(早期的训练给她打下了坚实的基础。)Infacttherumoriswithoutfoundation.(事实上,这个谣传没有根据。)ThisconferenceissponsoredbytheNationalFoundationforEducationalResearch.(这个会议是由全国教育研究基金会主办的。)Theconstructionworkersarelayingthefoundationsfora28-storybuilding.(建筑工人们正在为一座28层的高楼打地基。)15.beliefn.相信;信念believev.相信;认为Itishisbeliefthathewillsucceedsoonerorlater.(他相信他迟早会成功。)Whathetoldmejustnowisreallybeyondmybelief.(他刚才对我说的话令我难以置信。)Ibelievewewillwinthematch.(我相信我们会赢这场比赛。)Believeitornothegotafullmarkintheexam.(信不信由你,他考试得了满分。)16.combinationn.结合,联合;化合物combinev.结合,联合Thecolorpurpleisacombinationofredandblue.(紫色是由红蓝两色混合而成。)Thefootballplayersshowedgoodcombination.(足球队员们配合默契。)Itwilldousalotofgoodifwecancombinetheorywithpractice.(如果把理论和实际结合起来将对我们大有好处。)Heverywellcombinesthecharactersofsoldierandpoet.(他把军人和诗人的性格很好地融合在一起。)17.chieflyadv.主要地chiefn.首领;长官 adj.主要的Thisvegetablejuiceismadeupchieflyoftomatoesandcucumbers.(这种蔬菜汁主要由西红柿和黄瓜制成。)Iwillhavetogoandtalktoyourdepartmentchiefaboutit.(我得和你们部门的头儿好好谈谈。)Ithinkthiswillbecomethechiefconcernoftheworldtoday.(我认为这将成为当今世界的首要关心的问题。)\ntheeditorinchief总编 thechiefengineer总工程师chiefexecutive最高行政长官 chiefjustice首席法官chiefofstaff参谋长 chiefofstate国家元首18.containv.包含;容纳;克制Thismini-buscancontain18passengers.(这辆面包车可乘坐18人。)Howmuchwatercanthiswatertankcontain?(这只水箱能装多少水?)Thisbookcontainsthematerialyouneed.(这本书里有你需要的材料。)Hecannotcontainhimselfforthejoy.(他高兴得不能自制。)本课主要构词法affixation词缀法1.名词后缀–ityquality2.名词后缀–ation;-ion;combination,civilization,foundation,digestion3.名词后缀–turemixture4.形容词后缀–ouspoisonous5.形容词后缀–ibleindigestible6.形容词后缀–fulhelpful,powerful7.副词前缀over-overseascompounding合词法1.复合形容词widespread;man-eating;2.复合名词man-eating;carbohydrate本课简介 本课主要介绍了由古至今人们对饮食的看法。远古时候,人们认为吃什么补什么。文明社会的人们则一度认为人参的根,鸡蛋,西红柿有各自不同的神奇功用。今天,人们认为鱼有强身,健脑,壮骨,美肤等作用,还认为饮食方面有诸多禁忌。如此种种的说法是否有道理,本课课文会给你一个答案。本课主要语言点1.Manyprimitivepeoplebelievedthatbyeatingananimaltheycouldgetsomeofthegoodqualitiesofthatanimalforthemselves.本句中that引导的是一个宾语从句。宾语从句在前几个单元中我们已有了比较多的了解。掌握宾语从句并不困难。请看下面的句子:1)Youmustrememberthatitisnevertoooldtolearn.(你必须记住:活到老学到老。)2)Hesaysthatfriendshipisveryimportanttohim.(他说友谊对他很重要。)3)Don'tforgetwhatyourparentssaidtoyou.(别忘了父母对你说过的话。)4)Canyoutellmewherethebookstoreis?(你能告诉我书店在哪儿吗?)5)Idon'tknowwhethertheletterisoverweight.(我不知道这封信是否超重。)by后面跟动词的现在分词表示某人做了某件事,并通过这件事产生了某个结果。请看下面的句子:1)BybribinganurseIwasabletoseesomefiles.(通过贿赂护士我才有可能看到一些卷宗。)2)Theymadealivingbysellingnewspapers.(他们通过卖报谋生。)3)Hetriedtosolvehisproblembycheatingme.(他通过骗我来解决自己的问题。)4)Welearntoswimbyswimming.(我们在游泳中学会游泳。)2.Theythoughtthateatingdeerwouldmakethemrunasfastasthedeer.本句中that同样是引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中,动名词短语eatingdeer做主语。请看下面的句子:1)Chattingontheinternetwouldmakehimforgeteverything.(在网上聊天会使他忘记一切。)2)Puttingonairwouldn'tdoyouanygood.(摆架子不会对你有什么好处。)3)Makingfriendswiththemisnoeasyjob.(跟他们交朋友不是一件容易的事。)makesb.dosth.意思是“使某人做某事”。make后面的复合宾语中动词不定式符号to要省去,但是用被动语态时一定要用to,请看下面的句子:1)Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.(老板使他们从早到晚地干活。)\n2)Hemademesithereallthetime.(他让我一直坐在这儿。)3)Shewasmadetofinishthebookintwodays(byherfather).(父亲让她两天把书看完。)4)Iwasmadetoreturnthemoneyassoonaspossible(bymyfriend).(朋友让我尽快还钱。)3.Somesavagetribesbelievedthateatingenemiesthathadshownbraveryinbattlewouldmakethembrave.本句中的第一个that引导的又是一个宾语从句,而后一个that引导的是定语从句,修饰enemies。请看下面的句子:1)Heisamanthatyoucanrelyon.(他是一个你可以依靠的人。)2)ShegavemesomebooksthatIamreallyinterestedin.(她给了我一些我很感兴趣的书。)3)IwouldneverforgetthetwoyearsthatIspentinthatvillage.(我永远也不会忘记我在那个村子里度过的两年时光。)本句中thembrave是make的复合宾语,请看下面的句子:1)Don'twaitforhim.Hewillmakeuslate.(别等他了,他会使我们迟到的。)2)Hewasafraidthatthestorywouldmakethingsworse.(他担心那个故事会使事情更糟。)3)Ididn'tknowthatthenewshadbeenmadepublic.(我不知道这个消息已经公开了。)4.Itwasoncethought…Eggswerethoughttomakethevoicepretty.TomatoeswerebelievedtohavemagicalpowersTheywerecalledloveapplesandweresupposedtomakepeoplewhoatethemfallinlove.上面的这些句子全部用的是被动语态。请翻译下面的句子:1)孩子们受到很好的照顾。(Thechildrenarewelltakencareof.)2)这个问题最近被谈论得很多。(Thisquestionhasbeenmuchtalkedaboutrecently.)3)体育代表团在机场受到了热烈欢迎。(Thesportsdelegationwasgivenawarmwelcomeattheairport.)4)那里讲什么语言?(Whatlanguageisspokenthere?)5)这本书是为儿童写的。(Thisbookiswrittenformchildren.)6)他被认为是这个工作的最佳人选。(Heisthoughttobethebestcandidateforthejob.)suppose是一个常用词,请注意掌握。1)Isupposeitwasreasonableforhimtowanthismoneyback.(我看他想要回他的钱是合理的。)2)Isupposetheansweristhathewasnotsohardworking.(我想答案在于他不够刻苦。)3)Thesituationwasevenworsethanwassupposed.(形势比料想的更糟糕。)4)Whodoyousupposeistherightpersonforthejob?(你认为谁是这个工作的合适人选?)5)Iamnotsupposedtotalktoyouaboutthis.(我不能和你谈这个。)6)HewassupposedtoleaveforShanghailastnight.(他应该昨夜动身去上海。)7)Suppose/Supposingsomethingshouldgowrong,whatwouldyoudo?(如果有了什么差错,你怎么办?)5.HowsurprisedthepeoplewhothoughttomatoespoisonouswouldbeiftheycouldknowthatmillionsofpoundsoftomatoesweresuppliedtosoldiersoverseasduringWWII.“howsurprisedthepeoplewouldbe”是主句,这是一个感叹句;who引导的定语从句修饰people;if引导的是条件状语从句。感叹句通常用what或how引起。what用来修饰一个名词,how修饰一个形容词,副词或动词。请看下面的句子:1)Whatakind-heartedmanheis!(他是一个多么好心的人啊!)2)Whatgoodnewsitis!(多好的消息啊!)3)Whatabeautifulcity!(多美的城市啊!)4)Howlovelythechildrenare!(多可爱的孩子啊!)5)Howwellshewrites.(她写得多好啊!)6)HowIhatedallthis.(我多恨这一切啊!)6.Onesuchideaisthatfishisthebestbrainfood.本句中that引导的是一个表语从句。请看下面的句子:1)Mysuggestionisthatweshouldleaverightnow.(我的建议是我们现在就离开。)2)WhatistroublingmeisthatIdon'thavemuchexperienceinteaching.\n(使我苦恼的是我在教学方面的经验不多。)3)Myideaisthatweofferthemmorehelp.(我的意思是我们给他们提供更多的帮助。)4)Thefactisthatwedon'thaveenoughhands.(事实是我们人手不够。)7.Washingfooddownwithwaterasasubstituteforchewingisnotagoodidea.substitutefor是一个常用词组,意思是“代替,代用品”;substitute也可以做动词用,意思是“替代”。请看例句:Don'tyouthinkitagoodideatouseplasticasasubstituteforwood?(你觉得用塑料做木材的代用品是个好主意吗?)2)Daydreamingcannotsubstituteforhardwork.(白日梦不能取代辛勤的努力。)3)Amiddle-agedwomansubstitutedfortheEnglishteacherduringherabsence.(英语老师不在时,由一位中年妇女代替。)8.Manypeoplethinkofbreadasacarbohydratefood.thinkof…as是一个习惯用法,意思是“把…看作是…”,“认为…是…”。请看下面的句子:1)Peoplethinkofhimasahero.(人们把他看作英雄。)2)Hethinksofhimselfasthemostimportantmemberofthefamily.(他认为自己是最重要的家庭成员。)3)TheYellowRiveristhoughtofasthecradleoftheChinesenation.(黄河被看作是中华民族的摇篮。)与thinkof…as意思相近的习惯用法还有regard…as;consider…as;lookupon…as;view…as;see…as等等。本课主要词组 1.beeagerto 2.besupposedto 3.fallinlove 4.growup 5.besuppliedto 6.substitutefor 7.havesth.todowith 8.atthemeal 9.asamatteroffact 10.thinkof…as… 11.inthesameway本课主要句型宾语从句1.Manypeoplebelievethatbyeatingananimaltheycouldgetsomeofthegoodqualitiesofthatanimalforthemselves.2.Theythoughteatingdeerwouldmakethemrunasfastasthedeer.3.Somesavagetribesbelievethateatingenemiesthathadshownbraveryinbattlewouldmakethembrave.表语从句1.Oneideawasthatfishisthebestbrainfood.2.Anotherideaisthatyoushouldnotdrinkwaterwithmeals.3.Thereasonwasthattheacidintheorangejuicewouldmakethemilkcurdleandbecomeindigestible.4.Asimilarwrongideaisthatfishandicecream…forapoisonouscombination.5.Stillanotherideaisthatproteinsandcarbohydratesshouldneverbeeatenatthesamemeal.感叹句1.Howsurprisedthatpeople…wouldbe….形容词,副词的比较级和最高级1.Theythoughteatingdeerwouldmakethemrunasfastasdeer.2.Man-eatingmayhavestartedbecausepeoplewereeagertobecomeasstrongandbraveastheirenemies.3.Onesuchideaisthatfishisthebestbrainfood.4.Fishisgoodbrainfoodjustasitisgoodmusclefoodandskinandbonefood.5.Butnoonehasbeenabletoprovethatfishisanybetterforthebrainthanmanyotherkindsoffood.6.Itisjustasfoolishtosaythatoneshouldnevereatmeatandpotatoestogetherasitistosaythatoneshouldnevereatbreadordrinkmilk.TextBDoAnimalsThink?短语表达\n1.agreatdealThereisagreatdealofconcernaboutenergyshortage.Welearnedagreatdealfromher.2.belikeLookatthelittleboy,heissomuchlikehisfather.Warisnotlikewhathedescribedinhisnovel.3.havetimeforIdon'tknowwhyhedidn'thavetimeforbreakfast.Don'tworry,wewillhaveenoughtimefordiscussion.4.engageinHeistryingveryhardtoengagethewomaninfurtherconversation.Itisnotappropriateforaformerpresidenttoengageincommerce.5.takecareofTheoldpeoplearewelltakencareofinthenursinghomes.Shetookcareofherlittlebrotherwhilemotherwasaway.6.insome/manyrespectsinone/thisrespectHeisdifferentfromthepeoplearoundhiminmanyrespects.Wearelaggingbehindatleastinonerespect.7.exceptIknewnothingaboutJaneexceptwhatIhadheardattheparty.Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwaitandpray.AlltheboysexceptTomwentcampinglastweek.Intheeveningsheneverwentanywhereexcepttothenearestcoffeehouse.8.connectwithThereisnoevidencetoconnecttheyoungmanwiththetheft.Goodhealthisconnectedwithdiet.Thereareseriousquestionsconnectedwiththeradioactivewastedisposal(放射性废料的处理).9.makeimprovementinThecompanymadegreatimprovementinthewagesandworkingconditionsoftheemployees.Animalsdonotmakeanyrealimprovementintheirwaysofdoingthings.10.byinstinctSheknewbyinstinctthathewouldn'tbeback.Birdsbuildtheirnestsbyinstinct.11.speakofProfessorBlackwellalwaysspeakshighlyofhisassistant.DidhespeakoftheseriousearthquakethatstruckTaiwanlastweek?12.letout“Letmeout,”theboyshouted,butnobodycame.Theprisonerswereletoutoftheircells.13.asifHelookedatmeasifIweremad.Sheopenedhereyesasifconsciousofmygaze.Heworkssohardasifheneverknewfatigue.14.haveone'switsaboutone〔机警,保持警觉〕Inthispartofthecityyouhavetohaveyourwitsaboutyouallthetime.Hefeltitunnecessarytohavehiswitsabouthimonsuchafriendlyoccasion.15.avarietyofDon'tbotherhim,hehasavarietyofdutiestoperform.\nThecollegelibraryhasawidevarietyofbooks.16.differencebetweenWillyoupleasetellmethedifferencebetweenthetwocountries?Icannotseeanydifferencebetweenthetwooilpaintings.TextADiamonds本课主要单词1.rareadj.稀有的,难得的TheseanimalsaresorarethatIwoulddowhateverIcantosavethem.〔这些动物很稀有,我会尽我所能去保护它们。〕Ontherareoccasionswhentheoldladyhadanypost,thelittleboydownstairswouldgoandgetitforher.〔老太太难得有信,只要有信总是楼下的小男孩帮她去拿。〕SnowisrareinthispartofChina.〔中国的这个地区难得下雪。〕Itisveryrareforhimtosay“Sorry”toanyothers.〔他难得会对任何人说“对不起”。〕Believeitornot,sheisararebeauty.〔信不信由你,她是一个百里挑一的美人。〕arareword〔冷僻的词〕 raremetals〔稀有金属〕araredisease(罕见的疾病) araremedicinalherb〔珍奇药草〕2.substancen.物质;实质;大意;根据Theyweretryingtoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromthesoil.〔他们正设法去除土壤里的有害物质。〕Ice,snowandwaterarethesamesubstanceindifferentforms.〔冰、雪、水是同一物质的三种不同形式。〕Whatwasthepointofgoingtoalecturewithlittlesubstance?〔去听一个没有什么内容的讲座有什么意义呢?〕Whatheissayinginsubstanceisthatweshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestopreventpollution. 〔他大体上说的是我们应该采取有效措施防止污染。〕Therewasnosubstanceinhiscomplaints.〔他的抱怨没有道理。〕3.slightadj.轻微的;纤细的Mothersaidshehadaslightheadache.〔妈妈说她有点头疼。〕Ididn'thavetheslightestideaaboutwhathadhappened.〔我一点都不知道发生了什么事。〕Hischancesofwinningtheelectionareveryslight.〔他在选举中获胜的可能性极小。〕Heistooslighttoplayfootball.〔他太纤细,不能踢足球。〕4.extremeadj.极端的,极度的;尽头的 n.极端Hediedinextremepoverty.〔他在极度贫困中死去。〕Youhavetoproceedyourworkwithextremecaution.〔你得极其谨慎地继续你的工作。〕Extremeactionwillbetakenifnecessary.〔如有必要,我们将采取最严厉的行动。〕Hishospitalitywascarriedtoanextreme.〔他好客得过分了。〕Shefoundthebookuninterestingtotheextreme.〔她觉得那本书没意思透了。〕extremejoy/pain〔极度的欢乐/痛苦〕anextremeofsadness〔极度伤心〕gofromoneextremetotheother〔从一个极端走到另一个极端〕gototheotherextreme〔走到另一个极端〕intheextreme〔极度,非常〕extremesofpovertyandwealth〔贫富的两极〕5.pressuren.压力,压强Thewaterpressuremayneedadjusting.〔水压可能需要调整。〕Itwasapressureoffivetonspersquaremeter.〔每平方米的压力为五吨。〕Heavystudyloadandgreatexpectationfromparentsmaygivechildrentoomuchpressure. 〔沉重的学习负担以及家长的过高期望可能会给孩子太大的压力。〕Hewasunderconstantpressurefromhissuperiors.〔他的上司不断地给他压力。〕Thedoctorsaidthismedicinecouldcounteracthishighbloodpressure.〔医生说这种药能遏制他的高血压。〕6.liquidadj.液体的,液态的;清澈的,明亮的 n.液体Thedoctorputthepatientonaliquiddiet.〔医生规定那位病人吃流质。〕\nThelittlegirlwithlargeliquideyesismysister.〔那个长着一双水汪汪的大眼睛的小姑娘是我妹妹。〕Shepouredoutalargequantityofyellowishliquidfromabottle.〔她从一个瓶子里倒出了许多黄色的液体。〕7.crackn.裂缝 v.破裂;打开Shefoundacrackinoneofthetea-cups.〔她发现一只茶杯上有裂缝。〕Heheardthecracksofriflefireinthedistance.〔他听到了远处的步枪声。〕Heaskedhismothertocracksomeeggsforhim.〔他请妈妈帮他敲碎几个鸡蛋。〕Hisfacecrackedwithabroadsmile.〔他咧开嘴笑了。〕Thephonecrackedtheroom'squiet.〔电话铃声打破了房间的寂静。〕Theywereunabletocrackahighlycompetitivesalesmarket.〔他们无法打进竞争激烈的销售市场。〕8.crustn.地壳;面包皮,外皮Therearesomebrownishbreadcrustsonthediningtable.〔餐桌上有一些棕色的面包皮。〕Thewhitesnowhadafinecrustonthetrees.〔树上覆盖着一层美丽的白雪。〕Thecontinuousmovementsoftheearth'scrustmayleadtoearthquakes.〔地壳的不断运动引发了地震。〕Itisverydangeroustowalkonthethincrustofice.〔在这样一层薄冰上行走是很危险的。〕9.crystaln.水晶;晶粒 adj.清澈透明的Mothergaveheranecklaceofcrystalsasabirthdaypresent.〔妈妈给她一条水晶珠项链作为生日礼物。〕Theoldwomanlookedintothecrystalballforawhilebeforetellingmyfortune. 〔老妇人朝水晶球里看了一会,然后给我算命。〕I'vemademypointcrystalclearthatIwouldneveragreetosuchaproposal.〔我已经表明了我的观点,绝不同意这个提议。〕10.popularadj.流行的,大众的;普及的;受欢迎的Popularmusiciswelllikedbyyoungpeople.〔流行音乐深受年轻人的喜爱。〕Swimmingisasportpopularwithpeopleofallages.〔游泳是老老少少都喜欢的体育运动。〕Hehasalwaysbeenpopularwith/amongboysinhiscommunity.〔他一直广受他那个社区的男孩子们的喜欢。〕Thisrestaurantoffersmealsatpopularprices.〔这家饭店供应价格大众化的饭菜。〕Heisagoodpoliticianbutheisnotverypopularamongthepeople.〔他很会搞政治,但是不得民心。〕11.handfuln.一把,一小撮Hetoldthedoctorthathishairfelloutinhandfuls.(他对医生说他的头发一把一把地脱落。)Thenaughtyboygatheredahandfulofstonesandbegantothrowtheminthelake.〔那个调皮的男孩手里聚了一把石块,并把石块往湖里扔。〕Hegavemenothingexceptforahandfulofbooks.〔除了少量的几本书他什么也没给我。〕注意:一般来说,-ful是一个形容词后缀,加在名词后面可以构成形容词,比如:careful,helpful,useful,hopeful等等。而在handful这个单词中,-ful是一个名词后缀,加在某些名词的后面,表示“充满…所需的量”,比如:roomful,basketful,mouthful,spoonful等等。12.formationn.岩层;形成,构成Mostdiamondsareminedfromrockformationsinsidetheearth.〔大多数钻石都是从地下的岩层里开采出来的。〕Theformationofgoodhabitsisveryimportantforachild.〔好习惯的养成对孩子来说很重要。〕Theteacherisexplainingtothestudentstheformationofthenewword.〔老师正对学生们解释那个新词的构成。〕Thepeculiarformationofhumanbraindrewtheattentionofresearchersinmanyfields.〔人脑的奇特构造吸引了许多领域的研究人员。〕13.pipen.管子,导管;烟斗 v.用管道输送Tellthepipelayerthathehastobecarefulwiththegaspipe.〔告诉管道安装工煤气管道要小心。〕Theoldmanwassittinginthecornersmokingapipe.〔那个老人坐在角落里抽着烟斗。〕Itwon'tbeverytroublesometopipewaterintothehouse.〔用管道把水送进屋里不会很麻烦。〕14.somewhatadv.稍微,有点Itissomewhatdifficultforhimtoanswerthequestion.(要他回答这个问题有点难。)\nIfeltsomewhatawkwardwhenIcouldn'trememberhisname.〔当我记不起他的名字时,我有点尴尬。〕Theworkingconditionsinthisfactoryhavesomewhatimproved.〔这家工厂的工作条件已有所改善。〕15.blastn.疾风,强风;爆炸 v.炸,炸掉Ablastofcoldairsentashiveralloverhisbody.〔一股冷气使他浑身战栗。〕Furiousblastsofthunderfrightenedeverybody.〔一阵阵的霹雳炸雷吓坏了所有的人。〕Thedriverblastedthehorncontinuously.〔司机不停地按喇叭。〕Rockmusicblastedfromthehallandthewholebuildingseemedtobeshaking. 〔震天的摇滚乐从客厅传来,整座房子似乎都在摇动。〕Theydecidedtoblastthroughthemountains.〔他们打算炸山开路。〕16.crushv.压碎;镇压,压倒Themachinecancrushrocksintopowder.〔那台机器能把石头碾成粉末。〕Youmustrememberpovertyshouldnotcrushone'sspirit.〔你必须记住不应该因贫困而意志消沉。〕Wedidn'texpectthattheywouldcrushusintothistinyroom.〔我们没有料到他们会让我们挤在这个小房间里。〕Canyouimaginethatdebtsarecrushingthem?〔你能想像到债务正压得他们喘不过气来吗?〕17.destroyv.破坏,毁灭;消灭Severalbuildingsweredestroyedbythebomb.〔几座建筑物都被炸弹炸毁了。〕Hedestroyedtheletterassoonashehadreadit.〔他一读完就把信毁了。〕Ireallydon'twanttodestroythefriendshipbetweenus.〔我真不想毁坏我们之间的友谊。〕Thelossofhiswifeandsonfinallydestroyedhim.〔失去妻儿最终击败了他。〕Thispoisoncandestroyrats.〔这种毒药可灭鼠。〕18.impressiveadj.给人深刻印象的,感人的impressionn.印象impressv.给…极深的印象Sheistryingtobuildanimpressiveinternationalreputation.〔她正努力建立令人难忘的国际声誉。〕ShesaidthatalltheplacesshehadvisitedinChinawereimpressive.〔她说她所游览过的中国的每一个地方都给她留下了深刻的印象。〕WhatareyourimpressionsofBeijing?〔你对北京有何观感?〕Ihadtheimpressionthathewasateacher.〔我记得他好像是个老师。〕Whatimpressedmemostwerethegreatchangesinthiscity.〔给我印象最深的是这座城市的巨大变化。〕Shewantstoimpresshernewbosswithherdiligence.(她想以勤奋加深老板对她的印象。)19.experiencen经验;经历 v.经历,遭受 experiencedadj.有经验的Withnoteachingexperiencemychancesofgettingthejobareslight.〔我没有教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性很小。〕Heisamanofrichexperience.〔他是一个经验丰富的人。〕Everyonecanlearnalotfromhisownexperience.〔每一个人都从自己的经历中学到很多东西。〕Hisexperienceinthecountrycouldbeusedasmaterialforhiswriting.〔他在农村的经历可以作为他的写作素材。〕Heexperiencedalotofhardshipswhenhewasabroad.〔他在国外时经历了许多艰辛。〕Weneedsomeonemoreexperiencedtohelpus.〔我们需要更有经验的人来帮助我们。〕HeismoreexperiencedthanIaminplantingtrees.〔在植树方面他比我有经验。〕20.immediatelyadv.即刻地;紧密地immediateadj.立刻的;最接近的Hesaidhehadtogotothehospitalimmediately.〔他说他得立即去医院。〕Shefinishedonecupofcoffeeandaskedforanotherimmediately.〔她喝完一杯咖啡马上又要了一杯。〕Thepostofficeisimmediatelynexttothebank.〔邮局紧挨着银行。〕Youhavetogivethemanimmediatereply.〔你得立刻答复他们。〕Itisnecessarythatyougetthesupportfromyourimmediatesuperior.〔你必须得到顶头上司的支持。〕\n本课主要构词法affixation(词缀法)1.形容词后缀–ful beautiful,useful,2.形容词后缀–ive impressive3.形容词后缀–y greasy4.名词后缀–ation combination,formation5.名词后缀–ure pressure6.名词后缀–y discovery7.名词后缀–er traveler,miner8.名词后缀–ful handful9.副词后缀–ly finally,probably,immediately,carefully,10.副词后缀-ward upward课文简介 本课主要介绍了钻石的特性、形成、分布以及开采方式。读了本课,你会了解钻石的形成与数百万年前的地壳运动有关;你也会了解深受上至达官贵人下至普通百姓喜爱的“恒久远”的钻石在刚开采出来时并不光彩照人。本课语言点1.Theyarethehardestsubstancefoundinnature.本句中foundinnature是定语从句,修饰substance。定语从句中省略了thatare。这种省略现象在定语从句中很常见,在前几个单元中,我们遇到过多次。请看下面的句子:1)Therearemanybooks(that)I'dliketoread.(有很多书我想看。)2)Heisaman(that)wealllikeandtrust.(他是一个我们大家喜欢和信赖的人。)3)Thisisthemostinterestingfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.(这是我看过的最有意思的电影)先行词的前面有形容词最高级时,定语从句必须用that引导,而不用which。请看下面的句子:1)Thisisthemostbeautifulplace(that)Ihaveevervisited.(这是我游览过的最美丽的地方。)2)Thisisthemostseriousproblem(that)wehaveevermet.(这是我们遇到过的最严重的问题。)3)Theyaretherichestpeople(thatare)livinginthisarea.(他们是住在这一地区的最富有的人。)本句中的hardest意思为“坚硬的”“坚固的”,而不是“困难的”。请看下面的句子:1)Thisnutisashardasrock.(这果子硬得像岩石。)2)Hefoundithardtomakefriends.(他觉得交朋友很困难。)2.Thatmeansadiamondcancutanyothersurface.Andonlyanotherdiamondcanmakeaslightcutinadiamond.mean是一个很常见的词,本句中的意思是“意味着”。mean还有“意欲,企图,打算”的意思。请看下面的句子,注意mean在各句中的意思和用法:1)Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthistome?(你对我说这个是什么意思?)2)Friendshipmeanseverythingtohim.(友谊对他来说意味着一切。)3)Theteacher'spraisemeantsomuchtothechildren.(老师的表扬对孩子们来说很重要。)4)I'mseriousaboutthis.ImeanwhatIsay.(我对此事是认真的,我说话算数。)5)I'msorry,Ididn'tmeantohurtyou.(对不起,我无意伤害你。)6)Theymeanttofinishtheworkaheadoftime.(他们的打算是提前完成这项工作。)7)ImeanttocallyoubutIforgot.(我原打算给你打电话的,但我忘记了。)cut在前一个句子中做动词用,意思是“切割”,在后一个句子中做名词用,意思是"切面"。1)Whowillcuttheribbonfortheexhibition?(谁将为展览会剪彩?)2)Iamgoingtohavemyhaircuttoday.(今天我要去理发。)3)Theicywindcuthimtothebone.(他感到寒风刺骨。)4)Theoldmaniscuttingafigureinstone.(那位老人正在雕刻石像。)5)Ihadsomecutsandbruisesonmyarms,butI'mok.(我的臂上有些伤口和擦伤,但我没什么问题。)6)Hemadeasmoothcutonthemarble.(他在大理石上留下一个光滑的切面。)3.Diamondsaremadefromcarbon.\n由……制成,可以用bemadefrom和bemadeof两个词组来表达。但是bemadefrom通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么,而bemadeof可以看出该物品由什么材料制成的。如:1)Paperismadefromsomeplants.(纸是由某些植物制成的。)2)Thisbeerismadefromgrain.(这种啤酒是用粮食酿制的。)3)Thehousesweremadeofbrick.(这些房屋是砖造的。)4)Thistoyismadeofcotton.(这个玩具是布做的。)4.Scientistsknowthatthecombinationofextremeheatandpressurechangescarbonintodiamonds.extreme在句中做形容词用,意思是“极度的”,如:1)Extremecoldcanwakeahibernatinganimal.(极度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的动物苏醒。)2)Theywillhavetoendureextremediscomfortinwinter.(冬天时,他们将不得不忍受极度的不适。)change…into意思是“把…转变为…”,如:1)Waterchangesintovapourwhenheated.(水加热后转变为蒸气。)2)GotothebankandyoucaneasilychangethesedollarsintoRMB.(你去银行就能很容易地把这些美元换成人民币。)5.Suchheatandpressureexistonlyinthehot,liquidmassofmoltenrockdeepinsidetheearth.请注意such与so之间的不同用法。such后面接名词,而so后面接形容词或副词。如:1)Idon'tbelievehecouldmakesuchamistake.(我相信他不会犯这样的错误的。)2)Howcanyougooutonsucharainyday?(在这样的雨天里,你怎么能出门?)3)HespokesofastthatIcouldn'tfollow.(他说话太快,我听不懂。)4)I'msogladyoucouldcome.(你能来我真高兴。)mass在本句中的意思是“(聚成一体的)团、块”,比如:1)amassofhotair(一团热气)2)amassofsand(一堆沙)3)Rainoccurswhenamassofwarmairisladenwithwater.(一团云聚集大量的水蒸气就形成了雨。)Mass也可以做形容词用,意思是“群众的”、“大量的”,如:1)amassmeeting(群众大会)2)masseducation(大众教育)3)massmedia(大众传媒)4)Massproductioncouldverywellcutthecost.(大规模生产可以降低成本。)6.Itisthoughtthatmillionsofyearsagothisliquidmasspushedupwardthroughcracksintheearth'scrust.Itisthoughtthat…是一个很常用的句型,类似的句型在英语中很多,比如:1)Itis/was,hasbeen…,reportedthat…2)Itis/was,hasbeen…,statedthat…3)Itis/was,hasbeen…,pointedoutthat…4)Itis/was,hasbeen…,mentionedthat…5)Itis/was,hasbeen…,believedthat…7.A.Thereareonlyfourareaswhereverymanydiamondshavebeenformed. B.ThefirstknownareawasinIndia,wherediamondswerefoundthousandsofyearsago.定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。A句是限定性定语从句,B句是非限定性定语从句。A、B两句中都是用关系副词where来引导定语从句,修饰表示地点的名词。请看下面的句子,注意限定性定语从句一般不用逗号隔开:1)Isthereashoparoundwherewecangetsomefruit?(附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗?)2)Thisistheplacewherewemetyesterday.(这是我们昨天碰头的地方。)3)Thesmalltown,whereheonceworked,hasturnedtobeamoderncity.(他曾经工作过的那座小城,已经变成现代化的城市了。)8.Inthe1600's…(十七世纪)Inthe1720's…(十八世纪二十年代)Inthe1800's…(十九世纪)请注意年代的表达方法,以上的年代也可以表达为inthe1600s;inthe1720s;inthe1800s。如果我们要表达"\n在十七世纪初(中、末)期",则可以说intheearly(mid,late)1600's/1600s。9.DiamondsbecameverypopularwiththekingsandqueensofEurope.become/bepopularwith/among是一个常用词组,意思是“受…欢迎”,请看下面的句子:1)TheseChinesehandicraftsareverypopularwithforeignfriends.(这些中国工艺品很受外国朋友的喜爱。)2)Hisnovelsarepopularamongyoungpeople.(他的小说很受年轻人的喜爱。)3)Classicalmusicispopularamongmoreandmorepeople.(古典音乐受到越来越多的人的喜爱。)10.India'ssupplyofdiamondswasfinallyrunningoutafter2,500yeasofminingthestones.Supply在句子中做名词用,意思是“供应”。Supply常常可以做动词用,意思是“供给,提供”。请看下面的句子:1)Economicstabilitycanbereachedifdemandandsupplyareinbalance.(如果供求关系平衡的话,就能实现经济的稳定。)2)Manymaterialsareinshortsupply.(许多材料供应不足。)3)Theincreasingworldpopulationwillputastrainonfoodsupply.(不断增长的世界人口将对粮食供应带来重负。)4)Youhavetosupplyhimwithananswer.(你得给他提供一个答案。)5)Mosttownsaresuppliedwithtap-waterandelectricity.(大多数城镇都有自来水和电力供应。)runout是一个常用词组,意思是“用完,用尽”。请看例句:1)Timeisrunningout.Wehavetohurry.(时间快到了,我们得快点。)2)Mypatienceisrunningout.(我快要耐不住了。)3)Hisluckseemedtohaverunout.(他的好运似乎结束了。)我们也可以用runout来表达类似的意思,但runoutof的主语应该是“某人”。如:1)Theyhaverunoutofmoney,sotheyhavetofindajob.(他们钱用完了,所以得找一份工作。)2)Ihaverunoutofink.(我的墨水用完了。)11.Peoplewouldpickuphandfulsofgravelfromthebottomofthestreamsandsortoutthediamonds.-ful通常加在名词后面,构成形容词,如care-careful,help-helpful。而本句中的handful是一个名词,意思是“一把”,在单词部分,我们已经提到过,英语中有不少这样的词,如:1)Hegavemeabasketfulofbeaches.(他给了我满满一篮子桃子。)2)Sheputaspoonfulofsaltinthesoup.(她往汤里撒了满满一勺盐。)3)Tomiscarryinganarmfulofbooks.(汤姆抱着一捆书。)sortout是一个常用词组,意思是“整理,分类”,如:1)Sortoutthoseofbiggersizeandputtheminabox.(把大点的整理出来,放在盒子里。)2)Ittookquiteawhiletosortoutallourluggage.(把我们所有的行李整理好花了不少时间。)bottom在句子中做名词用,意思是“底部”。bottom还有“尽头、末端”的意思。请看例句:1)Thereissomedepositinthebottomoftheteapot.(茶壶底部有些沉淀物。)2)Atthebottomofthemountain,thereisabeautifulvillage.(在山脚下有个美丽的村子。)3)Ifeltgratefultoyoufromthebottomofmyheart.(我衷心地感谢你。)4)Bottomsup.(干杯。)12.ThesediamondswereprobablycarriedfromwheretheywereformedtoIndiabygreatsheetsofmovingicethatcoveredpartsoftheearth20,000yearsago.wheretheywereformed是where引出的名词性从句,作介词from的宾语。请看下面的句子:1)Hedidn'tsayanythingaboutwheretheaccidenttookplace.(他对事故在哪儿发生的只字未提。)2)Shehasn'tmadeuphermindastowheresheshouldgofortheholiday.(她还没有决定到哪儿去度假。)13.Itflowsoverboardsthicklycoatedwithgrease.在本句中的定语从句thicklycoatedwithgreases前面省略了which/thatare。coat一般做名词用,意思是“外套”或“(动物的)皮毛”。在本句中coat作动词用,意思是“在…上涂(包)着”,如:1)Thesepillsarecoatedwithsugar.(这些药丸外面包着糖衣。)2)Don'tjumponthebushpiles,theyareice-coatedandslippery.(不要在灌木堆上跳,上面盖着冰,很滑。)14.Sincediamondssticktogrease,theyareleftbehindbytherocksandmudwhichflowdownthetables.Stick在本句中的意思是“粘住”。Stickto也可以表示“坚持,遵守”的意思。请看下面的句子:1)I'msurefatherhasn'treadthebookbecauseseveralpagesarestucktogether.(我敢肯定父亲没有看过那本书,因为有几页还粘在一起。)\n2)It'simportantfornursestosticktotherules.(对护士来说,遵守规定是很重要的。)3)Sticktoyourpostandmakesureeverythingisok.(坚守你的岗位,确保一切正常。)leavebehind在本句中的意思是“留下”,这个词组还可以表示“忘带;把…丢在后面”。例如:1)Takecarenottoleaveanythingbehind.(小心别丢下任何东西。)2)Lookforwardtothebrightfutureandleaveallyourworriesandfearsbehind.(期盼光明的未来,把所有的担心和恐惧抛在身后。)15.Experienceddiamondminerscantelladiamondimmediately.句子中的tell意思为“判断;分辨;看出”。如:1)Icannottellherfromhertwinsister.(我无法分辨出她和她的孪生妹妹。)2)Canyoutellwhichismyschool-bag?(你能分辨出哪一个是我的书包吗?)3)Itisimportantforyoutotellrightfromwrong.(分辨出正误很重要。)本课主要词组及语法要点A.词组1.makeacutinsth. 2.change…into3.bemadefrom 4.becomepopularwith5.runout 6.pickup7.handfulsof 8.sortout9.carryfrom 10.becoatedwith11.stickto 12.leavebehind13.tell…(from) 14.findoutB.语法要点1.被动语态2.定语从句3.状语从句4.主语从句TextBTheDifferencebetweenPlantsandAnimals短语表达1.differencebetween…andWillyoupleasetellmethedifferencebetweenahorseandaseahorse?IcannothearanydifferencebetweentheAmericanpronunciationandtheBritishpronunciationforthisword.2.neither…norHeisnotapersontorelyonasheisneitherhonestnorsincere.Ihaveneitherseenhimnorheardfromhimsincewelastmet.3.lookupFatherdidn'tlookupfromhisbookwhenIenteredthesittingroom.Thelittleboydidn'tdaretolookupathisteacher.4.amatterofEverybodywouldpaysomeattentiontothecontestasitisamatterofhonor.Don'tpanic.Thisisamatterofrecordandthereisnothingtoworryabout.5.throughoutTheproductsofthisfactorywillbesuppliedtopeoplethroughoutthecountry.Hesaidthatapersonshouldbehonestanduprightthroughouthislife.6.besatisfiedwithTomwasfullyawareoftheconsequencewhenhisfathersawhistestpaper.Theteacherwassatisfiedwiththestudents'performance.7.takeplaceGreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinainthepast20years.\nTheaccidenttookplacewhenpeoplewereallfastasleep.8.lieinTheimportanceofthisbookliesinitslaterinfluence.Therootofalltheseeventslayinhistory.9.beclassedasHewasclassedasagenius.Somekindsofseaweedareanimalsbuttheyusedtobeclassedasplants.10.holdgoodThisrulemayholdgoodforyoubutnotforme.Hisanswerdoesn'tholdgoodforthisspecificquestion.11.liveonCowsliveongrass.Theoldmanlivesonthegovernmentpension.12.workwondersIdon'tthinkthismedicinewillworkwonders.Wedidn'tthinkhecouldpullthroughthistimebutheworkedwondersagain.13.takeinTheirclubtookinsomenewmemberslastweek.Hetookinhisguestandofferedhimacupofcoffee.14.suckupTheplantssuckupalotofwater.Hesucksalltheinformationyougavehim.15.takeupHetookupthenewspaperandbegantoread.ShetookupEnglishwhenshewasonlyfive.AllthewindowseatshadbeentakenupwhenIgotonthebus.TextAFamilies本课主要单词1.definitionn.定义,释义definev.解释;给…定义;明确表示Hesimplysaiditwasverydifficultforhimtogiveadefinitionforthatword.(他只是说要他给那个词下个定义是很困难的。)Thedictionarygivesusseveraldefinitions,whichmakesmemoreconfusedaboutthemeaningofthisword.(辞典给了我们好几个释义,这使我对该词的意思更加困惑。)Peopledefinehimasagenius.(人们说他是天才。)Ihavealreadydefinedmypositiononthatissue.(我已经明确表示了我在这个问题上的立场。)2.marriagen.婚姻,结婚marryv.结婚marriedadj.结了婚的Nooneexpectedthattheirmarriagecouldbreakupbecauseofamisunderstanding.(谁也没想到他们的婚姻竟会因为误解而破裂。)Hersecondmarriagelastedonly6weeks.(她的第二次婚姻只维持了六个星期。)Theyareinlovewitheachotherandwishtomarry.(他们彼此相爱,希望结婚。)Herparentssaidtheywouldn'tallowhertomarrythatpooryoungman.(她的父母说他们不会允许她与那个穷苦的年轻人结婚。)Hewas35,marriedwithtwochildren.(他35岁,已婚,有两个孩子。)Shewasmarriedtotheyoungartistlastmonth.(她上个月与那位年轻的艺术家结了婚。)(请注意:要表述某人同某人结婚,不能用sb.marries/marriedwithsb.else,而应该用sb.marries/marriedsb.else或者sb.is/wasmarriedtosb.else来表述。)\n3.descendv.下降;传下,遗传;堕落descendantn.子孙,后裔ascendv.上升;登高;追溯到某个时期ascendantn.优势;祖先(与descendant相对而言)adj.优势的Thesundescendedbehindthehills.(太阳下了山。)Thecustomshavedescendedtoourgeneration.(这些习俗一直传到我们这一代。)Hewassopoorthathedescendedtobegging.(他穷得只好乞讨度日。)Asdescendantsoftheearlysettlers,theyweretolerantandhardworking.(作为早期移民的后裔,他们忍耐而勤劳。)TheyaredescendantsofanIndiantribe.(他们是一支印第安部落的后裔。)Theairplaneascendedintothecloud.(飞机高高飞入云端。)QueenVictoriaascendedascendedthethronein1837.(维多利亚女王于1837年登上王位。)Hispartyisnolongerintheascendant.(他那一派已经优势不再。)Westillhavetheascendantpositioninworldpolitics.(我们在国际政治中仍占优势地位。)4.ancestorn.祖先,祖宗HisancestorscametoAmericaontheMayflower.(他的祖先乘“五月花”号来到美洲。)Theirgrandfathersweretheancestorsofsomeofthewell-knownfamiliesinBoston.(他们的祖父辈是波士顿几家望族的祖先。)ancestryn.[总称]列祖列宗;血统Hewasbornofgoodancestry.(他出身名门。)SheisanAmericanofGermanancestry.(她是德国血统的美国人。)5.householdn.家庭,户;一家人adj.家庭的,家常的Howmanypeoplearethereinyourhousehold?(你们家有几口人?)Earlyinthemorningthehouseholdgotintoacarandheadedforthebeach.(一大早,全家人坐上汽车往海边驶去。)Householdchoresarenotjustwomen'swork.(家务杂事不只是妇女的活。)Einsteinisahouseholdnameinthecivilizedworld.(爱因斯坦是文明世界里家喻户晓的名字。)6.relativen.亲属,亲戚adj.相对的Hiswifehadtovisitsomeofherrelativesforafewdays.(他妻子需要几天时间去看娘家的亲戚。)Theapesareman'sclosestrelatives.(猿是与人类亲缘关系最为接近的动物。)Hetoldmethathisauntwashisonlyimmediaterelative.(他告诉我说姑母是他唯一的至亲。)Allhumanvaluesarerelative.(人类的一切价值标准都是相对的。)TheJackson'sarelivinginrelativecomfortnow.(现在,杰克逊一家生活过得比较舒适。)7.traditionaladj.传统的traditionn.传统AlicesaidshewouldbehappytohaveatraditionalChinesewedding.(爱丽丝说能有一个传统的中国婚礼她会很开心。)MoreandmoreWesternersbelieveintraditionalChinesemedicinenow.(现在,越来越多的西方人相信传统中医了。)Hereassuredhisgrandfatherthathewouldkeepupthefamilytraditionbyallmeans.(他向祖父保证,他会尽一切可能保持家庭传统。)Inhislecturehetalkedbrieflyaboutthehistoryandtraditionsofthemovement.(在他的讲座中,他简述了那次运动的历史和传统。)8.securityn.完全;保障;把握securev.保卫,保证,获得adj.完全的Weareallconcernedforthesecurityofthepassengers.(我们都很担心旅客的安全。)Childrenrelyontheirparentsforloveandsecurity.(孩子们靠父母给他们爱和完全感。)\nThegirldeliveredherspeechwithgreatsecurity.(那个女孩满怀信心地讲演着。)Shefeltsecureonlywhenshemadesurethatbothdoorswerelocked.(只有确信两道门都锁上了时,她才感到放心。)Wealldreamoflivingaquietandsecurelife.(我们都梦想过上平静、安定的生活。)Hiscarefulnesssecuredhimfrommakingmoremistakes.(他的细心保证了他不犯更多的错误。)Hisfathercouldn'tbelievethathesecuredsuchagoodjob.(他父亲不相信他找到了这么好的一份工作。)(注意:securities指证券)9.basicallyadv.基本上;从根本上说,大致说来basicadj.基础的,根本的;初步的;主要的basen.基础,根据;基地v.把…基于Myworkisbasicallytotrainstudents'abilityinreadingandwriting.(从根本上说,我的工作是训练学生的读、写能力。)Therearebasicallytwotypesoffamilies:nuclearfamiliesandextendedfamilies.(大致说来,有两类家庭:核心家庭和大家庭。)Thebasicthemeofthesestoriesismoreorlessthesame.(这些故事的主题大致相同。)Theyaretryingtosolvethebasiceconomicproblems.(他们正试图解决那些基本的经济问题。)Whatisyourbasicaiminlife?(你基本的生活目标是什么?)Thebaseofhisargumentisthatourafterserviceisnotverysatisfactory.(他的论据是我们的售后服务不十分令人满意。)Thewearysoldiersmarchedbacktotheirbase.(疲惫不堪的士兵们列队返回基地。)Weshouldbaseouropinionsonfacts.(我们的观点应该基于事实的基础之上。)Thisfilmisbasedonthelifestoryofageneral.(这部影片是根据一位将军的生平改编的。)10.nuclearadj.核子的,核能的;中心的MaoZetongusedtosaythatundernocircumstanceswouldChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.(毛泽东曾经说过在任何情况下,中国都不会第一个使用核武器。)Greecewasonceanuclearcivilizationoftheworld.(希腊一度是世界文明的中心。)anuclearexplosion核爆炸nuclearelectricity核电力anuclearpowerplant核电站nucleartechnology核技术thenuclearage核时代nuclearmonopoly核垄断nuclearwaste核废料anuclearnation拥有核武器的国家nuclearbomb核弹nucleardisarmament核裁军nuclearfamily核心家庭nuclear-freezone无核区nuclearfuel核燃料nuclearreactor核反应堆11.nucleusn.核,核心,中心;起点,开始Theseyoungpeopleformedthenucleusoftheinternetbar.(这些年轻人成了网吧的核心。)Thestrangebehavioroftheabsent-mindedprofessorbecamethenucleusofallthestories.(“心不在焉”教授的奇异举止成为所有故事的中心内容。)12.agriculturaladj.农业的agriculturen.农业Moreandmoremodernagriculturalmethodsareusedinthatvillage.(在那个村子里,人们越来越多地使用现代农业方法。)Theagriculturalproductionisontherisethisyear.(今年的农业生产呈上升态势。)Hissolutiongreatlyimprovedtheagricultureinthisarea.(他的方法极大地推动了这一地区的农业发展。)13.industrialadj.工业的,产业的industrializev.(使)工业化Theindustrialoutputofthiscitydoubledlastyear.(去年这个城市的工业产量增加了一倍。)TheIndustrialRevolutioninfluencedthewholeworld.(工业革命影响了全世界。)Thecountryhasbeensteadilyindustrializing.(这个国家一直在稳步实现工业化。)14.post-industrialadj.后工业化的\npost-是一个前缀,表示“后”:如:post-warpolicies战后政策postdoctoral博士后的postgraduatecourses研究生课程post-harveststorage收后贮藏postimpressionism后印象主义15.earnern.赚钱者;获得收入者earningsn.挣得的财物;收入,利润earnv.挣得,获得Howmanyearnersarethereinyourfamily?(你们家几个人挣钱?)Fatherisnottheonlyearnerinthefamily.(父亲不是家里唯一挣钱的人。)Whatareyougoingtodowithyourearnings?(挣来的钱你打算干什么用?)Heearns40dollarsaday.(他每天挣四十美元。)Howdidhemakehisliving?(他靠什么谋生?)Hisbraveactwonhimthenameofahero.(他的英勇行为使他得到了英雄的名声。)16.splitv.撕裂;分开;使分裂;分担n.分裂,裂口Heissplittingthefirewoodwithanaxe.(他正用斧子劈木柴。)Theysplitthecostofthepartybetweenthem.(他们两人分担了宴会的费用。)Theysplitupafteryearsofmarriage.(他们俩结婚多年之后分开了。)Shesplitwithherboyfriendlastweek.(上个星期她与她的男友绝交了。)Mothermendedasplitinmytrousers.(妈妈缝好了我裤子上的一条裂缝。)split-hair 极其精确的;过分琐细的splitsecond 一刹那split-level 错层式的splitpersonality 分裂人格17.divorcev.离婚;与…离婚 n.离婚Thechild'sparentsdivorcedlastmonth.(这孩子父母上个月离了婚。)Hedivorcedhiswife.(他同妻子离了婚。)Idon'tthinkitispossibletodivorcesportsfrompolitics.(我认为把体育与政治分离开来是不可能的。)本课主要构词法 affixation(词缀法)1.名词后缀-ion definition2.名词后缀-age marriage3.名词后缀-ity security4.形容词后缀-al agricultural,industrial,traditional,social5.动词后缀-ize industrialize本课简介 在Families这篇课文中,作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义,但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析,从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。本课语言点1.…agroupofpeoplerelatedbybloodormarriage,…句子中的by常可与某些名词连用,在名词前面不加定冠词the,意思相当于“withregardto”,“accordingto”。请看下面的例句:1)HeisanEnglishmanbybirth.(他祖籍英国。)2)Heisateacherbyprofession.(他以医生为职业。)3)BybirthandbyeducationThomasJeffersonbelongedtothehighestsocialclass,butheneverlookeddownupon\ntheworking-classpeople.(按其出生和所受的教育,托马斯•杰弗逊都属于社会的了最高阶层,但他从来不轻视劳动人民。)relate是一个动词,在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句:1)Itisnotdifficultforpeopletorelatetheresulttothecause.(人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。)2)Itmightbemorehelpfultoyouifyoucanrelatetheorytopractice.(如果你能把理论和实践联系起来,对你的帮助也许会更大。)relate还可解释为叙述;有关,涉及;相处得好1)Herelatedusastoryvividly.(他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。)2)Histalkrelatedtotheinternationalsituation.(他的讲话涉及国际形势。)3)Herelatesverywelltohisclassmates.(他和同学们相处得很好。)related可以做形容词用,意思是“有联系的,相关的。”1)Thesefourpeoplearecloselyrelatedtoeachother.(这四个人联系紧密。)2)Heisverymuchinterestinginpaintingandtherelatedarts.(他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。)2.…allthosepeopledescendedfromacommonancestor,…所有来自同一祖先的人们。“descendedfromacommonancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句,修饰people。descendedfrom的意思是“传下,遗传”,如:1)HisfamilyweredescendedfromanIndiantribe.(他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。)2)Darwinconcludedthatmenweredescendedfromapes.(达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。)descendto的意思是“屈尊,降低;转而说到”1)Thefirmhaddescendedtousingnudepicturesforadvertising.(那家公司堕落到用裸照做广告。)2)Mr.Leethendescendedtothedetailswehadtobecarefulabout.(李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。)common是一个形容词,意思是“共有的,共同的;普通的”,请看例句:1)Nodoubt,thisisagrammaticalmistakecommontobeginnersinEnglish.(毫无疑问,这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。)2)Howcouldyouhavenoideaaboutthiscommonknowledge?(对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。)3)Theyhavenocommoninterests.(他们没有共同的爱好。)3.Somepeoplethankofafamilyasamother,afather,andtheirchildren,…thinkof…as…是一个很常用的词组,意思是“把…看作…”,如:1)Heoftenthinksofhimselfasagenius.(他常把自己看作为天才。)2)TheYellowRiveristhoughtofasthecradleoftheChinesenation.(黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。)与thinkof…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如:regard…as lookupon…as… see…as… view…as… consider…as…4.Forothers,havingafamilysimplymeanshavingchildren.本句中,havingafamily做主语,mean为谓语动词,havingchildren做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时,在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词,如:1)Acceptingthejobwouldmeanmovingtoanothercity.(接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。)2)Araiseintheworker'ssalarywillmeanacutintheprofit.(增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。)当mean作“意欲,打算”解释时,在它的后面通常跟不定式,如:1)Ididn'tmeantooffendyou.(我无意冒犯你。)2)Imeanttogiveyouthebookyesterday,butIforgotit.(我原打算昨天把书给你的,但我忘了。)5.Somefamilieshavelonghistories,whileothersknowverylittleabouttheirancestors.请注意while的用法,在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词,意思是“然而”。如:FredgambledallhismoneyawaywhileJanesavedeverypennyforherson'sschooling.(弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱,而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。)while在不同的语境中有不同的意思,请翻译下面的句子,注意while的词义。1)TheydecidedtofindalessexpensiveplacetostaywhileinParis.\n(在巴黎期间,他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。)2)Helookedathiswatchseveraltimeswhiletalkingtoher.(在跟她交谈时,他看了几次表。)3)Onegroupofchildrenarequiet,whilethesecondgroupwasveryactive.(一组孩子很安静,而第二组孩子非常活跃。)4)WhileIhavesympathyforthesepeople,Ithinktheyareguilty.(尽管我同情这些人,但我觉得他们有罪。)5)Wewillsucceedwhilewedon'tlosehope.(只要我们不失去希望,我们就会成功。)6.Nomatterifitisyoungorold,largeorsmalltraditionalormodern,everyfamilyhasasenseofwhatafamilyis.nomatterif连接让步状语从句,更常见的是用nomatterwhether。除了nomatterwhether以外,nomatterwh-引导的让步状语从句还有:nomatterwhat,nomatterwho,nomatterwhose,nomatterwhich,nomatterwhen,nomatterwhere,nomatterhow等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句:1)Nomatterwhathappens,pleaseletmeknow.(无论发生什么事,请让我知道。)2)Nomatterwhotelephones,tellhimI'mout.(无论谁来电话,告诉他我出去了。)3)NomatterhowhardItried,Icouldn'tsucceed.(无论我多努力,我总不能成功。)4)Nomatterwhetheryoubelieveitornot,it'struth.(无论你信不信,那总是事实。)5)Nomatterwhereyougo,Iwillfollowyou.(无论你去哪里,我都跟着你。)6)Nomatterwhichbookyoulikeyoucanhaveit.(无论你喜欢哪本书,你都可以拿去。)7)Nomatterwhosemoneyitis,wecan'tspenditsocarelessly.(无论是谁的钱,我们都不能这样随意地花)上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下:1)Whateverhappens,pleaseletmeknow.2)Whoevertelephones,tellhimI'mout.3)HoweverhardItried,Icouldn'tsucceed.4)Whereveryougo,Iwillfollowyou.5)Whicheverbookyoulike,youcanhaveit.7.Itisthatfeelingofbelonging,ofloveandsecuritythatcomesfromlivingtogether,helpingandsharing.本句中的it代指课文前一句中的asenseofwhatafamilyis.feelingofbelonging意思为“归属感”。security是一个名词,意思是“安全”。thatcomesfromlivingtogether,helpingandsharing是定语从句,修饰thatfeelingofbelonging,ofloveandsecurity.8.However,withthechangefromanagriculturaltoanindustrialsociety,manynuclearfamiliesmovedawayfromthefamilyhomeinordertofindwork.本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词,有承接上文的作用,可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密,有些接近连词。请看例句:1)This,however,isnotyourfault.(但这不是你的错。)2)I'dliketogowithyou,however,myhandsarefull.(我很想和你一起去,可是我忙不过来。)句中的with是一个介词,意思是“随着”,请看例句:1)Withthechangeoftheeconomicfoundation,thesuperstructurehastobetransformedtoo.(随着经济基础的改变,上层建筑也必须改造。)2)Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thesocietyischangingrapidly.(随着科学技术的发展,社会在迅速地改变。)with是一个十分常用的介词,请看下面的句子,注意with的用法和词意:1)Whowillgowithyou?(谁和你一起去?)2)Theteacherisverystrictwithus.(老师对我们很严格。)3)Atthenewswealljumpedwithjoy.(听了这个消息,我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。)4)Hewantedtokilltwobirdswithonestone.(他想一举两得。With意为“用,以”,译法可灵活。)5)Chinaisacountrywithalargepopulation.(中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有,带有”)6)Hefinishedthisworkwithgreatdifficulty.(他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。)7)Hewassittinginachairwithhishandsfolded.(他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构:with+名词+过去分词,做方式状语。)8)What'swrongwithyou?(你怎么了?with意为“就…来说”)9)Withyourknowledgeandexperience,youaresuretofindagoodjob.\n(以(凭)你的知识和经验,你肯定会找到一份好工作。)10)Withallhisshortcomings,hewasaniceperson.(尽管他有缺点,他还是个不错的人。)句子中的inordertofindwork做目的状语,除了用inorderto以外,还可以用soasto,也可以把inorder,soas省去,只用不定式。请看例句:1)Hedecidedtostudyharder(soas)tocatchupwiththeothers.(他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。)2)Heranoutinahurry(inorder)tocatchthelastbus.(为了赶上末班车,他匆匆向外跑去。)9.Thereforewecansaythatthenuclearfamilybecomesmoreimportantthantheextendedfamilyasthesocietyindustrializes.句子中的therefore是一个副词,通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果,也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有:so,consequently,asaresult等等。请看例句:1)Itrained,thereforethefootballmatchwasputoff.(天下雨,所以足球比赛延期了。)2)Heistoocareless,asaresulthefailedtheexam.(他太粗心,所以考试没及格。)3)Hewasillforaboutamonth,consequentlyhelaggedbehindhisclassmates.(他病了一个月,因此落在了同学后面。)asthesocietyindustrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词,表示“当…时”。请看例句:1)Astimegoeson,you'lllikethisplacebetter.(随着时间的推移,你会更喜欢这个地方。)2)Ashetalkedonhegotmoreandmoreexcited.(他谈着的时候,越来越兴奋。)本课中还有:1)Thenuclearfamilyisbecomingsmallerasparentswantfewerchildren.2)Associalscientistsstudythesetwonewfamilyforms,theywillbeabletotellusmoreaboutthefutureofthenuclearfamilyinthepost-industrialage.10.socialscientistsnowtalkoftwonewfamilyforms…本句中的talk是一个不及物动词,在表达“谈论某人(某事)”时,talk后面应该用介词of或者about。请看例句:1)Whatareyoutalkingabout?(你们在谈什么?)2)TheyaretalkingofvisitingMr.Zhang.(他们正谈论去看张先生的事。)3)Whatdoyoumeanwhenyoutalkaboutculture?(你谈论文化时指的是什么?)TextBTheChangingAmericanFamily短语表达1.alloverWehavefriendsallovertheworld.Ihavebeenlookingalloverforhim.2.provideforFatherhadtoworkveryhardtoprovidefoodandclothesforthefamily.Theyaretryingtoprovidesomeguidanceforthenewcomers.3.beexpectedtoParentsareexpectedtoprovidefortheirchildren.Youareexpectedtobeherebeforeeight.4.takecareofThenursetookcareoftheoldladywhenherdaughterwasaway.Thecatandthedogweretakengoodcareof.5.ontheotherhandIdon'tthinkthisproposalisworkable.Ononehandwedon'thavesomuchmoney,ontheotherhandtimeistoolimited.6.beconsideredtobeHeisconsideredtobethebestcandidateforthejob.Fatherisconsideredtobeahumorousandresponsibleperson.7.inaddition(to)\nInaddition,therearesomemagazinesonthetable.Inadditiontobread,wehadsomemilkandeggsforbreakfast.8.makedecisionYouhavetomakeanimmediatedecisionabouttheproject.Itisdifficultformetomakeadecisionrightnow.9.helpwithHehopedthathisbrotherwouldhelphimwithhismath.AtweekendsIoftenhelpmymotherwiththehousework.10.incontrastIncontrastwiththelowgradeIgot,Paulgotafullmarkonthebiologytest.Theirclub,incontrast,reachedamembershipof2000lastyear.11.giveupYouwillamounttonothingifyoualwaysgiveupeasily.Thedoctorpersuadedmyfathertogiveupsmoking.12.getreadyforHegotupearlyinthemorninginordertogetreadyfortheexam.Ihaven'tgotreadyfortheinterviewyet.13.bebusydoingMotherisbusycookinginthekitchen.Theteacherisbusydistributingthetestpapers.14.inconclusionShewillsayafewwordsaboutthearrangementinconclusion.Inconclusion,theoldpeoplearehappyinmostoftheAsiancountries.15.insteadofInsteadofgettingthebikerepairedheboughtanewone.Whoisgoingtothemeetinginsteadofyou?TextATelecommunicationviaSatellite本课主要单词1.telecommunicationn.电信,远距离通信请注意这个词的构成,tele-是一个前缀,意思是“远”,“远距离”。用tele-为前缀构成的词很多,如:television(电视),telegram(电报),telegraph(电报机;发电报),telephone(电话),telescope(望远镜)等。TheJapanesehopethatwecanbepersuadedtobuytheirtelecommunicationsequipment.(日本人希望能劝说我们购买他们的电信设备。)AT&ThasbeenallowedtoenterthefieldoftelecommunicationsinShanghai.(在上海,AT&T公司已获准进入电信领域。)2.viaprep.经由,经过,通过HewenttoShanghaiviaWuxi.(他经由无锡去上海。)HebookedatickettoWashingtonviaNewYork.(他预定了一张经由纽约去华盛顿的票。)Theytransmittedtelevisionpicturesviasatelliteallovertheworld.(他们通过卫星把电视画面传送到世界各地。)3.transmitv.播送,发射,传送,传递Glasstransmitslightandwatertransmitssound.(玻璃能透光,水会传声。)TheTVprogramwastransmittedbysatellitethroughouttheworld.(电视节目被卫星播送到世界各地。)Theywerereluctanttotransmittheinformationtothecontrolcenter.(他们不愿意把信息传送到控制中心去。)4.photographyn.摄影,照相;摄影术photo是一个词根,表示“光;光电;照相术”;graph表示“记录”。以photo为词根的词还有:photochemistry(光化学),photocopy(影印),photoelectric(光电的),photograph(照片),photographer(摄影师),photosensitive(感光的)等等。以graph为词根的词有:autograph(亲笔),biography(传记),calligraphy(书法),geography(地理学),telegraph(电报)等等。\n5.telegraphn.电报机;电报v.用电报发送;发电报我们刚刚讲到过tele是一个前缀,表示“远,远距离”,graph是一个词根,表示“写,记录。”Shetoldhimthenewsbytelegraph.(她用电报把消息告诉了他。)Itelegraphedhimtheresultlastweek.(上个星期,我把结果告诉他了。)6.establishv.建立,创办;使确认Hedecidedtoleaveschoolandestablishhisowncompany.(他决定离开学校,创办自己的公司。)Theyhaveestablisheddiplomaticrelationswiththatcountry.(他们已经同那个国家建立了外交关系。)Itisimportantforbusinessmentoestablishcredit.(对于商人来说,建立信誉十分重要。)Itisstrangethattheyhaven'testablishedthecauseofdeathsofar.(很奇怪,他们至今还没有确定死因。)Thereisnowaytoestablishtheidentityoftheman.(没有办法确认那个人的身份。)7.signaln.信号;暗号v.向…发信号Hedidn'tnoticethetrafficsignalswhenherodeonthestreet.(他在街上骑车时,没有注意到交通信号。)Hesatintheroomandwaitedforthesignaltospeak.(他坐在房间里,等候着让他说话的信号。)Theshipsignaleditspositionhourly.(该船每小时用信号报告它的位置。)Hesignaledmetoentertheclassroom.(他做手势叫我进教室。)8.visualadj.视觉的;栩栩如生的visionn.视力,视觉;想像力;幻想visualizev.设想,想像Areyousureitisnotyourvisualillusion?(你能肯定这不是你的视错觉吗?)Hisstoriesareveryvisual.(他的故事写得很生动。)Ifyoudon'ttellmeanything,itisdifficultformetovisualizethescene.(如果你什么也不告诉我,要想像这个景象很困难。)9.capableadj.有能力的,有才能的capabilityn.能力Ialwaysthoughtmotherwasverycapable.(我一直认为妈妈很能干。)Withtheknowledgeandexperience,wearecapableofovercomingthedifficulties.(有了这些知识和经验,我们能克服困难。)Don'tsayanythingcapableofbeingmisunderstood.(别说任何容易引起误解的话。)Theydon'thavethecapabilityofsolvingpracticalproblems.(他们没有解决实际问题的能力。)Somejobsarebeyondtheircapabilities.(有些工作超出了他们的能力。)10.broadcastv;n.广播,播音broadcastern.播音员broadcastingn.广播,播音broadcast可以做规则动词用(-ed),也可以做不规则动词用。(过去时,过去分词与动词原形一致。)Thenewswasbroadcasttothewholecountry.(这一消息对全国广播了。)Didyouwatchtheeveningbroadcastofworldnewsyesterday?(你昨天有没有看晚上播送的国际新闻?)HeworkswiththeCentralPeople'sBroadcastingStation.(他在中央人民广播电台工作。)Hesuggestedalltelevisionbroadcastingshouldbeprohibited.(他建议禁止播放所有的电视节目。)Hiswifeisafamoustelevisionbroadcaster.(他妻子是著名的电视播音员。)11.accessn.通道,入口;接近(进入)的机会Thedoorgivesaccesstoalivingroom.(从这个门可以进入起居室。)Icannotfindtheaccesstothisbuilding.(我找不到进入这座大楼的通道。)Idemandedaccesstoatelephone.(我要求有权使用电话。)Youcaneasilygetaccesstohim.(你很容易接近他。)Peopleinthatmountainareahadnoaccesstoeducation.(那个山区的人们过去没有受教育的机会。)access也可以做动词用,意思是“取,利用”,如:Themainproblemwasthattheyspenttoomuchtimeaccessingtheinformationfromthecomputer.(\n主要的问题是他们从计算机上存取信息花了太多的时间。)12.unlimitedadj.无界限的;无限制的;无数的limitedadj.有限的limitn.界限;限度v.限制Helongedforunlimitedpower.(他渴望有无限的权利。)Theystoredunlimitedamountoffoodwhentheyheardtheremightbeanearthquake.(他们听说有可能地震贮备了大量的食品。)Timeistoolimited,wehavetofinishthisworkinahurry.(时间太紧,我们得匆匆完成这项工作了。)Youhavetorealizewehavelimitedsourcesofinformation.(你得意识到我们的消息来源很有限。)Thedriverwasfinedforexceedingthespeedlimit.(司机由于超速被罚款。)Thereisalimittoone'slife,butnolimittoservingthepeople.(人的生命是有限的,但为人民服务是无限的。)Wehavetolimittheexpensesasmuchaspossible.(我们必须尽量节省开支。)Theauthorwilllimithimselftoadiscussionofthefirsttwochapters.(作者只准备讨论前两章的内容。)13.demonstratev.说明,演示;论证,证实;示威游行demonstrationn.论证;表演;示范;示威Thechemistryteacherdemonstratedaveryinterestingexperimenttothestudents.(化学老师给学生们演示了一个有趣的实验。)Howwouldyoudemonstratethattheearthgoesaroundthesun?(你如何证明地球围绕太阳转?)Theworkersdemonstratedforpayincreases.(工人们示威要求加薪。)Wouldyoupleasegiveusademonstration?(你能给我们演示一下吗?)Hisspeechwasademonstrationofhispatriotism.(他的演讲是他一片爱国心的证明。)Tomorrowtheywillgotothestreettostageademonstration.(明天,他们将上街示威。)14.educationaladj.教育的educationn.教育educatev.教育TherearemanyeducationalprogramsonTV.(电视播放很多教育节目。)Hereceivedagoodeducationwhenhewasyoung.(他年轻时受过良好的教育。)Theeducationofyoungpeopleisimportanttothefutureofacountry.(年轻人的教育对于一个国家的未来来说十分重要。)HewaseducatedintheUnitedStates.(他是在美国受的教育。)15.remoteadj.遥远的,偏僻的;(可能性)很小的PeoplecametoBeijingfromtheremotestpartsofourcountry.(人们从祖国最偏远的地方来到北京。)Hedecidedtogotoaremotemountainareaaftergraduationfromtheuniversity.(他决定大学毕业后到偏僻的山区去。)Canyouimaginewhatwillbecometheworldintheremotefuture?(你能想像在遥远的将来世界会变成什么样吗?)Thereisonlyaremotepossibilitytofinishitintwodays.(在两天内完成的可能性极小。)Pleasegivemetheremotecontrol.(请把遥控器给我。)16.isolatev.使隔离isolationn.隔离,孤立Heisolatedhimselffromtheoutsideworld.(他把自己与外部世界隔绝了。)Thebridgesankandthevillagewasisolated.(桥沉了,那个村子被隔绝了。)Hedoesn'ttrustanyoneandhelivesinisolation.(他不信任任何人,过着孤独的生活。)17.transportationn.运输Bikeisaconvenientmeansoftransportation.(自行车是很方便的运输物品。)Theyusedbothwaterandlandtransportationtosendtheirgoods.(他们用水陆两路运输工具。)18.instructionn.教学,指导;指示,说明instructv.命令、指示Readthedoctor'sinstructionbeforetakingthemedicine.(服药前请看一看医嘱。)\nWewillcarryoutyourinstructionsverysoon.(我们将很快执行你的指示。)HeisgivinginstructioninEnglish.(他在讲授英语。)Theteacherinstructedhertodomoreoralpractice.(老师指导她多做口头训练。)IwasinstructedtotakeyoutoBeijing.(我受命带你去北京。)19.riskv.冒…的危险n.风险、冒险Heriskedhislifeinsavingthedrowningchild.(他冒着生命危险救那个溺水儿童。)Idon'twanttoriskmylifetofindoutwhetherhetoldthetruth.(我不想冒丧命的危险去查证他是否说了真话。)Itmustbedoneatanyrisk.(不管冒什么危险,这事必须完成。)Heisunwillingtoruntheriskoflosinghismoney.(他不愿意冒丧失金钱的危险。)20.privacyn.私事;隐私;独处privateadj.私人的Apersonshouldhavesomeprivacy.(一个人应有自己的隐私。)Shelikestoliveinprivacy.(她喜欢清静地独居。)Theyarehavingaprivateconversation.(他们在密谈。)Thisisonlymyprivateopinion.(这只是我的个人意见。)21.contactn.接触,联系v.与…接触Theyhavelostcontactformanyyears.(他们失去联系已有多年了。)Wehavetogetintocontactwithhimassoonaspossible.(我们得尽快跟他取得联系。)Contactmebytelephone.(跟我电话联系。)Hecontactedthecontroltowerbyradio.(他用无线电与指挥塔取得了联系。)22.applicationn.申请;应用applyv.申请;实施Pleasefillintheapplicationform.(请填申请表。)Thecompanyrejectedhisapplication.(公司拒绝了他的申请。)Itisimportanttoputthetheoryintoapplication.(把理论应用起来很重要。)Heappliedforpartymembership.(他申请入党了。)Wearetryingtoapplybookknowledgetorealwork.(我们正努力把书本知识运用于实际工作中。)本课主要构词法conversion(转类法)orbit(n.)——(v.)telegraph(n.)——(v.)broadcast(n.)——(v.)channel(n.)——(v.)risk(n.)——(v.)contact(n.)——(v.)harm(n.)——(v.)affixation(词缀法) 1.名词后缀-ationapplicationconversationtransportationcommunication 2.形容词后缀-alpersonaleducational本课主要词组及语法要点词组:1.agroupof 2.byblood/marriage\n3.descendfrom 4.thinkof…as5.meandoingsth. 6.knowlittleabout7.senseof 8.comefrom9.consistof 10.thecenterof11.from…to 12.moveawayfrom13.inorderto 14.carefor15.takecareof 16.splitup17.theresultof 18.talkof19.beableto 20.in…age语法: 1.注意掌握副词放在句首做状语,修饰整个句子的用法,如:1)Basically,therearetwotypesoffamilies.2)Traditionally,allthemembersofanextendedfamilylivedinthesamearea. 2.掌握连接词的用法,连接词可以用来帮助使前后文更加连贯。1)Thechildrenstayinthenuclearfamilyuntiltheygrowupandmarry.2)Thentheyformnewnuclearfamily.3)Themembers…arerelatedbybloodorbymarriage.4)Theyareallrelated,sothemembersofanextendedfamilyarecalledrelatives.5)However,withthechangefromanagriculturaltoanindustrialsociety,manynuclearfamiliesmovedawayfromthefamilyhomeinordertofindwork.6)…butmostextendedfamiliesdonotlivetogether.7)Thereforewecansaythatthenuclearfamilybecomesmoreimportantthantheextendedfamilyasthesocietyindustrializes.8)Thenuclearfamilyisbecomingsmallerasparentswantfewerchildren,andthenumberof…9)…boththefatherandthemotherearnmoneyforthefamily…10)Mostsingleparentsfinditverydifficulttotakecareofafamilyalone,sotheysoonmarryagainandformremarriedfamilies.以上句子中的画线单词有连词也有副词,在句子中都起连接词的作用。本课简介技术是否也是一把双刃剑,在给人们带来帮助的同时也带来了弊端?本课通过卫星通讯的利弊昭示人们“明智”地运用技术才能使我们走向成功。卫星、计算机和电视的三结合改变了人们的生活。卫星被用来传送电视节目、电话和印刷材料;卫星被用于远程教育,使边远地区的人们通过“空中教室”接受教育;卫星被用来帮助生活在交通不便的偏僻地区的人们;卫星使世界各地的人们便捷地获取信息。然而侵犯隐私、使人与人之间疏于接触交流等弊端也应引起关注。本课主要语言点1.Atthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,therewerefourpowerfulmeansoftransmittingandreceivinginformationoverlongdistances:…本句中的beginning是一个名词,意思是“开始,开端”。如:1)frombeginningtoend(从头到尾)2)Hehasmadeagoodbeginning.(他开了个好头。)3)I'mafraidIwon'thavethetimetocomebackatthebeginningoftheterm.(恐怕我不会有时间在开学初回来。)means在本句中的意思是“方法;工具”,请看例句:1)ThemostconvenientmeansoftransportforpeopleintheUnitedStatesarecars.(对美国人来说最便利的交通工具是汽车。)2)Hehadnomeansofescapeotherthanjumping.(除了跳窗,他没有别的逃跑方法。)3)Hesucceededbymeansofpainstakingeffort.(他依靠苦干获得了成功。)byallmeans尽一切办法\nlivewithin/beyondone'smeans量入(不量入)为出ameanstoanend达到目的的方法bysomemeansorother用某种方法2.Bythemiddleofthecentury,bothradioandtelevisionhadbecomeestablishedmeansoftransmittingsoundsandpictures.句中所用的过去完成时,表示过去某时前已经发生的动作或情况。该动作已经完成,或者可能延续下去。用by引起的时间状语常与过去完成时连用。例如:1)BytheendoflastJune,theyhadvisited15countries.(到去年六月底为止他们已经访问了15个国家。)2)BytheendoflastyearHenryhadcollected1500butterflyspecimens.(到去年年底,亨利已经采集了一千五百多个蝴蝶标本。)3)Bythemiddleof1999,morethan10highbuildingshadbeenbuiltinthisarea.(到1999年年中,这一地区已建造了十座高楼。)4)Bythetimetheygottothecinema,thefilmhadalreadybegun.(他们赶到电影院时,电影已经开映了。)established在句中做形容词,意思是“常规的”。这个词还可解释为“(被)设立的;确认的;既定的;公认的”。例如:1)anewlyestablishedorganization(新设的组织)2)theestablishedprinciplesofinternationallaw(公认的国际法准则)3)anestablishedfact(既成事实)4)anestablishedcustom(常规)3.InordertotransmitaneventsuchastheOlympicsViasatellite,televisionsignalsarefirstchangedintoradiowaves,whicharethensentfromastationonearthtoanorbitingsatellite.suchas的后面既可以跟名词也可以跟从句,意为“诸如…之类的”;“例如”或“像…这样的人或事物”。请看例句:1)Theywillplantflowerssuchasroses,sunflowers,etc.(他们将栽种玫瑰、向日葵一类的花。)2)CountriessuchasFrance,Germany,JapanandAmericaaredevelopedcountries.(像法国、德国、日本和美国这类国家是发达国家。)3)IfeltaweightatmyheartsuchasIhadneverhadbefore.(我心中感到了一种从未有过的沉重情绪。)4)Idon'thavemanyreferencebooksbutIwillsendyousuchasIhave.(我的参考书不多,但我愿把我手头有的那些寄给你。)which引导的是一个非限定性的定语从句。非限定性定语从句在修饰人时用who,whom或whose,在修饰物时用which。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句分开。例如:1)Thestudents,whowantedtogoouting,weredisappointedwhenitrained.(那些学生想去郊游,天下雨了大家都感到失望。)2)TheteamisheadedbyanAmerican,whosewifeisaChinese.(队长是一个美国人,他的妻子是中国人。)3)Thebook,whichheborrowedfrommeyesterday,cost1/3ofmysalary.(他昨天从我这儿借走的那本书花了我三分之一的工资。)非限定性定语从句也可用关系副词where或when来引导。非限定性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是前面主句中的一个短语、从句或前面整个句子,通常用关系代词which引导。例如:1)Thesmalltown,whereheonceworked,hasturnedtobeamoderncity.(那座小城,他曾在那儿工作过,已变成一座现代化的城市了。)2)Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon'tbesobusy.(我们把郊游推迟至下周,那时我们不会这么忙了。)3)Theyturnedadeafeartoourdemands,whichmadeallofusangry.(他们对我们的要求置之不理,这使我们大家都很生气。)4.Intheory,everypersonwillhaveaccesstoanunlimitedamountofinformation.intheory意为“从理论上来说;在理论上”,与其意思相反的词组是inpractice(在实践中;实际上)。例如:1)Yourplanisgoodintheory,butdoesitworkinpractice?(你的计划在理论上是不错的,但实行起来能行吗?)2)Hisproposalworkedwellinpractice.(他的建议很行得通。)haveaccessto是一个很常用的词组,意为“可接近,可进入”,to是介词,动词have也可用其他词替换。如get,gain,give,win等。在词汇部分,对access已做过讲解,在此仅举例一、二。\n1)Theonlyaccesstothatbuildingisblocked.(进入那座楼的唯一通道被堵住了。)2)Studentsneedeasyaccesstobooks.(学生需要很容易地接触到图书。)2)Youcaneasilygetaccesstothehumorousoldman.(你很容易接近那个幽默的老人。)information是一个不可数名词,后面不可以加s,许多信息可以用alotofinformation,alargeamountofinformation,muchinformation等表达。一条信息可以表达为apieceofinformation.amount通常用在不可数名词前面,如theamountofmoney;aconsiderableamountofprejudice(相当大的偏见)。在复数名词前面可用number,如thenumberofmistakes;thenumberofstudents5.Thesatellitealsodemonstratedhowitcouldprovidehelptopeoplelivinginisolatedareaswheretransportationisdifficult.how引导的是一个宾语从句。我们很熟悉的是that引导的宾语从句,而且that常常可以省略。如:Wemustremember(that)thingsareeasiersaidthandone.(我们必须记住事情都是说起来容易,做起来难。)用连接代词或副词引导的宾语从句我们也应弄清楚。请看下面的句子:1)Hedidn'ttellmewheretheshoppingcenterwas.(他没有告诉我购物中心在哪里。)2)Doyouknowwhattheyweretalkingabout?(你知道他们刚才在谈论什么吗?)3)Let'sseehowwecansolvetheproblem.(我们看看怎么来解决这个问题。)4)I'mwonderingiftheletterisoverweight.(我想知道这封信是不是超重。)5)Wemustfindoutwhodidthis.(我们必须弄清楚这是谁干的。)provide是一个常用单词,通常可以有如下用法:providesth.to/forsb.;providesb.withsth.;providesb.sth.;providethat…,在前一个单元中,我们已对provide一词有过讲解,再请看几个例子:1)Itisimpossibleforthegovernmenttoprovideallyoungpeoplewithajob.(政府不可能给所有的年轻人都提供一份工作。)2)Canyouprovide5busesfor/tothetourists?(你们能为游客们提供五辆巴士吗?)3)Theagreementprovidesthatthetwosidesshallmeetonceamonth.(协议规定双方每月会晤一次。)6.Hewasthenabletofollowthedoctor'sinstructionsonhowtocareforthepatient.句子中的on意思为“关于;有关”,可用about替换。例如:1)HewroteabookonIndia.(他写了一本有关印度的书。)2)Hegaveusareportontheinternationaleconomy.(他给我们做了关于国际经济的报告。)3)Theyexchangedviewsonquestionsofcommonconcern.(他们就共同关心的问题交换了意见。)careof在句子中的意思是“照顾”,可用attend;lookafter替换。例如:1)Thewholesocietyshouldcarefortheyoungergeneration.(全社会都应该关怀年轻的一代。)2)Youcan'treallyfindouthowtocareforchildrenfrombooks.(你从书本上不可能真正找到照顾孩子的方法。)carefor还可以解释为“担心”,“介意”,“愿意”,可用about替换for。1)Hedoesn'tcareabout/forhisclothes.(他不讲究衣着。)2)Theoldladycaredmuchforherdaughter'ssafety.(老太太非常为女儿的安全担心。3)Wouldyoucareforacupoftea?(来杯茶,好吗?)4)Idon'tcareforhimtoreadtheletter.(我不愿意让他看这封信。)7.Themostcommonuseoftelecommunicationsatellites,however,hasbeenfortransmittingtelephonecalls.however在本句中做副词用,意思相当于but。但是however和but在用法上是有差异的。however不放在句首或句末时,前后通常都加逗号,而but则不用。请看例句:1)Itisnot,however,theonlyanswertothequestion.(然而,这不是问题的唯一答案。)2)I'dliketogoandseethefilms,however,Idon'thavethetime.(我很想去看电影,但我没时间。)3)However,westillhave10minutesleft.(不过,我们还有十分钟。)4)Thecompositioniswellwritten,thereisroomforimprovement,however.5)Iamsorry,butIwon'tbeabletocomethistime.(很报歉,我这次不能来了。)6)Hewouldliketogo,buthewasbusy.(他想去,但他太忙。)7)It'snotcheap,butit'sreallygood.(这个不便宜,但的确很好。)8.Telecommunicationcanmakeinformationfromaroundtheworldavailabletousequicklyandeasily,butsomepeopleworrythatthismaybearisktoourprivacy.available是一个形容词,意思是“可得到的;可用的;有效的”。\n1)Iamsorrythoseshoesarenotavailableinyoursize.(很报歉,那些鞋没你的尺码。)2)IfIamnotavailablewhenyoucall,leaveamessage.(你打电话来时如果我不在,请留个言。)3)Iftheticketsisavailable,Iwillgototheconcert.(如果能弄到票,我会去听音乐会。)4)Theticketisavailableonthedayofissueonly.(此票仅发售当天有效。)9.Wecanpreventthisfromhappeningbycarefullycontrollingthenewtechnology.prevent…from…意思为“阻止…发生”,也可用stop…from…或keep…from。From可被省去。例如:1)Theytriedeverymeanstopreventthedisease(from)spreading.(他们想方设法阻止疾病曼延。)2)Nothingcanpreventhim(from)goingthere.(什么也阻止不了他去那儿。)本课主要词组及语法要点 词组:1.atthebeginningof2.meansof3.overlongdistance4.bythemiddleof5.suchas6.changeinto7.from…to…8.becapableof9.notonly…but…10.intheory11.haveaccessto12.amountof13.provide…to…14.followsb'sinstructions15.carefor16.aswellas17.atthesametime18.make…available19.payfor20.isolate…from… 语法:1.过去完成时1)…bothradioandtelevisionhadbecomeestablishedmeansoftransmittingsoundsandpictures.2.非限定性定语从句1)…radiowaves,whicharethensentfromastationonearthtoanorbitingsatellite.2)…backtoearth,whereanotherstationpicksthemupandchangesthembackintotelevisionsignals.3)Thecombinationofsatellites,whichtransmitinformation,computers,whichstoreinformation,andtelevision,whichdisplaysinformation,willchangeeveryhomeintoaneducationandentertainmentcenter.2.宾语从句1)Wemustrememberthattechnologyaloneisnottheanswer.2)Thesatellitealsodemonstratedhowitcouldprovidehelptopeoplelivinginisolatedareas….3.注意suchas,aswellas,as的用法1)InordertotransmitaneventsuchastheOlympicsviasatellite,…2)…printedmaterialssuchasbooksandmagazines.3)…aswellasgetanyinformationtheyneed,…4)Asonetelecommunicationexpertdays,…TextBWhatPeopleDon’tKnowaboutAir短语表达1.without Wecouldn'thavefinishedtheworksosoonwithoutyourhelp. Withoutair,therewouldbenowindorclouds.2.adv.+pastparticiple Itiswidelyknownthattheearthgoesaroundthesun. Itisgenerallybelievedthattheearthisgettinghotter.3.where Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.\n Wherethereishope,thereislife.4.beforcedto Hewasforcedtodropoutofschool. Theywereforcedtowork14hoursaday.5.shelterv.&n. Mothertriedtoshelterherfromtheblowofthetragicnews. Youhavetofindshelterfromtheblazingsun.6.protectfrom Itisnecessarythatweprotectourskinfrombeingburnedbythesun. Shehadhisumbrellatoprotectherfromthesun.7.deadlyadj. Theymadeadeadlyattackontheenemy'sairbase. Adropofthispoisonmightbedeadlytoman.8.burst Ashebrakedatireburst. Alltheboysburstfromtheirtents. Everybodyintheroomburstoutlaughing. Thelittlegirlburstintotears.9.restupon Hisarmresteduponthetable. Thetaskresteduponmyshoulder. Hiseyesresteduponastrangeobject.10.gazeat Hewasstandingatthewindow,gazingatthestreet. Whatareyougazingat?11.not…until Hedidn'tgoouttoplayuntilhefinishedhishomework. Noonewastogotobeduntilfurtherorder.12.inthemeantime Hiscasewon'tcometocourtforseveralmonths,andinthemeantimemorethanhalfofthepeoplethinkhimguilty. Atlastwewerereleased.Inthemeantime,ourfriendhadinformedthenewspaper.13.payattentionto Pleasepaymoreattentiontoyourspellingnexttime. Ididn'tpaymuchattentiontowhathesaidyesterday.14.addto Ifyoupraiseothersmoreoften,youcanaddgreathappinesstotheirlife. Whathesaidjustnowaddedtomyconfusion.TextAlearnedwordsandpopularwords本课主要单词1.learnedadj.有学问的,博学的;学术上的这个单词做形容词用时有两种读音,一是,另一个是或。读时,意思是“有学问的,博学的;学术上的”;读或时,意思是“经过训练学到的”。alearnedman(学者) alearneddiscussion(学术讨论)alearneddoctor(医道高明的医生) alearnedjournal(学术刊物)alearnedresponse后天的反应(指非天生的)Hewaslearnedinthewaysofthewords.(他深通人情世故。)2.cultivatedadj.耕种的;栽培的;有修养的cultivatev.耕种;种植;培养;陶冶;建立;教化cultivationn耕种;栽培;培养;修养.\n1)ThefarmerwasbusycultivatingthelandwhenIfoundhim.(我找到那位农民时,他正忙着耕地。)2)Hisfathercultivatedafarmof80acres.(他父亲耕种一个80英亩地的农场。)3)Extensivereadingcancultivateyourmind.(广泛阅读能陶冶你的心性。)4)Hetriedhardtocultivategoodrelationswithhiscolleagues.(他努力与同事们建立良好关系。)5)Heisaverycultivatedyoungman.(他是一个非常有教养的年轻人。)6)Hercultivatedvoicewaspleasingtotheaudience.(她文雅的说话嗓音很悦耳。)7)Hejustcan'tunderstandwhytheyallowedthelandtogooutofcultivation.(他就是不理解他们为什么任土地荒芜。)8)Thecultivationofgoodmannerswillbeveryhelpfultohisfuture.(礼貌习惯的养成对他的未来将有很大的帮助。)9)Heisamanofcharmandcultivation.(他既有魅力又有教养。)3.concernn.关心;关系;关联v.涉及,有关于;使关心,使挂念1)Thismatterisnoconcernofyours.(这件事跟你毫无关系。)2)Idon'tthinkitismyconcern,goandaskthemanager,please.(这事跟我没关系,请去问经理。)3)Wefeltconcernfor(或over)yourhealth.(我们为你的健康担心。)4)Heissaidtohavebeenconcernedinthecrime.(据说他与这起犯罪事件有关。)5)Theenergyproblemconcernsusall.(能源问题关系到我们每个人。)6)Thebaby'spoorhealthconcernedhisparents.(孩子身体不好使父母担忧。)concernoneselfinsth..关心concernoneselfwith(about,over,in)忙于concernoneselfabout(for)担忧havenoconcernwith与…无关towhomitmayconcern(用作正式信件的开头)敬启者concernedadj.担忧的,不安的;有关联的;关心的1)Weareconcernedabout(at,over)worldpeace.(我们关心世界和平。)2)Hespoketothepeopleconcerned.(他对有关的人讲了话。)3)Wearenotconcernedwithwhoisrightorwrong.(我们对谁是谁非不感兴趣。)4)Asfarasabilityisconcerned,heisthebestcandidate.(就能力而言,他是最佳人选。)concerningprep.关于1)Thisisaproposalconcerningchildhealth.(这是一项关于儿童健康的建议。)2)Pleaseinformmeconcerningthismatter.(请把关于这件事的情况告诉我。)4.possessionn.所有,拥有possessv.拥有;具有;掌握;耐住(性子)1)Thepossessionofadegreedoesnotguaranteeyouajob.(有学位不一定保证能找到工作。)2)Whenhisfatherdied,hecameintopossessionofalargeranch.(他父亲去世后,他继承了一个大牧场。)3)Hewasapoormanwithfewpossessions.(他是个没有什么财产的穷人。)4)Theoldhouseisnowinhispossession.(这所老房子现在归他所有。)5)Theoldladyisinpossessionofsomegoldcoins.(那位老太太拥有一些金币。)6)Howmuchmoneydoeshepossess?(他有多少钱?)7)HetoldusthathepossessedalittleFrench.(他对我们说他懂一点法语。)8)Hepossessedhistemperdespitetheinsult.(尽管受到了侮辱,他还是按捺住怒气。)5.occasionn.时刻;场合;时机occasionaladj.偶尔的,偶然的occasionallyadv.偶然地1)We'vemeteachotheronmorethanoneoccasion.(我们已经不止一次地见过。)2)Hewantedtogivepeopleagoodimpressiononthisspecialoccasion.(他想在这个特别的场合给人们留下好印象。)3)Theweatherwasgoodexceptforanoccasionalshower.(除了偶尔有阵雨外,天气很好。)4)Theygointotownoccasionally.(他们偶尔进城。)\n6.acquaintancen.相识;了解;熟人acquaintv.使认识;了解1)Ihadsomeacquaintancewiththissubject.(对这一课题我曾有所了解。)2)Hehasmanyacquaintances.(他交游甚广。)3)It'snecessarytoacquaintWesternreaderswithrecenthappeningsinChina.(向西方读者介绍中国最近的动态很有必要。)4)Shedecidedtoacquaintherselfwitheveryaspectofthequestion.(她决定使自己对这个问题的每一个方面都了如指掌。)5)Wewereacquaintedwitheachyearseveralyearsago.(我们几年前就相互认识了。)7.formaladj.正式的;形式的;礼仪上的informaladj.非正式的;不拘礼节的formallyadv.正式地1)Theywroteaformalletterofthanks.(他们写了一封正式的感谢信。)2)Hereceivedformaltraininginmusicwhenhewasonly6.(他六岁时就接受了正规的音乐训练。)3)It'snotappropriatetowearinformalclothesonformaloccasions.(在正式场合穿便装不合适。)4)DiscussionswereformallyopenedinDavidCamplastweek.(讨论上周在戴维营正式开始。)8.elevatedadj.提高的;高贵的,庄严的elevatev.提高;提升elevationn.高度;提升;崇高elevatorn.起重工人;电梯1)Sheconsidersherselftooelevatedtoeatinafast-foodrestaurant.(她自视过高,不愿在快餐店用餐。)2)Hespokeinanelevatedtone.(他用庄严的语气讲着。)3)Hewaselevatedtoahigherrank.(他晋了级。)4)Theyworkedhardtoelevatethelivingstandards.(他们努力工作以提高生活水平。)5)Hewasoverjoyedathiselevationtothepositionofgeneralmanager.(他因晋升为总经理而欣喜万分。)6)Theyareflyingatanelevationof8000feet.(他们正在8000英尺高空飞行。)7)Youcantakeanelevatortothe18thfloor.(你可以乘电梯去十八楼。)9.stylen.风格;文体;式样1)Theysellhatsinallsizesandstyles.(他们出售各种式样和尺寸的帽子。)2)HechangedhisstyleofpaintingwhenhereturnedfromParis.(他从巴黎回来后就改变了画风。)3)Sincerityandsimplicityarehisstyle.(真挚和简练是他的文体。)comeintostyle(开始流行)beinstyle(在流行中)beoutofstyle(不再流行)10.casen.情况,事实;病例,案例;箱子,盒子1)Hethoughtthemoretimehespentonhislessons,thebetterperformancehewouldmake.Butnowherealizesitisnotthecase.(他原以为花在功课上的时间越多,成绩就越好,现在他认识到情况并非如此。)2)Ifthat'sthecaseyou'llhavetoworkharder.(如果真是那样,你得更加努力。)3)Don'tworrytoomuchaboutit,itisalightcaseofflu.(别担心,只是轻度流感。)4)Thepolicearestudyingthemurdercase.(警察正在研究这起谋杀案。)acaseinpoint(恰当的例子)acaseofhonor(荣誉攸关的问题)acivil(criminal)case(民事/刑事诉讼)acaseoflifeanddeath(生死攸关的事情)ahardcase(棘手的事情)inanycase(无论如何)incase(假使;以防)inthecaseof(就…来说)justincase(以防万一)\n11.popularityn.普及,流行;名望,受欢迎popularadj.普遍的;多数人喜爱的;大众的1)Hewasamazedatthepopularityoftable-tenniswhenhefirstcametoChina.(他第一次来中国时惊异于乒乓球运动的普及。)2)Thenewpresidentachievedgreatpopularity.(新任总统深得人心。)3)Booksonpopularsciencearesellingwell.(科普书籍销得很好。)4)Heispopularamongyoungstudents.(他深受青年学生的欢迎。)12.classificationn.分类;分级classifyv.把…分类1)Therearedifferentopinionsabouttheclassificationofaparticularword.(对某一特定的词的分类有不同的看法。)2)Theyclassifiedthebooksaccordingtotheircontents.(他们根据内容把图书分了类。)在英语中有不少以-fy为后缀的动词,其名词形式常以-ation为后缀,如:purify—purificationqualify—qualificationsimplify—simplificationidentify—identification13.convenientadj.方便的inconvenientadj.不方便的conveniencen.方便1)Ifitisconvenientforyou,pleaseinformmeofthecaseassoonaspossible.(如果于你方便的话,请把案情尽早告诉我。)2)Yourvisitcausedhimgreatinconvenience.(你的来访给他带来极大的不便。)3)Iappreciatetheconvenienceoflivingneartheoffice.(我喜欢住处离办公室近这点方便。)14.avoidv.避免,避开1)Youshouldavoidbeinglateforthemeeting.(你应该避免开会迟到。)2)Weshouldavoidmakingthesamemistake.(我们应该避免犯同样的错误。)15.presencen.出席,到场presentadj.出席的;当前的 n.礼物 v.呈献;送1)Weshallbegreatlyhonoredtohaveyourpresence.(你如能出席,我们将荣幸之至。)2)Hefeltshytospeakinthepresenceofalargeaudience.(在众多人前讲话他感到难为情。)3)Allthestudentsarepresenttoday.(今天,所有的学生都到堂了。)4)Heistalkingaboutthepresentsituation.(他正在谈当前的形势。)5)He'sfathergavehimalovelybirthdaypresent.(父亲给了他一个可爱的生日礼物。)6)Hepresentedhisteacherwithabookhewrote.(他送给老师一本自己写的书。)本课主要词缀Affixation(词缀法)1.形容词后缀-ed(多接于名词之后,表示“具有…”,“充满…”的意思) learned,cultivated,educated,elevated2.名词后缀-ion,-ation possession,classification,misconception,cultivation3.名词后缀-ance acquaintance,importance本课简介 在learnedwordsandpopularwords\n这篇课文中,作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异,并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意,把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词,而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用,只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。本课主要语言点1.Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhich,takentogether,makeupthewholevocabulary.class在本句中的意思是“种类”,相当于type,category.如:1)Itisverydifficulttomeettheneedsofvariousclassesofreaders. (要满足各种读者的需要十分困难)2)Howmanyclassesareyougoingtodividethesebooks?(你打算把这些书分成几类?)class还常用来表示“等级”,如:asecond-classhotel(二等旅馆);aneconomy-classticket(经济舱票);flyfirstclass(乘头等舱航空旅行).class也可以用动词用,意思是“把…分类;把…看作”,如:1)At19youarestillclassedasateenager。(到了十九岁,你仍旧是青少年。) 2)Hewasclassedasagenius(他被看作为天才)makeup在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”,请看例句:1)Twenty-sixboysandtwenty-fourgirlsmakeuptheclass(二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班)2)Twelvedoctorsmadeupthemedicalteam(十二名医生组成医疗队)用被动语态时则应用bemadeupof,如:Thisengineismadeupof490parts(这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的)takentogether过去分词短语做后置定语,对中心词做一些附加说明,相当于一个非限定性定语从句,要用逗号和中心词隔开,如:Allthelettersinthedrawer,writteninpencil,arefrommybrother.(抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。)2.First,therearethosewordswithwhichwebecomefamiliarinordinaryconversation,whichwelearn,thatistosay,fromthemembersofourownfamilyandfromourfriends,andwhichweshouldknowanduseevenifwecouldnotreadorwrite.句子中which引导的都是定语从句,修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with,这儿的with是familiarwith中的介词前置了。Familiarwith意为“熟悉”。如:Areyoufamiliarwiththemanstandingoverthere?(站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗?)请注意familiarwith与familiarto的区别,familiarwith的主语通常是人,而familiarto的主语通常是物。如:1)Iamnotfamiliarwiththisplace. 2)Thisplaceismotfamiliartome.thatistosay是插入语,其作用是对整个一句话进行解释,类似的插入语还有sotospeak,ifImaysayso,ifyoudon'tmind等等,如:1)I'dreallyrathernotgo,ifyoudon'tmind我确实不想去,你如果不介意的话。2)Thenewemperorwas,sotospeak,apuppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。3.Theyconcernthecommonthingsoflife,andarethestockintradeofwhospeakthelanguageconcern在句中的意思是“涉及,有关于”,如:1)Don'tinterfereinthingsthatdon'tconcernyou(别干预跟你无关的事)。2)Theenergyproblemconcernsusall(能源问题关系到我们每个人)stock的意思很多,如“存货”,“股票”,“公债券”,“牲畜”等。1)Theyholdarichstockofinformation(他们掌握着丰富的材料)2)Youcannotbuyitbecauseit'soutofstock(你买不成了,货品已经脱销)3)Heusedtohaveastockfarm(他曾经拥有一个畜牧场) 4)Thefridgewascarefullystockedupwithfood.(冰箱里周到地放满了食品)stockintrade也可以写成stockintrade,意思是“例行工作”,“常规”,如:1)Complaintswereastockintradeofanairportmanager'sjob(机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉)2)Hewasthemasterofblackhumor,itwashisstockintrade(他是黑色幽默大师,黑色幽默是他的专长)4.Suchwordsmaybecalled“popular”,sincetheybelongtothepeopleatlargeandarenotthepossessionofa\nlimitedclassonly.since在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句,请看例句:1)SinceitwasSaturday,hegotupverylate(因为是周六,他起床很晚。)2)Youcantaketheplaceofhimsinceheisnotinterested(你可以取代他,因为他对这事不感兴趣)atlarge在本句中的意思是“整个”,这个词组的意思还有很多,请看下面的句子:1)Thepeopleatlargelovepeace(大多数人热爱和平) 2)Thevirusisstillatlarge(这种病毒还在蔓延)3)Themurdererisstillatlarge(杀人犯仍逍遥法外) 4)Hetalkedatlargeabouthisplans(他详尽地谈了自己的计划)5)Theymadethearrangementsatlarge(他们随意地做了安排)5.请注意区别与possession有关的两个词组:inpossessionofsth..和inthepossessionofsb.1)Heisinpossessionofthishouse(他拥有这所房子) 2)Thehouseisinthepossessionofhim3)Ontheotherhand,ourlanguageincludeslargenumberofwordswhicharerelativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语,阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力,写作中注意用这些词,有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。Ontheotherhand在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气,在前一段中讲了popularword这一段中作者则要讲讲learnedwords.表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多,比如:Conversely,however,onthecontrary,unlike,whereas,yet等等。前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用,而amount可与不可数名词连用,如:1)Alargenumberofstudentshavepassedtheexam(许多学生已经通过了考试)2)Theypaidalargeamountofmoneyforthehouse(他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子)6.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedperson,butthereislittleoccasiontousethemathomeoccasion通常可以做可数名词用,意思是“时刻、场合”;也可以做不可数名词用,意思是:“必要性、需要;机会”。如:1)They'remetonseveraloccasions(他们已相遇过好几次)2)Theyareoccasionswhenyoufinditdifficulttosay“Good-bye”.(有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。)3)Idon'trememberIhadoccasiontoblamehim(我不记得我有责备他的必要)7.Inthelatter,weareusingaLatinDerivationwhichhasexactlythesamemeaning在前一句中用了“inthefirstcase,”本句中的“inthelatter”是指inthelattercase.对两件事分别进行表述时,可以用inthefirstcase,inthelattercase这一类词,条理非常清楚,也可以用theformer,thelatter来表述。derivation是derive的名词形式。Latinderivation意思是“拉丁语词源的词”,请看例句:1)ThesewordsarederivedfromLatin(这些词由拉丁语派生而来)2)Thederivationofwordsisinteresting(词的派生很有意思)8.Theterms“popular”and“learned”,asappliedtowords,arenotabsolutedefinitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”,如:1)Idon'tknowhowtoputthistermintoChinese(我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文)2)Writerishardlythetermtoapplytohim(“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上)term还有“期限;任期;学期”的意思,如:1)Duringhis4-yeartermofoffice,hedidalotofthingsforthecommonpeople.(在他四年的任职期间,他为普通百姓做了不少事。)2)Hedecidedtorumforasecondterm(他决定竞选连任。) 3)Theautumntermiscomingtoanend(秋学期快要结束了。)applyto在句中的意思是“用于”,如:1)Thisruleappliestoupperclassstudentsonly(这条规则只适用于高年级学生。)2)Idon'tthinkwhathesaysappliestoyou(我想他的话对你不适用)3)Theyareeagertoapplythetheorytopractice(他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践)applyfor则是“申请”的意思,如:1)Howmanypeoplehaveappliedforthejob?(有多少人申请了这个工作?)\n2)Theyappliedforpermissiontousethetenniscourt(他们申请使用网球场。)9.Stilltheclassificationinto“learned”and“popular”isconvenientandsound.本句中的sound是形容词,意思是“正确的;明智的”,如:1)Hefeltsohappythathehadmadeasounddecision. (做了正确的决定,他感到很高兴。)2)Hewassocarriedawaybypowerthathecouldnotmakeanysoundjudgement (他被权力冲昏了头脑,无法做出任何明智的判断)请看下面几个句子,注意sound在句中的意思: 1)Heissoundinbodyandmind(他身心健康)2)Thehouseissound.Don'thesitatetobuyit(这所房了完好无损,别犹豫,买下它)3)Thebabyishavingasoundsleep.(宝宝在酣睡) 4)Fathergavehimasoundbeating.(父亲给他一顿痛打)10.Whenwecallaword“learned”wedon'tmeanthatitisusedbylearnedpersonsalone,butsimplythatitspresenceintheEnglishvocabularyisduetobooksandthecultivationofliteratureratherthantotheactualneedsofordinarypeoplenot(that)….but(that).意思“不是….而是。”如:1)IcamehereagainnotbecauseIenjoythescenerysomuchbutbecauseIlikethepeople.(我又来这儿,不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色,而是我爱这儿的人们。)2)BycallinghimShylock,Idon'tmeanthatheisnamedShylock,butthatheisasmiserlyasShylock.(叫他夏洛克,我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克,而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。)dueto在句中的意思是“由于”,如: 1)Hisfailurewasduetocarelessness(他的失败是由于粗心。)2)Duetolackoffunds,theyhadtopostponetheproject.(由于缺少资金,他们不得不推迟计划)ratherthan在本句的意思是“不是…而是...”,“与其...不如…”1)Heisawriterthanateacher(与其说他是教师,不如说他是作家。)2)Helayratherthansitinthearmchair(与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。)本课主要词组1.makeup 2.befamiliarwith3.learnfrom 4.belongto5.atlarge 6.ontheotherhand7.beknowsto 8.acquaintancewith9.inastyle 10.beofimportance11.inthefirstcase 12.inthelatter(case)13.inprint 14.applyto15.comeup 16.asto17.asawhole 18.dueto19.ratherthanTextBhowshouldyoubuildupyourvocabulary?短语表达\n1.buildup(建立;增强;增加)Theyworkedhardtobuildupthefriendshipbetweenthepeopleintwocountries.Getplentyofexerciseeverytobuildupyourhealth.2.comeacross(穿过,出现;遇到)Theycameacrossthestreettomeetme. AgoodideacameacrossmymindWeareboundtocomeacrossdifficulties,butwearedeterminedtoovercomethem.3.lookup(查阅)Iftherearewordsyoudon'tunderstand,lookthemupinthedictionary.Forfurtherinformationaboutthismatter,lookupthisbook.4.attopspeed(以最高速度)Hedrovehiscarattopspeed It‘sdangeroustocornerattopspeed5.dependon(依靠;取决于)We'lldependmainlyonourselvestosolvetheproblem.Theaccomplishmentofthetaskdependsonthesolutionofthismajorproblem.6.makesense(有意义、讲得通)Whathesaidjustnowdidn'tmakeanysensetome. Thissentencedoesn'tmakeanysense.7.trydoingsth(尝试做某事)Youcantryusinganothermethodtogoit Hetriedclimbingthemountainwithoutanyhelp.8.comeupwith(提出,想出;提供)Heisexpectedtocomeupwithsomeideasafterhethinksabouttheproblem.TheTVnetworkwillcomeupwithbettershowsinthefuture.9.leadto(导致)Ourdiscussionsledtoconfusion.Theearthquakeledtoheavylossoflife.10.afterall(毕竟)Don'texpecttoomuchofhim,heis,afterall,achildof10.Wedidn'tfinishallthework.Afterall,wedidn'thaveenoughhands11.providewith(提供)Itisnecessarythatyouprovidethemwithalltheequipment Wearesatisfiedtobeprovidedwiththesekitchenutensils12.beginwith(以....开始)Thefirstwordofasentenceshouldbeginwithacapitalletter.Tobeginwith,weoughttoknowwhatweareherefor.TextAscientificattitudes本课主要单词1.attituden.姿势,姿态;态度,看法1)Theplanewasinanose-downattitude.(飞机处于俯冲姿态。)2)Theydecidedtotakeanattitudeofwaitandseeto/towardthenewpolicy.(他们决定对新政策采取观望态度。)3)Weshouldadoptacorrectattitudeabouttests.(对考试我们应抱正确的态度。)2.environmentn.环境,周围状况,自然环境1)Achildcaneasilyadjusttochangesintheenvironment.(孩子很容易适应环境的变化。)2)Theypromisedtoprovideusagoodenvironmentforworkandrest.(他们许诺为我们提供良好的工作或休息环境。)3)Scienceoffersustotalmasteryoverenvironmentandoverourdestiny.(科学赋予我们控制环境掌握命运的能力。)4)Hegrewupinanenvironmentofpoverty.(他在贫穷的环境中长大。)\nenvironmentaladj.环境的environmentalprotection环境保护environmentalpollution环境污染environmentalbiology环境生物学,生态学environmentalengineer环境工程师3.curiosityn.好奇(心) curiousadj.好奇的;离奇古怪的1)Hewalkedtothesilentoldmanoutofcuriosity.(出于好奇,他向那位沉默寡言的老人走去。)2)Sheshowedgreatcuriosityaboutmypast.(她对我的过去显示出莫大的好奇。)3)Childrenarecuriousabouteverything.(儿童对什么都感到好奇。)4)Notlongaftertheyleft,acuriousthinghappened.(他们走后不久,一件古怪的事情发生了。)4.imaginationn.想像,想像力;幻觉;应变能力 imaginev.想像;料想1)Heisawriterofrichimagination.(他是一个富有想像力的作家。)2)Noonemovedinthebushes,itwasonlyyourimagination.(没人在树丛里走动,只是你的幻觉而已。)3)Duetohislackofimagination,hejustdidn'tknowwhattodonext.(由于缺少应变能力,他不知道下一步该怎么办。)4)Itishardtoimaginelifewithelectricity.(很难想像没有电,生活会是怎样。)5)Iimaginehewillcometomorrow.(我料想他明天会来。)请注意区别下面三个形容词imaginative,imaginary,imaginable1)Itisanimaginativetale.(这是个虚构的故事。)2)Theteacheriswaitingforimaginativeanswer.(老师正等待着具有丰富想像力的回答。)3)Theequatorisanimaginarycirclearoundtheearth.(赤道即假想的环绕地球的大圆。)4)animaginaryenemy(假想敌)5)Theysaidtheywouldsavethepatientbyeverymeansimaginable.(他们说他们会用尽一切想得出的方法抢救病人。)(imaginable常与最高级形容词或all,every,only等连用,放在被修饰的名词的后面。)5.apartadv.分离,分开1)Thetwoschoolsare20milesapart.(两校相距20英里。)2)Icannottellthesetwothingsapart.(我无从区分这两件东西。)3)Apartfromwhathementionedjustnow,therearesomeothercausesforthefailure.(除了他刚才提到的,还有一些其他的失败原因。)4)Hetookthemachineaparttoseewhatwaswrong.(他把机器拆开,看看出了什么毛病。)6.stimulatev.刺激,激励stimulationn.刺激,激励1)Praisestimulatedthestudentstomakegreaterefforts.(表扬激励学生作更大的努力。)2)Exercisestimulatestheflowofblood.(锻练促进血液循环。)3)TV,ifproperlyused,canstimulateachild'simagination.(电视如果使用适当能激发孩子的想像力。)4)Theintentionofloweringinterestratesistostimulatetheeconomyanddevelopindustries.(降低利率的打算是为了刺激经济,发展工业。)5)Youngchildrenneedsstimulation.(年幼的孩子需要激励。)7.regardlessadj.不留心的,不注意的 adv.不顾,不惜1)Hecrushedthebloomwithregardlesstread.(他毫不在意一脚践踏了鲜花。)2)TheremaybedifficultiesbutIshallcarryonregardless.(可能会遇到种种困难,但不管怎样,我将继续干下去。)3)I'mbuyingthebook,regardlessofthecost.(不管价钱如何,我都打算买下那本书。)请注意区别regardlessof和inspiteof1)Theplanewilltakeoff,regardlessoftheweather.(不管天气好坏,飞机都将起飞。)2)Theplanetookoffinspiteofthebadweather.(尽管天气不好,飞机还是起飞了。)8.disagreeableadj.让人不愉快的,不合心意的;难相处的\n disagreev.不同意;不符;不适宜1)Sheisdisagreeabletowardsme.(她对我不友好。)2)Thismedicinehasaverydisagreeablesmell.(这药有一股很难闻的气味。)3)Idisagreewithyouonthatpoint.(在那一点上我跟你意见不同。)4)Thedampweatherdisagreeswithme.(潮湿的天气使我不舒服。)9.failuren.失败;变弱failv.失败;变弱;使失望1)Hisplansendedinfailure.(他的计划以失败告终。)2)Thepowerfailurecausedheavylosses.(供电中断造成严重的损失。)3)Hiscarelessnessresultedinhisfailureoftheexam.(他的粗心致使他考试不及格。)4)Ifailedinpersuadinghim.(我没能说服他。)5)Hiseyesightisfailing.(他的视力在衰退。)6)Hiscouragefailedhim.(他失去了勇气。)10.solutionn.解决办法 solvev.解决1)Theloanwasonlyatemporarysolutiontothecountry'sfinancialdifficulties.(借贷只能暂时解决这个国家的经济困难。)2)Afteraday'scarefulthought,hecameupwithagoodsolution.(经过一天的仔细考虑,他才想出一个好办法。)3)Weshouldworktogetheronthesolutionofournationalproblems.(我们应该一起解决我们国家的问题。)4)Ireallydon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.(我真不知道如何解决这个问题。)5)Theyfoundanewwayofsolvingtheproblem.(他们找到了解决这个问题的新办法。) (请注意用solution这个名词时,通常用asolutiontoaproblem表示“问题的解决办法。”。)11.adaptv.使适应,使适合;改写1)Weshouldadaptourthinkingtothenewconditions.(我们应该使自己的思想适应新的情况。)2)Someanimalswillmodifytheirbehaviortoadapttotheirenvironment.(一些动物改变它们的习性以适应环境。)3)Canyouadaptyourwayofthinkingtothenewlife-style?(你能使你的思想适应新的生活方式吗?)4)Theyadaptanovelforthescreen.(他们把小说改编为电影。)请注意adapt和adopt的区别,adopt意为“采用;收养”。1)Theyaregoingtoadoptnewtechniquesinraisingsilkworms.(他们准备采用新的养蚕技术。)2)Alittlegirlwasadoptedintothefamily.(一个小女孩被收养为家庭一员。)12.perfectadj.完美的;完全的 v.使完美,改善1)HespeaksperfectEnglish.(他说一口地道的英语。)2)Theactorisperfectforthepart.(由这位演员担任这一角色再理想不过了。)3)Heisinperfecthealth.(他身体十分健康。)4)Heisaperfectstranger.(他是个完全陌生的人。)5)TheydecidedtosendtheirsontoEnglandtoperfecthisEnglish.(他们决定把儿子送到英国去提高他的英语水平。)13.acceptableadj.可以接受的 acceptv.接受1)Thisproposalisacceptabletoall.(这个建议大家都能接受。)2)Tomreceivedanacceptablemarksonthetest.(汤姆在测验中的分数尚可。)3)Don'taccepteverythingyouseeonTVastrue.(别以为在电视上看到的一切都是真实的。)4)Ididn'texpecthimtoacceptmysuggestion.(我没指望他接受我的建议。)5)Theplanhaswonwideacceptanceamongthepeople.(这个计划受到了人们的普通欢迎。)6)Henoddedindelightedacceptance.(他愉快地点头表示赞同。)14.evidencen.发现;(调查或研究)结果;根据 evidentadj.明显的1)Doyouhaveanyevidenceforthisstatement?(你这样说有任何根据吗?)\n2)Thereareevidencesthatsomebodyhasbeenlivinghere.(迹象表明有人一直住在这儿。)3)Itisevidentthatwedonotunderstandeachother.(显然,我们彼此不了解。)4)Hespokewithevidentdisappointment.(他带着明显的失望说话。)5)Wecansaywithgoodevidencethattheirworkisoneofthebest.(我们有充分的证据说明他们的工作是最好的。)15.determinev.决定;确定 determinedadj.下决心的 determinationn.决心;结论1)Hehasdeterminedonacourseofaction.(他已决定了行动计划。)2)Thepolicewantedtodetermineallthefacts.(警察想查明全部事实。)3)Hisfatherisdeterminedtoquitsmoking.(他父亲决心戒烟。)4)Hemadehisdeterminationafterhereadthetestreport.(他在看了化验报告后下了结论。)5)Mr.Smithisamanofdetermination.(史密斯先生是个有决断力的人。)16.growthn.生长 growv.生长1)Thegrowthintourismisreallyastonishing.(旅游业的发展实在令人惊异。)2)Therapidgrowthofworldpopulationiscreatingmoreandmoreproblems.(世界人口的迅速发展带来了越来越多的问题。)3)Hishairhasgrowntoolong.(他的头发长得太长了。)4)Friendshipgrewbetweenthem.(他们之间产生了友情。)5)Youwillgrowusedtoit.(你会渐渐对此习惯的。)本课主要构词法Affixation词缀法1.形容词后缀-abledisagreeableacceptable2.副词后缀-lyscientificallypreviouslyentirelyfrequently3.名词后缀-ionimaginationsolution4.反义词前缀un-unknownunpleasant本课简介 在“ScientificAttitudes”这篇课文中,作者指出科学始于人类对周围环境的疑问。当人类具有去伪存真的能力时,科学也开始迅猛发展。好奇和想像是有助于推动科学发现和发展重要素质。作者还认为具有科学头脑的人相信“因果”关系。任何现象的存在必有原因,只是有些尚未被发现。思想开放、无偏见;尊重别人的观点;凡事以事实为依据都是科学的态度。人物背景1.BenjaminFranklin:富兰克林(1706-1790年),美国政治家及科学家。美国18世纪名列华盛顿后的最著名的人物,参加起草独立宣言。在科学方面进行过有名的电实验,并对电做了理论说明。只受过极短的正规教育,全靠勤奋自学成才。法国经济学家杜尔哥颂扬他“从天空抓到雷电,从专制统治者手中夺回权力”。2.ThomasEdison:爱迪生(1847-1931年),美国发明家。技术历史中显著的天才之一,拥有白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等1093种发明专利,还创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室。3.Galileo:伽利略(1564-1642年),意大利物理学家及天文学家。对现代科学思想的发展作出过重大贡献。最早用望远镜观察天体,并曾用大量事实证明地球环绕太阳转,否定地心说。4.LouisPasteur:巴斯德(1822-1895年)法国化学家及微生物学家。证明发酵及传染病是微生物引起的,创始并首先应用疫苗接种以预防狂犬病、鸡霍乱等,挽救了法、英等国的养蚕业和啤酒业。5.EdwardJenner:金纳(1749-1823\n年),英国医生,牛痘接种法创始人。历经周折使牛痘接种法得以公认,并传播到欧美大陆及全世界,使天花的病死率大为下降。本课语言点1.Sciencehaditsbeginningwhenmanstartedaskingquestionsabouthisenvironment.句中的beginning是一个名词,意思是“开始、开端、”例如:1)Wehadtoomuchrainatthebeginningofthemonth.(月初雨水过多。)2)Hehasmadeagoodbeginninginthefieldofpublishing.(他在出版领域做出了良好的开端。)在动词start的后面,可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式。一般来说,如果表示有意识地“开始做某事”,多用动名词,否则用不定式更多一些,如:1)Westartedworkingonitin1999.(我们是1999年开始这项工作的。)2)Suddenlyitstartedtorain.(突然下起雨来。)2.Hesoughtanswerstotheseandotherquestions.本句中的sought是动词seek的过去分词。seekanswersto…“寻找…答案”,to是介词,常与answer这类名词连用。例如:1)Theanswertoyourquestionisverysimple.(你的问题答案很简单)2)Ihaven'tfoundthesolutiontotheproblemyet.(我还没找到解决这个问题的办法)3)Hecouldn'tfindthekeytothedoor.(他找不到开这个门的钥匙)3.Notallhisanswerwerecorrect,butatleasthedidwanttoknow.Notallhisanswerwerecorrect这是一个部分否定的句子。部分否定一般用下列三种形式表达;A.主语中有all/both/every/each,etc+否定谓语B.主语中有not+all/both/every/each,etc+肯定谓语C.否定谓语+all/both/every/each,etc1)Allthestudentsarenotintheclassroom.(学生们并不都在教室里。)这句话相当于:Notallthestudentsareintheclassroom.2)Everycomputerisnotofhighquality.(并非每一台计算机都是高质量的。)这句话相当于:Noteverycomputerisofhighquality.3)Ididn'tseebothofthem.(我只见到了他们两个中的一个。)这句话相当于:Ionlysawoneofthetwomen…butatleasthedidwanttoknow.句子中的did是助动词,随人称和时态的变化而变化,用于强调,如1)Hedoesknowthewaytothelibrary.(他的确知道去图书馆的路)2)Idoenjoypopmusic.(我的确喜欢流行音乐)3)Theydidgiveusalotofhelp.(他们的确帮了我们不少忙)4.Thechildwantstotakeapartawatchtoseewhatmakesitwork.句子中“totakeapartawatch”是不定式做宾语,后面的“toseewhatmakesitwork”则是不定式做目的状语。请看下面的例句:1)Heofferedtohelpme.(他提出要帮助我。)2)Ididn'texpecttofindyouhere.(没想到在这儿碰到你。)3)Weallwanttolearnmoreknowledge.(我们都想学更多的知识。)4)Todoitwell,youhavetomakemoreefforts.(你得更努力,才能做好。)5)Toprotectthechild,helaiddownhislife.(为了保护那个孩子,他献出了自己的生命。)6)Theyranovertowelcomethehero.(他们跑过去欢迎那位英雄。)在上述6个句子中,前3句是不定式做宾语,而后3句则是不定式做目的状语。takeapart的意思是“拆开”,如:1)Hetookthetoyapartbutfoundnothingunusual.(他把玩具拆开但没发现任何异常。)2)I'llhavetotakethebikeaparttoseewhatiswrong.(我得把自行车拆开看有什么毛病。)5.Hecombinedhiscuriositywithimaginationandcarriedouthiswell-knownexperimenttoshowthatlighteningandelectricsparkarethesamething.combinewith是一个常用词组,意思为“使结合;使联合”:例如:1)Experienceisfinewhenitiscombinedwiththerightpersonality.(经验与健全的人格相结合是很好的。)\nwell-known是一个复合形容词,意思为“出名的,众所周知的”,例如:Awell-knownfilmcritic(有名的影评家),awell-knownvoice(熟悉的声音)。除了做定语用以外,well-known(或写成wellknown)也可以做表语,如:1)Itiswellknownthatexcessivedrinkingandsmokingcanbeharmfultoone'shealth.(众所周知抽烟喝酒过多有害健康。)2)Itiswellknownthateducationofyoungpeopleisvitaltothefutureofacountry.(众所周知年轻人的教育对一个国家的未来至关重要。)6.Scientificallymindedpeoplebelieveina“cause-andeffect”relationship句子中的minded是一个形容词,在minded前面常用形容词或副词,组成一个复合形容词,如:anarrow-mindedperson(一个心胸狭窄的人),theabsent-mindedyoungman(心不在焉的年轻人),open-mindedpeople(思想开放的人们),liberally-mindedparents(思想开明的父母),apolitically-mindedoldman(有政治头脑的老人)cause-and-effect是一个复合形容词,修饰后面的名词relationship。如此构成的复合形容词在英语中很常见,如:1)anever-to-be-forgottenmoment(永远难忘的时刻)2)anepoch-makingevent(划时代的大事)3)aseven-year-oldboy(一个七岁男孩)4)await-and-seeattitude(等着瞧的态度)7.…thereisagoodreasonwhysomeleavesturnredandothersyellowinthefall句子中的why是一个关系副词,它所引导的是一个定语从句,请看例句:1)Hedidn'tgivethereasonwhywasabsentyesterday(他没有提到昨天缺席的理由)2)Thereasonwhyhemissedthetrainwasthathegotuplate(他没赶上火车的原因是他起床晚了)3)Thisisthereasonwhyhedidit(这就是他做那件事的原因)有时,我们也会看到在reason后面用for的情况,用for的时候,后面只能接名词,或动名词短语,不能接句子,如:1)Idon'tknowthereasonforhisabsence.(我不知道他缺席的理由)2)OneofthereasonsforcomingtoEnglandwastomakemoney.(到英国来的原因之一是挣钱)3)Thereisnoreasonforhispoorwork.(他的工作干不好是没有理由的)句子中的fall是一个名词,意思为“秋天”,例如:1)Imetheragaininthefallsemester.(我在秋学期又见到了她)2)TheymovedtoWashingtoninthefallof1998.(一九九八年秋天他们搬到了华盛顿)8.Incaseswheretheexplanationisunknownthescientificpointofviewisthatthereisareasonifitcanonlybediscovered句子中的where是关系副词,引导定语从句,修饰名词cases,因此,incaseswheretheexplanationisunknown可以译为“在对一些的解释还不为人们所知的情况下。”用关系副词where引导定语从句也是很常见的,如:1)Let'sthinkofasituationwherethisidiomcanbeused(我们来想一个可以使用这个习语的场合)2)Istherealibraryaroundwherewecanborrowbooks?(附近有什么图书馆可以借书吗?)句子中that引导的是一个表语从句。表语从句和主句中的连系动词连用,结构为:主语+连系动词+表词从句,例如:1)Myideaisthatweshoulddoitassoonaspossible(我的建议是我们应该尽早做这件事)2)Itlooksthatitisgoingtorain(看起来天要下雨)句子中的if….only在此表示尚欠缺的唯一条件,ifitcanonlybediscovered可以译为“只是尚未被发现罢了”.9.Thismeanstheabilitytofacethefactsastheyareregardlessofwhatonehaspreviouslythought.句子中的as是一个连词,表示方式,意思是“按照;如同;例如”1)Wemuststatethefactsastheyare.(我们必须如实地陈述事实)2)Givemethebikeasitis,I'llgetitrepaired(把自行车照实给我,我去修理)Regardlessof是一个常用词组,意思是“不顾”,例如:1)Ourmanageroftenactsregardlessofconsequences(我们经理做事常常不顾后果)2)Hesetoutregardlessoftheheavysnow(他不顾天降大雪出发了)10.Theworkerinsciencemustfacefactswhethertheyarepleasantorunpleasant.whether…or引导的是一个让步状语从句,意思是“无论,不管,”例如:\n1)Whetheryoubelieveitornotit'struth(无论你信不信,那总是事实)2)Hewillbehereontimewhetherhedrivesortakesthetrain(不管他开汽车来还是乘火车来,他总会准时到达)11.Scientistsmustbeabletochangetheirthinkingandtoadapttheirtheoriestonewfactsastheyarediscovered.adapt意为“使适应,使配合”,常指改变以适应新的情况,后面常接介词to,例如:1)Someanimalswillmodifytheirbehaviortoadapttotheirenvironment(有些动物会改变习性来适应环境)2)Wehavetoadaptourthinkingtothenewconditions(我们得使自己的思想适应新的情况)请注意区别动词adapt和adopt,在词汇部分,我们已作了讲解。12.Ascientifictruthoffersanexplanationthatisacceptableonlyinthelightofwhatisknownataparticulartimeinthelightof是一个常用词组,意思是“根据,按照;考虑到”,例如:1)Tofindtruthinthelightofscienceistheonlycorrectway(凭借科学探求真理是唯一正确的方法)2)WemustapplyMarxisminthelightofChina'sspecificconditions(我们必须按照中国的具体情况应用马克思主义)ThisshouldbediscussedmorefullyinthelightofthedevelopmentsintheUniversity(考虑到学校的发展,这个问题应该讨论得更充分一些。)本课主要词组1.seekanswerst2.layaside3.becuriousabout4.takeapart5.combinewith6.carryout7.believein8.ergardlessof9.whether…or10.bewillingto11.succeedin12.inadvance13.adaptto14.makeupone'smind15.onceandforall16.inthelightof17.respectfor18.comeup19.laughat20.changeone'smind21.experimentonTextBsolvingproblemsscientifically有用的词和词组Usefulwordsandexpressions:1.arouseone'scuriosityOncehiscuriosityisaroused,hewilltryeverymeanstomakeeverythingclear.2.firstofallFirstofallIwanttothankyouwithallmysincerity.3.ariseNewproblemswillarisewhenoldonesaresolved.4.resultfromHisfailureresultedfromhislackofexperience.\n5.bringaboutThenewpolicyhasbroughtaboutalotofchangesintheruralareas.6.inneedofIthinkwewillbeinneedofyourhelpsoon.7.buildupHowcanIbuildupmyconfidencewhenImeetfailurestimeandagain?8.modifySomeanimalswillmodifytheirbehaviortoadapttonewenvironment.9.checkwithIamnotsureiftheseanswerscheckwiththekeyintheteacher'sbook.10.turnouttobeHisexperimentturnedouttobeagreatsuccess.TextATheGreatAmericanGarageSale本课主要单词1.garagen.车库,汽车修理厂1)Jimjumpedoutthecarandopenedthegaragedoors.(杰姆跃出车外,把车库门打开。)2)Itisalready6:30.Ithinkthegaragemustbeclosed.(已经六点半了,我想汽车修理厂准已关门了。)3)Mr.Hendersonworkedasagaragemechanicbeforeheretired.(退休前亨德森先生做汽车修理工。)4)Theydecidedtohaveagaragesaletogetridofsomeunwantedstuff.(他们打算进行一次现场旧货出售,把一些不需要的物品清除掉。)2.unwantedadj.没人要的;不需要的,多余的1)Thelittlegirlfeltunwantedwhenbothherparentslefther.(父母丢下了她,小姑娘觉得自己是多余的。)2)Herbicidescanbeusedtokeepdownunwantedplants.(除莠剂可以被用来控制多余的植物的生长。)3)Theunwantedobjectsaresetoutonthefrontyardoftheirhome.(那些不需要的物品就展示在他们家的前院里。)在英语中,用前缀un--加动词的过去分词构成的形容词很多,如:unexpected(想不到的),uneducated(没受教育的),undisturbed(没受到干挠的),unhurried(不慌不忙的)等等。3.ridv.使摆脱,使去掉1)Wemustridourselvesoftheillusionsandbemorepractical.(我们必须去掉幻想,更加务实。)2)Whodoyouthinkcanridthecountryofthiswickedness?(你觉得谁能使这个国家摆脱邪恶?)3)Youshouldtrytogetridoftheuneasyfeeling.(你应该尽量使自己摆脱这种不安的感觉。)4)JackgotridoftheoldvanandboughthimselfanewBuick.(杰克卖了那辆旧货车,给自己买了辆新别克。)5)Hejustdidn'tknowhowtogetridofthatannoyingboy.(他就是不知道怎么摆脱那个恼人的男孩。)4.homemadeadj.家里做的;自制的;本国制造的1)Thecakeisreallytasty.Ididn'texpectitishomemade.(这蛋糕味道真好,我没想到这是家里做的。)2)Thewomantoldtheboythatcandywashomemade.(那位夫人对男孩说糖果是自制的。)在英语中,像homemade这类词很常见,如:handmade,machine-made,man-made,China-made等等。5.neighborhoodn.四邻,邻近地区,附近1)Hetoldthepolicethathelivedinawealthyneighborhood.(他对警察说他住在富人区。)2)Theydidn'tknowtheylivedinthesameneighborhood.(他们不知道他们俩在同一地段。)3)Thenoisefromtheconstructionsitedisturbedtheentireneighborhood.(工地的噪声骚扰了整个地区的居民。)4)Shesentthechildtotheneighborhoodnursery,asshehadtogotowork.(她把孩子送进了附近的托儿所,因为她得去上班。)5)Helivesintheneighborhoodofashoppingcenter.(他住在一个商店区附近。)6.advertisementn.广告;启事;公告1)Today'snewspaperhasanadvertisementforair-hostesses.(今天的报纸载有一则招聘空姐的广告。)2)TheydecidedtoplaceanadvertisementonTVforthechildaslost.(他们决定在电视上登走失儿童的广告。)在使用中,我们常用ad.作为advertisement的简写。advertising也可用作名词,意思是“广告业,登文选”,或“广告(总称)”\n1)Herunsafirmthatdoesbigadvertising.(他经营着一家做大规模广告生意的公司。)2)Thenewspapercarriesmuchadvertising.(这报纸上登有大量广告。)3)Thesupermarketattractedmanycustomersbyadvertising.(这家超市用广告吸引了众多顾客。)advertise做动词用,意思是“(为)…做广告;宣传”Hesawateachingpostadvertisedbythelocalnewspaper.(他在当地报纸上看到一则招聘教师的广告。)7.ever-increasingadj.不断增长的1)Theyaretryinghardtomeettheever-increasingdemandsoftheneighborhood.(他们正在努力满足这地区的人们不断增长的需要。)2)Theever-increasingnumberofstudentsputagreatstrainonthem.(不断增长的学生人数给他们带来了很大的压力。)英语中这一类的形容词也不少见,如:everblooming(四季开花的),everlasting(永久的)8.stuffn.原料;东西 v.塞满1)Hehasgotallthestuffreadyforbuildinghisnewhouse.(他已备齐新房所需的全部材料。)2)Sheisalwayseatingsweetstuff.(她总是吃甜食。)3)Heisunwillingtoreadthestuffhehaswrittentothewholeclass.(他不愿意把自己写的东西读给全班听。)4)Theoldmanstuffedhispipewithtobacco.(老人把烟斗装满烟丝。)5)Theboystuffedthebillscarelesslyintohispocket.(那男孩随便地把钞票往口袋里一塞。)6)Thebookisstuffedwithinterestingstories.(这本书里全是有趣的故事。)请注意区别stuff与staff,staff通常用做名词,意思是“全体职员”1)Theschoolhasgotastaffof800.(这所学校有800名教员。)2)Theyhavelargestuffsoflanguageexperts(他们有大批语言专家。)9.castoffadj.抛弃的;穿旧的 n.被抛弃的人(或物)1)Hewasreluctanttodressinhisolderbrother'scastoffs.(他不愿意穿哥哥丢下的旧衣服。)2)Hefelthimselfasocialcastoff(他觉得自己是一个被社会抛弃的人。)castoff是一个词组动词,意思是“把…放开”,“丢弃;与…断绝关系”。1)Hecastoffthehuntingdogtochasethewoundedhare。(他放开猎狗去追受伤的野兔。)2)Castoffallrestraintsanddowithyoulike.(抛掉一切限制去做你喜欢的事。)10.extraadj.额外的 adv.非常1)Shecouldgetsomeextrasleepatweekends.(周末时她可以多睡一会儿。)2)Motherneedsextrahelpinthekitchen.(妈妈需要额外的人手帮厨。)3)Hewasextranicetothem.(他对他们特别好。)4)Mr.Jonesarrivedextralate.(琼斯先生到得格外迟。)11.originaladj.起初的;独创的 n.原作1)Philadelphiawastheoriginalcapitaloftheunitedstates.(费城是美国的旧都。)2)Whatistheoriginalmeaningofthisword?(这个词的原义是什么?)3)Theoriginalplanswerechanged(原先的计划改了。)4)hehassomeoriginalideasinhisbook.(他的书里有创新思想。)5)Theteacheraskedustoreadsomenovelsintheiroriginalversions.(老师让我们读一些原版小说。)12.remnantn.残余,剩余1)Theydumpedtheremnantsofthefeastintothegarbagecan.(他们把残羹剩菜倒进了垃圾桶。)2)Theremnantofthedefeatedarmywithdrewtoavalley.(战败部队的残兵撤进了山谷。)3)Theremnantislargeenoughforanapron.(这块零头布足够做个围裙了。)13.bargainn.交易;特价商品 v.讨价还价1)Iwassureitwouldbealosingbargainatthebeginning.(我开始就认定这是一笔赔本买卖。)2)Sheshowedmehowtoshopbargains.(她让我看看该怎样觅购特价商品。)3)I'mconsideringthepossibilityofbargainingwithouropponent.(我在考虑和对手谈判的可能性。)4)Sherefusedtobargainovertheprice.(她不愿讨价还价。)14.fabulousadj.神话式的,惊人的1)Heisafabulousfigureinhistory.(他是历史上的传奇式人物。)\n2)Mr.Wangreallydidn'tknowwhattodowithfabulousfortuneatthemoment.(王先生一时不知如何处置这笔巨额财富。)3)Wehadafabuloustimeattheparty.(我们在晚会上玩得很痛快。)15.mercyn.慈悲,宽容1)Havesomemercyonthepoorchild(对可怜的孩子发发慈悲吧。)2)Heshowednomercyon(to)hisopponents.(他对对手毫不手软。)3)Thejuryfoundhimguiltyanddidnotrecommendmercy.(陪审团认为他有罪,所以未提请法庭宽大处理。)4)Whatamercythatyoucouldsurvivetheaircrash.(你能在空难中幸存是多么幸运啊!)atthemercyof任凭…的摆布formercy'ssake看在上帝的份上leave….tothemerciesof听由…任意摆布16.reluctantadj.不情愿的1)Hewasreluctanttogivethemanyhelp.(他不愿意给他们任何帮助。)2)Shegaveusareluctantpromise(他勉强地给了我们允诺。)17.boundadj.一定的;受约束的;开往…1)Weareboundtosucceed.(我们一定会成功。)2)Heisboundtorefuse.(他一定会拒绝)3)Shehasnotimetogoshoppingassheisboundtoherjob.(她被工作束缚住了,没时间去购物。)4)Whereareyouboundfor?(你上哪儿去了?)5)HeisboundforhomefromShanghai(他在从上海回家的途中。)本课简介 “TheGreatAmericanGarageSale”这篇课文通过对一户普通的美国家庭把家里不再需要的物品整理出来进行现场旧货出售一事的描述,告诉读者现场旧货出售在美国深受普通百姓的喜爱,买卖双方都乐在其中。究其原因不外乎如下几点: 1)充抵不断上扬的生活费用; 2)享受结识新朋友的快乐; 3)希冀有意外收获的美梦成真。Garagesale既降福予者也降福取者,只是有一天买东西的人会成为卖东西的人,因为他也遇到了同一个问题—如何打发掉家里多余的物品。本课主要语言点1.Notlongago,CharlesEricksonandhisfamilydecidedtodosomeSpringhousecleaning.动词do常与一些名词连用。表示从事某种普通的活动或工作,比如:doyouteeth(brushyourteeth),dotheflowers(arrangetheflowers),dothedishes(washthedishes)。再请看一些例句:1)Whenmotherwasaway,IdidthecookingandTomdidthecleaning. (妈妈不在家时,我做饭,汤姆搞卫生。)2)Whodoesthewashingupaftereachmeal?(每顿饭后谁洗餐具?)3)Iwillgotosupermarkettodosomeshoppingthisafternoon. (今天下午,我要去超市买点东西。)2.Sortingthroughtheirpossessions,theycaneupwithsome1,500old,unwanteditems—allsortsofthingstheywantedtogetridof.sort通常做名词用,意思是“种类、类别”,如:1)Whatsortofirondidshebuythismorning?(她今天上午买的哪一种熨斗?)2)Idon'tthinkhewillbeinterestedinthissortofbook.(我想他不会对这一类书感兴趣。)3)Hewouldfindallsortsofexcusesforhisfailure.(他会为自己的失败找寻各种借口。)在本句中sort用作动词,意思是“整理;分类”。Sort常用于短语sortout,但out也常可省略。1)Hewasaloneinthepostofficesortingletters.(他独自一个在邮局里分拣信件。)2)OldJohnwassortingthroughapileofoldshoes.(老约翰正在整理一堆旧鞋。)3)TheteacheraskedMarytosortoutthebiggerballs.(老师让玛丽把大一点的球拣回来。)4)Ineedtosortoutmyownproblemsfirst.(我需要先把我自己的问题解决。)\ncomeupwith这个短语我们在前面碰到过,意思是“提供,提出,想出”,在本句中该短语意为“产生,制造出”。1)WealwayscountonXianLitocomeupwithhelpofonekindoranother.(我们总是可以指望小李提供这样或那样的帮助。)2)Hecameupwithagoodideaafter2hours'ofthinking.(经过两个小时的思考,他想出了一个好主意。)3)Thecompanyhascomeupwithanewtime-savingdevice.(这家公司已制造出一种新的省时装置。)getridof这个短语已在词汇部分做了讲解,请再看两个例句:1)Itisnoteasytogetridofabadhabit(去掉不良习惯不是一件容易的事)2)Iwanttogetridofthisoldbikeandbuyanewone.(我想卖掉这辆旧自行车,买辆新的。)3.TheEricssonsneedn'thaveworried表示姓名的专有名词变成复数,前面加定冠词the,指此姓的一家人,或夫妇俩,如:1)TheBlackswereinFrancewhentheearthquakehappenedintheirhometown(家乡发生地震时,布莱克一家正在法国。)2)Thewangswereholdingabirthdaypartywhenthepolicepaidthemavisit.(警察来访时,王先生夫妇在举行生日聚会。)“needn't+have+过去分词”表示在某时之前本无必要做某事,如: 1)Weneedn'thaveworriedsomuchabouthim.Heisoldenoughtotakecareofhimself.(我们本无必要为他如此担心,他是大人了,该会照顾自己了。)2)Youneedn'thavetoldhimeverythingaboutit.Ithasnothingtodowithhim.(你本无必要把一切都告诉他,这件事跟他无关。)3)Ineedn'thaveworkedsohardifyoucouldgivemealittlehelp.(如果你给我一点帮助,我本不用如此辛苦的。)4.Eagerbuyersboughtallbut50oftheitemsinoneweekendleavingthefamily$442richer.allbut是一个常用短语,意思是“几乎,差不多;除了……都”,如:1)Givemeonemoreminute.Ihaveallbutfinished.(再给我一分钟,我差不多要做完了。)2)Hefoundallbutoneexitblocked.(除了一个出口外,其余的出口都被封了。)3)Alltheboysbuthimwentcampinglastweekend.(上周末除了他之外,所有的男孩都出去野营了。)leave在本句中的意思是“使……处于某种状态”,如:1)Leavethedooropen.(让门开着吧。)2)Theseven-daystrikeleftthecompanyingreatconfusion.(为期七天的罢工使公司极其混乱。)3)Theresulthaslefteverybodydissatisfied.(结果使每一个人都不满意。)4)Thenewpolicywouldleavetaxpayersworseoff.(新政策使纳税人处境更糟。)5.Risinglivingcostsareconsideredbyalmosteveryoneasareasonbothforholdingsalesandforattendingthem本句中的rising可以看作为形容词,做定词,修饰其后的名词短语,如:risingprices(上涨的物价),therisingrateofinflation(上升的通货澎胀率),risingsun(升起的太阳朝阳)consider是一个常用动词,请看下面的例句,注意consider的用法:1)Theyconsiderthemselvestobeverylucky.(他们认为自己很幸运。Considertobe)2)Theydon'tconsideritasimportant.(他们认为这个不重要。consideras,用被动语态则是beconsideredas)3)Heisconsideringmovingtoasmallercity.(他正在考虑搬到小一点的城市去。Considerdoingsth.)4)Iconsiderthatonecomputerisnotenough.(我估计一台电脑不够用。Consider+aclause)在前一单元我们讲到过,reason后面可以跟for,也可以跟why,只是在for后面必须用名词或名词短语,在why后面必须用句子。请再看两个例句:1)Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheissoupset.(谁也不知道他为什么如此沮丧。)2)ThereasonforhisgoingtoFrancewasunknown.(无人知晓他去法国的原因。)6.Butbeyondthat,theyarefun.beyond是一个常用词,在本句中做介词用,意思是“除…以外”,相当于besides,多用于否定句和疑问句中,如:1)Iknownothingofitbeyondwhatyoutoldme.(除了你告诉我的以外,别的我都不知道。)2)Beyondthat,thereisnothingmoreIcansay.(除了那个,我再也没什么可说的了。)3)Heownsnothingbeyondtheshabbyhouse.(除了那个破旧的房子,他一无所有。)\nbeyond做介词用时,还有“在…的那边;迟于;超出”等意思,如:1)Whatliesbeyondthemountain?(山那边有什么?)2)Don'tstaytherebeyondmidnight.(别在那儿待到半夜后)3)Whathesaidisbeyondmyunderstanding.(他说的话我不懂)4)Howhemanagedtofindusisbeyondme.(我不清楚他是如何设法找到我们的。)7.Onepsychologistsuggeststhatpeoplearefedupwiththecomputerizationoftheirlives.在动词suggest(建议,提议)后面可以用doingsth.和that从句,在that从句中用虚拟语气,请看例句:1)Isuggestbringingthemeetingtoanend(我建议结束会议。)2)Hesuggestedthatthework(should)bestartedatonce.(他建议立即动工。)3)Herparentssuggestedthatshe(should)haveamedicalexamination.(她父母建议她做一次体检。)当suggest的意思为“认为;暗示;启发;表明”时,that从句中不用虚拟语气,如:1)Jane'spalefacesuggestedthatshewasill(珍妮苍白有脸色表明她病了。).2)Hesuggestedthataccidentwasmyfault.(他认为那起事故是我的过错。)befedupwith意思是“厌倦,”相当于betiredof或bewearyof,如:1)I'mfedupwithhiscomplaints(对他的抱怨我厌倦之极。)2)Manystudentsarefedupwithsomeofthedullcourses(许多学生对一些乏味的课程甚为厌倦。)8.Manyoftheyoungerbuyerssaytheyareturnedoffbythepoorqualityofmoderngoodsandarelookingforremnantsofastringerandfirmerera,whenthingswerebuilttolast.turnoff是个常用短语,通常表示“关掉;解雇;避开,”在本句中的意思是“失去兴趣”,请看例句:1)Besuretoturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.(请你离开前务必把灯关掉。)2)Shewasturnoffbythebossasshecouldn'ttypefastenough.(她因打字不够快而被老板解雇。)3)Heturnedoffthequestionwithashrugoftheshoulder.(他耸耸肩回避开了这个问题。)4)Thismusicreallyturnsmeoff.(这种音乐真叫我倒胃。)5)Anumberofstudentsareturnedoffbythissubject.(这门课使许多学生厌烦。)句中的when是一个关系副词,引导非限定定语从句,也可把when看作是并列连词,意思相当于atthetime,如:1)Themeetingwillbeputofftillnextweek,whenalltheparticipantswillarrivefromdifferentpartsofthecountry.(会议被推迟到下周,届时所有的与会者将从全国各地赶来。)2)I'lljoinyounextmonth,whenIwillhavemadeallthepreparations.(我下个月加入你们当中,那时我将做好一切准备。)9.……itblessethhimthatgivesandhimthattakesblesseth为古英语动词现在时第三人称单数,相当于现在的blesses。句中的that引导的是定语从句,如:1)Godhelpthosethathelpthemselves.(自助者天助。)2)Giveittowhoeverthatisinneedofhelp.(把这个给任何一个需要帮助的人。)本课主要词组1.sortthrough2.comeupwith3.allsortsof4.getridof5.setout6.allbut7.putup8.beconsideredas9.befedupwith10.searchfor11.turnoff12.runacross13.inthebackofone'smind14.(be)ofgreatvalue15.separate…from16.beboundto17.befacedwith短语表达1.urgesb.todosth./beurgedtodosth.Theyurgedthemanagementtogivethemadefiniteanswer.2.withoutadv.Nevermind,wecanmanagewithout.3.insteadofHestayedathomereadinginsteadofgoingtoseeafilm.\n4.rangefrom…toTheboysrangeinagefrom7to13.5.specializeinHespecializedinbiology.6.atlowpricesThissmallshopoffersgoodsatlowprices.7.belikelytoHeislikelytocomelate.8.refertoHeusedtobereferredtoas“theIronMan”.9.beknownforChinaisknownforitssilkandtea.10.keeptheflavorThevegetablecannotkeepitsflavorifovercooked.TextAHowDictionariesAreMade本课主要单词1.mainlyadv.主要地;大部分地1)Idon'tknowwhathisinterestsare,becausewetalkmainlyaboutworkwhenwemeet.(我不知道他的兴趣是什么,因为我们见面时主要谈工作。)2)ThevisitorsweremainlystudentsfromMainlandChina.(来访者多半是来自中国大陆的学生。)3)Hequitthejobmainlybecauseofhealthproblem.(他辞了那份工用是由于健康原因。)2.grammariann.语法学家-ian或-an是一个名词后缀,表示“…地方的人”,“精通…的人”,“信奉…的人”,如:American(美国人),Italian(意大利人),Musician(音乐家),Historian(历史学家),Confucian(儒家),Christian(基督徒)grammarian这个单词是由grammar加后缀-ian构成的。3.supremeadj.最高的;极度的,最主要的1)Heenjoyssupremepowerinthiscountry(他在这个国家享有至高无上的权力。)2)Theyarefulfillingataskofsupremeimportance.(他们正在完成一项极其重要的任务。)3)Nooneexpectedthathewouldchangehisideaatthesuprememoment.(谁也没料到他会在决定性的时刻改变主意。)Supremecourt(美国联邦(州)最高法院。)Thesupremecommander(最高统帅)SupremeSoviet(前苏联最高苏维埃)4.authorityn.官方,当局;权利,权威1)Thegovernmentisthehighestauthorityinthecountry(政府是国家的最高权利机构)2)Haveyoutalkeditoverwiththeauthoritiesconcerned?(你已经跟有关当局讨论过这个问题了吗?)3)Whatauthoritydoyouhaveforenteringthishouse?(你有什么权利进这个屋子?)4)Whoistheauthorityonthissubject?(谁是这门学科的权威?)5)Chineseparentshavemoreauthorityovertheirchildren(中国的父母对孩子更有权威。)5.usagen.惯用法;使用;用法1)It'sdifficulttomastertheusageofthesegrammaticalforms.(要掌握这些语法形式的用法很困难。)2)Thatphrasehasgoneoutofusage.(那短语已不再为大家所惯用。)Usage常表示语言等的“用法”,“使用”,“惯用法”,我们不能说incorrectusage,而应该说incorrectuse.6.disputev.争吵;对…提出质疑 n.争论,争端1)Theyaredisputingwitheachotheron/abouttheownershipoftheterritory.(他们正在就领土所有权问题进行争论。)(dispute做不及物动词用)2)Theydisputedhowtogetthebestresults.(他们争论如何才能取得最好的效果。)(dispute作及物动词用)3)Yourhonestyhasneverbeendisputed.(没有人怀疑过你的诚实。)(dispute作及物动词用)\n4)Therehasbeenmuchdispute,andthequestioniscertainlynotyetsettled(争论很多,所以这个问题当然还没解决。)(dispute作不可数名词用)5)Theylivedtogetherhappilywithoutdisputes.(他们快乐地生活在一起,没有任何争吵。)(dispute作可数名词用)6)Herabilitytodothejobisnotindispute.(对她的工作能力人们没有疑问。)7.self-assurancen.自信1)Hisself-assurancewasbaseduponhisfaithinhisownability(他的自信基于他坚信自己的能力。)2)Hisself-assuranceenabledhimtopullthroughdifficulties.(他的自信使他能够渡过困难。assurev.使确信;使放心;向…保证;保障1)PleaseassuremyparentsthatIamsafeandsound.(请让我父母放心我安全而健康。)2)Icanassureyouofthereliabilityoftheinformation.(我可以向你保证这消息是可靠的。)3)Thisfilmhadassuredhimaplaceinmoviehistory.(这部影片保证了他在电影史上的地位。)assurancen.把握;信念;自信;保证1)Ihavefullassuranceofthefeasibilityoftheplan.(我充分相信这个计划的可行性。)2)"Hewillbeheresoon",saidMarywithassurance.(“他很快会到这儿”,玛丽很有把握地说。)3)Hegaveustheassurancethathewouldn'tletoutthesecret.(他向我们保证他不会泄露秘密。)8.regardv.看待,考虑;把…看作为;尊重 n.关心,重视;尊重;(复数)问候1)Iregarditasdifficult.(我认为这事是困难的。)2)Theyareregardedasthebesttable-tennisplayers.(他们被看作为最好的乒乓球运动员。)3)Hewasregardedhighlybyhisstudents.(他很受学生们的尊敬。)4)Youhavetopayregardtopublicopinions.(你得重视舆论。)5)Myregardforhimgrewdaybyday.(我对他的尊敬与日俱增。)6)Givemyregardstoyourparents.(请代我问候你的父母。)9.peuiliaradj.特殊的;独特的,奇怪的1)Sheexpressedhergratitudetohiminherownpeculiarway.(她用自己独特的方式对他表达谢意。)2)Hesaysthischangeisnotpeculiartothissmallvillage.(他说这个变化不是这个小村子所独有的。)3)Theyounggirlwaswearingaverypeculiarpairofglasses.(那个年轻姑娘戴着一副很古怪的眼镜。)4)Shegavehimapeculiarlook.(她朝他古怪地看了一眼。)10.occurrencen.发生,出现,事件1)Researchersaretryinghardtofindwaystoreducetheoccurrenceofcancer.(研究人员正努力寻求减少癌症发病率的方法。)2)Theoccurrencetookplacein1978.(这一事件发生于1978年。)occurv.发生;出现;被想到1)Don'tletthetragedyoccuragain.(不要让这样的悲剧再次发生。)2)TheseanimalsoccurinAfricaonly.(这些动物只在非洲才有。)3)ItoccurredtomethatIdidn'taskforhistelephonenumber.(我想起没有要他的电话号码。)4)Agoodideaoccurredtohim(他想到了一个好主意。)11.occupyv.占用,占领,使忙碌1)Thevillagewasoccupiedbytheenemy.(村子被敌人占领了。)2)Ididn'texpectthisworkwouldoccupysomuchofmytime.(我没料到这一工作会占用我这么多时间。)3)Hisspeechoccupied5minutes.(他的讲话占了五分钟。)4)Heisoccupied(in)repairingthebike.(他正忙着修理自行车。)5)Thefridgeoccupiesabigspaceinthekitchen.(这台冰箱占了厨房很大的空间。)12.stackn.整齐的一叠 v.把…叠成堆1)Hesawastackofpaperboxesintheroom.(他看到房间里有一堆迭着的纸盒。)2)Thereareastackofjournalsonthetable.(桌子上有一叠杂志。)3)Ihavestacksofworktodo.(我有一大堆工作要做。)4)It'sdangeroustostackthefirewoodhere.(把木柴堆在这儿很危险。)5)Theshelfwasstackedwithemptybottles.(架子上堆放着空瓶子。)\n6)Fatherstackeduptheplatesandputtheminthesink.(父亲把盘子叠放好,然后放入水池。)13.illustratev.说明,阐明;(用图或例子)说明1)Nothingillustrateshisselfishnessmoreclearlythanhisbehaviortohiswife.(没有什么比他对妻子的行为更能清楚地说明他的自私。)2)Hetoldusastorytoillustratethefactthatbadhabitsdiehard.(他通过给我们讲故事来阐明积习难改的事实。)3)Children'sbooksareoftenbeautifullyillustrated.(儿童书籍常常有美丽的插图。)4)Hegaveusanexampletoillustratehispoint.(他给了我们一个例子说明自己的观点。)14.historicaladj.历史的,历史上的;1)Theyplayedanimportantpartinthehistoricalprocess.(在历史的进程中他们起过重要的作用。)2)Thehistoricaleventchangedhimcompletely.(这一历史事件完全改变了他。)请注意区别historical和historic这两个形容词。 historical指历史上存在或发生过的(actuallyexisted,orhappenedinhistory)。 historic指历史上有名的,有历史意义的(importantinhistory)。ahistoricalevent(历史事件)-真实存在于历史上;ahistoricevent(历史性事件)-具有历史意义的;15.discardv.丢弃,抛弃;1)Idon'tthinkitisnecessaryforthemtodiscardthepresentassemblylineentirely.(我认为他们没有必要完全丢弃现有的流水线。)2)Theyatefooddiscardedbytherestaurant(他们吃饭店丢弃的食物。)3)Howcouldhediscardhisoldfriends?(他怎么能抛弃老朋友呢?)16.revealv.揭露,泄露;展现,显示;1)Hedidn'trevealwhathehadfeltabouther.(他没有透露对她的感觉。)2)Davidrevealedatalentforfixingthings.(大卫展现出修理东西的才能。)3)Hedidn'twanttorevealhisidentityatthetime.(那时他不想暴露自己的身份。)17.influencen.影响,v.影响1)Theoldmanhadagreatinfluenceonthefamily.(那位老人对家庭的影响很大。)2)Histeachingsexertedastronginfluenceontheyoungpeople.(他的教导给年轻人施以深刻的影响。)3)Thegovernmentwoulduseitsinfluencetotrytomakethetalksuccessful.(政府将以其影响努力使会谈成功。)4)Ididn'twanthimtoinfluencemeinmychoice.(我不想让他影响我的选择。)5)DoyouthinkBritishartisinfluencedbyAmericanpainting.(你认为英国的艺术受美国绘画的影响吗?)请注意区别influence和affect这两个词。 influence常指间接地、以一种无形的力量去潜移默化地影响人的行为、性格或观点等。 affect表示对…产生(不良)影响,如:1)Theeconomiccrisishasseriouslyaffectedtheexportofthatcountry.(经济危机严重影响那个国家的出口。)2)Toomuchsmokingmayaffectyourlungs.(吸烟过多会影响你的肺。)18.scatterv.撒;驱散;消散;1)Cloudswerescatteredbythewind.(风起云散。)2)Thebooksscatteredonthedesk.(书桌上撒满了书。)3)Thenoisescatteredthedogsandchickens(响声使得鸡、狗四散。)4)ThePolicescatteredthedemonstratorswithtearsgas.(警察用催泪弹驱散示威者。)5)Don'tscatteryourstrength.(不要分散精力。)19.inventionn.发明,创造;虚构;1)TelephoneistheinventionofAlexanderBell.(电话是亚历山大•贝尔发明的。)2)ThewholethingwasaninventionofaNewYorknewspaper.(整件事都是一家纽约报纸虚构的。)inventv.发明、创造、虚构;1)Whentheteacheraskedthepupilwhyhehadnotcometoclass,heinventedanexcuse.(老师问那个学生为什么没来上课,他编造了一个借口。)2)Edisoninventedtheelectricbulb.(爱迪生发明了灯泡。)\n本课简介 人们普遍认为在每一个词都有其正确的词意。词典和语法书是我们寻求词意和用法的至上权威,但是我们甚少去询问词典和语法的编著者以何为据。在本篇课文中,作者详细介绍了词典编写的过程,并且强调编写词典不是对词的意思,建立权威的解释,而是竭尽所能记录下每一个词对其过去的作者而言是何意思。世界在变化,语言也在变化,我们不得不赋予旧词以新的解释、新的用法,因些词典需要增补新的内容。本课主要语言点1.…dictionariesandgrammarsarethesupremeauthorityinmattersofmeaningandusage.本句中inmattersof也可用inthematterof,意思是“在……方面”,“就……而论”,如:1)Itwasimpossibleforthemtoreachanagreementbecausetheyhadtoomanydivergencesinmattersofdetail.(他们不可能达成协议,因为在细节问题上,他们有太多的分歧。)2)Heisconsideredanexpertinthematterofintellectualproperty.(他被看作是知识产权方面的专家。)3)Hewouldsufferheavylossesinmattersofmoneyifhecontinuedtobelievethosedishonestpeople.(如果他继续相信那些不诚实的人,他会遭受巨大的经济损失。)2.Fewpeopleaskbywhatauthoritythewritersofdictionariesandgrammarssaywhattheysay.句子中的few表示否定,意思是“很少的,几乎没有的”,如果用afew则表示肯定,意思是“有些,几个”。如:1)Veryfewpeoplesurvivedtheexplosion.(在爆炸中幸存的人很少。)2)Manyofustriedbutveryfewsucceeded.(我们许多人都试了,但成功者甚少。)3)Hewilltryitafewmoretimes.(他会再试几次。)4)AfewofmyfriendsspeakEnglish.(我的朋友中有几个人能讲英语。)by在本句中的意思相当于accordingto(根据)。如:1)Neverjudgeapersonbyhisappearance。(千万别以貌取人。)2)HewouldbeclassifiedasrichbyChinesestandards.(依照中国的标准,他会被归于富有一类。)authority这个词在词汇部分已做过讲解,我们在此再巩固一下。Authorities常指“当局,官方”,用作不可数名词时,常指“权力,管辖权”,用作可数名词时,常指“专家,权威”。如:1)Thelaborunioncontinuedtoseekdialoguewiththeauthorities.(工会继续寻求与当局对话的机会。)2)Policehavetheauthoritytoarrestlaw-breakers.(警察有权逮捕犯法的人。)3)Hehadmadeeffortstoexercisehisauthorityoverthoseyoungpeople(他已努力对那些年轻人行使管辖权。)4)Agooddictionaryisanauthorityonthemeaningsofwords.(一本好的词典是词义方面的权威。)5)HeisnowanauthorityonAmericanliterature.(现在他成了美国文学方面的专家。)本句中what是一个关系代词,引导宾语从句,如:1)Wealwaysmeanwhatwesay.(我们向来说话算数。)2)Lethimdowhathewantstodo.(让他去做他想做的事。)3)Idon'tknowwhattheyknow.(他们知道的事我并不知道。)3.IoncegotintoadisputewithanEnglishwomanoverthepronunciationofawordandofferedtolookitupinthedictionary.once在本句中的意思是“一次,曾经”。在某些语言环境中,once也可以表示:一旦……(就……)。请看下面的例句,注意,once的不同意思:1)HeoncelivedinShanghai.(他曾经在上海住过。)2)Evenifyouonlydoitonce,youwillforeverrememberit.(即使你只做一次,你会永远记得。)3)Itoncebelongedtomyfather.(这个曾经属于我父亲。)4)Oncethesunhadset,theairturnedcold.(太阳一落,空气就变冷了。)5)Onceyoushowanyfear,hewillattackyou.(你一直露出恐惧,他就会攻击你。)6)Oncepublished,thebookwillbeverypopular.(这本书一旦出版就会大受欢迎。)getintoadisputewithsb.oversth.与某人就某问题进行争论,over也可用about替换。如:1)Theyhadadisputeaboutwheretogo.(他们为了去哪里而争论。)2)Theworkersandthemanagementgotintoadisputeoverpay.(工人和厂方由于工资问题产生争端。)3)Itwasadisputeovereconomicpolicy.(这是一场关于经济政策的争论。)4.…anyonewhoiswillingtoquarrelwiththedictionaryisregardedaseithereccentricormad.\nwho引导的是一个定语从句,修饰anyone.bewillingto意思是:愿意做……,如:1)Heiswillingtohelpus.(他愿意帮助我们。)2)Nooneiswillingtopaysomuchmoneyforthisoldbike.(谁也不愿意付这么多钱买这辆旧自行车。)quarrelwithsb.意思是“与某人争吵”。如:1)Hequarreledwithhisbrotheryesterday.(他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。)2)Idon'twanttoquarrelwithyouaboutit.(我不想为此事跟你争吵。)regardas意思是“把……看作为”,在其后可以跟名词(或名词短语,动名词短语);形容词等。如:1)Heregardedthebookasoneofhismasterpieces.(他把这本书看作是他的杰作之一。)2)Hewasregardedasanimportantfigureinhistory.(他被看作为历史上的重要人物。)3)Nobodywouldregardthisasimportant.(没人会认为这件事很重要。)4)Manypeopleregardparentsasbeingresponsibleforthecontroloftheirchildren.(许多人认为父母应负责管教子女。)either…or….意思是为“不是……就是……”,“要么……要么……”。如:1)Heiseitherdrunkormad.(他不是醉了就是疯了。)2)Tellthemthattheycaneitherstayorleaveimmediately.(告诉他们,他们要么留下,要么现在就离开。)3)EithermybrotherorIamgoingtoseemyfatheroff.(不是我兄弟就是我去为父亲送行。)5.Thetaskofwritingadictionarybeginswiththereadingofvastamountsoftheliteratureoftheperiodorsubjectthatthedictionaryistocover.beginwith在本句中的意思是“以……开始;以……为起点”。如:1)Ishallbeginwiththisbooktoday.(我打算今天先读这本书。)2)Thedroughtbeganwiththatdryandhotsummer.(干旱是从那个干热的夏季开始的。)3)Theteacherbegantheclasswithastory.(老师以一个故事开始了讲课。)amount可以做可数名词用,也可以做不可数名词用,意思是“数量,数额”。amount的谓词动词的数与amount的数一致,而与所修饰的名词的数无关。如:1)Alargeamountofmoneywasspentonthisproject.2)Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthisproject.That引导的是一个定语从句,修饰thedictionary在be动词的后面加动词不定式,表示“安排、命令、职责、目的、用途、可能性等”。如:1)Wearetomeetatthestationat5:00(我们约定5点钟在车站碰头。)2)Youaretobebackby9:00.(你得在9点钟前回来。)3)Thereportistobefoundintoday'spapers.(那个报道可在今天的报上找到。)Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如:1)Hisresearchescoveredawidefield.(他的研究涉及范围很广。)2)Theycoveredmanytopicsintheirconversation.(他们谈话时讨论了许多问题。)6.Thewritingofadictionaryisnotataskofsettingupauthoritativestatementsaboutthe“truemeanings”ofwords,butataskofrecordingtothebestofone'sability,thatvariouswordshavemeanttoauthorsinthedistantorimmediatepast.Not…but在本句中的意思是“不是……而是”。如:1)Whatheneedsisnotmoneybutsomeunderstanding.(他所需要的不是钱,而是一些理解。)2)ThestoryIhavereadisnotacomedybutatragedy.(我读的那个故事不是个喜剧而是个悲剧。)Tothebestofone'sability意思是“尽某人的最大努力”。如:1)I'llputthearticleintoChinesetothebestofmyability.(我将尽最大努力把这篇文章翻成中文。)2)Hepromisedtodotheworktothebestofhisability.(他许诺说他会尽最大努力做这个工作。)ataskofrecordingwhatvariouswordshavemeanttoauthors….,what引导宾语从句,做recording的宾语。Mean意思是“表示……的意思”,“意指”等。如:1)Whathesaidmeansnothingtome.(他所说的对我来说毫无意义。)2)Whatdoesthiswordmean?(这个词的意思是什么?)我们曾经对mean这个单词做详细讲解,再请看几个例句:\n1)Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthattohim?(你对他说那话的意思是什么?)2)Ididn'tmeantomakeyouunhappy.(我不是故事要使你不开心的。)3)YouknowwhatImeanttosay.(你知道我想说的是什么。)4)Hecriticismismeantforallofus.(他的批评是针对我们大家的。)7.…butwecannotbeboundbyit….Bound是动词bind是过去分词,beboundbysth.意思是“受……束缚”,也可用beboundtosth.1)Weshouldnotbeboundbyconventions.(我们不应该受习俗的束缚。)2)Houseworkkeptherboundtothehouse.(家务把她束缚在家里。)3)Thetermpaperskepthimboundtohisdesk.(学期论文使他终日厌案。)本课主要词组1.learn….from 2.inmattersof3.getintoadispute 4.disputeover5.offertodosth. 6.lookup7.bewillingto 8.quarrelwith9.beregardedas 10.arriveat11.applyto 12.goon13.beginwith 14.vastamountsof15.alargenumberof 16.alongwith17.suchas 18.from…to…19.stackof 20.sccordingto21.hard-and-fastrule 22.bebasedon23.infrontof 24.beinfluencedby25.oughtto 26.notatall27.setup 28.tothebestofone'sability29.inthepast 30.sendout31.forcesb.todosth. 32.beboundbyTextBreadingprovidesnecessarysurvivalskills短语表达1.emphasisonTheemphasisoneducationwouldcertainlybringgreatchangestothepeopleandthecountry.2.bethecase\nHesaidhewasthebesttennisplayerinhisschool,butitwasnotthecase.3.involvesth./doingsth.Acceptingthejobwouldinvolveworkingatweekends.4.getanideaaboutsth.Haveyougotanyideaaboutthewholeincident?5.expectfromDon'texpecttoomuchfromothers.Youhavetolearntodependonyourself.6.cueinRemembertocueintheheadmasteronwhathappenedduringhisabsence.7.applytoItwillbegreatifwecanapplywhatwehavelearnedinbookstopracticalwork.8.outofTheboyopenedhissister'smailoutofcuriosity.9.keepupwithWhatdoyouthinkascientisthastodotokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinhisfield?10.attopspeedIfyourunattopspeed,youmaygettherein10minutes.11.concentrateonYouwillfinditeasiertoconcentrateonthereadingmaterialifyoureadinaquietplace.12.befamiliarwithIammotfamiliarwiththepersonyoumentionedjustnow.13.beawareofHewasnotawareofthedangerwhenhewaswalkingtowardthebuilding.14.lookupIfyoulookupthewordinthedictionaryyouwillfindithastwodifferentpronunciations.15.slowdownYouhavetoslowdownoryoumaygetafine.16.bealerttoBealerttonewwordsandyouwillenlargeyourvocabulary.17.addtoHisexplanationaddedtomyconfusion.TextAImsurance本课主要单词1、insurancen.保险;保险金fire(car,health,casualty)insurance火(汽车,健康,伤亡事故)险selllifeinsurance 兜揽人寿保险生意insurancepolicy 保险契约,保险单insurancecompany 保险公司insuranceagent 保险代理人1)Youwillhavetoshowyourdrivinglicenseandcarinsurancecertificate.(你得出示你的驾驶证和汽车保险证明。)2)Theholidaycost50poundsplusinsuranceandairporttaxes.(这次度假的代价是50英镑,另加保险费和机场税。)动词insure和assure都可以指“给…保险”。如:1)Heinsuredhishouseagainstfire.(他给自己的房屋保了火险。)2)Theinsurancecompanyrefusedtoinsurehimagainafterallhiscaraccidents.(他的汽车出了那么多事故以后,保险公司不愿再给他保险了。)3)Heassuredhislifewiththiscompany.(他向这家公司保了人寿险。)assure还可以指“向…保证”,“使确信”。如:\n1)Sheassuredmethatshewouldcomeearlier.(她向我保证她会早点来。)2)Icanassureyouofthequality.(它的质量我可以向你保证。)在美国英语中,insure可以表示“保证,确保”。如:Wemusttrytoinsurepeacearoundtheworld.(我们必须确保世界和平。)而另一个动词ensure常在正式用法中取代insure,表示“保证,担保”,这个动词还有“保证给予”的意思。如:1)Hisdiligencewillensurehissuccess.(他的勤劳将保证他取得成功。)2)I'msorryIcannotensureyouabetterjob.(很报歉,我不能保证给你一个更好的工作。)2、coveragen.覆盖;承保范围;新闻报道范围在前一个单元中,我们学了动词cover,意思是“涉及”,当然,除了“涉及”以外,cover还有其他的意思,如:1)Dustcoveredthedesk.(书桌上蒙上了灰尘。)2)Thefloodscoveredthetown.(洪水淹没了城镇。)3)Theycovered140milesintwohours.(他们两小时行了140英里。)4)Somereportershavebeensenttocovertheconference.(已经派了几名记者去采访会议情况。)5)Onehundreddollarshardlycoverstwonightsatagoodhotel.(100美元几乎不够付好点旅馆两夜的房钱。)Coverage则做名词用,如:1)Thisradiostationhasgreatcoverage.(这个无线电的覆盖范围很广。)2)Canyourecommendmeaninsurancepolicywithextensivecoverage?(你能给我推荐一个承保范围广泛的保险吗?)3)TheyhadanexcellentcoverageonAfricansituation.(他们对非洲形势作了出色的报道。)3、consumern.消费者;顾客producersandconsumers生产者和消费者consumerrights消费者权益aconsumerguide消费者指南1)Thesemachineswereenormousconsumersofelectricity.(这些机器耗电量很大。)2)Thechangeinpolicywillaffectallgasconsumers.(政策的变化会影响所有的油料消费者。)consume作动词用,意思是“消耗,花费”。如:1)HeconsumedmuchofhistimeinwatchingTV.(他花许多时间看电视。)2)DoyouknowhowmuchoiltheAmericansconsumedaily?(你知道美国人每天的耗油是多少?)3)Heconsumedallhisenergy.(他耗尽了所有的精力。)4、policyn.方针,政策;保险单policiesoneducation教育方针personnelpolicy人事政策economicandforeignpolicy经济和外交政策policymaker决策人policyholder投保人1)ThepolicyofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworldhasbroughtaboutgreatchangestoChina.(改革开放政策给中国带来了巨大的变化。)2)Thisserviceisfreetopolicyholders.(这项服务对投保人免费。)5、sumn.总数,金额 v.共计;总结1)Theexpensescametoanenormoussum.(开支总数巨大。)2)Hepaidalargesumofmoneyforthehouse.(他出了一大笔钱买这所房子。)3)Theboys,insum,didagoodjob.(总之,男孩子们干得不错。)4)Attheandofthediscussion,hesummedup,andaddedafewpoints.(讨论快结束时,他作了总结并补充了几点。)5)Icannotsumuphisopinioninonesentence.(我无法用一句话来概括他的观点。)6、adequateadj.充足的,充分的;胜任的1)Hisincomeisadequatetosupporthisfamily.(他的收入足以维持他一家的生活。)2)Whatshouldbedonetoassureadequatesuppliesofwater?(应该怎样来保证足够的水供应?)3)Ithinkheisadequatetothejob.(我认为他胜任这工作。)\n4)Hegaveusanadequatedescriptionofthesituation.(他对形势作了恰当的描述。)7、majora.主要的 n.专业,专业学生 v.主修,专攻1)Itisnotamajorproblem.(这不是个大问题。)2)Shehadamajoroperationlastmonth.(她上个月初了次大手术。)3)Heisaphysicsmajor,butheisinterestedinjournalism.(他是物理专业学生,但他却对新闻越兴趣。)4)Biologyishismajor.(生物是他的专业。)5)MybrothermajorsintraditionalChinesemedicine.(我弟弟主修中医。)6)Shemajorsinearlyeducation.(她专攻早期教育。)与major意思相反的词是minor。如:1)Don'tworryaboutit,itisonlyaminorproblem.(别担心,这只是个小问题。)2)Historyishismajor,andEnglishishisminor.(他主修历史,副修英语。)major和minor的名词形式是在其后加-ity。8、remindv. 提醒,使想起;使发生联想1)Pleaseremindme,ifIforgettogiveyouthekey.(如果我忘记给你钥匙,请提醒我。)2)Remindhimtoputthebookontheshelfwhenheisdonewithit.(他看完书后提醒他把书放在书架上。)3)Wehadtoremindhimthathehadameetingat10:00.(我们不得不提醒他十点钟有个会。)4)Isitnecessarytoremindhimabouttheparty?(有必要提醒他不要忘记赴宴吗?)5)Thepictureremindsmeofmychildhoodinthecountryside.(这张照片使我联想起在农村度过的童年。)9、possibilityn.可能性;可能的事Possibility是possible的名词形式,英语中有不少以-ible,-able为字尾的形容词,表示“有能力”,“易做”,“适合”,“足以做…”的意思,而这些形容词的名词通常以如下形式出现:possible--possibilityresponsible--responsibilityprobable--probabilityavailable--availabilityable--abilityfeasible--feasibility1)Wemustacceptthepossibilitythatwemightbewrong.(我们必须接受这种可能性,即我们也许错了。)2)Iamnotsureifwehavethepossibilityofsuccess.(我不能肯定我们是否有成功的可能。)3)Itisapossibilitythathewillgetthejob.(他有可能得到那份工作。)10、injuryn.损害,伤害1)Buildingworkersriskinjurybynotwearinghelmets.(建筑工人不戴安全帽便有受伤的危险。)2)Hedidnotsufferanyinjuriesintheaccident.(他在事故中没有任何损伤。)3)Themangotaninjurytotheheadinthefight.(在打斗中那个人头部受伤。)injure是injury的动词形式,请注意区别damage,wound,hurt和injure这几个词。Damage指损害某物。wound指人在战斗,攻击中身体受伤,出现明显的伤口。Hurt,injure指人在平时或事故中受伤,还表示伤害感情自尊等。hurt更表示有强烈的疼痛感。如:1)Theboatwasseriouslydamagedinthestorm.(那条船在风暴中严重受损。)2)Thesoldierwasbadlywounded.(那个士兵受了重伤。)3)Heinjuredhisleginanaccident.(在一次事故中,他的腿受了伤。)4)Ifelloffmybicycleandhartmyarm.(我从自行车上摔下来,摔伤了胳膊。)5)Ididn'tmeantohartyourfeelings.(我本无意伤害你的感情。)11、complexadj.复杂的 n.综合体;情绪;夸大的情绪反应1)Whathesaidwastoocomplexformetounderstand.(他说的太复杂了,我不理解。)2)Thisisacomplexproblem.(这是个复杂的问题。)3)Therewillbeanindustrialcomplexinourprovince.(我们省将有一个大工业中心。)4)Hehasacomplexaboutbugs.(他对小虫子有病态恐惧。)12、professionaladj.职业的,专业的 n.自由职业者,专业人员1)Weneedtohavesomeprofessionaladvice.(我们需要职业性的指导。)2)Heisaprofessionalbasketballplayer.(他是职业篮球运动员。)3)Thebandconsistsofaprofessionalandthreeamateurs.(这支乐队由一名职业乐师和三名业余人员组成。)4)Heisaprofessionalathisjob.(他是一个精通本职工作的人。)\nprofession名词,意思是“职业”。如:1)Hedecidedonteachingashisprofession.(他决定从事教书工作。)2)Heisacarpenterbyprofession.(他以木工为业。)What'syourfather'sprofession?(你父亲是从事什么工作的?)13、ignorancen.无知,愚昧;不知1)Someanimalshavebeenwipedoutthroughignorance.(有些动物由于人们的无知而灭绝了。)2)Itmightbebettertokeepherinignoranceofwhathashappened.(不让她知道发生了什么事也许更好。)ignorant是形容词,意思是“无知的,没有学识;不知道的”。如:1)Shewasignorantaboutthesepeople.(她对这些人全然不了解。)2)Hisparentswerekeptignorantofthefactthathefailedintheexam.(关于他考试又不及格这件事他父母还蒙在鼓里。)3)Howcanyoubelievesuchanignorantperson?(你怎能相信这样一个无知的人?)14、oppositeadj.对面的;相反的 n.对立面1)Helivesinthehouseoppositetoours.(他住在我们对面的那所房子里。)2)Sheburstintotheroomthroughtheoppositedoor.(她从对面的那扇门冲进房间。)3)Theresultwasoppositetowhatwehadexpected.(结果和我们所期望的相反。)4)Youareactive,sheistheopposite.(你很活泼,她正相反。)5)Ourviewistheoppositeofyours.(我们的意见与你们的相反。)6)Hesatoppositetoher.(他坐在她对面。)7)Therewasanexplosionopposite.(对面发生了爆炸。)15、effectiveadj.有效果的,有成效的1)Wehavetotakeeffectivemeasurestocontrolpollution.(我们得采取有效措施控制污染。)2)Ihopethemedicinecanbeeffective.(我希望这药有效。)本课简介 态度友善、衣着得体、热切助人的保险代理人的来电或造访常令美国人不安,甚至戒备,这是为什么呢?本文作者列举了美国人不愿谈论保险的三个原因。其一是保险昂贵,各类保险成了大多数美国家庭的一大花费;其二是保险总令人想到自己生活于其中的世界充满了不安全因素。人们得面对疾病、伤害、死亡、经济损失等种种不幸;其三是保险是一个困难而复杂的问题,能完全弄明白这个问题的人少而又少,掩饰无知的方式是避免谈论。然而,这正是由于上述三个原因,人们有必要对保险问题多多了解,才能成为明智的消费者,才能理智地正视保险问题,才能避免成为“保险盲”。本课主要语言点1.YetfewAmericansreallyenjoyvisitingwiththeseeager,helpfulmenandwomen.在前一单元中,我们已讲到过few通常否定,意思是“很少的,几乎没有的”,本句中的few同样表示否定意味。动词enjoy的后面跟名词或者动名词,不能跟动词不定式,如:1)Heenjoysclassicalmusic.(他喜欢古典音乐。)2)Sheenjoysgoingtoconcerts.(她喜欢赴音乐会。)3)PaintingissomethingthatMaryreallyenjoysdoing.(画画是玛丽真正喜欢做的事。)visitwith是美国用法,意思是“访问;在…处做客、逗留”,如:1)Shewillcomeandvisitwithyouforafewweeks.(她会来你这儿做客住上几个星期的。)2)Hehasn'tvisitedwithhisunclesince1990.(他从1990年至今没有拜访过他叔叔。)eager是一个形容词,通常用于词组beeagertodosth.1)Theyareeagertogettheinformation.(他们急切地想得到那信息。)2)Thelittleboywaseagertotellhisparentsthathewonthefirstprize.(那个小男孩急切地想告诉父母他得了一等奖。)2.Weareonguardwhentheyvisitourhomes.guard这个词既可做名词用,也可做动词用。做名词用时,意思是“看守;守卫;警惕;”做动词用时,意思是“保卫,保护;看守。”\n1)Heworksasadoorguardforthatcompany.(他在那家公司做门警。)2)Theywillgivehimanarmedguard.(他们会给他配备一队武装卫兵。)3)Iwasimmediatelyonguardwhenfathermentionedthatincident.(父亲提起那件事,我就立刻提防起来。)4)Policeweresenttoguardhishouse.(警察被派去守卫他的房子。)5)Shehadbeenlockedinherroomandguardeddayandnight.(她被锁在房间里日夜看守着。)6)Theoldmantoldhissontoguardagainstconceit.(那位老人嘱咐他的儿子谨防骄傲。)3.Threereasonswhyweareunwillingtodiscussinsurancecanbesuggested.本句的主要成份是:Threereasonscanbesuggested.Why引导的是一个定语从句,修饰reasons。如:1)Thereasonwhysherefusedmyhelpisunknown.(没人知道她拒绝我的帮助的原因。)2)TheroomwhereMaryusedtolivehasbeenpaintedblue.(玛丽曾经住过的那个房间已被漆成了蓝色。)3)ThedaywhenJohncamewascold.(约翰来的那天很冷。)4.Ineffect,theypayasmuchfortheinsuranceastheydoforthecaritself.ineffect意思是“实质上;实际上”,如:1)Theyhaveineffectbeenseverelypunished.(他们实际上已受到严厉惩罚。)2)Ineffect,shehasnochoice.(实际上她没有选择。)3)WhatineffectI'msayingisthathecouldn'tkeephispromise.(我实质上要说的是,他不可能信守诺言。)请注意pay和spend两个动词的用法:1)Hepaid100yuanforthatusedbicycle.(他出100元买那辆旧自行车。)2)Hespent100yuanonthatusedbike.5.Insurancealsoremindsusthatweliveinanunsafeworld.在词汇部分,我们已讲过remind这个词的词意及用法,再巩固一下:remindsb.ofsth.1)Iremindhimofhispromise.(我提醒他许下的诺言。)2)Hersmileremindsmeofhermother.(她的微笑使我想起了她的母亲。)remindsb.aboutsth.1)Don'tforgettoremindhimaboutthemeeting.(别忘记提醒他开会的事。)2)Hecalledtoremindmeaboutthereturnticket.(他打来电话提醒我回程票的事。)remindsb.todosth.1)Remindmetoturnoffthecomputer.(提醒我关电脑。)2)Motherremindedhimtoairthequiltwhenitisfine.(母亲提醒他天气好时晒晒被子。)remind+从句1)Iwasremindedhowhisattitudehadchanged.(我注意到他的态度改变了。)2)Remindhisthathehastogototheparents'meeting.(提醒他去参加家长会。)6.…inourheartswehopethatwemightbespared.spare做形容词用时,意思是“多余的;空闲的;俭朴的”。如:1)Inhissparetimehewrotesomeshortstories.(他用余暇写了一些短篇故事。)2)Sorry,Idon'thaveanysparecash.CanIwriteacheck?(对不起,我没有多余的现钱,我可以开支票吗?)3)Heiskeenonthissparelifestyle.(他喜欢这种俭朴的生活。)在本句中,spare用作动词,意思是“饶恕;使免遭”。如:1)Hebeggedthemtosparehislife.(他求他们饶他一命。)2)Youmayspareyourselfthetrouble.(你不必找此麻烦。)3)Callhimandspareyourselfavisit.(给他打个电话,省得你自己跑一趟。)spare也可以表示“抽出时间;出让”。如:1)Canyouspareme5minutes?(你能抽出5分钟时间给我吗?)Spareme50yuanandIwillreturnthemoneyonpayday.(借给我50元钱,发工资那天我就还你。)7.…Wewouldrathertalkaboutfootballortheweatherorwhatwehadforlunch.在worldrather后面应用动词的原形形式。如:1)Iwouldratherstayathome.(我宁愿呆在家里。)2)Hewouldrathergoandplayfootballthangotothecinema.(他宁愿去踢足球,而不愿去看电影。)\n3)Iwouldratheryoudidn'ttellmethetruth.(我宁愿你没告诉我真话。)在第三句中,wouldrather后面跟的是从句,从句中的动词用虚拟语气形式。whatwehadforlunch意思是“午饭吃了什么”。如:1)Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfast?(你早饭吃了什么?)2)Ihadnothingbutacupofcoffeeforbreakfast.(早饭我只喝了一杯咖啡。)8.Neithershouldwedependentirelyontheagentwhenwebuyinsurance.当否定词放在句首时,句子通常用倒装。如:1)NeverinmylifehaveIseensuchabeautifulplace.(我一生中从没见过这么美丽的地方。)2)Tomdoesn'tlikepopmusic.Neitherdoeshiswife.(汤姆不喜欢流行音乐,他妻子也不喜欢。)3)Innocasewillhegiveuptheexperiment.(无论如何他都不会放弃那个试验。)4)Notonlywasheateacher,butalsoapoet.(他不仅是一位教师,还是一位诗人。)9.Itisbetterthatweplanforthesesituationsbyfindingmeanstodealwiththemthantojusthopethattheywillsomehowgoaway.plan一般可用作及物动词,而本句中的动词plan作不及物动词用。1)Wewillplanourweekendatnoon.(中午时我们将安排周末的活动。)2)Iplannedtogoandmeethimatthestation.(我打算去车站接他。)3)Weshouldplanforourfuture.(我们应该筹划未来。)dealwith意思是“处理,对付;论述”1)Thisisabookdealingwiththeskillsofreading,writingandspeaking.(这是一本论述读、写、说技能的书。)2)Themanisdifficulttodealwith.(那人很难打交道。)3)Therewillbealotofdifficultiestobedealtwithwhenyoustartyourownbusiness.(你开始自己做生意时会有许多困难要克服。)10.Quitetheopposite本句的意思是“恰巧相反”,有时我们也可以用justtheopposite.如:Theyareveryexcited.Iamquitetheopposite.(他们很兴奋,我则恰好相反。)本课主要词组1.beinterestedin 2.beeagerto3.beofhelp 4.visitwith5.beonguard 6.atbest7.beunwillingto 8.firstofall9.asumof 10.payfor11.ineffect 12.remind…of13.wouldrather 14.dependon15.look…intheface 16.planfor17.dealwith 18.goaway19.neither…norTextBWhatismoneyandwhatareitsfunctions?短语表达1.befamiliarwithIamnotfamiliarwiththebookhementionedinhislecture.2.throughoutHeneverstoppedlearningthroughouthislife.Wewanttomakethisplaceknownthroughouttheworld.3.anumberofAnumberofwayshavebeensuggestedtocontrolairpollution.Anumberofstudentshaveappliedforthispart-timejob.4.ruleout\nTheregulationsruleoutanyoneundertheageof16.Thepossibilityofsuicidehasbeenruledout.Heavyrainruledthematchoutforthatday.5.searchforThepolicearestillsearchingforsurvivorsoftheplanecrash.Theyaresearchingthewoodforthelostchild.6.worthThisbikeisworth250yuan.Idon'tthinkatwo-dayvacationisworthmuch.7.respondtoHowdidherespondtowhatyousaid?8.ratherthanHeisawriterratherthanateacher.Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.9.intermsofShewasaskedtoexpressherideaintermsofscience.Weusuallymeasurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney.10.beconsciousofIwasnotconsciousofwhatwashappening.Hewasnotconsciousofhismistake.11.converttoWatercanbeconvertedtoelectricity.HewantedtoconverttheUSdollarstoRMB.TextATheimportanceofbeingkindandpolite本课主要单词1.franklyadv.坦白地,直率地;坦率地说1)Hefranklyadmittedthathehadmadeamistake.(他坦率地承认自己犯了个错误。)2)SheaskedmetotellherfranklywhatIwishedtodo.(她让我坦率地告诉她我希望做什么。)3)Frankly,heisnoteasytogetalongwith.(坦率地说,他这个人不好打交道。)4)Quitefrankly,Idon'tcareaboutwhattheymaysay.(坦率地说,我不在乎他们会说什么。)frankadj.坦诚的 v.盖免费邮戳于(邮件);准许…自由通过1)Theygaveusafrankreply.(他们给了我们一个坦率的回答。)2)Theyhavefrankedtheseletters.(他们已经给这些信件盖了邮资已付的邮戳。)3)Wearetryingtofrankhimthroughcustoms.(我们正努力使他免检通过海关。)2.boringadj.令人厌烦的;乏味的 boredadj.感到厌烦的 borev.使厌烦,使厌倦 n.令人讨厌的人或事 boredomn.厌烦,厌倦;乏味1)Itwassuchaboringjourneythathedidn'twanttosayanythingaboutit.(这次旅行很乏味,他什么也不想提及。)2)Iambored.Idon'thaveanythingtodo.(我无事可做,感到乏味。)3)Mostofthebookhadboredhim,withtheexceptionofonechapter.(除了其中的一章,这本书的大部分内容使他感到乏味。)4)Samissuchaborethatnoonewantstohaveanythingtodowithhim.(山姆是个很令人讨厌的人,谁都不想与他打交道。)5)Sheseemssodepressedbytheboredomofhercitylife.(城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮丧。)3.honestlyadv.诚实地;的确 honestadj.诚实的 honestyn.诚实\n dishonestadj.不诚实的;不正直的1)Honestly,Idon'tknowwhatyou'retalkingabout.(说实在的,我不知道你在讲些什么。)2)Youhavetoanswerthefollowingquestionshonestly.(你得诚实地回答下列问题。)3)Heishonest,hedoesn'ttelllies.(他是老实人,不说谎。)4)Firstofall,youshouldbehonestaboutwhyyouwantthemoney.(首先,你应该坦率地说为什么要这些钱。)5)Wehavenodoubtastohishonesty.(对他的诚实我们毫不怀疑。)6)Howcanyoubelievesuchadishonestperson.(你怎么能相信这样一个不诚实的人?)7)Hegothismoneyindishonestways.(他以不正当的方式搞钱。)4.impressv.给…深刻的印象 impressionn.印象;效果,影响 impressiveadj.给人以深刻印象的1)WhatIsawandheardthereimpressedmedeeply.(那儿的所见所闻给我留下了深刻的印象。)2)Iwasimpressedbyhishighefficiency.(他的高效率给我留下了深刻的印象。)3)Myadviceseemedtomakenoimpressiononhim.(我的劝告似乎对他不起作用。)4)Shemadeaverygoodimpressiononheremployer.(她给雇主留下了极好的印象。)5)Theimpressivescenewillbealwaysinhismind.(那个难忘的场面将永远留在他的脑海中。)5.collectionn.收集;收藏品 collectv.(去)取;接;聚集1)Hehasalargecollectionofbooks.(他有大量的藏书。)2)Thecollectionofbutterflyspecimenstakesupallhissparetime.(他所有的业余时间都用于采集蝴蝶标本了。)3)Helikescollectingstamps.(他爱好集邮。)4)Ihavetogoandcollectmydaughter.(我得去接女儿了。)5)Alargecrowdcollectedinfrontofthebuilding.(那座楼前聚集了一大群人。)collect也可以做副词用,意思是“由受话人付费”,如:IwillcallLondoncollect.(我将给伦敦打一个对方付费的电话。)6.misunderstandv.误解,误会 misunderstandingn.误会;争执1)Don'tmisunderstandus,weareheretohelp,nottomaketrouble.(别误解我们的意思,我们是来帮忙的,不是惹麻烦的。)2)Shemisunderstoodwhatherfriendsaid,andwentawayinafury.(她误解了她朋友所说的话,怒气冲冲地走了。)3)Theyhadamisunderstanding,buttheyhavebecomefriendlyagain.(他们曾有过争执,不过又言归于好了。)4)Idon'thopetheminormisunderstandingwillaffectourfriendship.(我不希望这点小误会会影响我们的友谊。)7.frictionn.摩擦;不和,争执1)Constantfrictioncausedtheropetobreak.(不断的摩擦使绳子断了。)2)Theefficiencyofthemachineishigherbecausethereislessfriction.(由于摩擦力较小,这台机器的效率更高了。)3)Familyfrictionscaninterferewithachild'sschoolwork.(家庭中的争吵会影响孩子的学业。)4)Thefrictionbetweenthetwocountriesisgettingmoreandmoreserious.(两国之间的摩擦在加剧。)8.conflictn.冲突,抵触 v.冲突,抵触1)Theconflictbetweenthetwovillageslastedforyears.(两个村子之间的冲突持续了数年。)2)Theycameintoconflictovertheownershipofthehouse.(他们就房屋的所有权问题产生了激烈的争执。)3)Hisstatementconflictedwithwhathisfriendsaid.(他的说法与他的朋友所言截然不同。)4)Myideamightconflictwithhis.(我的观点,可能会与他的观点相冲突。)9.enforcev.实施,执行;强制;强调1)Thepresidentofouruniversitysaidtimeandagainthatitwasnecessarytoenforcetheschoolregulations.(我们大学的校长一再说执行校规很有必要。)2)Peopleweredissatisfiedwiththegovernment'sinabilitytoenforceitslaw.(人们对政府无力执行法律十分不满。)\n3)Veryoftenparentsenforcetheirownwillonchildren.(父母常常把自己的意愿强加给孩子们。)4)Illnessenforcedhimtolieinbed.(疾病迫使他卧床。)5)Youneedtoenforceyouargumentsbyproducingfactsandfigures.(你需要提出事实与数据来加强你的论点。)10.interactv.相互影响,相互作用,相互交流 interactionn.相互影响,相互作用1)Mothersandbabiesinternetinacomplexway.(母婴以一种复杂的方式相互交流。)2)StudentsareencouragedtointeractinclassinEnglishbytheteacher.(老师鼓励学生在课堂上用英语互动。)3)Thereisaneedformoreinteractionbetweenparentsandchildren.(父母和孩子之间需要更多的相互交流。)4)Theyaredoingsomeresearchontheinteractionbetweenseawaterandlava.(他们正对海水与溶岩的相互作用进行研究。)inter-是一个前缀,表示“相互”;“在…中间”。如:interchange(互换);intercommunicate(互相联系;互相通信);interdependent(相互依赖,互相依存);international(国际的);interstate(州际的);interuniversity(大学间的)11.consensusn.合意;(意见等的)一致;舆论1)Therewasakindofunspokenconsensusbetweenthem.(他们之间有一种默契。)2)Theconsensuswastoabandontheproject.(大多数人的意见是放弃该项计划。)3)Itisverydifficultforthemtoreachaconsensusonwhattheyaregoingtodo.(要就他们将要进行的事情达成大致意见是很困难。)4)Youhavetobuildaconsensuswiththemifyoureallywanttogettheirhelp.(如果你真想得到他们的帮助,你得与他们达成一致意见。)12.guidelinen.指导方针,准则,标准1)Theyaregoingtoadoptnewguidelinesfornationaleconomy.(他们将采取新的国民经济指导方针。)2)Todaythemoralguidelinesarenotasobviousastheywere.(现在的道德准则不再以前一样明确了。)3)Thechemicaladditivesstillexceedguidelinessettoprotectpublichealth.(化学添加剂仍然超过了为保护公众健康而确定的标准。)13.unacceptableadj.不能接受的,不受欢迎的 acceptableadj.可接受的 acceptv.接受1)Itisentirelyunacceptabletobreakthelawforthesakeofmoney.(为了钱而犯法是完全不可接受的。)2)Theproposalwasunacceptable.(这个建议是不能接受的。)3)Thisisaproposalthatisacceptabletoallsides.(这是一个各方面都能接受的建议。)4)Theydidn'taccepttheinvitationtoattendtheeveningparty.(他们没有接受出席晚会的邀请。)14.adolescentadj.青春期的;青少年的 n.(16岁以下的)青少年 adolescencen.青春期(13-16岁的发育期)1)Hewasafraidthathissonhadanythingtodowiththeadolescentgang.(他担心他儿子与青少年犯罪集团有牵连。)2)Thisfilmaimedatadolescents.(这部电影专为青少年拍摄。)3)Hisadolescencewasnotahappytimeforhim.(他的青春期过的不快乐。)4)BeforehisparentscouldrealizeitTomhadalreadyreachedtheageofadolescence.(父母还没意识到这个问题,汤姆已到了青春期年龄。)15.swearv.诅咒;发誓 n.誓言1)Don'tswearinfrontofthechildren.(别在孩子们面前骂人。)2)Willyouswearthatyouwerenotonthescene?(你愿意起誓说你当时不在现场吗?)3)IswearthatIwillnevertrusthimanymore.(我保证再也不相信他了。)4)Hesworebyhishonorthathewouldreturnthemoneyintwoweeks.(他以自己的名誉发誓保证在两周内还钱。)5)TheyrefusedtoswearonaBible.(他们拒绝手按圣经发誓。)6)Don'ttakehisswearseriously.(别拿他的誓言当真。)16.indifferentadj.冷漠的,不关心的 indifferencen.冷漠\n1)Ifparentsareindifferenttotheirsuccess,childrenwillfailtomakeprogress.(如果父母漠视孩子的成功,孩子就不会进步。)2)Heisabsolutelyindifferenttootherpeople'smiseries.(他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。)3)Heputonanairofindifference.(他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。)4)Shewasannoyedbyherson'sindifferencetoher.(她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。)17.disciplinen.纪律,训练;学科 v.训练;使有纪律;惩罚1)Thedisciplineofhardworkwoulddoyoualotofgood.(艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。)2)Theyoungteachercouldn'tkeepdisciplineinherclassroom.(那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。)3)Scientistsofmanydisciplineswouldworktogethertosolvetheproblem.(许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。)4)Theymustlearntodisciplinethemselves.(他们必须学会锻炼自己。)5)Hewasdisciplinedforbeinglate.(他因迟到而受罚。)18.individualn.个人,个体 adj.个别的,单独的;独特的1)Thefreedomoftheindividualwasgreatlyemphasizedinhistalk.(他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。)2)Handwritingvariesfromindividualtoindividual.(每个人的笔迹都不相同。)3)Eachindividualleafonthetreeisdifferent.(树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。)4)Therewasnothingindividualabouthimexceptadeepscaracrosshisrightcheek.(他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。)本课简介 在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则,这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则,你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人,尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势,而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此,我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静;在点燃香烟前征得他人同意;注意选择接听移动电话的场合;与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机;满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话;该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。本课主要语言点1.Unlessyouwanttoendarelationship,youdon'ttellanotherpersonwhatyouthinkofherorhimlikethis.unless在本句中的意思是“ifnot”(除非,如果不),如:1)Youwillfailtheexamunlessyoustudyharder.(你若不更加努力学习,考试会不及格。)2)Wewillgoonwiththeexperimentunlesssomethingunforeseenhappens.(如果不发生意外,我们将继续试验。)3)Iwillnotgotothepartyunlessheinvitesme.(如果他不邀请我,我就不去参加聚会。)4)Nothing,unlessamiracle,cansavehim.(除非出现奇迹,他无法得救。)end在本句中用作动词,意思是“结束”。如:1)Themeetingdidnotenduntilmidnight.(会议开到半夜才结束。) 2)Theanti-JapaneseWarendedin1945.(抗日战争于1945年结束。)3)Herefusedtoendhisfour-weektourinsuchamanner.(他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。)2.Failingtobeimpressedbyafriend'scollectionofstamps,yawningwhenagolfertellsyouaboutwhatgreatshothemade…areallthingsthateducatedpeopletrynottodo.本句中三个并列的动名词短语做主语,整个句子是一个“主语+系动词+表语”的句型。如:1)Smokingisnotgoodforyourhealth.(吸烟有害你的健康。) 2)Makingexperimentisonewayoflearning.(实验是学习的一条途径。)beimpressedby意思是“给…深刻印象”。如:1)Iwasimpressedbyhistalent.(他的才干给我留下了深刻的印象。) 2)Hewasimpressedbythegorgeoussunset.(绚丽的夕阳给他留下了深刻的印象。)golfer意思为“高尔夫球运动员”,这个词是由golf加后缀-er构成的,英语中这一类词很多。如:baker(面包师傅),gardener(园丁),miller(磨坊主),singer(歌唱家),user(使用者。)1)Hetriednottoletoutthesecret.(他试图不泄露秘密。) 2)Wetriednottobemisledbythem.(我们努力不被他们误导。)3.Therearenolawsenforcingrespect.\n本句是一个Therebe+noun+V-ing结构,表示存在(有),there失去表示场所的意义。如:1)Therewasafireburninginthefireplace.(壁炉里火在燃烧。) 2)Thereweretwobulldozersknockingtheplaceflat.(两台推土机把那儿夷平。)句中的enforce是一个及物动词,意思是“实施;强制”。如:1)Itisnecessarytoenforcedisciplineinthearmy.(在部队里执行纪律是必要的。) 2)Hestronglyobjectedtoenforcingobedienceonchildren.(他强烈反对强迫儿童服从。)4.Theseguidelinesrepresentwhatamajorityofpeopleconsideracceptableandwhattheyconsiderunacceptable.represent在本句中做及物动词用,意思是“代表;体现”。如:1)Thebluelinesonthemaprepresentrivers.(地图上的蓝线代表河流。) 2)Theseviewsdon'trepresenttherealthinkingofthelocalresidents.(那些观点并不反映当地居民的真实思想。)句中what引导的是宾语从句,如:1)IwillalwaysrememberwhatmymothersaidtomebeforeIwenttocollege.(我将永远记住我上大学前妈妈对我说的话。)2)Ididn'tseewhattheyweredoingthere.(我没看见他们在那儿干什么。)3)Hisideacouldn'trepresentwhattheordinarypeoplereallyliked.(他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜欢的东西。)consider是一个常用动词,通常有以下几种用法:1)consider+宾语 Hehadnotimetoconsiderthematter.(他没有时间考虑这件事。)2)consider+宾语+宾语补足语 Somepeopleconsideredtheattackamistake.(有人认为那次进攻是个错误。)3)consider+that从句 Weconsiderthattheyoungmanisnotguilty.(我们认为那个年轻人无罪。)4)consider+V.+ing Heconsideredchanginghisjob.(他考虑换一份工作。)5)considertobe/as Theyconsiderthemselvestobeverylucky.(他们认为自己很幸运。)Heisconsideredtobeanauthority.(他被认为是权威。) Theyconsideredthehouseasbeautiful.(他们认为那房子很美。)在上面的三个例句中,tobe和as都可以被省略,因此三例句可以改写为:Theyconsiderthemselveslucky. Heisconsideredanauthority.Theyconsiderthehousebeautiful.5.Theyarenotevenawarethatthishabitwillbothertheothermembersoftheaudience.aware这个形容词很常用,需好好掌握,在第十二单元中我们已经接触过这个词,在此再巩固一下。1)beawareof Ifyouwereawareofallthat,youwouldchangeyourmind.(如果你知道了那一切,你会改变主意的。)2)beawarethat Hewasawarethathehaddrunktoomuch.(他知道他喝的太多了。)bother在本句中做动词用,意思是“打扰”。在bother后用不定式则表示“费心去做某事”。如:1)Don'tbotherme,Ihavetofinishtheworkinanhour.(别打扰我,我得在一小时内做完这个工作。) 2)Don'tbothertotalktohim.Hehasnointerestinanything.(别费心跟他讲话,他对什么都没兴趣。)audience(观众,听众)当一个整体看待,用做单数;当各成员看待,用做复数。如:1)Theaudiencewas(were)enjoyingtheperformance.(观众在欣赏演出。) 2)Thatbookhasalargeaudience.(那本书有广大的读者。)6.…thelook-at-mephoneuserswhoseboringconversationsarejustasdangeroustoourmentalhealthassmokeistoourlungs.look-at-me是作者自造的复合形容词,意思是“看我多神气”。asdangerous…as…形容词的同等比较,意思是“与……同样危险”。\n这句话的意思是“如同吸烟有害我们的肺一样,‘那些瞧我多神气'的移动电话使用者的无聊谈话有害我们的精神健康。”英语学习中,经常会有不善区别现在分词做形容词和过去分词做形容词的用法和词意的情况,请看下列例句:A.interested interesting1.Heisinterestedinthatbook. 2.ThebookisinterestingB.excited exciting1.Wewereveryexcitedonhearingthenews. 2.Theexcitingnewswassoonspreadalloverthecountry.C.bored boring1.Theaudiencewasboredbythespeaker'semptytalk. 2.Theboringlecturemademysleepy.7.…theylistentotheirwalkmanswhiletheteacheristalkingtothem.listen是一个不及物动词,后面必须加介词to才可以跟宾语,如:听音乐(listentomusic),听收音机(listentotheradio),听天气预报(listentotheweatherforecast)。请注意,不能丢掉介词to。walkman指随身听。注意其复数形式是在后面加-s,而不是把man改成men。8.Kidswhohavenoideawhatbeingpolitemeanswillpaythepricesoonerorlater.havenoideaofsth.意思是“对……不理解”。havenoidea后面接从句,常可省去of,如:1)Hehadnoideawhatwaslikelytohappennext.(他无法预料接下去会出现什么情况。)2)Ihavenoideawhysheleft.(我不知道她为什么离去。)polite是形容词,前面必须用系动词,而在what从句中,做主语用的系动词be则要变成being。如:Beinghonestmeanstellingnolies.(诚实意味着不说谎话。)句子中的who引导的是一个定语从句,修饰kids,而what则引导了一个同位语从句,对idea的内容加以解释。如:1)Ihavenoideawhatwillturnup. 2)Ihavenoideahowsoontheywillarrive.3)Wordcamethattheyhadsucceeded.paytheprice意思是“付出代价”。如: Theywillpaythepricefortheirignorance.(他们将为自己的无知付出代价。)soonerorlater意思是“迟早”,如: Youwillunderstandmesoonerorlater.(你迟早会理解我的。)9.Whentheyjointheworkforce,theiremployersandassociatesalikewillsoonrealizethatthebehavioroftheserudeyoungpeopleisclosertothatofanimalsthancivilizedpeople.associate在本句中做名词,意思是“同事”。alike通常做形容词用,如:Thetwobrothersareverymuchalike.(这两兄弟非常相象。)在本句子,alike作副词用,意思是“一样地”。1)Teachersandstudentsalikewillhavea3-weekholiday.(老师和学生一样将有为期三周的假期。)2)Thebookisinterestingandinstructivealike.(这书既有趣,也有教益。)句子中的第一个that引导的是一个宾语从句。第二个that则用来替代前面出现过的名词,本句中that替代前面的behavior,意思是“这些粗鲁的年轻人的行为更接近动物的行为。”1)By1990,productionintheareaisexpectedtodoublethatof1980. 2)TheweatherinShanghaiismilderthanthatofBeijing.10.Beingpoliteandshowingrespectcangiveusanedge.Edge在本句中的意思是“优势”(advantage),如:1)Theedgewaswithourteam.(优势在我们队这边。) 2)Sinceheobtainedtheedge,hewassuretowin.(既然他取得了优势,他一定会赢。)3)haveanedgeoversb.(胜过某人) 4)maintainanuclearedge(保持核优势)\n本课主要词组1.thinkof 2.beimpressedby3.fallasleep 4.atripto5.interactwith 6.amajorityof7.showrespectfor 8.aswell9.beawareof 10.listento11.havenoidea 12.paytheprice13.soonerorlater 14.becloseto15.becauseof 16.getahead17.givesb.anedge 18.bebasedonTextBWhywewalkincircles短语表达1.ratherthanHecameallthewaytoChinaforpromotingfriendshipratherthanformakingmoney.HewasreadingabookratherthanwatchingTV.2.somewhatHefeltsomewhattired.Thisbookissomewhatdifficulttounderstand.3.insteadofInsteadofpushingandcrowding,hewaitedquietlyforhisturn.Hegaveusalotoftroubleinsteadofhelp.4.goastrayTheletterhadgoneastray.Makesurethatnosheepgoastray.5.keepfromThepoorchildwaskeptfromseeinghismother.Thebadweatherkeptusfromgettingthereasscheduled.6.cutoffCutmeoffifItalktoomuch.Gassupplieshadnowbeencutoff.7.beworthThisbookisworthreading.Thisproblemisworthfollowingup.8.reachone'sgoalYouhavetoworkhardtoreachyourgoal.9.suchasManystoriessuchasthesewillproveinstructivetothechildren.10.intendtoHeintendedtogiveusanexplanation,buthedidn't.Ididn'tintendtohurtyou.11.nomore…thanHeisnomoreateacherthanawriter.Wearenomoresatisfiedthanyouare.12.让步状语从句的倒装Youngasheis,heholdsanimportantpositioninthecompany.Smartastheyare,theyarealwaysmodest.Childashewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.13.独立结构:with+名词+过去分词Withmanyeyesfixedonher,shefeltverynervous.\nWithalltheworkcompleted,wefeltgreatlyrelieved.Withallhissavingsgone,hehadtofindajobnow.TextAHowTVViolenceAffectsKids本课主要单词1.violencen.暴力;强烈 violentadj.暴力的;强烈的1)PreschoolchildrensuffermostfromTVviolence.(学龄前儿童受暴力电视节目的危害最深。)2)Peopleinthatcountryhatedthekingtothemarrowasheruledthecountrywithviolence. (那个国家的人民对国王恨之入骨,因为他用暴力进行统治。)3)Heflungopenthedoorwithviolence. (他用劲地猛然把门打开。)4)Theviolentblowsenthimdownonhisknees. (那猛烈的一击使他跪倒在地。)5)Thedoctortoldhimnottodoanyviolentexercise. (医生嘱咐他不要进行剧烈运动。)2.exposuren.暴露;揭露;曝光 exposev.暴露;使曝光;使遭受;使处于…影响之下;展出1)Toomuchexposuretosunlightwillburnyourskin.(过度晒太阳会晒伤皮肤。)2)Theexposureofcorruptionbythemediacaughttheattentionofthepublic. (传媒对腐败的揭露引起了公众的注意。)3)Sheconcealedthesecretfromherparents,fearingtheexposurewouldstunthem. (她对父母隐瞒了这个秘密,担心秘密暴露会令父母震惊。)4)Howmanyexposureshaveyoumade? (你拍了几张照片?)5)Hisshirtwasopen,exposingthetattooonhischest. (他的衬衣敞开了,露出了刺在胸部的文身。)6)Hisfatnessexposedhimtoalotofjokingattheoffice. (他长得肥胖,因此在办公室常受取笑。)7)Hewasexposedtomusicwhenhewasachild. (他自幼受音乐薰陶。)8)Parentsshouldexposetheirchildrentogoodbooks. (父母应让孩子们读好书。)9)Heisgoingtoexposeallhiscollectionsattheauction. (他打算拍卖时把收藏品全部陈列出来。)3.allocatev.分配;把…拨给;把…划归 allocationn.分配;划拨的款项1)Somedoctorsandteacherswillbeallocatedtothevillagerstohelpthepeoplethere. (一些医生和教师将被派往那些村子帮助那儿的人们。)2)Theyweredissatisfiedwiththewayresourceswereallocated. (他们对资源分配的方式不满意。)3)Onethirdofthemoneyhasbeenallocatedtothepublicservices. (三分之一的经费已拨给了公用事业。)4)Theysaidtheallocationofseatswasunfair.(他们说席位的分配不公平。)5)Hehasa$5000allocationtocovertheexpenses. (他有一笔5000美元的拨款以应付各项支出。)4.significantlyadv.considerably(相当数量地);meaningfully(有意义地) significantadj.important,meaningful(意义重大的) marked,considerable(不必忽略的;相当数量的) significancen.consequence(意义;影响)implication(含义)1)Theiropinionsdon'tdiffersignificantlyfromeachother. (他们俩的看法没有明显差别。)2)Hesaidtoussignificantlythateducationoftheyouthwouldbevitaltothefutureofacountry. (他意味深长地对我们说年轻人的教育对于一个国家的未来至关重要。)3)July4isasignificantdateforAmericans. (对美国人来说七月四日是一个意义重大的日子。)4)Therehasbeenasignificantincreaseinjuvenulecrimeinrecentyears.(近年来,青少年犯罪活动有了相当大的增加。)5)Thisisaneventofgreatsignificance. (这是一个非常重大的事件。)6)Itisnecessarytoattachgreatsignificancetoenvironmentalprotection.(重视环境保护是必要的。)5.perprep.每一,每\n1)Heearns$3000permonth.(他每月挣3000美元。)2)Wedroveatthespeedof70milesperhour.(我们以每小时70英里的速度行驶。)3)Takethemedicine3timesperday.(这药每日服三次。)4)Theyspentmorethan20millionpoundsperyear.(他们每年花费两千万英镑。)6.givenprep.considering(考虑到)1)Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob. (考虑到他们缺乏经验,这工作他们做得不错。)2)Givenhisage,theoldmanisingoodcondition. (考虑到老人的年龄,他的身体状况很不错了。)3)Givenmyinterestinoilpainting,thisisthebestplacetostudy. (考虑到我对油画的兴趣,这是学习的最好地方。)4)Itseemsunreasonabletosendhimaway,giventhatheisdoingquitewell. (考虑到他的工作干得很不错,把他解雇是不合理的。)7.adoptv.takeup(采取);accept(收养);officiallypass(正式通过)1)Idon'tknowifIshouldadoptapositiveattitudetowardsthewholehappening. (我不知道我是否应该对整个事件采取积极态度。)2)Theircountryadoptedpresscensorship.(他们国家采取了新闻检查制度。)3)Theyadoptedanorphanastheyhadnochildoftheirown. (他们自己没孩子,所以收养了一个孤儿。)4)Theboywashappyasanythingwhenhisparentsdecidedtoadoptapuppy. (当爸爸妈妈决定收养一条小狗时,那个男孩高兴极了。)5)Congressadoptedthenewmeasures.(国会通过了新措施。)6)TheNationalCongressadoptedthegovernmentreport. (全国人大通过了政府工作报告。)请注意区别adopt和adaptadaptvi.adjust(调节;改变…以适应) vt.revise(校准;调整;改编)1)Hehadtoadapthimselftothenewcondition.(他不得不使自己适应新的情况。)2)Mr.Wangcouldnotadapthimselftothenewclimate. (王先生不能适应新的气候。)3)Heisadaptingthenovelfortelevision.(他正把那部小说改编为电视剧。)8.distinguishv.separate(区别,辨别);identify(认出)1)Youhavetodistinguishfactsfromrumoursifyouwanttoformacorrectopinion. (如果想有一个正确的观点,你得分辨事实和传闻。)2)Hewasdistinguishedfromotherboysbyhisheight. (他的身高显出他与其它男孩的不同。)3)Somechildrenwereunabletodistinguishbetweenthelettersbandp. (有些孩子不能分辨字母b和p。)9.fantasyn.想像;幻想1)Heisalwayshavingfantasiesaboutbecomingrich.(他总是抱着发财的幻想。)2)Toasmallchild,fantasyandrealityareveryclosetoeachother.(对幼儿来说,幻想和现实靠得很近。)请注意区别fancy,fantasy,imaginationfancy和fantasy多指无事实依据的凭空想像。Fancy的内容多是虚构的,幻想的;fantasy的内容更是荒诞古怪的。Imagination的想像多依据所见所闻或现实内容一般是合理的。1)Shewentwhereverthefancytookher.(她随兴致所至想去哪里就去哪里。)2)Thesefantasiesaresometimesverydangeroustoschoolchildren.(对学龄儿童来说这些古怪念头是很危险的。)3)Poets,artistsandinventorsneedimagination. (诗人,艺术家和发明家都需要想像力。)10.underlyingadj.在下面的;根本的;潜在的1)Thereareunderlyingsimilaritiesbetweenallhumanbeings.\n (人与人之间有着潜在的相似之处。)2)Theunderlyingthemeofthenovelisveryserious.(这本小说的潜在主题是极其严肃的。)3)Canyouunderstandtheunderlyingmeaningofwhathesaid? (你能理解他所说的话的含义吗?)4)Theunderlyingstructureofthisbuildingisnodoubtveryfirm.(这座楼的底层结构无疑是牢固的。)11.motiven.reason,purpose(动机,目的)1)Greedwashisonlymotiveforreceivingbribery.(贪婪是他受贿的唯一原因。)2)Hismotiveincomingwasawishtoachievemutualunderstanding.(他来的动机是想达成相互理解。)3)Thelittleboyopenedhissister'smailthroughmotivesofcuriosity.(那个小男孩出于好奇打开了姐姐的邮件。)4)Youshouldquestionhismotivebeforeyouapprovehisconduct.(在你赞同他的所作所为之前应该先质询他的动机。)12.subtletyn.delicacy;sensitivity微妙之处,细微之处;敏锐 subtleadj.隐约的;微妙的1)Nobodynoticedthesubtletyofhisremarks.(没有人听出他话中的微妙含义。)2)Theycansenseeachother'sintentionswithgreatsubtlety.(他们能敏锐地感觉到彼此的意图。)3)ItisdifficultforpeoplefromotherculturestomasterthesubtletiesoftheAmericanjoke. (对于来自其他文化的人来说掌握美国笑话的微妙之处是困难的。)4)Hiswholeattitudehasundergoneasubtlechange.(他的整个态度已经有了微妙的变化。)5)Hedweltonthesubtledistinctionbetweenthetwowords. (他详述两个词词义的细微差别。)13.moraladj.有道德的 n.道德;寓意1)Hecomplainedthathehadwitnessedafallinmoralstandards. (他抱怨说他目睹了道德标准的衰落。)2)Parentsareresponsibleforthechildren'smoralwelfare. (父母应对孩子道德上的健康成长负责。)3)Themoralofthestorywas“Afriendinneedisafriendindeed”. (这个故事的教益是“患难之交见真情。”)4)Idon'tknowwhatmoraltodrawfromallthis.(我不知道从所有这一切中应得出何种教训。)5)Hehasnomoralsandwilldoanythingformoney.(他毫无道德,为了钱什么都干得出来。)14.recoveryn.康复;收回 recoverv.恢复;收复;挽回1)Heisrecoveredfromhisillness. (他已恢复了健康。)2)Sherecoveredherstrengthaftertwodays'rest. (经过两天的休息,她恢复了力气。)3)Thepolicerecoveredthestolenwatch. (警察追回了失窃的手表。)4)Hesaidhehadtoworkhardtorecoverthelosttime. (他说他得努力工作,把失去的时间补回来。)5)Mr.Wanginsistedthattheeconomicrecoverywasstillslow. (王先生坚持认为经济复苏还太缓慢。)6)Shemadearemarkablerecoveryfromtheillness. (她令人惊异地从那场疾病中康复了。)7)Therecoveryofthelostwalletthrilledthewholefamily. (失落钱包的复得使全家人兴奋不已。)15.unrealisticadj.impractical(不切实际的)1)Itisunrealistictoexpectbetterconditionsinthenearfuture. (在不远的将来指望有更好的形势是不现实的。)2)Thisdemandprovedunrealisticandunworkable.(这个要求证明是不切实际且不可行的。)3)Youhaveunrealisticexpectations.(你的期望不切实际。)16.imitatev.模仿 imitationn.模仿 imitativeadj.模仿的;仿制的1)ManywritersimitatethelanguageofShakespeare.(许多作家模仿莎士比亚的语言。)2)Hishandwritingisdifficulttoimitate.(他的笔迹很难模仿。)3)Childrenlearnmanythingsbyimitation.(儿童通过模仿学会许多东西。)4)Actingisanimitativeart.(表演是一种模仿性艺术。)\n5)Monkeysareimitative(猴儿爱模仿。)17.underminevt.weaken(侵蚀…基础;暗中破坏;逐渐损害)1)Manyseverecoldsunderminedtheoldman'shealth.(多次严重的感冒损害了老人的健康。)2)Failuresunderminedherconfidence.(一再的失败使她渐渐丧失了信心。)3)Thefoundationsofthehousehavebeenunderminedbygroundwater. (地下水侵蚀了这座房屋的地基。)18.jeopardizevt.threatenendanger(使处于危险境地;危及,损害)1)Hejeopardizedhislifetosavethedrowningchild.(他冒着生命危害救护那个溺水儿童。)2)Hejeopardizedhisfortunebymakingbadinvestments. (他由于投资不当而危及自己的财产。)3)Ididn'twanttojeopardizemyrelationshipwithmynewfriend. (我不想损害我和新朋友的关系。)19.interpretvt.解释;口译 interpretationn.解释;口译 interpretern.口译者1)Literaturehelpstointerpretlife.(文学有助于阐明人生的意义。)2)Hissilencewasinterpretedasconsent.(他的沉默被认为是同意。)3)Peopleoftengivedifferentinterpretationsofthepast.(人们往往对过去作出不同的解释。)4)Heistalkingtotheforeignguestthroughaninterpreter.(他正通过译员与外国客人交谈。)20.monitorn.监视器;监控器;监听员;班长 v.监听;监视;监控1)Thepatientwasconnectedtothemonitor.(一台监控器连接到病人身上。)2)Heisthemonitorofourclass.(他是我们班班长。)3)Thepolicemonitoredallthephonecallsofthesuspect.(警察监听了疑犯的所有电话通话。)4)Waterflowwillbemonitoredbycomputer.(水流将由计算机来监测。)21.initiatevt.开始;发起,倡议;接纳新成员1)Weshouldinitiatedirecttalkswiththetradeunions. (我们应该与贸易联合会开始直接对话。)2)Theyinitiatedanewprogramofreform.(他们开始实施一项新的改革方案。)3)Theclubwillinitiatenewmembersnextweek.(俱乐部将在下周接纳新成员。)22.restrictvt.限制;约束 restrictedadj.受限制的;有限的 restrictionn.限制,约束1)WomeninChinaarenolongerrestrictedtodomesticlabornow. (现在,中国妇女不再被束缚于家务劳动了。)2)Hewasrestrictedinhismovements.(他的行动受约束。)3)Thisrulehasaveryrestrictedapplication(这条规则的适用范围极为有限。)4)Thegovernmentplacedrestrictionsonsalesofweapons.(政府对武器销售实行限制。)23.depictvt.portray(描画,描述)1)Thepaintertriedtodepictthesplendourofthesunset. (画家试图描绘出日落的壮丽景象。)2)Shewentontodepicttheconfusionofdeparture(她继续描述离开时的混乱情景。)24.implyv.暗示,含有的意思 impliedadj.含蓄的 implicationn.含义1)Idon'timplythatyouarewrong.(我的意思不是说你错了。)2)Hissilenceimpliedconsent.(他的缄默表示同意。)3)Idon'tunderstandtheimpliedmeaningofthissentence.(我不理解这句话的含义。)4)TheimplicationofhisstatementisthatIwaswrong.(他这话的含义是我错了。)25.alternativen.供选择的东西 adj.两者择一的;供选择的\n1)Hewasgiventhealternativeofgoingontocollegeorstartingtowork. (他得在上大学继续求学和开始工作之间作出选择。)2)Isthereanyalternativetoundergoingasurgicaloperation? (除外科手术外还有其它办法吗?)3)Youhavenoalternativebuttostayhereovernight.(你只好留宿一夜,别无他法。)4)Weshouldexplorealternativepossibilitiesinsolvingtheproblem.(我们应该探求各种供选择的可能性来解决这个问题。)5)Thealternativeplansofhavingapicnicontakingaboattripputtheminadilemma. (去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能择一的计划使他们左右为难。)本课简介 越来越多的事实证明,暴力电视节目对儿童的成长有不良影响,学龄前儿童受暴力电视节目的危害尤深,因为他们尚不完全具备辩别事实与幻想的能力,对人类行为、道德冲突的内在动机也不理解。儿童常常把从电视中看到的行为用于现实生活之中。父母还应帮助儿童理解他们所看的电视节目,父母也要了解幼儿的老师对与战争和暴力相关连的电视节目及儿童玩具的态度,并与那些有共识的其他儿童的父母一同努力,寻求各种方法取代观看暴力电视节目。本课语言点1.Formorethanaquarterofacentury,evidencehasbeenincreasingthatchildren'sexposuretoviolenceontelevisionhaslong-lastingeffectsontheirbehavior.aquarter(of)“四分之一”,如:aquarterofapound(四分之一磅);aquarterofacentury(四分之一世纪);aquarterofamile(四分之一英里);aquarter(ofadollar)(25美分);aquarterofamillion(25万);aquarter(ofanhour)(15分钟)。…thatchildren'sexposuretoviolenceontelevision…that引导的是一个同位语从句,这个同位语从句没有直接跟在名词evidence的后面,而是被hasbeenincreasing隔开了。同位语的作用是对它所说明的名词作进一步解释,说明这个名词指的是谁或什么。如:1)Ihadnoideathathetoldusalie.(我不知道他对我们说了谎话。)2)Youhavetoproduceenoughevidencethatheisguilty.(你得拿出足够的证据说明他有罪。)3)Therewaslittlepossibilitythattheywouldsucceed.(他们成功的可能性极小。)4)TherecanbenodoubtthatTVviolenceaffectschildren.(毫无疑问,暴力电视节目对儿童有不良影响。)exposureto“暴露于…”,如:1)Thebestpartofthejobwasherconstantexposuretobooks.(她这个工作的最大优点是能经常接触书籍。)haveaneffecton“对…有作用(影响)”,如:1)Constantrainhadmucheffectontheharvest.(持续的降雨对收成有很大的影响。)2)Thecementfactoryhasmucheffectontheenvironment.(水泥厂对环境的影响很大。)3)Hispersuasionhadlittleeffectonher.(他的劝说对她没什么作用。)2.…theamountoftelevisiontimeallocatedeachweektoviolentprogramsincreasedsignificantly. …thenumberofviolentactsontelevision…hasincreased….上面两个句子中分别用了amount和number两个词。amount用来修饰从体积,重量,金额等方面着眼的东西,一般在of后接用不可数名词;而number则用以修饰可数的人或物。在第一个句子中,amountof后面用的是不可数名词time,第二个句子中numberof后面用的是可数名词acts。再请看例句:1)Alargeamountofmoneyhasbeenspentonthisproject.(一大笔钱已经花在了这个工程上。)2)Theamountofworkassignedtohimwasformidable.(分配给他做的工作量极大。)3)Thenumberofstudentsoftheuniversityhasbeenincreasing.(这所大学的学生人数在增加。)4)Thenumberoftouriststothatplaceislimited.(去那个地方旅游的人数有限。)请注意区别act和action这两个名词。①这两个名词都表示“行为”,“行动”的意思,常可互换使用。act强调行为的结果,而不涉及行为的动机与性质,常是即兴,瞬间的举动;action偏重于动作的方式和过程。②act行为的发出者可以是人也可以是物;action只是物。③在须用不可数名词表示总的概念时,多用action,而一般不用act。如:1)Thetimehascomeforaction/act.(采取行动的时间了。)\n2)Thethoughtlessyoungmandidanotherfoolishact.(那个鲁莽的年轻人又做了件傻事。)3)Everysuddenemotionquickenstheactionoftheheart.(每件突如其来的令人激动的事情都能加快心跳。)4)Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.(事实胜于雄辩。)3.Giventheamountoftimethatchildrenwatchtelevision,ithasbecomeoneofthemostpowerfulmodelstheywanttofollow.given在本句中用作介词,意思是considering,takingintoaccount(考虑到),在词汇部分我们已作了比较详细的讲解,再请看两个例句:1)Giventheyarefreshfromuniversity,they'vedoneagreatjob.(考虑到他们刚走出大学校园,他们干得不错。)2)Giventhathehasalwaysbeendreamingofvisitingthegreatwall,itseemscruelnottotakehimtoBeijing.(他一直梦想游长城,不带他去北京似乎太残酷了。)除了作“考虑到”解释外,given还有如下意思:1)规定的,特点的(形容词)Theworkmustbedonewithinthegiventime.(工作必须在规定时间内完成。)2)假设的;作为前提的(形容词)Giventhechance,shecouldhavedoneaswellasyouhave.(如果给他这个机会,她会干得跟你一样好。)4.Childrennaturallyoftenwantthetoysshownonandadvertisedduringtheseprograms.Shownonandadvertisedduringtheseprograms在本句中的作用是分词短语作定语,相当于被动语态的定语从句,修饰toys。1)Lastnight,wesawadocumentarydubbedinEnglish.(昨晚,我们看了一部用英文译制的记录片。)2)Theplayputonbythefirst-yearstudentswasverygood.(一年级学生演出的剧目很好。)3)Theletterswritteninpencilarefrommybrother.(那些用铅笔写的信是我弟弟带来的。)Theseprograms是shownon和advertisedduring这两个词组中的介词的共用宾语。如:Hedoesn'tcareaboutandhasnointerestinotherpeople'sopinion.(对别人的观点他不在乎也没兴趣。)5.Withthesetoys,theirplaytendstobemoreimitativethanimaginative.With在本句中表示原因,意思是“由于,因”,如:1)Heisinbedwithflu.(他因患流感卧病在床。)2)Hereyesweredimwithtears.(她的双眼因泪水而模糊。)3)Theboy'sfacewaswhitewithnervousness.(那个男孩的脸因紧张而发白。)tend的后面接不定式,意思是“易于,往往会”,如:1)Plantstendtodieinhotweatherifyoudon'twaterthem.(植物在炎热天气如不浇水容易枯死。)2)Hetendstogetimpatientifyouaskhimmorethantwoquestions.(如果你问他两个以上的问题,他往往会不耐烦。)6.Thenarrowrangeofmostviolence-relatedtoysadvertisedontelevisionjeopardizestheroleofplayinhelpingchildrenmakebettersenseoftheirownfeelingsandinterprettheirworld.在第三单元中,我们已经学过range这个词,意思是“山脉”,“(在某范围内)变动,变化”。而在本句中,range的意思是“范围”,如:1)Hisreadingisofverywiderange.(他的阅读面很广。)2)Overthelongrange,themostimportantstepwillbeageneraltaxreform.(从长远看,最重要的步骤是全面实行税制改革。)Makesenseof意思是“了解;弄明白”。如:1)Icannotmakeanysenseofwhathesays.(他的话我弄不懂。)2)Hislecturehelpedmemakebettersenseofthepoem.(他的讲解帮助我更好地理解这首诗。)3)Icouldmakenosenseofhiscarelesslywrittenletter.(我看不懂他马马虎虎写的那封信。)7.Manypreschoolteachersdonotliketohavecommerciallymadetoyweaponsbroughtintotheclassroomandwelcomehearingyourconcernsaboutthismatter.have…toyweaponsbroughtintotheclassroom(把玩具武器带进教室。)havesth.done是极为常见的用法,如:1)Ineedtohavemybikerepaired.(我需要把自行车修一下。)2)Hehadhisfilesdestroyedbeforeheleft.(在离开前,他把文件都毁了。)3)Shewantedtohavetheroomsrepaintedbeforemovingin.(她想在搬入前把房间重新粉刷一遍。)\nwelcome在本举句中作动词用,这个词也可以作名词和形容词用。请看下面的例句,注意welcome在各例句中的词类。1)Herantothedoortowelcomehisfriends.(他向门口跑去,欢迎他的朋友。)2)WelcometoBeijing.(欢迎到北京来。)3)Hermarriagewasnotwelcomedbythefamily.(她的婚姻不被家人接受。)4)Theygaveherawarmwelcome.(他们给她以热烈欢迎。)5)Hereceivedahero'swelcomeattheairport.(他在机场受到英雄般的欢迎。)6)Youarewelcometousemybike.(我的自行车你尽管用。)7)Heisawelcomeguest.(他是个受欢迎的客人。)concernaboutsth.意思是“对…的关心”,在第九单元中,我们学过beconcernedabout.如:1)Weareallconcernedabouthiseducation.(我们都关心他的教育。)2)Hisparentsareverymuchconcernedabouthishealth.(他的父母非常关心他的健康。)3)Myconcernaboutthematterisknowntoall.(人人知道我对这件事的关心。)本课主要词组1.aquarterof 2.exposeto3.haveaneffecton 4.allocate…to5.pointout 6.distinguishfrom7.tendto 8.makesenseof9.apply…to 10.becrazyabout11.puttogether 12.asksb.aboutsth.13.havesth.done 14.concernabout15.analternativetosth. 16.lookforTextBWhydon’tgirlsthinklikeboys?短语表达1.dowellManypeoplebelievethatboysdowellinscience.Mr.Smithdidn'texpectthathecoulddosowellinindustrialengineering.2.inone'sopinionInmyopinion,whathesaidcouldbetrue.Parentsshouldbefriendlywiththeirchildreninhisopinion.3.begoodatHeisgoodatEnglish,butheisbetteratcomputer.Sheisgoodatimitatingotherpeople'swayoftalking.4.accordingtoAccordingtosomedoctors,only1outof20patientswhohadlungcancercouldsurvive.Accordingtothetext,aggressioninboysiscausedbymothers.5.ontheaverageOntheaverage,girlsscorehigheronteststhatmeasurevocabulary,spelling,andmemory.Wemade65milesanhourontheaverage.6.bedeterminedbyPeople'sabilitiesarenotdeterminedbysex.Theriseandfallofthepricesisdeterminedbysupplyanddemand.7.beheadedbyOneofthescientificresearchteamswasheadedbyMr.Watson.ThiscompanyisheadedbyJohn'stwinbrother.8.bereadytoHeisalwaysreadytohelppeopleinneed.\nSheisnotreadytotakeonthatkindofresponsibility.9.takenotesHeisamazedtoseethatstudentstakenotesonwhathesaysinclass.Hedecidedtotakenotesofthedevelopmentofthepoliticalevents.10.leanagainst/onShefeltweak,soleanedagainstthewall.Heleanedthebikeagainstatree.11.insistupon/onHeinsistedonpayingthemeal.Mostcompaniesinsistuponhavinganinterviewbeforetheyacceptanemployee.TextAHeartDisease:TreatorPrevent?本课主要词组1.westernadj.西方的;西部的Westernern.西方人1)Thesunbegantoturnredonthewesternhorizon.(太阳在西方地平线上开始变成红色。)2)I'vejusthadfouryearsinWesternNigeria.(我刚在西尼日利亚呆了四年。)3)Theimpactofwesterntechnologyonthatcountrywasincredible.(西方技术对那个国家的影响是难以置信的。)4)ManyWesternerseattoomuchfoodrichinsugarandfat,theymaydieofheartillnessesatanearlyage.(许多西方人吃太多高糖、高脂的食品,他们可能在年轻时就会死于心脏疾病。)5)Westernerseatwithforksandknives,whileweChineseeatwithchopsticks.(西方人用刀叉吃饭,而我们中国人用筷子吃饭。)2.alarmn.惊恐;担心;闹铃v.frighten(使惊恐;向…报警)alarmingadj.worrying,disquieting(使人惊恐的、令人担心的)1)Thereisnocauseforalarm.(不必恐慌。)2)Itisnecessarythatyouinstallaburglaralarm.(你有必要装防盗警报器。)3)Theywerealarmedtofindtheoldladydead.(他们发现老太太死了,大惊失色。)4)Theworld'sforestsareshrinkingatanalarmingrate.(世界森林正以惊人的速度减少。)3.surgeryn.外科,手术surgicaladj.外科的;外科手术的surgeon外科医生1)Thepatienthadsufferedaheartattackwhileundergoingsurgery.(在进行外科手术时,那位病人心脏病发作。)2)ThedoctorisdoingaminorsurgeryonMr.Wang'smouth.(医生正在给王先生的口部施行小手术。)3)Somepeoplecanhavetheirvisionrestoredbyasurgicaloperation.(有些人可以通过外科手术恢复视力。)4)Heworksasabrainsurgeoninahospital.(他在一家医院做脑外科医生。)4.technologyn.技术,工艺technologicaladj.技术的,工艺的1)Sciencehascontributedmuchtomoderntechnology.(科学对现代技术作出了很大贡献。)2)Theadvancesinscienceandtechnologyareaccelerating.(科学技术正在加速发展。)3)Ourbeliefinthepowerofmoderntechnologywon'tchange.(我们对现代技术威力的信念不会改变)4)Weneedtoacquireadequatemodernscientificandtechnologicalknowledgetomeetthechallengeofthe21stcentury.(为了迎接二十一世纪的挑战,我们需要掌握足够的现代科学及技术知识。)5)Theymadeanothertechnologicalbreakthroughinthefieldofpetroleumrecovering.(他们在石油开采方面又取得了技术突破。)5.advancev.前进;取得进展n.前进,进展,预付1)Wehavegreatlyadvancedinourunderstandingofthehumanbrain.(在对人脑的认识方面我们已取得重大进展。)2)Theuniversitytookeveryopportunitytoadvanceitsprestige.(那所大学抓住每一个机会提高自己的声誉。)\n3)Thedateofthemeetingwasadvancedbytwoweeks.(会议的日期提前了两周。)4)Einsteinadvancedthetheoryofrelativity.(爱因斯坦提出了相对论的理论。)5)Asautumnadvanced,theoldladybecameworse.(秋深了,老妇人的病情变得更加糟糕。)6)Theirteamhasadvancedtothesemifinals.(他们队已进入半决赛。)7)Theseyoungworkershaveadvancedgreatlyinskill.(这些青工的技术已有很大提高。)8)Materialadvanceandspiritualenrichmentshouldbothbeemphasized.(物质进步和精神充实都应强调。)9)Remarkableadvanceshavebeenmaderecentlyinmedicine.(近来医学方面取得了令人瞩目的进步。)10)Hearrivedhalfanhourinadvance.(他早到了半小时。)6.enablev.使能够,使可能这个动词的用法是在其宾词后接不定式:enablesbtodosth1)Theirhelpenabledthechildrentogethomesafeandsound.(他们的帮助使孩子们能安然无恙地到家。)2)Planesenablepeopletotravellongdistancesinashorttime.(飞机能使人们在短时间内做长途旅行。)3)Hisearlytrainingenabledhimtofaceeverythingwithconfidence.(他的早期训练使他能自信地面对一切。)请注意区别unable和enable。unable是一个形容词,通常用beunabletodosth.意思是“不能够做某事。”Hewasunabletogiveusadefiniteanswer.(他不能给我们一个明确答复。)7.benefitn.益处v.有益于;得益beneficialadj.useful有益的1)Internethasbroughtinnumerablebenefitstopeople.(互联网给人们带来了无数的益处。)2)Thechangesaretoourbenefit.(这些改变对我们有利。)3)Forthebenefitofthosewhowerenotherelasttime,I'llgooverwhatIsaidfirst.(为了那些上次没来的人,我将先重复我说过的话。)4)Thispolicywillbenefitworkingfamilies.(这一政策将使职工家庭得到好处。)5)Neitherofthemwillbenefitfromtheinsurancecompany.(他们俩谁也不会从保险公司得到好处。)6)Sunshineandrainarebeneficialtothegrowthoftheplants.(阳光和雨水有益于这些植物的生长。)7)Freshairisbeneficialtoyourhealth.(新鲜空气有益你的健康。)8.disadvantagen.不利地位,不利条件;缺点disadvantaged处于不利地位的;贫困的advantage有利条件;优点,好处1)Itputusunderaseriousdisadvantage.(这使我们处于极为不利的地位。)2)Thedisadvantageofthisplanwasthatitneededmorefund.(这个计划的缺点是它需要更多的资金。)3)Thosepupilswhowereinattentiveinclasswouldbeatadisadvantage.(那些上课不专心的小学生将会处于不利地位。)4)Itwastoourdisadvantagetorefusethisproposal.(拒绝这个建议对我们不利。)5)Thesedisadvantagedfamiliesneedimmediatehelp.(这些贫困家庭急需帮助。)6)Thenewsystemhasalotofadvantagesovertheoldone.(新系统与旧系统相比有许多优点。)7)Itmightbetoyouradvantagetoquitthisjob.(辞掉这份工作也许对你有利。)8)Hisexperiencegiveshimtheadvantageoverus.(他的经验使他比我们更有优势。)9)Theytookadvantageofherlackofbusinesssensetocheather.(他们利用她缺少商业意识来欺骗她。)10)WemusttakeadvantageofthisopportunitytopractiseouroralEnglish.(我们必须利用这个良机练一练英语口语。)9.resourcen.常用复数资源,财力;应付的办法1)TheNorth-easternareaofChinaisrichintimberresources.(中国的东北地区木材资源丰富。)2)Oiliskuwait'smostimportantresource.(石油是科威特最重要的资源。)3)Wedon'thaveadequatehumanresourcesforthisproject.(我们没有足够的人力资源来完成这个项目。)4)Hespentallhisresourcesoneducatinghisonlyson.(他把所有的财力都花在了独生子的教育上了。)5)Heisamanofgreatresource.(他是个足智多谋的人。)6)Wearenowattheendofourresources.(我们现在正是智穷才尽。)10.preventv.阻止,妨碍,预防preventionn.预防,妨碍\n1)Nothingwouldpreventusfromgoingtohelpthem.(什么也阻止不了我们去帮助他们。)2)Therainpreventeditsfromhavingthematch.(那场雨使我们不能举行比赛。)3)Thismedicinewillpreventyoufromcatchingcold.(这种药可以使你预防感冒。)4)Keepingdryisapreventionagainstcold.(保持干燥可以预防感冒。)5)Preventionisbetterthancure.(防病胜过医病。)11.equipv.配备,装备,赋予equipmentn.装备,设备1)Theyaregoingtobuildaparkequippedwithaplayground,ballfieldsandamuseum.(他们准备建造一个设有游戏场,球场和博物馆的公园。)2)Notallmicroscopesareequippedtodothis.(不是所有的显微镜都能做这件事。)3)Heisequippedwithadeepsenseofjustice.(他具有深切的正义感。)4)Thisisanimportantpieceofequipment.(这是一件重要设备。)5)Theyexportedamilliondollarsworthofelectricalequipment.(他们出口了价值一百万美元的电气设备。)12.emphasisn.强调;重点emphasizev.强调,着重1)Thereportplacedparticularemphasisontheneedtoimproveagriculture.(报告特别强调必须改进农业生产。)2)Muchemphasisisbeingplacedonlearningthosebasicskills.(对基本技能的学习正在得以强调。)3)Heemphasizedtheimportanceofbeinghonest.(他强调诚实的重要性。)4)JohnemphasizedapointIhadmadepreviously.(约翰强调了我此前提出的一个观点。)13.stressn.压力;重音;强调v.强调;着重1)Notallofuscancopewiththestressesofmodernlife.(并非我们每一个人都能应付现代生活的紧张。)2)Continuedstressmayresultinmentalillnesses.(持续的紧张可能导致精神疾病。)3)Myparentsputgreatstressongoodmanners.(我父母很强调要有好的行为举止。)4)Theteachersaidthestressshouldbeonthesecondsyllable.(老师说重音在第二个音节上。)5)Hestressedtheneedforbettereducation.(他强调需要更好的教育。)6)Ioughttostressthatthiswasonlyatrialballoon.(我应该强调这只是个试飞方案。)14.lackn./v.缺乏,不足,没有lackingadj.缺少的1)Heabandonedhisresearchworkforlackoffund.(由于缺乏资金,他放弃了他的研究工作。)2)Thereisalockofproteininhisdiet.(他的饮食中蛋白质不足。)3)Ifyoulackanything,pleaseletmeknow.(如果你缺少什么东西,请告诉我。)4)Inanycase,hedoesn'tlackformoney.(总之,他并不缺钱。)5)Moneywaslackingfortheplan.(此项计划缺钱。)6)Heislackingincourage.(他勇气不足。)请注意区别shortof和lackof。short是形容词,而lack是名词。1)Weareshortofhands.(我们缺少人手。)Welacknothingbutencouragement.(我们只缺少鼓励。)15.connectv.连接connectionn.连接,关系1)thebridgeconnectstheislandwith/tothemainland.(这座桥接连着这个岛屿与大陆。)2)PleaseconnectmewithShanghai.(请给我接通上海。)3)Hedoesn'tknowanythingabouttheconnectionbetweenthemoonandthetides.(他对月球与潮汐的关系一无所知。)4)Hehasnoconnectionwiththecriminalcase.(他与那件刑事案件无关。)16.sufficientadj足够的,充分的1)Thefoodissufficienttofeed10people.(这些食物足够十个人吃。)2)Japanhasasufficientreserveofoil.(日本有充足的石油储备。)\n请注意区别adequate,enough和sufficient。三个词都有“足够的”意思。enough为一般用语,有时可与adequate互换。enough常用来表示数量或程度,不宜用于表示性质、质量;而adequate既可用于描述数量或程度,也可用于描述性质、质量。sufficient与enough同义,前者多用于书面语。1)Doyouhaveenoughtime?2)Hisincomeisnotadequatetohisneeds.Wehaven'tsufficienttimetodothework.本课简介 心脏病在西方国家已成了健康的头号杀手,仅在英国,每天就有约400人死于心脏病。于是人们投入大量的人力、物力施行心脏手术。心脏手术无疑使无数患者受益,但是过分强调对心脏病进行手术治疗则带来了三个弊端。其一是对心脏病的预防不加重视;其二是医疗费用攀升;其三是由于有现成的设备和技术,医生们往往会给不需要动手术的病人做手术。近期的医学研究强调,人们必须对引发心脏病的因素,如压力、抽烟、缺少体育运动等加以重视。生活方式与心脏病之间是有联系的,因此,人们意识到自己必须为自身的健康负责,改变饮食习惯,减轻生活压力,减少抽烟,多多运动都是预防心脏病的有效方式。预防心脏病比治疗心脏病更重要。本课语言点1.OneofthegreatestkillersintheWesternWorldisheartdisease.请注意主谓一致的问题A:oneof+复数名词做主语时,后面的谓语用单数形式:1)OneofthelongestriversintheworldisinChina.(世界上最长的河流之一在中国。)2)OneofthemostfamouscircusesinEastEuropeiscomingtoChina.(东欧最有名的马戏团之一将来中国。)3)OneofthemostexpensivecarsintheparkinglotbelongstoMr.Watson.(停车场里最昂贵的汽车之一是华生先生的。)B:oneof+复数名词+定语从句时,定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词,因此从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如:1)Thisisoneofthebestfilmsthathavereleasedthisyear.(这是今年发行的最佳影片之一。)2)Mr.Wangisoneofthosepeoplewhoarehardtodealwith.(王先生属于那种很难打交道的人。)3)Heisoneofthosepersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright.(他属于那些总认为自己正确的人。)2.Thedeathratefromthediseasehasbeenincreasingatanalarmingspeedforthepastthirtyyears.本句中的时态是现在完成进行时,由has(have)been加现在分词构成,主要表现以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作,这个动作也可能仍然在进行,如:1)Whatbookhaveyoubeenreadingrecently?(你最近在看什么书?)2)Howhaveyoubeengettingonwithyourwork?(工作进行得怎么样?)3)Alltheseyearstheyhavebeencontributingarticlestoournewspaper.(这些年来他们一直为我们报纸写稿。)atanalarmingspeed的意思是“以惊人的速度”1)Wearedrivingatthespeedof60milesanhour.(我们正以每小时60英里的速度行驶。)2)Heisrunningattopspeed.(他正以最快速度奔跑。)3)Tomisworkingatitatfullspeed.(汤姆正在拼命地干。)4)Hefoundthesmalltownchangingatanastonishingspeed.(他发现那个小城正以惊人的速度变化着。)3.TodayinBritain,forexample,aboutfourhundredpeopleadaydieofheartdisease.在英语中dieof和diefrom都表示“死于”,这两者之间的区别在于:dieof通常指因疾病、情感而死。如:1)Theladydiedofgriefafterthedeathofherhusband.(丈夫去世后,这位女士也因哀伤而死。)2)Inthatcountrymanychildrendiedofmalnutrition.(在那个国家,许多孩子死于营养不良。)3)I'mdyingofboredom.(我烦死了。)4)Manysheepdiedofstarvationinthethicksnow.(许多绵羊在厚厚的积雪中饿死。)diefrom通常指死于意外的原因及不正常的原因。如:1)Mygrandfatherdiedfromaheartattack.(我爷爷死于心脏病。)2)Shediedfromatrafficaccident.(她死于一场交通事故。)3)Heissaidtohavediedfromworkingtoohardtilllateeverynight.(据说他因每晚熬夜而劳累致死。)4)Theworkmandiedfromtheexplosion.(那位工人因发生爆炸而死。)\n4.Westernhealth-caresystemsarespendinghugesumsofmoneyonthesurgicaltreatmentofthedisease. 首先我们看一下,spend…on和spend…in的区别。它们共同的意思是“把…发费在…上”。当spend的宾语是金钱时,spendon后面接名词,spendin后面接动名词,in有时可省略。当spend的宾语是时间时,spendon和spendin后都可接名词或动名词,接名词时意思相同;接动名词时spendon的含意是“把时间花在…上”,spendin的含意是“在…上花了时间”。如:1)Hespendsnearlyonethirdofhismonthlyincome(in)buyingbooks.(他把每月收入的三分之一用来买书。)2)Shespentagreatdealofmoneyonthenewcar.(她花了许多钱买这辆新车。)3)Hedoesn'tspendmuchtimeonhishomework.(他花在做作业上的时间不多。)4)Shespentthreehours(in)watchingTV.(她看电视耗掉了三个小时。)我们再来看一下cost,spend,pay,take的区别。spend和pay的主语只能是人;cost的主语是物。take在接时间主语也可以是人。take和cost还可以用动词不定式或动词不定式短语作真实主语,而it作形式主语。pay的搭配范围较窄,多接金钱;cost的搭配范围很宽,除了金钱和时间外还可以接劳力、精力、财富、健康甚至生命等。spend可接动名词,而cost,pay,take只接动词不定式。spend,take,pay可用于被动结构;而cost不能用于被动结构。1)Thatbikecostme350yuan.(那辆自行车花了我350元。)2)Theworkcostmealotoftimeandeffort.(这项工作花了我大量的时间和精力。)3)Carelessdrivingcosthimhislife.(粗心驾车使他丧了命。)4)Ipaidhim200yuanforthispainting.(我付他200元买了这幅画。)5)Theyrefusedtopayusthemoney.(他们拒绝给我们付钱。)6)Theyspendallhisearrings.(他挣多少花多少。)7)Theyspendalotofmoneyonadvertising.(他们花大笔的钱做广告。)8)Twohoursadaywerespentinpractising.(每天花两个小时进行训练。)9)Theworktookusaweektofinish.(我们花了一星期的时间完成这项工作。)10)Ittakeshimanhourtofinishhishomeworkeveryday.(他每天要用一小时完成作业。)5.Thisemphasisontreatmentisclearlyassociatedwiththetechnologicaladvancesthathavetakenplaceinthepast10to15years.在emphasis的后面通常接介词on,常用于搭配使用的动词有place,put,lay等,如:Heplaces(puts,lays)greatemphasisoneducation.他特别强调教育的重要。)associatewith意思是“使…联系在一起”,“交往”。1)WenaturallyassociatethenameofDarwinwiththedoctrineofevolution.(我们很自然地把达尔文的名字和进化论联系在一起。)2)Theywerecloselyassociatedwitheachotherduringthewar.(战争期间,他们之间关系密切。)3)Rainfallisassociatedwithhumidity.(下雨与湿度有关。)4)Theyprefertoassociatewithyoungpeople.(他们更喜欢与年轻人交往。)6.…moderntechnologyhasenableddoctorstodevelopnewsurgicaltechniquesandprocedures.请注意本句中的enable是动词,其用法是enablesb.todosth.在词汇部分我们已有详细讲解,再请看两个例句:1)Hispatienceenabledhimtomakethechildtellhimthetruth.(他的耐心使他能让那孩子对他说实话。)2)Hisefficiencyenabledhimtofinishtheworkaheadofschedule.(他的高效率使他能提前完成这项工作。)7.…itcausesthecostsofgeneralhospitalcaretorise.本句中cause用作动词,causesb.todosth.(使某人做某事),causesth.tohappen(使某事发生),如:1)Whatcausedyoutochangeyourmind?(什么使你改变了主意?)2)Whatcausedtheboatofturnover?(是什么致使翻船?)1)Hislazinesscausedhimtofallbehindothers.(他的懒惰使他落在了别人后面。)句中的cost不是动词,而是个名词,意思是“费用、开销”。1)Thepriceishighbecauseproductioncostsareverygreat.(价格昂贵,因为生产成本极大。)2)Thereisnowaytoreducethelivingcost.(没有办法降低生活费用。)8.Afterhospitalsbuytheexpensiveequipmentthatisnecessaryformodernheartsurgery,theymusttrytorecoverthe\nmoneytheyhavespent.本句中的equipment是不可数名词,不能在后面加s。equipment后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。1)Themodernequipmentenablesthemtodoubletheirproduction.(现代化的设备使他们能把产量翻倍。)2)Theydecidedtobuysomenewequipment.(他们决定购买新设备。)3)Advancedequipmentisnecessaryforthiswork.(干这个活需要先进的设备。)还请注意,recover在本句中的意思是getback(回收)。1)Wemusttrytorecoverlosttime.(我们必须设法弥补失去的时间。)2)Theyrecoveredincreasedcoststhroughhigherprices.(他们通过提高价格来补偿上涨的成本。)9.Inthepast,peopletendedtothinkthatitwassufficientforgoodhealthtohaveagooddoctorwhocouldbereliedontoknowexactlywhattodowhentheybecameill.That引导的是一个宾语从句。在这个宾语从句中,it做形式主语,真正的主语是tohaveagooddoctor.Who引导的是一个定语从句,修饰doctor。whattodo做know的宾语。这句话的意思是,“过去,人们往往认为有个可以信赖的好医生就足以使他们有好身体,因为这个医生知道在他们生病时究竟该做什么。”本课主要词组1.atanalarmingspeed2.dieof3.spendmoneyon4.emphasison5.associatewith6.takeplace7.enablesb.todosth.8.increasein9.benefitfrom10.pointout11.cause…to…12.beencouragedtodosth.13.notatall14.payattentionto15.asaresult16.relyon17.takeresponsibilityfor18.succeedin19.takeup20.beawareof21.insteadof22.decreaseinTextBDietingYourWaytoHealth短语表达1.considerdoingsth.Heisconsideringchanginghispresentjob.Haveyoueverconsideredmovingtothesuburb?2.goonadietShedecidedtogoonadiettokeepherweightdown.Thedoctorsuggestedthatheshouldgoonadiettolosesomeweight.3.sometimeIremembermeetinghimsometimetwoyearsago.Ibelievewewillmeetagainsometimeinthefuture.\n4.regardlessofHewenttoseetheoldladyeveryweekregardlessofwindorrain.Thesepineapplesaresoldforthesamepriceregardlessoftheirsize.5.have…incommonThetwinbrothershadnointerestsincommon.6.doharmtoExcessivedrinkingandsmokingwilldoharmtoyourhealth.Hislieswillsurelydoharmtohisintegrity.7.slowdownItisdangerousforyoutodrivesofast.Pleaseslowdown.Ihavetopersuademyfathertoslowdownabit.Hehasbeentoobusyrecently.8.converttoThefoodweeatisconvertedintoenergy.AfterEinsteinfinishedusingthetubeofshavingcream,herevertedtousingplainwater.9.loseinterestinIfyoudon'tencouragehimhewillsoonloseinterestinthisproject.Hesaidhehadlonglostinterestinplayingvideogames.10.goonHewasnotawareofwhatwasgoingonaroundhim.Itissonoisyoutside.Whatisgoingon?11.resistancetoThedoctordidnotexpecthewouldhaveresistancetothisantibiotic.Thischild'sresistancetoillnessistoolow.12.beessentialEnglishisessentialforhisdiplomaticwork.Regularexerciseisessentialforhisrecovery.13.havedifficultydoingsth.Hehaddifficultymakinghimselfunderstood.Theyoungmanhaddifficultyinreadingthesetechnicaldrawings.14.sufferfromSomepeoplesufferfromheartillnessatanearlyage.Heissufferingfrombreathdifficulty.15.taketheplaceofWhoisgoingtotaketheplaceofMissLiwhensheisaway?Artificialsweetenersarerecommendedtotaketheplaceofsugarandothernaturalsweeteners.16.leadtoHisexplanationledtogreatconfusion.17.resultinTheworkers'strikeresultedinthemanagementyieldingtotheirdemand.Hislackofbusinesssenseresultedinhisbankruptcy.18.providesb.withsth.Theywillbeprovidedwithallthedailynecessities.Natureprovidesthewildanimalswiththenecessarysafeguards.19.substituteforThereisnosubstituteforgoodfoodandexercise.Hesubstitutedfortheworkerwhowasill.TextAPanicandItsEffects本课主要单词1.panicvi.恐慌,惊慌 n.恐慌,惊慌\n panic-strickenadj.惊慌失措的1)Thecrowdpanickedattheringingofthesiren.(听到警报器响,人群惊慌失措。)2)Don'tpanic,Sitstillkeepcalm.(不要惊慌,安静地坐着保持冷静。)3)Thelittleboypanickedwhenthinkingaboutthepunishmenthemightgetfromhismaster.(想到主人可能会给他的惩罚,那个小男孩惊恐不安。)4)Wedidn'twanttostartapaniconthestockexchange.(我们不想引起证券交易恐慌。)5)Thepanic-strickenmotherislookingforherchild.(那位惊恐万状的母亲在寻找她的孩子。)6)Thepanic-strickencrowdrushedtotheemergencyexit.(惊恐万状的人群朝紧急出处口跑去。)(请注意,当panic用做动词时,其过去式是panicked,进行式是panicking。)2.severeadj.serious(严重的);strict(严厉的);艰难的1)Hefeltaseverepaininhisleftleg.(他感到左腿一阵剧痛。)2)Theyhadasevereshortageoffood.(他们的食品严重短缺。)3)Heisveryseverewithhischildren.(他对孩子们很严厉。)4)Hehadaseverelookonhisface.(他脸上神色严肃。)5)Aseverecompetitioniswaitingforthem.(激烈的竞争在等待着他们。)6)Severeweatherconditionshinderedtherescue.(风雨交加的天气妨碍了营救。)3.accompanyvt.陪伴;伴随;为…伴奏1)Sheaskedmetoaccompanyhertothesupermarket.(她让我陪她去超市。)2)Hewasaccompaniedtothepartybyafriend.(他由朋友陪同去参加聚会。)3)Shecameoutofthehouseaccompaniedbyherhusband.(她在丈夫的陪同下走出了那座房屋。)4)Ahighfeveroftenaccompaniesamildinfection.(轻微的炎症常常伴有高烧。)4.shortnessn.(长度、距离或持续的时间)短;缺乏,不足1)Theshortnessofthetriprelievedhisanxiety.(行程的短暂减轻了他的焦虑。)2)Shortnessofbreathisoneofthesymptomsofaheartattack.(气急是心脏病的症状之一。)shortadj.短的;近的;不足的1)Hehashishaircutshort.(他剪短了头发。)2)Thebusstopisashortwalkfromourschool.(汽车站离我们学校不远,走一会儿就到。)3)Waterisshortinthisarea.(这个地区缺水。)4)Weareshortofhands,willyoucometohelpus?(我们缺少人手,你能来帮我们吗?)5)Theywererunningshortoffood.(他们的食品快吃完了。)5.nearbyadj.adv.附近的;在附近1)Hewassenttothenearbyhospitalbyhisfellowworkers.(他被同事送进了附近的医院。)2)Shethrewthekeyintothenearbybushes.(她把钥匙扔进了附近的灌木丛。)3)Thereisasupermarketnearby.(附近有一家超市。)4)Thecarstoppednearby.(汽车在附近停下。)6.diagnosev.诊断;调查分析原因;判断 dia-是一个前缀,通常表示“通过;在两者之间”的意思。如diagram(图表,图样);dialogue(对话)1)Thedoctordiagnosedtheillnessasflu.(医生诊断这病为流行性感冒。)2)Theexpertisdiagnosingthepupil'sreadingdifficulties.(专家正在找寻这个学生阅读困难的原因。)3)Itisnecessarytodiagnosethecauseoftheeconomicandpoliticaldecline.(有必要对经济和政治衰退的原因进行分析。)diagnosisn.诊断1)Heissurehisdiagnosiswillbeconfirmed.(他肯定自己的诊断会得以证实。)2)Theboy'sfeverledtoadiagnosisofpneumonia.(那男孩的发烧被诊断为肺炎所致。)7.moreoveradv.而且,此外1)Idon'twanttogoswimmingand,moreover,itisnotwarmenough.(我不想去游泳,再说天气也不够暖和。)3)Theproposalwasnotwellthoughtout;moreover,itwasimpractical.\n(这个建议本身就考虑得不周全,再说也不实际。)8.conductv.处理,管理;指挥;传导 n.举止,行为1)Theyareconductingasurveyoftheregion.(他们正对那一地区进行调查。)2)HeisconductingtheBostonSymphonyOrchestra.(他正在指挥波士顿交响乐队。)3)Copperconductselectricity.(铜导电。)4)Hisconductatthedinnerpartywasdisgraceful.(他在晚宴上的举止很丢人。)5)Thegovernment'sconductoftheaffairwassatisfactory.(政府对这件事的处理是令人满意的。)9.disclosev.reveal(使显露;揭露,泄露)1)Thesurgeontookoffhiscapandsurgicalmask,disclosingayoungandsmartface.(外科医生除去手术帽和口罩,露出了一张年轻帅气的脸。)2)Makesurethathewon'tdisclosetheinformationtoanybody.(确保他不会把消息泄露给任何人。)3)Hereluctantlydisclosedhisviewsaboutthisissue.(他很不情愿地透露了自己对这一议题的看法。)10.recurrentadj.happeningmanytimes(一再发生的;复发的) recurv.happenagain(再发生,再现;回归) re-是一个前缀,意思是again(再次),如:recall(回忆),renew(更新);restore(恢复);revisit(重游)。cur是个词根,意思是run(流,跑),如:excursion(远足),occur(发生),concurrent(同时的,一致的)-ent是一个形容词后缀,如:ardent(热情的),obedient(服从的),prudent(谨慎的)1)Weshouldpayattentiontothisrecurrentspellingmistake.(我们应该注意这个经常发生的拼写错误。)2)Therecurrentdreamreallydisturbedhim.(那个一再出现的梦的确令他不安。)3)Ifthischeatingrecurs,youwillbeexpelledfromschool.(如果这样的作弊行为再发生,你将被开除出校。)4)Hisillnessislikelytorecur.(他的病可能复发。)5)Let'srecurtowhatyoumentionedjustnow.(让我们回到你刚才提到的话题上。)11.symptomn.征候,征兆1)Feverisasymptomofillness.(发烧是患病的一种症状。)2)Mostinfectionsarecontagiousbeforeanysymptomsarenoticed.(许多传染病在发现症状之前都已具有传染性。)3)Thecommonsymptominthesepatientswaspoorappetite.(这些病人的共同症状是胃口不好。)12.bearv.忍受;负担;结(果实),生(孩子)1)ItwaspainfulofcoursebutIboreit.(这当然很痛苦,但我忍受住了。)2)Itwouldbeunjustforhimtobearfullresponsibilityforthisaccident.(让他为这起事故负全部责任是不公正的。)3)Shehadbornehimadaughter.(她为他生了个女儿。)4)Someplantsonlybearfruitonceevery25years.(有些植物每25年才结一次果。)请注意bear,endure,stand,tolerate,putupwith的区别。这几个词或词组的共同意思是“忍受”或“容忍”。bear和stand主要指对饥寒、疼痛、不幸、损失、困难等的忍受和承受;endure主要指对重大灾祸和困难的长时间地忍受;tolerate主要指容忍和自己的愿望相反的事;putupwith指某些不愉快的或有轻微伤害的事情。bear多用于强调忍受的能力,不太强调其态度;endure则强调默默地、无怨言地忍受,但不屈服;stand强调自我约制、不屈不挠;tolerate强调宽恕和耐力。bear是个普通用语,而stand,putupwith多用于口语中,endure比较正式,语气较强。1)Ican'tbear/standblacktea.(我喝不惯红茶。)2)Thepainwasalmostmorethanhecouldbear.(疼痛几乎使他不能忍受。)3)Shehadenduredgreatpainforseveralyears.(她已忍受了几年极大的痛苦。)4)Icannotputupwithyourbehavioranylonger.(我再也不能忍受你的行为了。)5)Theschoolcannottoleratecheatingonexams.(学校不容许作弊。)13.victimn.牺牲品,受害者1)Hewasavictimofthesecondworldwar.(他是第二次世界大战的受害者。)2)Theyaretryingtogivesomehelptothosefloodvictims.(他们正试图给水灾难民提供帮助。)3)Afterabouttwoweeks,thevictim'shairstartedtofallout.(大约两周后,受害人开始掉头发。)\n14.uneasyadj.心神不安的,担心的,忧虑的1)Heisuneasyabouthisfuture.(他为自己的前途担忧。)2)Shelookeduneasybutpromisedtofollowhisadvice.(她看上去很不安,但答应听他的劝告。)3)Shehadanuneasyfeelingthatshewasunlikelytogetthejob.(她有一种不安的感觉,觉得自己不可能得到那份工作。)4)BeneathhisuneaseIsensedanicenature.(在他拘谨的外表下,我感到他有一颗善良的心。)5)Theyworriedalotaboutthesocialunease.(他们对社会的不安定感到焦虑。)15.claimv.声称,主张;对…提出要求,索取 n.主张;断言1)Oneorganizationhasclaimedresponsibilityforthebombing.(已有一个组织声称这次爆炸是他们干的。)2)Sheclaimedtohavetoldthetruth.(她声称她说的是实话。)3)Heclaimedthathehadnothingtodowiththem.(他声称自己与他们毫无关系。)4)Noonecametoclaimonthisbox.(没人来认领这个盒子。)5)Anoldmanclaimedthewatch.(一位老人认领了那块手表。)6)Thematterclaimsourattention.(这事需要我们予以注意。)7)Theyhaveputforwardaclaimforcompensation.(他们已经提出索赔。)8)Havingmadesuchaboldclaim,shefindsithardtoadmitshewaswrong.(作出了如此大胆的断言,她发现要承认自己错了很难。)9)Hisclaimtothepropertywasdenied.(他对财产的所有权被否决了。)16.multiplicityn.多种多样,多样性1)Weareallamazedatthemultiplicityofthenature.(大自然的多样性令我们大家惊奇。)2)Theyfoundamultiplicityoferrorsinthearticle.(他们在文章中发现了许多错误。)3)Howcouldhecopewithamultiplicityofduties.(他怎能应付这繁多的职责?)multipleadj.多个的,多种的;许多的1)Hegotamultipleentryvisa.(他签到了多次入境签证。)2)Theyhavemademultipleachievementsinthepastfiveyears.(在过去的五年中,他们取得了种种成就。)17.endangerv.危害请注意这个词是由动词前缀en-加名词danger构成的,英语中,这一类词很多,如encourage(鼓励),enlist(入伍;协助),enrage(激怒),entrust(委托)等等。1)Hishealthisendangeredbyoverwork.(他的健康因劳累过度而受到损害。)2)Theyclaimedthattheherbicideswouldnotendangerhumanlife.(他们声称这些除草剂不会危及人的生命。)18.disruptv.使破裂;扰乱1)Thewardisruptedtheeconomy.(战争扰乱了经济。)2)Trafficwasdisruptedbythesnowstorm.(交通因暴风雪而中断。)3)Theirmisunderstandingdisruptedthepartnership.(他们之间的误解使他们散伙。)disruptionn.破裂,混乱1)Thewholefactorywasindisruption.(整个工厂一片混乱。)2)Theincidentledtothedisruptionofthefamily.(那件事导致了家庭的破裂。)19.eventuallyadv.终于,最终 eventualadj.最后的,结果的1)Heeventuallyrealizedthathewaswrong.(他终于意识到自己错了。)2)Theyeventuallytookoverthecompany.(他们终于接管了那家公司。)3)Hismistakeledtohiseventualdismissal.(他的错误致使他最终被解雇。)4)Heissureabouthiseventualsuccess.(他肯定自己最终会成功。)20.confirmv.证实,肯定;批准,确认1)Youneedtoconfirmyourreservations48hoursinadvance.(你需要提前48小时确定预订。)2)Therumorisconfirmed.(谣传被证实了。)3)Herremarksconfirmedmeinmybeliefthattheyoungmanwasinnocent.(她的话使我进一步认定那个年轻男子是清白的。)4)TheUnitedNationshasconfirmedthetreaty.(联合国已批准了这项条约。)\n本课简介 越来越多的美国人会在一生中一次或多次地经历惊吓症。惊吓症的症状与心脏病的症状极其相似,于是得了惊吓症的人往往误认为自己得了心脏病。那么惊吓症与心脏病如何区别?心脏病的症状只是气急和疼痛,而惊吓症则会有如下的表现:1)对一些极寻常的情况惊恐不安;2)气急、胸痛。心跳加快,突然发抖,周围的人或物变得虚幻;3)恐惧死亡或疯狂;4)发病年龄在20—30岁;5)女性多于男性;6)症状多样化;7)大量饮酒和使用药物的人多发。惊吓症虽然不会对人的生命产生直接危害,但是专家们建议最好向医生咨询,如果确实患有惊吓症,则需要心理和药物治疗。本课主要语言点1.…suddenlyhadseverepainsinherchestaccompaniedbyshortnessofbreath.哪个部位的疼痛,通常用painin…来表示,比如:apainintheabdomen(腹部疼痛),apaininthechest(胸部疼痛)。当然我们也可以用abdomenpain,chestpain来表达。而apainintheneck则是指“令人讨厌或恼火的人或事”)。pain是个常用词,可以做名词用也可以做动词用。1)Nopains,nogains.(不劳则无获。) 2)Fatherwenttogreatpainstostresstheimportanceofindependence.(父亲煞费苦心地强调独立的重要性。)3)Thedeathofhisdaughtergavetheoldmanmuchpain.(女儿的去世令那位老人极为悲痛。) 4)Myleftlegispaining.(我的左腿痛。)5)Itpainshertoseehimthinnerfromillness.(看到他因病日渐消瘦,她心里很难过。)beaccompaniedby意为“由…伴随”;如:1)Heburstintotheroomaccompaniedbyhisbodyguards.(他在保镖的伴随下闯进屋里。) 2)Pneumoniaisoftenaccompaniedbyfeverandcough.(肺炎常常伴有发烧和咳嗽。)2.HerhusbandimmediatelyrushedAnnetoanearbyhospitalwhereherpainswerediagnosedashavingbeencausedbypanic,andnotaheartattack.请注意"rush"在本句中的用法。在此作及物动词用。如: 1)Herushedthetouristsroundthesights.(他带着游客们匆匆参观了各处名胜。)2)Theambulancerushedhimtoahospital.(救护车火速送他进医院。) 3)Letmethinkaboutitanddon'trushme.(让我把这件事想一下,别催我。)在大多数情况下rush作不及物动词和名词用。如:1)Therainrushedagainstthehouse.(暴雨冲打着屋子。) 2)Thereportersarerushingtothescene.(记者们正赶往现场。)3)Bloodrushedtohisfacewhentheyoungmanofferedtobuyhimapudding.(当那位年轻人提出给他买个蛋糕时,血涌上了他的脸。) 4)Thereisnorush.(不用急急忙忙的。)5)Shefeltasuddenrushofdizziness.(她感到一阵眩晕。) 6)HewenttoAmericaduringtheCaliforniangoldrush.(他在加利福尼亚淘金热时去了美国。)nearby可以做形容词用,也可以做副词用,在本句中用作形容词,修饰其后的名词hospital。 diagnose…as…把…诊断为…,如:1)Hisfailurewasdiagnosedasbeingcausedbycarelessness.(他的失败被判定为由粗心所致。) 2)Thedoctordiagnosedherillnessasdiabetes.(医生诊断她的病是糖尿病。)因为句子中的as是介词,在介词后要用动名词,又由于需用被动语态,所以出现了havingbeencausedby的形式。3.MoreandmoreAmericansnowadaysarehavingpanicattacksliketheoneexperiencedbyAnnePeters.本句中的like是一个出现频率很高的词,在下列例句中,like用作介词: 1)Sheislikeabird.(如像鸟儿一样。)2)Itwasnotlikehimtoforgetherbirthday.(他才不会把她的生日忘记呢。) 3)Ifeellikesleeping.(我想睡觉。)4)Itlookslikeacleardaytomorrow.(明天看来会是晴天。) 5)Heactslikeagrownupperson.(他的举止行动像成人。)experiencedbyAnnePeters在句子中做定语,修饰theone。\n1)Idon'tliketheonechosenbyhim.(我不喜欢他选择的那一个。) 2)ThecameraboughtbyXiaoLiisstolen.(小李买的那个相机被偷了。)4.Thesymptomsofpanicattacksbearsuchremarkablesimilaritytothoseofheartattacksthatmanyvictimsbelievethattheyareindeedhavingaheartattack.通常我们用so…that….表示“如此……以致于……”。本句中的such,是因为so只能用来修饰形容词和副词,而名词(名词短语)则要用such来修饰,如:1)Heransofastthatnoonecouldcatchupwithhim.(他跑得这样快,没人能赶上他。) 2)Thisbookissointerestingthathedoesn'twanttoputisdown.(这本书太有意思了,他都不想把书放下。)3)Itwassuchasunnydaythathewantedtogoouttoenjoythewarmsunshine.(天气如此睛朗,他想出去享受这温暖的阳光。)在形容词similar的后面通常用介词to,使用名词similarity时,其后也用to。如:1)Myproblemsaresimilartoyours.(我的问题与你的类似。) 2)Thetwocatsaresimilartoeachotherinappearanceandsize.(这两只猫的模样和大小相仿。)3)LiverpoolhasacertainsimilaritytoMarseilles.(利物浦和马赛有某种相像。) 句子中的those代指symptoms。5.Apersonseizedbyapanicattackmayshowallorasfewasfourofthesesymptoms.请注意本句中seize这个动词的词意及用法。1)抓住;抓住(时机等),利用 Thepoliceseizedhimbythecollar.(警察抓住了他的衣领。)Seizingthebowl,heranoffthroughthedoor.(他抓起碗冲出门去。) Heseizedthechancetostudyabroad.(他抓住了那次去国外学习的机会。)2)逮捕 Hewasseizedoutsidethecity.(他在市郊被捕获。)TheescapedprisonerwasseizedonSunday.(逃犯于周日被抓获。)3)(常用被动语态)(疾病)侵袭;(情绪)支配Theoldmanwasseizedbyastroke.(那位老人中风了。) Shewasseizedwithjealousy.(她妒火中烧。)Panicseizedthepeopleinthecave.(洞里的人们惊慌失措。) “seize"也可用不及物动词,如:1)Hewouldseizeon(upon)anyexcusetojustifyhimself.(他会利用一切借口为自己辩解。) 2)Hewasdeterminedtoseizeon(upon)theopportunitytoleavehisemployeragoodimpression.(他决心抓住这个机会给他的雇主留下好印象。)6.Therehasbeenalotofexplanationsastothecausesofpanicattacks.本句中的asto意思是about(关于),如: 1)Johnhasbeengivennodirectionsastowhattowrite.(没人对约翰说明该写什么。)2)Ihavenodoubtastohishonesty.(对他的诚实,我毫无疑问。) 3)Iwasaskedmyopinionastowhyherefusedourhelp.(对他为什么拒绝我们的帮助,我被要求发现见解。)7.Itisreportedthatthereareatleastthreesignsthatindicateapersonissufferingfromapanicattackratherthanaheartattack.It+be+-ed分词+that从句……that引导的是一个主语从句,it做形式主语放在句首。如:1)ItisoftenstatedthatShakespearewasbornonApril23,1564.(人们常说莎士比亚生于1564年4月23日。)2)Itisbelievedthathehastoldthetruth.(人们相信他说了实话。)3)Itisknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines.(众所周知,光以直线运行。)ratherthan在本句中的意思是“不是……而是……”,如:1)Helayratherthansatinhisarmchair.(他躺在扶手椅里而不是坐在里面。) 2)Thefrecklesoverherfacewereanaddedattractionratherthanotherwise.(她脸上的雀斑不但无损容貌反而令她更动人。)8.Dr.Crocker'sadvicetoanypersonwhothinksheissufferingfromapanicattackistoconsultadoctorforamedicalexaminationtoruleoutthepossibilitiesofphysicalillnessfirst.\nto在本句中用作介词,advicetosb.意为“给某人的劝告”,如:1)Myadvicetoyouisthatyoushouldbemorepolitetootherpeople.(我对你的劝告是你应该对别人更礼貌一些。)2)Theteacher'sadvicetomewastostudyharder.(老师劝我学习更努力。)consult在本句中的意思是“请教,咨询”,如:1)Heconsultedthedoctorabouthisillness.(他找那位医生看病。)2)Yourbabyislosingweight,youshouldconsultyourdoctorpromptly.(你的孩子体重在下降,你应该立即去向医生咨询。)ruleout的意思是“排除”,如: 1)Policehaveruledoutmurderbutarestillholdingseveralpeopleforquestioning.(警方排除他杀的可能,但仍留了一些人审问。2)Heruledoutthepossibilitythathecouldfightagain.(他排除了再度出战的可能性。)本课主要词组1.beaccompaniedby2.shortnessof3.rushsb.to(aplace)4.becausedby5.sufferfrom6.bearsimilarityto7.mostofall8.beseizedby9.asto10.ratherthan11.beisolatedfrom12.ruleout13.atleast14.asyet15.belikelyto16.allthesameTextBSleepwalking---FactorFancy?短语表达1.searchforAllhislifehehasbeensearchingforthemeaningoflife.Thepolicearesearchingfortheescapedprisonerinthewood.2.inthemiddleDon'tdisturbhim,heisinthemiddleofameeting.Heisstandinginthemiddleoftheroomenraged.3.borderonTheAmericanpeople'srespectforPresidentLincolnbordersonworship.ChinabordersonMongoliainthenorth.4.put…onrecordStudents'performanceatschoolisusuallyputonrecord.Thecriminalcasesareallputonrecord.5.wakeupHehadalotofdifficultywakingupsoearlyinthemorning.Thenoiseoutsidewokehimup.6.takemeasures\nEffectivemeasureshavetobetakentocontrolpollution.Theyhavetakensomemeasurestoridtheboyofhisbadhabit.7.outgrowTheboywilloutgrowthejacketinayear.Ibelievehewilloutgrowthehabitwhenheisolder.TextAWhyAreMapsDrawnwithNorthattheTop?本课主要单词1.featuren.特征,特色;面貌,相貌 vi.是…的特色,以…为特色 vi.重要作用;作为主要角色1)Themostimportantfeatureofourworkisparentalinvolvement.(我们工作的最重要特色是父母参与。)2)Theisland'schieffeatureisitsbeauty.(这个岛的主要特色是风景秀丽。)3)Heisveryfamiliarwiththegeographicalfeaturesofthisdistrict.(他对这一地区的地理特征很熟悉。)4)Theboywasslightlytallerthanhisfather,withfinefeatures.(那个男孩比他父亲稍高,长得眉清目秀。)5)Round-the-clockservicefeaturesthisstore.(日夜服务是这家商店的特色。)6)Thenewtypeofcarfeatureshighspeed,smallsizeandlowcost.(这种新型汽车以高速、小型和低费用为特色。)7)Seafoodfeatureslargelyinthedietofthesepeople.(海产在这些人的食物中占重要地位。)8)Heisfeaturinginanewmovie.(他正在一部新片中担任主角。)2.roughadj.粗糙的;粗暴的;大致的 roughlyadv.粗糙地;大体上,大约1)Theyjourneyedfordaysoverroughroads.(他们在崎岖的道路上旅行了数日。)2)Hisroughmannersannoyedeverybody.(他粗鲁无礼的态度恼了每一个人。)3)Theylivedaroughlifeinthemountainvillage.(他们在山村里过着简陋的生活。)4)TheyhadaroughcrossingoftheEnglishChannel.(他们在狂风大浪中越过英吉利海峡。)5)Weshouldhelpthemoutoftheroughsituation.(我们应该帮助他们走出困境。)6)Theyoungmanclosedthedoorroughly.(那个年轻人粗暴地把门关上了。)7)Roughlyspeaking,thisyear'sprofitincreasedby15percent.(粗略地说,今年的利润增加了15%。)3.sketchn.草图;梗概;素描 v.绘(…的)略图;简述1)Hedrewaroughsketchshowingthepositionoftheentrance.(他粗略地画了张草图,说明入口处的位置。)2)Theyonlygaveusasketchofthewholeevent.(他们只向我们简略地介绍了整个事件。)3)Thefirstpartisabriefsketchoftheschool'searlyhistory.(第一部分是该校早期历史的概述。)4)Hesketchedaboy'sheadonthesketchpad.(他在速写簿上画出了男孩头像素描。)5)Mr.Smithsketchedexcusestohisguestandlefttheroomhurriedly.(史密斯先生向客人草草致歉然后匆忙离开房间。)4.Localizev.使局部化;使具地方性;集中1)Itisunlikelytolocalizethisdisease.(把这种疾病控制在局部地区是不可能的。)2)Theyfailedtolocalizetheeffectofthedisturbance.(他们没能使动乱的影响局部化。)3)Angerlocalizedonthenewpolicy.(民愤集中在这项新政策上。)请注意localize是由形容词local加动词后缀-ize构成的。英语中,这样词很多。比如:modernize(现代化),civilize(使文明化),socialize(社会化),publicize(公开化)等等。5.footingn.立足处;稳固的地位,基础1)Itisdifficulttogetafootingonthesteeproof.(要在那很陡的屋顶上找到立脚处很困难。)2)Helosthisfootingandfellintotheditch.(他一失足摔进了沟里。)3)Thewaterwassodeepthatshecouldn'tgainherfooting.(河水太深,她立不住足。)4)Theyareonafriendlyfootingwiththeirneighbors.(他们同邻居们和睦相处。)5)Intoday'sChina,womenandmenareonequalfooting.(在今天的中国,男女平等。)6.Forefrontn.最前线,最主要的位置1)Thecompanywasbroughttotheforefrontofpublicattention.(那家公司成为公众注意的重点。)2)Hebroughtthecountrytotheforefrontofworldpolitics.(他把那个国家推向了世界政治的最前沿。)请注意fore-是一个前缀,意思是在前面;预先。如:forearm(前臂),forehead(前额),foresee(预知),foretell\n(预言),forecast(预报)等等。7.Attemptv.企图、试图 n.企图、试图1)Ididn'tattemptthelastquestionintheexam.(我没有试图去做试卷的最后一题。)2)Heattemptedtokeephisparentsinthedarkaboutwhathadhappened.(他试图使父母对所发生的事一无所知。)3)Georgehadsucceededonhisfourthattempt.(乔治要游过湖有困难,但他在第四次尝试时终获成功。)4)Hemadenoattempttosolvetheproblem.(他没有试图解决问题。)8.Flattenv.把……弄平;变平1)Heflattenedthepapercups.(他把纸杯压平了。)2)Thehurricaneflattenedtheforest.(飓风夷平了森林。)3)Herquestionscompletelyflattenedme.(他的问题把我完全击垮了。)请注意flatten是由形容词flat加动词后缀-en构成的。-en是英语中十分常用的动词后缀,可以用在形容词后面也可以用在名词后面。如:broaden(加宽),weaken(削弱),sharpen(使锋利),frighten(使..害怕),lengthen(加长),heighten(加高)等等。9.referencen.提及;参考;证明书(或人),推荐信(或人)1)Thereisonfurtherreferencetohiminherdiary.(她在日记中没有进一步提到他。)2)Keepthisdictionaryonyourdeskforeasyreference.(把这本词典放在你书桌上,以备随时查阅。)3)Myprofessorgavemeagoodreference.(我的教授给我写了一封德才兼优的推荐信。)请注意reference是由动词refer加名词后缀-ence构成的。-ence也是常见的名词后缀,如:difference(区别),conference(会议),preference(偏爱),transference(转移)等等。10.calculatev.计算;估计;认为;想要 calculationn.计算;估计1)Icalculatedthatwewouldarriveat6.(我估计我们六点钟到。)2)Thenumberofvoteswillbecalculatedinthelateafternoon.(选票将在傍晚时计数。)3)Youhavetocalculatetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesbeforemakingadecision.(在作出决定前你得估量事情的利弊。)4)Shecalculatestogonextmonth.(她想下个月去。)5)Hemadeanerrorinhiscalculation.(他在计算中出了差错。)6)Byhiscalculation,wewillbethereinanhour.(据他估计,我们一小时后到那儿。)11.unawareadj.未认识到的,不知道的我们已经学过aware这个词的用法,unaware是aware的反义词,用法与aware差不多。1)Sheseemedunawareofwhatwashappeningaroundher.(她似乎没有意识到周围正在发生的一切。)2)IwasunawarethatIhadhurthim.(我没有意识到我伤害了他。)3)Hewasunawareoftheseriousconsequence.(他没有认识到后果的严重性。)12.orientate=orientv.使适应;给……定向 orientationn.定向;方位;熟悉;情况介绍1)Youshouldproducethingsorientatedtopeople'sneeds.(你应该生产适应人们需要的东西。)2)Heorientedhimselfbyfindingafamiliarlandscape.(他找了一处熟悉的景色来确定自己所处的方位。)3)Thediscussionhelpedmeorientmyselftothenewlanguage.(讨论帮助我适应新的语言。)4)Ittookhimalongtimetoorienthimself.(他花了很长时间熟悉环境。)5)Thewindingtrailcausedthemtolosetheirorientation.(弯弯曲曲的小径使他们迷失方向。)6)Collegefreshmenreceivetwodaysoforientation.(大学新生用两天时间听取学校情况介绍。)orientedadj.以……为目的的;重视……的export-orientedindustries(外向型工业)aneducation-orientedfamily(一个重视教育的家庭)test-orientedteachingandlearning(以应试为目的的教学)13.Immovableadj.不可移动的;坚定不移的这个词的词根是move,-able是形容词后缀;im-是反义词前缀,通常在m,p开首的单词前。如:impassable(无法通过的),importable(可进口的),immedicable(无法医治的)等等。\n1)Fatherwasimmovableinhisopinions.(父亲的意志坚定不移。)2)Hedidn'texpectthathewouldfaceanimmovableaudience.(他没料到他将面对一群不动情的观众。)3)Whatareyougoingtodowiththisimmovablepillar?(这根移动不了的柱子你打算怎么处理?)14.arrangementn.安排;布置;整齐 arrangev.安排;布置1)Haveyoumadeallthearrangementsfortheconference?(你为会议做好所有安排了吗?)2)Hewantstomakesurethateverythingisinneatarrangement.(他想确保一切都整整齐齐。)3)Shedidn'twanttoafterthearrangementoffurnitureintheroom.(她不想改变房间里家俱的位置。)4)Iwillmakearrangementsforacartomeetyouattheairport.(我将安排一辆汽车去机场接你。)5)Thelibrarianisarrangingthebooksontheshelf.(图书管理员正在整理架子上的图书。)6)Don'tworry,Iwillarrangethedinnerforyou.(别急,我为你们安排晚餐。)7)TheyhavearrangedforustovisittheConfuciusTempletomorrow.(他们已安排我们明天游夫子庙。)8)Ihavearrangedforthegoodstobedeliveredtoyourdoor.(我已为你安排好送货上门。)15.Interferev.干涉;妨碍,干扰1)Wehavenorightstointerfereintheinternalaffairsofothercountries.(我们无权干涉他国内政。)2)Don'tinterfereinotherpeople'sbusiness.(不要干预他人的事情。)3)Mistyweatherinterferedwiththecontact.(雾天妨碍了联络。)4)Hehasdonenothingthatdirectlyinterferedwiththeactionsoftheothers.(他没做任何直接妨碍他人行动的事。)16.accordancen.一致;符合1)Educationiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththegovernment'spolicy.(教育在依据政府的政策实施。)2)InaccordancewithyourrequestIamsendinghertheletterexpress.(根据你的要求,我准备给她发特快信。)3)Iaminaccordancewithhiminthismatter.(在这件事上,我同他是一致的。)17.reliancen.信赖;依靠 relyv.依赖;相信1)Sheplacedcompleterelianceonherhusband'sjudgment.(她完全相信她丈夫的判断。)2)Self-relianceisnecessaryifyouwanttoachieveanything.(如果你想有所成就,自力更生是很必要的。)3)Heisamantobereliedon.(他是一个可以信赖的人。)4)Youcanalwaysrelyonhim,hewon'tfailyou.(你可以永远信任他,他不会让你失望的。)5)Wecanrelyonourchildrentodosuchwork.(这样的工作我们可以放心地让孩子们去做。)18.rightfuladj.合法的;正义的;正当的请注意区别right和rightful。Right强调同事实没有偏差,rightful指事物符合道德或法律的约束。1)HeregainedhisrightfulplaceontheEnglishthrone.(他恢复了应属于他的英国王位。)2)Therightfulheirshouldobtainhisrightfulinheritance.(合法的继承人应获得其合法的继承权。)3)Itistherightapproachtothecommandofgrammar.(这是掌握语法的正确途径。)4)Ibelievewhathesaidisright.(我相信他说的是对的。)本课简介 今天,地图上上为北标示在我们的眼里极其自然。很难想像出会有一幅不以上为北的地图。但是当我们试图去了解地图绘制的历史时,我们会有超乎想像的发现。 世界上古老的地图绘于公元前3800年。几个世纪以后,是古希腊人开始用相对科学的方式来绘制地图,其最杰出的先驱是托勒密。古巴比伦人以扁平的圆盘状来展现地球,而托勒密则以球状来展现地球。鉴于当时人们的知识的状态,托勒密在绘制地图时也出了种种差错,但是他是标示地图的上方为北方的第一人。 到了中世纪,欧洲教会严重阻碍了科学的发展。因为耶路撒冷是基督教的圣地,于是地图的上方便改换为东方。直到十四世纪,由于贸易的发展,以及人们对指南针的日益加剧的依赖,北方终又成为地图的上方。本课主要句型1.Nowitishardtovisualizeamapthatdoesnotfeaturenorthatthetop,butthiswasnotalwaysso.本句中it做形式主语(formalsubject),tovisualizeamap……。是真正的主语(realsubject)。用it做形式主语,主要是因为主语较长,谓语较短,于是不定式常放在谓语的后面。例如:\n1)Itisnecessarytotellhimthenewsassoonaspossible.(尽快把这消息告诉他是很必要的。)2)Ittookus30minutestogettherebybus.(坐公共汽车到那儿花了我们30分钟时间。)3)Itmadeusveryangrytoseehimtalktotheoldmaninsuchanimpolitemanner.(看到他以如此不礼貌的方式与那位老人谈话,我们非常气愤。)4)Howmuchdiditcostyoutosendtheparcelexpress?(速递这个包裹花了你多少钱?)请翻译下列句子,注意用做形式主语:1)掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。2)能来参加这个晚宴是我们的荣幸。3)我们不帮助他们是错误的。4)他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。上面的四个句子可以翻译为:1)Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.2)Itisourhonortobepresentatthisdinnerparty.3)Itwasamistakeforusnottohelpthem.4)Itisunwiseofthemtoturnsownthesuggestion.Visualize是一个动词,意思是imagine(想像)。在词汇部分我们讲到过-ize是动词后缀。常用在形容词后面构成动词,如:localize(局部化,地方化),urbanize(城市化),nationalize(使国有化),finalize(最后定下来)visualize这个动词,我们在第四单元中已经学过,请把下面两个句子译成英语,注意使用visualize:1)我难以想像等待着我的将会是什么。2)一整天,他都在想像着将在教堂举行的婚礼。这两句话可以译为:1)Icannotvisualizewhatiswaitingforme.2)Hehasbeenvisualizingtheweddingceremonytobeheldatthechurchforthewholeday.……thiswasnotalwaysso中的so是个代词,意思是“如此,这样”,如:1)――Ithinkyoumadethewrongdecision. ――Isthatso?(是这样吗?)2)Itisnotnecessarytofindoutwhyitisso.(去了解为什么如此是没有必要的。)3)Ibelieveso.(我相信是这样。)2.Theoldestknownmapintheacceptedsenseofthewordwasdrawnabout3,800BC,andrepresentstheriverEuphratesflowingthroughnorthernMesopotamia,Irag.本句中的known是过去分词做形容词用,意思是“已知的”,在某些语境中,known意为“著名的”。如:1)Thisisthemostdangeroussubstanceknowntoman.(这是人类已知的最危险的物质。)2)Ithasbecomeawellknownholidayresort.(这儿已成为著名的度假胜地。)inthe…senseoftheword意思是“就这个词的…意义上而言”,如:1)Itisamiracleinthetruesenseoftheword.(这是真正的奇迹。)2)Thatisanadventureineverysenseoftheword.(那才叫冒险。)sense是个常用词,请看下面的句子,注意sense的词意。1)Hehasagreatsenseofhumor.(他很有幽默感。)2)Thereissomecommonsenseinwhathesays.(他所说的话有些道理。)3)What'sthesenseofdoingthatsinceitisalreadylate?(既然已经晚了,做那件事还有什么意义呢?)4)Shecametohersensesafterabloodtransfusion.(输血之后,他苏醒过来。)5)Inasensewhathesaidistrue.(在某种意义上说,他说的话是正确的。)6)Herexplanationdoesn'tmakeanysense.(她的解释讲不通。)7)Icannotmakesenseofwhathaswritten.(她写的东西我弄不懂。)3.Thisandothersthatfollowedit,werelittlemorethanroughsketchesoflocalizedfeatures;itwasnotuntilmanycenturieslaterthattheancientGreeksplacedthescienceofmap-makingonasound-footing.本句中的前一个it是代指上句中的theoldestknownmap.Littlemorethan的意思是almostnomorethan(只不过是)。请注意下列句子中的little的意思:1)Heislittlebetterthanabookworm.(他简直跟书呆子差不多。)\n2)Thatislittleshortofopenscorn.(那简直就是公然藐视。)Itwasnotuntil…that….是一个常见的强调句型,意思是“直到…才”。如:1)ItwasnotuntilthecatemergedfrombehindthebushesthatInoticedit.(直到猫从灌木后面出来,我才注意到它。)2)ItwasnotuntilhecalledmethatIrealizedtherewasameetingintheafternoon.(直到他给我打电话我才想起下午有个会。)3)Itwasnotuntilseveralweekslaterthatthestolencarwasfound.(几个星期以后那辆失窃的汽车才被找到。)请翻译下列句子,注意使用上述句型。1)直到20世纪60年代人类才实现登上月球的梦想。2)直到昨天他才被告知真相。3)直到妈妈来幼儿园接他,那孩子才停止哭泣。这三个句子可以翻译为:1)Itwasnotuntilthe1960Sthatmanrealizedthedreamoflandingonthemoon.2)Itwasnotuntilyesterdaythathewastoldthetruth.3)Itwasnotuntilmothercametothekinder-gartertocollecthimthattheboystoppedcrying.placesth.onasoundfooting意思是“把…置于坚实的基础上”。4.Thelastgreatscientistoftheclassicalperiod,hewasthefirsttodrawamapthatwasbasedonallavailableknowledge,ratherthanguessorimagination.Thelastgreatscientistoftheclassicalperiod,在本句中做同位语,对主语he作进一步的补充说明。Bebasedon意思是“以……为基础”。Guess在句中做名词用,意思是“推测,猜想”。Ratherthan在本句中的意思相当于insteadof“而不是”。1)Ihaveusedsomesimplewordsratherthanthedifficultones.(我用了一些简单词汇而不是难词。)2)Heboughttwobooksratherthanone.(他买了两本书而不是一本。)3)Ratherthangobackonhisword,hekepthispromise.(他没有食言,而是言而有信。)5.Giventhestateofknowledgeofthosetimes,hegotthingswrong,……在第十五单元中,我们学过given这个介词,意思是“考虑到”,在本句中given仍是这个意思,请再看两个例句:1)Giventhepoorworkingcondition,youcannotexpecttheworkerstobeveryefficient.(考虑到工作条件差,你不能指望工人们的效率很高。2)Giventhebadweather,wehavetochangeourplan.(基于天气不好,我们得改变计划。)Times在本句中的意思是“时代”,如:1)Thetimesaredifferent,womenarenowequaltoman.(时代不同了,现在男女平等了。)2)Inmoderntimes,thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyisaccelerating.(近代科学技术在加速发展。)3)Inthedifficulttimes,manypeoplediedofhunger.(在那限难时世,许多人因饥饿而死。)6.…sincePtolemyhadcalculatedwronglythesizeoftheAtlanticandwasunawarethatthepacificoceanexisted.本句中的since引导的是一个原因状语从句,如:1)Sincesomanypeopleareabsent,we'dbetterputoffthemeeting.(既然如此多的人缺席,我们最好将此会延期。)2)Iwon'tblameyousinceyouknownothingaboutit.(既然你对此一无所知,我就不会怪你。)Unaware与aware一样是形容词,其用法也与aware相同,beunawareof…,beunawarethat…。1)Iwasunawareofhispresence.(我没注意到他在场。)2)Hewasunawarethathehadbeenfollowed.(他不知道他被跟踪了。)7.ThereasonforthiswasthathedecidedtoorientatethemapinthedirectionofthepolestarsincePolariswastheimmovableguidinglightinwhichthevoyagersoftheeraplacedtheirtrust.本句中,that引导的是一个表语从句。表语从句的结构为:主语+连系动词+表语从句。表语从句也可用where,why,how引导。如:1)Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.(他缺席的原因是他病了。)2)ThatwaswhyIhatedit.(这就是我不喜欢这个的原因。)3)Thatishowhecheatedpeople.(他就是用这种方式骗人的。)\nWhich所引导的是一个定语从句修饰guidinglight限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”,关系代词that和which都可用,但在介词的后面只能用which,在口语中一般把介词放到从句后部去,这时则可以用that。如:1)Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwehadadiscussionlastnight.(这就是我们昨晚讨论的问题。)Thisisthequestionthatwe.Hadadiscussionaboutlastnight.2)Thisisthefactonwhichwebaseouropinion.(我们的观点就是建立在这个事实之上的。)Thisisthefactthatwebaseouropinionon.Trust在句中做名词用,place(put)trustinsb/sth信任某人(某事)。1)Idon'thaveanytrustinhim.(我对他一点也不信任。)2)HavesometrustinthefutureeverythingwillbeOK.(对未来有点信心吧,一切都会好起来。)3)Theoldladyplacedgreattrustinhergrandson.(那位老太太对她孙子非常信任。)8.NorthatthetopremainedtheacceptedarrangementuntiltheearlyMiddleAges,whenthechurchbegantointerfereseriouslywiththeadvanceofscience.本句中when引导一个由逗号把前面句子隔开的句子,其意思相当于atthetime。如:1)Thepartyhasbeenputoffuntilnextweek,whenwecangetbetterprepared.(晚会被推迟到下周,那时我们能准备得更好些。)2)Wewillwaithaveuntil6,whenthemanagercanspareusafewminutes.(我们在这儿等到6点,那时经理就能给我们几分钟了。)Interferewith意思是“妨碍”,如:1)Baddietaryhabitsofteninterferewithhealth.(不良的饮食习惯常常妨碍健康。)2)Theinterestsofthetwocountriesdonotinterferewitheachother.(这两国相互间没有利害冲突。)9.Onceagain,northassumeditsrightfulplaceatthetopofmaps.在第十五单元的TextB中,我们已经学过assume这个词Ithaslongbeenassumedthataggressioniscausedbymalehormones.(长期以来,人们认定好斗是由男性荷尔蒙引起的。)在本句中assume的意思是acquire(获得,取得)请注意下列例句中assume的意思:1)Iassumethemisunderstandingwillbeclearedup.(我认定这误会会消除。)2)Heassumedthereporttobeunreliable.(他猜那报告不可靠。)3)Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingthattheweatherisfavorable.(假如风调雨顺,农民将会有好收成。)4)Whowillassumethecostsofrunningaschool?(谁来负担开设一所学校的费用?)5)HeassumedaleadingpositionlastMay.(去年五月,他担任领导职务。)6)Hitlerassumedpowerin1933.(希特勒于1933年夺得政权。)7)Heassumedfullcontrolofthecompany.(他完全控制了这家公司。)本课主要词组1.inthesenseof 2.morethan3.bebasedon 4.ratherthan5.attempttodosth 6.intheformof7.insearchof 8.atthetop9.inthedirectionof 10.placetrustin11.interferewith 12.inaccordancewith13.from…pointofview 14.relianceonTextBYouHaveaChoice短语表达1.sidebysideTheyaresittingsidebyside.Wewalkedsidebysidealongtheriver.\n2.beseatedPleasebeseated,Iwillfixyouacupofcoffee.ThehostesswasseatedwiththeguestswhenIhurriedin.3.aheadofTheboyisrunningaheadofhisclassmates.Ibelievewecanfinishtheworkaheadoftime.4.becertainofIcannotbecertainofthetimeoftheirarrival.Canyoubecertainofthetruthofhisutterance?5.bringaboutThenewpolicyissuretobringaboutalotofchanges.WhatFathersaidhasbroughtaboutaprofoundchangeinhispersonality.6.accountforThisexcusecannotaccountforyourabsence.Herexplanationdoesn'taccountforthefailure.7.regardlessofAllofyouwillbegivenachanceregardlessofyourageandsex.Regardlessofwhichmethodyouchoose,theresultwillbethesame.8.makeadifferenceWhetherhecomesornotwillnotmakeanydifference.Ihopemyparticipationwillmakeadifference.9.leadtoExcessivesmokingmayleadtolungcancer.Themisunderstandingledtoabadquarrel.10.pulloutofThetrainpulledoutofthestationat10:00.Whendoyouthinkthecarwillpulloutofthegarage?11.forsureIdon'tknowforsurewhowillbeinchargeofthisdepartment.Hecouldn'ttellforsurewhatwasinthedistance.12.applytoItishardtoapplytheruletorealwork.Itisnecessarythatthetheorybeappliedtopractice.13.dealwithHeishardtodealwith.Ihavenoideahowtodealwiththissituation.TextAAnimalsatRisk:WhoCares?本课主要单词1.Speciesn.(单复数同形)种,类1)Therearemorethan250speciesofsharkintheworld.(世界上有250多种鲨鱼。)2)Darwinwrote“TheOriginofSpecies.”(达尔文写了《物种起源》。)3)Shefeelsaspeciesofnervousness.(她有一种紧张的感觉。)2.Extinctadj.dead,wipedout,nolongerexisting(火熄灭了;消亡了的;灭绝了的) extinctionn.1)Pleasemakesurethatthefireisextinctbeforeyouleave.(在你离开前,请确保炉火已灭。)2)Allhopewasextinct.(所有的希望都落空了。)3)Thisspecieswillbeextinctinafewdecades.(几十年后这个物种将会灭绝。)4)Pandasareindangerofextinction.(大熊猫正面临灭绝的危险。)5)Thesuddenextinctionoflightsintheroomfrightenedthechildren.(室内灯光突然熄灭把孩子们吓坏了。)\n请指出下面句子中的错误:Thetotalextinctionofthisspeciesisinevitable.句子中的total应去掉,因为extinction已包含“所有”的意思,再用total就多余子。3.Pacen.步速;速度;节奏;步 v.踱步;用步量1)Thetreeistenpacesfromthehouse.(树与房屋相距十步。)2)Hequickenedhispacewhenhefoundhewaslaggingbehind.(发现自己落了后他便加快了步伐。)3)Theyhadtoslowdownthepaceofnewproductdevelopmentbecauseoflackoffund.(由于缺少资金他们不得不放慢新产品开发的速度。)4)Thepacehesetwastoofastfortheothers.(他定的步速对其他人来说太快了。)5)Heistryinghardtokeeppacewithhisclassmates.(他正努力跟上他的同学。)6)Manypeoplecomplainoftherapidpaceofmodernlife.(许多人抱怨现代生活节奏太快。)7)Hepacedslowlyaroundtheroom.(他慢悠地在房间里踱着步。)8)Hepacedoutthedistancebetweenthetwotrees.(他用步子测出两棵树之间的距离。)Atasnail'space(非常缓慢地)Atone'sownpace(以轻松自在的速度)Setthepace(定步速,起带头作用)Pacecar(赛车开始时在跑道上领驶一圈但本身不参赛的领驶车)Pacemaker(领跑人;带头人;起博器)4.Competev.竞争,比赛 competitionn.竞争,比赛 competitiveadj.竞争的1)HewouldcompetewiththreeothersforatriptoKorea..(他将和另三个人竞争以得到去韩国旅游的机会。)2)Iamgoingtocompeteintwoitems——100meterdashandbroadjump.(我将参加两个项目的比赛:100米短跑和跳远。)3)Youngpeopleshouldbepreparedforthefiercecompetitioninthefuturejobmarket.(年轻人应为今后就业市场的激烈竞争做好准备。)4)Thereisalotofcompetitionforthisjob.(有许多人争夺这工作。)5)HeisnocompetitionforMike.(他不是迈克的对手。)6)Hedoesn'tlikecompetitivesports.(他不喜欢竞技性体育项目。)7)Howcanweadaptourselvestothehighlycompetitivesociety?(我们怎样才能适应这个高度竞争的社会?)8)Heholdsthatwomenarenotascompetitiveasmen.(他认为女性不像男性那样有竞争力。)5.Likelihoodn.可能性;有希望的事 likelyadj.有可能的;可信的;恰当的1)Isthereanylikelihoodofhiscoming?(他有可能来吗?)2)Thereiseverylikelihoodthattheperformancewillbeasuccess.(演出极有可能获得成功。)3)Inalllikelihooditwillbeasunnydaytomorrow.(十之八九,明天是个大晴天。)4)Itislikelythattheywillagreewithus.(他有可能会同意我们的意见。)5)Heisnotlikelytobeelected.(他不可能当选。)6)Herstorydoesn'tsoundlikely.(她的说法不太可信。)7)Theyarelookingoutforalikelyplacetobuildtheschool.(他们正在找寻建这所学校的合适地点。)6.Clearancen.清除,清理;余地 clearv.清除;越过;不触及地通过-ance是一个名词后缀,用在动词后面可构成名词。如:appearance(出现,外表),endurance(忍受),utterance(发言,发声),attendance(出席,侍候)等等。1)Theclearanceoftheoldfurnituremadetheroommorespacious.(清理了旧家俱,屋里更宽敞了。)2)Hewasresponsiblefortheclearanceofthetheatrewhenthefirebrokeout.(着火时,由他负责出清剧院的观众。)3)Thebridgehasaclearanceofthreemetresabovewater.(该桥桥下净空有3米。)4)Clearancesale(清仓削价销售)\nTake—offclearance(起飞许可)Foreignexchangeclearance(国际汇兑清算)Clearanceorder(清拆命令)5)Heisclearingthetable.(他正在收拾桌子。)6)Theathleteclearedthebareasily.(那位运动员轻松越过横杆。)7)Thetruckclearedthetunnel.(卡车通过了隧道。)7.Vegetationn.(总称)植物,植被 vegetate.v.(植物)生长 vegetablen.蔬菜的;植物的1)Hewasamazedbythecolorfulvegetationofthetropicalforest.(热带森林中奇异多彩的植物令他惊奇。)2)Itisessentialthatthevegetationofthisareashouldbepreserved.(保护这一地区的植被是很必要的。)3)Hehadsomegreenvegetablesfordinner.(他晚餐吃了些蔬菜。)4)Thevegetablesinthegardenvegetatevigorously.(园子里的植物在茁壮成长。)8.Ignorev.不顾,不理,忽视 ignorancen.无知 ignorantadj.无知的1)Hewasfinedforignoringaredlight.(他因为闯红灯而被罚款。)2)Theteacherignoredthequestionraisedbyoneofthestudents.(那位老师对学生提出的问题没加理会。)3)Somespeciesbecomeextinctbecauseofpeople'signorance.(有些物种由于人们的无和而灭绝。)4)Ignoranceofthislawisnoexcuseifyoubreakthelaw.(不懂法不能作为违法的借口。)5)Theydemandedtoknowwhytheyhadbeenkeptinignoranceofthetruth.(他们要求知道不让他们了解除事情的真相的原因。)6)Hewaskeptignorantofthefactthathissonfailedtheexam.(他对儿子考试不及格这件事一无所知。)7)Iamignorantabout/ofwhathashappened.(对所发生的事情我全然不知。)9.Threatn.威胁;凶兆 threatenv.威胁1)Thesurvivalofcivilizationisunderthreat.(人类文明的生存在受到威胁。)2)Thismightbeathreattonationalsecurity.(这可能对国家安全构成威胁。)3)Theboythreatenedthathewouldleavehomeifhisparentsbeatagain.(那男孩威胁说如果父母再揍他,他就离家出走。)4)Theywerethreatenedwithstarvationwhenflooddrownedtheirvillage.(洪水淹没他们村子时他们受到了饥饿的威胁。)10.Ornamentn.装饰;装饰品 v.装饰,美化1)TheyboughtalotofornamentsandhungthemontheChristmastree.(他们买了许多装饰品并把它们挂在圣诞树上。)2)Shewouldn'tbuyitasitismoreforornamentthanforuse.(她不原意买那个东西,因为它主要供装饰而不实用。)3)Theyornamentthehallwithoilpaintings.(他们用油画装点大厅。)4)Theyfoundthemselvesenteringamanificentlyornamentedhouse.(他们发现自己进入了一座装饰华美的屋子。)11.Touristn.旅游者,观光者 adj.游览的 tourismn.旅游业 tourn.旅行;参观 v.旅行;参观1)Sheshowedagroupoftouristsroundthemuseum.(如领着一群游客参观博物馆。)2)TheGreatwallisoneofthechieftouristattractionsinBeijing.(长城是北京的主要旅游点之一。)3)Tourismisabigindustryinthiscountry.(旅游业在这个国家是一个庞大的行业。)4)Hisdreamistomakearound-the-worldtour.(他的梦想是作环球旅行。)5)Wearegoingtotournorth-westChinathissummer.(今夏我们打算游历中国西北地区。)\n6)HetouredmusichallsinGermany.(他在德国的音乐厅作巡回演出。)12.Variationn.变化 variableadj.易变的 varyv.变化1)Healwaystoldusthesamestorywithnovariations.(他总是给我们讲那个没有任何变化的故事。)2)Weatherconditionsmaycausevariationsinbloodpressure.(天气状况可能引起血压的变化。)3)Thevariableweathergaveusalotoftrouble.(多变的天气给我们带来不少麻烦。)4)Heishardtogetalongwithashehasavariabletemper.(他的脾气反复无常很难相处。)5)Opinionsvaryonthispoint.(对这一点看法各异。)6)Hedoesn'twanttovaryhishabit.(他不想改变自己的习惯。)12.Trophyn.战利品;奖品1)Hewasgoingtohangthehornsoftheantleronthewallasatrophy.(他将把鹿角挂在墙上作为纪念品。)2)Shegotagoldtrophyforbadminton.(她获得了羽毛球比赛的金杯。)13.Magnificentadj.壮丽的,宏伟的;极美的1)Thekinglivedinthismagnificentpalace.(国王住在这座宏伟的宫殿里。)2)Themagnificentscenerydazzledthetourists.(壮丽的景色使游客的眼花缭乱。)3)Theirmagnificentperformancegrippedtheaudience.(他们动人的表演牢牢地抓住了观众。)14.Survivev.幸存;比活得长 survivaln.幸存 survivorn.幸存者1)Eightpeoplesurvivedthefire.(八人在大火中幸免于死。)2)Theoldwomansurvivedherhusbandby10years.(那位老妇人比她丈夫多活十年。)3)Survivalwasunlikelysincetheriverwaterwassodeepandcold.(河水既深又冷清活无望。)4)Hewastheonlysurvivorofthemassacre.(他是大屠杀的唯一幸存者。)15.Sealn.海豹;印章 v.封口1)ManyCanadiansealsworekilledtoreducethenumberstohelpthespeciestosurvive.(大量的加拿大海豹被猎杀是为了减它们的数量使该物种幸存下来。)2)Thedocumentboreanofficialseal.(这件上盖有官方大印。)3)Shesealedtheenvelopeandputitinthepostbox.(她封上信封后把信放入邮筒。)16.By-productn.副产品by-是一个前缀,表示“次要的”,“附带的”,如:by-channel(支渠),by-effect(副作用),by-lane(小巷);by-line(副业),by-work(第二职业);by-road(小路)等等。17.Conservationn.保存;保护 conservev.save,preserve(保存,保护)1)Peoplearepayingmoreandmoreattentiontotheconservationofwildlife.(人们越来越重视野生动物的保护。)2)Conservationofwaterisofgreatimportance.(节约用水非常重要。)3)Heleanedagainstthetreequietlytoconservestrength.(他静静地靠在树上以节省体力。)4)Itisknowntoallthatweshouldconservenaturalresources.(众所周知,我们应该保护自然资源。)18.Reservev.保留;预计 n.保留;储备物1)Theseseatsarereservedforspecialquests.(这些座位是保留给特别的客人的。)2)Wewillreservetheplaneticketforyouuntiltomorrowafternoon.(机票给你保留到明天下午。)3)Ireservetherighttorespondlater.(我保留稍后作出回应的权利。)4)Hereservedtwoticketsfortomorrowsshow.(他定了两张明天的演出票。)5)Abrightfutureisreservedforyou.(光明的前程正等待着你。)6)Duringthewar,shealwayskeptareserveoftinnedfoodinthehouse.(战争期间,她总是在家里储备听装食品。)7)Manyanimalsusetheirfatreservesintheirbodytopullthroughthewinter.(许多动物用体内储备的指肪熬过冬天。)8)Thebank'scashreservescouldn'tmeetthedemand.(这家银行的现金储备满足不了需要。)\n19.Breedv.繁殖;饲养;养育 n.品种,种类1)Someanimalswillnotbreedwhencaged.(有些动物关在笼内就不产仔。)2)Hewasbredtobeagentleman.(他被作为绅士养育成人。)3)Theyareofthesamebreed.(他们是同一类人。)4)Theyraisemanybreedsofdog.(他们养着许多不同种的狗。)20.Providedconj.if(假如,若是)1)Wewillbetherebefore10,providedwedon'twastetime.(如果我们不浪费时间,我们就能在10点之前到那儿。)2)Wewillgoprovidedthattheweatherisfine.(假如天晴,我们就去。)3)Providedthatnoobjectionisraised,wewillsetbacktheprogram.(如果没人反对,我们就把这个项目推迟。)请注意:provided不是过去分词,而是连词,作“假如,只要”解,在口语中常用providing。Providedthat与if的不同在于:providedthat所表示的“如果”,含有希望该条件实现的含义。21.Determinationn.决心,决定;结论 determinev.决定,决定1)Heisamanofdetermination.(他是一个有决断力的人。)2)Thisstrengthenedhisdeterminationnottogivein.(这更坚定了他不屈服的决心。)3)Thedoctor'sdeterminationwasmadeafterthebloodtest.(医生的结论是在验血之后作出的。)4)Wehaven'tdeterminedadateforthemeeting.(我们还没有确定会议的日期。)5)Hedeterminedtostudyharder.(他决心更努力地学习。)6)Theyaredeterminedtocarryouttheplan.(他们决心实施这一计划。)22.Clashn.冲突 v.发生冲突1)Thousandsofdemonstratorsclashedwiththepolice.(数千名示威者与警察发生了冲突。)2)Theywantedtovisitbothplaces,butthedatesclashed.(他们两个地方都想去,但日程有冲突。)3)Theygotintoaverbalclashbecauseofamisunderstanding.(由于误解他们产生了口角。)4)Anarmedclashisunavoidable.(武装冲突不可避免。)请注意区别crash,crush和clash。Crash指因坠下或猛冲而砰地碰撞,如planecrash(坠机);crush指压碎,压坏,如crushaplot(粉碎阴谋);crushgrapes(榨葡萄)本课简介 当一个物种的死亡率高于出生率时,久而久之这个物种就会灭绝。自生命产生起的数百万年间,已有多个物种灭绝。无法适应环境变化的生物,难以与适应性更好、更强壮的生物相抗衡的生物,其最后的命运都将是消亡。在过去的几十年中,人为地猎杀动物或是改变其生息的自然环境已使得其些物种灭绝。如此事便不胜枚举。亚马逊地区自然环境的改变、植被的毁坏将使多个物种灭绝。盲目无度地猎杀动物使得北美的水牛几近灭绝。 越来越多的人们开始关注野生动植物的保护。方法之一是将濒临灭绝的物种移进动物园和公园,使它们有可能繁衍足够多的后代将来能重返自然。方法之二是建立野生动物保护区,使动物在自然环境中得到照顾。本课语言点1.Ananimalspeciesbecomesextinctwhenitfailstoproduceenoughyoungineachgenerationtokeeppacewiththedeath--rate.本句中become是连系动物,extinct是形容词,extinct通常指动、植物的种灭绝,不再存在。句子中的it代指(the)animalspecies。failtodosth.意思是“没能做到…”如:1)Hefailedtorealizehisdreamofflyingroundtheworld.(他没能实现飞行世界的梦想。)2)Ifailedtopersuadehimtogiveupsmoking.(我没能劝说他把烟戒掉。)3)Don'tfailtoliveuptowhatyourparentsexpectofyou.(别辜负父母对你的期望。)4)Don'tfailtowakemeup.(不要忘记叫醒我。)Keeppacewith是一个常用词组,意思是“跟上”,如:1)Hewastoooldtokeeppacewiththemodernideasoflife.(他年纪大了,跟不上现代生活观念。)\n2)Earningshavenotkeptpacewithinflation.(收入还没有与通货膨胀的速度保持同步。)2.Wecantellfromfossilevidenceinrocksthatmanylivingspeciesbecomeextinctoverthemillionofyearssincelifebegan.本句中的tell不是“告诉”的意思,而是“断定”或“辨别”的意思。如:1)Canyoutellherfromhertwinsister?(你能分得出她和她的孪生姐妹吗?)2)Canyoutellwhichisright?(你能断定哪一人是对的吗?)that在句中引导宾主从句,做tell的宾语。1)HehadhadabadcoldoverChristmas.(他在圣诞节期间得了重伤风。)2)Theyreadalotofbooksoverthevacation.(假期里他们看了不少书。)3.……extinctionisthefateofanyanimalthathasspecializedtoofartochangewhenitsenvironmentchanges,orhastocompetewithabetter-adaptedandmorepowerfulanimal.that在句中引导定语从句,修饰animal.specialize通常指“专门研究,专门从事”,如:1)Hespecializesinmedicine.(他专攻医科。)2)Thisshopspecializesincookingutensils.(这家商店专门经销饮具。)在本课文中specialize的意思是“专化,以特殊方式演化。”Animalsandplantsarespecializedtofittheirsurroundings.(动植物是按照特殊方式演化以适应各自的环境的。)too…to…的意思是“太…以致于不能…”如:1)Iwastoodisappointedtotryagain.(我太失望,不想再尝试。)2)Heistooyoungtotakecareofhimself.(他太年幼,照顾不了自己。)competewith意思是“与…竞争”,也可用competeagainst。1)Hedidn'twanttocompetewithothersforthisposition.(他不想与别人竞争这个职位。)2)Sometimesanimalshavetocompeteagainsteachotherforthechancetosurvive.(有时,动物为了生存不能相互竞争。)betteradapted意思是“适应得更好的”。better是副词well的比较级形式,adapted是过去分词做形容词用。这类表达形式在英语中十分常见,如:well-known,poorly-dressed,better-prepared等等。4.Anumberofexamplescanbegivenofthewayinwhichnaturalenvironmentarebeingrapidlychanged……anumberof意思是“许多”,如:1)Anumberofproposalshadbeenputforwardatthemeeting.(会上提出了许多建议。)2)Anumberofstudentshavepassedtheexam.(已有许多学生通过了考试。)of在本句中的意思是关于,相当于about。如:1)Theywerenottoldofthisnewpolicy.(关于此项政策,他们没有被告知。)2)Theywantedtoknoweverydetailofwhathadhappened.(对于已发生的事,他们想知道每一个细节。)5.Thereiseverylikelihoodthatmanyspeciesofanimalswillbemadeextinctbecauseoftheseandsimilarclearancesofnaturalvegetation.Likelihood是一个名词,意思是“可能”,相当于possibility,that在本句中引导同位语从句,对likelihood作进一步的补充说明。如:Thereisnodoubtthatheisareliableperson.(毫无疑问,他是一个可信赖的人。)Clearance在本句中的意思是“(植被)砍伐殆尽;清除。”Clearancesofvegetationwillleadtothelossofwaterandsoil.(砍伐植被会引起水土流失。)6.TheNorthAmericanbuffaloisacaseofthenear-extinctionofaspeciesthroughhunting.acaseof在本句中的意思是“一个例子,”相当于“anexampleof”如:1)Thisisacaseofstudentscheatingonexams.(这就是学生作弊的一个例子。)2)Itisatypicalcaseofmisunderstanding.(这就是误解的典解例子。)在第九单元中我们已经学过case这个词,请注意掌握与case有关的几个短语:inanycase(无论如何,总之)incase(假如;以免)inthecaseof(就…来说,至于…)inthiscase(既然是这样)through在句中的意思是“由于,因为”,相当于because.\n1)Themistakesweremadethroughcarelessness.(这些错误是由于粗心大意造成的。)2)Manypeoplearehardofhearingthrougholdage.(许多人因年老而听觉不灵。)7.Butevenwhenthedangeriswidelypublicized,thefinancialrewardsforthehuntersmaybesogreatthattheychoosetoignorethethreattothespecies.publicize是个动词,意思是“宣传”,在第十七单元中我们已学过这个词,-ize是一个动词后缀,通常用在形容词的后面构成动词。financialrewards意思是“赏金”。reward在本句中作名词,有时也可作动词用,如:1)Heofferedarewardof1000yuanforthefinderofhispetdog.(他给拾得他的宠物狗的人酬谢1000元。)2)Hiseffortswererewardedbysuccess.(他的努力获得了成功。)choose后面接不定式,表示“选定,愿意”,如:1)Hechosetostaythereforanotherweek.(他决意在那儿再住一周。)2)Ichosetosaynothingaboutit.(我决意对那件事闭口不谈。)在名词threat后面用介词to,表示“对…的威胁”。如:Theclearanceofvegetationwillbeagreatthreattothewildlife.(把植被砍伐殆尽对野生动物将是极大的威胁。)8.Andanimalsaresometimeskilledoutofawishtoreducenumberstohelpthespeciestosurvive.outof在本句中以及前一个几句子中的意思是“出于”,如:1)Hewassilentoutofembarrassment.(他由于窘迫而沉默。)2)Sheopenedthemailoutofcuriosity.(她出于好奇打开了邮件。)句子中前一个动词不定式toreducenumber…在句子中作定语,修饰名词wish。如:1)Theyfailedintheirattempttolandontheisland.(他们在岛上登陆的企图失败了。)2)Ihavenoconfidenceinmyabilitytofulfilthetask.(我对自己完成这项任务的能力没有信心。)句子中的第二个动词不定式tohelpthespeciestosurvive做目的状语,相当于soasto或inordertohelpthespecies…。如:1)Heworkedharder(soas)tocatchupwiththeothers.(他更努力地学习以赶上别人。)2)Toachievetheaim,wemustlearnfromothers.(为了实现这个目标,我们必须向他人学习。)9.ThekillingoftheCanadiansealsisclaimedtobeforthispurpose,andtheuseoftheirskinsforfursisonlyaby-product.beclaimedto在本句中的意思是“据说”。如:Heisclaimedtohaveinheritedalotofmoney.(据说他继承了一大笔钱。)forthispurpose意思是“为这个目的”。如:1)Theydecidedtohaveatalkformilitarypurpose.(为了军事目的,他们决定进行一次会谈。)2)Forthispurpose,Igavehimallthenecessarymaterials.(为了这个目的,我把所需的材料都给了他。)请注意掌握与purpose有关的一些短语:onpurpose(为了;故意地)tothepurpose(中肯的;合适的)10.Thereisalwaysthechancethatenoughoff-springwillbeborntoreturnthemonedaytotheirnaturalenvironment—provideditstillexists,andthathuntersdon'tkillthemagain!本句中的第一个that引导的是一个同位语从句,对名词chance做进一步解释。Provided在句中做介词用,相当于if。如:1)Iwillgiveyouthemoneyprovidedyoutellmethetruth.(如果你说实话,我会给你钱。)2)Hewillcometothepartyprovidedhehastime.(如果有时间他会来参加聚会。)在词汇部分我们提到过,口语中常用providing替代provided。11.Buttheparksarelarge,thewardensfewandthedeterminationofhuntersverygreat.本句中,形容词few和great的前面省去了be动词(few前省去了are,great前省去了is),作者是要告诉读者,公园太大,管理人太少,猎人们的决心太过坚定,因而野生动物的保护问题仍然难得解决。12.Thehunterswerearmedwithmodernweaponsandseveralpeoplewerekilled.arm在本句中用作动词,意思是“武装,装备”,bearmedwith意思是“以…装备起来的”。1)Theybelievedtheywouldwinastheywerearmedwithmodernweapons.(他们坚信自己会赢,因为他们有现代化的武器装备。)\n2)Armedwithsecretarialskillsshewillfindajobeasily.(具备了秘书的技能,她会很容易地找到一份工作。)13.…andtourismcanaddtotheincomeofcountries.addto的意思是“增加”,如:1)Thenewlybuiltsquaresaddtothebeautyofthiscity.(新建的广场增加了这座城市的美观。)2)Yourcompanyaddstotheenjoymentofourvisit.(有你的陪同,我们这次访问更加愉快了。)3)Ihopemyarrivalwouldnotaddtoyourdifficulties.(希望我的到来不能增添你们的困难。)本课主要词组1.keeppacewith2.competewith3.becauseof4.atsucharate5.atsurprisingspeed6.acaseof7.chooseto8.leadto9.suchas10.outofexistence11.outoffear12.beclaimedto13.forthispurpose14.beconcernedabout15.underthreatof16.bearmedwith17.addto18.lookafter19.inadifferentformTextBTheKillerSmogs短语表达1.befilledwithHereyeswerefilledwithtearswhenshetoldusthestory.Theroomisfilledwithboxesofallsizes.2.washawayTherichsoilwaswashedawayastherewerenotreesandgrasstoholdit.Ittookherquiteawhiletowashawaythestainsonhercoat.3.becausedbyLungcancermightbecausedbyexcessivesmoking.Theaccidentwascausedbythedriver'scarelessness.4.beknownforHeisknownforhiswidescopeofknowledge.Scotlandisknownforitsbeautifulcountryside.5.combinewithItisnecessarytocombinetheorywithpractice.Seewhatwillhappenifyoucombinehydrogenwithoxygen.6.preventfromBadweatherpreventedthemfromgoingcamping.\nTheterriblenoisepreventedmefromgettingagoodsleep.7.pileupPileupthebooksonthetable,please.Don'twaituntilproblemspileup.8.duetoThetrainwaslateduetoheavyfog.Ourachievementsareduetotheirhelp.9.addtoHisexplanationaddedtoherannoyance.Morehappinesswillbeaddedtopeople'slifeifyouaregenerousenoughtogivepraise.TextAYouCan’tDOItBecauseItHurtsNobody本课主要单词1.toughadj.强壮的;粗暴的;老的;艰苦的1)Thetoughmountaineersucceededingettingtothetopofthemountain.(那位强壮的登山运动员成功地登上了山顶。)2)Camelsaretoughandhardycreatures.(骆驼是能吃苦耐劳的动物。)3)Thosetoughlaw-breakingyoungstersshouldbedealtwithseriously.(应该严肃对待那些无法无天的青少年。)4)Shecomplainedaboutthetoughsteak.(她抱怨牛排太老。)5)Theyhadatoughtimeduringthewar.(战争期间她们苦熬度日。)6)He'llbetoughonyouifyoubotherhim.(如果你麻烦他,他会对你不客气。)7)Itwastoughtogetasatisfactoryjob.(找一份令人满意的工作很不容易。)2.crimen.罪;罪行 criminaln.罪犯 adj.犯罪的;刑事的1)Hecommittedacrimeagainstthesecurityofthestate.(他犯了危害国家安全罪。)2)Itisacrimetowastesomuchfood.(浪费那么多食物是一种罪过。)3)Thepresidentisdeterminedtobringdownthecrimerate.(总统下决心使犯罪率下降。)4)Thewantedcriminalhadnoplacetohide.(被通缉的罪犯无处可藏。)5)Themanwasfoundtohaveacriminalrecord.(那人被发现有犯罪记录。)6)Thecriminalpoliceareworkingonamajorcase.(刑警队在着手一起大案。)3.drunkadj.醉的1)Hewassodrunkthathecouldnotwalk.(他醉得路都走不起来了。)2)Hewaschargedwithdrunkdriving.(他被指控酒后驾车。)3)Theyoungmanwasdrunkwithsuccess.(那个年青人因为成功而喝醉了。)4.customn.习惯;风俗customsn.海关customaryadj.习惯上的1)Itishercustomtogoforawalkeverymorning.(她惯常每天早上去散步。)2)Theydidn'tknowmuchaboutthecustomsofthecountrytheyweregoingtovisit.(对他们将要访问的那个国家的风俗习惯他们了解得不多。)3)Itwon'ttakeyoulongtopassthecustoms.(通过海关检查不会花你们太多时间。)4)ItiscustomarytoexchangegiftsatChristmas.(圣诞节时人们互赠礼物是一种习俗。)5.admitv.承认;准许进入admissionn.承认;准许进入1)Headmittedhisguilttothepolice.(他向警方承认犯罪。)2)Theboyadmittedtohisteacherthathewaswrong.(那男孩向老师承认自己错了。)3)Therewerenowindowstoadmitair.(没有窗子可使空气流入。)4)Davidwasadmittedintotheschoolbasketballteam.(大卫被纳为篮球队的队员。)5)Noneofthemadmittedtocheatingonexams.(他们都不承认考试作弊。)6)Sheadmittedtohavingastronglikeforlightbeer.(她承认自己很喜欢淡啤酒。)\n7)HisadmissionthathehadcommittedthetheftprovedJohn'sinnocence.(他承认偷窃,从而证明了约翰的清白。)8)Hewasrefusedadmissionintotheclub.(他未获准加入俱乐部。)9)Admissiontotheparkisfree.(公园免费进入。)请注意下面几组词,找出其构词的规律:admit/admissionemit/emissiontransmit/transmissionsubmit/submission6.tapen.磁带 v.用带子捆扎;用胶布封住;把…录于1)TheteacheraskedustolistentoEnglishtapeswhenwehadtime.(老师让我们有空时听英语磁带。)2)Shespentawholemorningtapingthepresents.(她花了一个上午的时间捆扎礼物。)3)Astherewasnobodyathome,hetapedanotetothedoor.(因为家中无人,他便用胶布把一张字条粘贴在门上。)4)Therobbertapedthewatchman'smouth.(抢劫犯用胶布封住守门人的嘴。)5)Hetapedtheconversationsecretly.(他偷偷把谈话用磁带录了下来。)7.jailn.监狱1)Hewasputintojailforarmedrobbery.(他因武装抢劫被送进了监狱。)2)Theyoungmanescapedfromjail.(那个年轻人逃出了监狱。)3)Hewassentencedtotwoweeksinjail.(他被判监禁两周。)8.fataladj.致命的;重大的fatalityn.死亡者;死亡事故1)Hereceivedafatalwoundinthebattle.(他在战斗中受了致命伤。)2)Thefataleruptionofthevolcanocausedunimaginablelosses.(火山毁灭性的喷发造成了难以想像的损失。)3)Mutualtrustisfataltofriendship.(相互信任对于友谊来说不可或缺。)4)Theaccidentcausedseveralfatalities.(事故造成数人死亡。)5)Theyaretryingtoreducethefatalityofheartdisease.(他们正努力降低心脏病的致命性。)9.threatenv.威胁在前一单元中,我们学习了名词threat,-en是个动词后缀,加在名词或形容词的后面可以构成动词,如:1)加在名词后面:heighten,lengthen,hasten2)加在形容词后面:shorten,brighten,quicken10.toleratev.忍受;宽恕 tolerantadj.容忍的 tolerancen.忍受;宽容;忍耐力1)Icannottoleratehisdishonesty.(我不能容忍他的不诚实。)2)Wewillnottoleratetheirdistortingthefact.(我们不会容忍他们歪曲事实。)3)Heistolerantofdifferentopinions.(他能容忍不同意见。)4)Theseplantsaretolerantofextremeheat.(这些植物能耐酷热。)5)Mytoleranceofyourimpolitenessislimited.(我对你的无礼的忍耐是有限的。)11.limitn.限制 v.限制 limitedadj.有限的1)Shehadreachedthelimitofherpatience.(她已到了忍无可忍的地步。)2)Hewasfinedforexceedingthespeedlimit.(他因超过车速限制而被罚款。)3)Trytolimityourtalkto5minutes.(请尽量把话在五分钟内说完。)4)Helimitedhimselfto10cigarettesaday.(他限定自己一天抽10支烟。)5)Wemustmakegooduseofthelimitedresources.(我们必须好好利用有限的资源。)6)Timeislimited,wehavetostepheretoday.(时间有限,我们今天只能讲到这儿。)offlimits禁止进入withinlimits适度的;在一定范围内withoutlimit无限制地12.celebratev.庆祝\n celebrationn.庆祝1)We'llgotocelebrategrandma's70thbirthdaythisweekend.(这个周末我们去庆祝祖母70岁生日。)2)Theyaresinginganddancingtocelebratetheirvictory.(他们唱歌、跳舞庆祝胜利。)3)Thebirthdaycelebrationwillbeheldathome.(生日庆典将在家举行。)4)ThecelebrationofChineseNewYearusedtoincludeadisplayoffireworks.(过去中国新年庆典包括放焰火。)13.anonymousadj.匿名的an是一个前缀,用在元音字母或辅音h前,表示“非”,“没有”,“缺乏”,如:anarchy(无政府),anonym(匿名者)。onym是个词根,意思是name(名字),如antonym(反义词),synonym(同义词)-ous是一个形容词后缀,如dangerous,famous1)Hewasgreatlydisturbedbytheanonymousletter.(匿名信令他极度不安。)2)Theauthorwishestoremainanonymous.(作者不希望披露姓名。)14.cheatv.欺骗;作弊 n.骗子1)Theoldladytoldthepolicemanthatshehadbeencheatedofallhersavings.(那位老太太告诉警察她被人骗取了她所有的积蓄。)2)Hewascheatedintobelievingthathewasanadoptedson.(他被骗得相信自己是个养子。)3)Hesaidthatmanyhighschoolstudentscheatedonexams.(他说许多中学生考试作弊。)4)Thesingerwassaidtohavecheatedonincometaxes.(据说那位歌手在所得税上弄虚作假。)5)ThesedrinksI'veboughtareacheat,theytastesostrange.(我买的这些饮料间冒牌货,味道很怪。)6)Howcouldyoubefriendswiththesecheats?(你怎么能与骗子为友呢?)15.abstracta.抽象的 n.摘要 v.提取;摘录…的要点1)Hecouldn'tunderstandthisabstractidea.(他不能理解这个抽象概念。)2)Anabstractofthispaperisneeded.(需要有这篇论文的摘要。)3)Heisabstractingastoryforabookreview.(他正在为一篇书评撰写故事梗概。)4)Theyaretryingtoabstractironfromore.(他们正试图从矿石中提取铁。)16.robv.抢劫;非法剥夺1)Hewasrobbedtwiceinthedowntownarea.(他在闹市区两次被抢。)2)Ajewelrystorewasrobbedlastnight.(昨晚一家珠宝店遭抢劫。)3)Shewasrobbedofherpurseonthebus.(在公共汽车上,她的钱包被抢。)4)Thepainrobbedhimofsleep.(疼痛使他不能入睡。)5)Thechildwasrobbedofanopportunitytoseehismother.(那孩子被剥夺了一次见母亲的机会。)17.fraudn.欺骗;骗局1)Heobtainedthemoneybyfraud.(他骗得了那笔钱。)2)Hisexplanationwasnothingbutafraud.(他的解释完全是骗人的鬼话。)3)Whathedidwasafraudonthecustomers.(他的所为是对顾客的一种欺骗行为。)18.swindlev.诈骗 n.诈骗行为1)Hetriedtoswindletheinsurancecompany.(他欺骗诈骗保险公司。)2)Someoldpeopleareeasilyswindled.(有些老人很容易受骗。)3)Theboyswindledtheoldmanoutofhismoney.(那个男孩骗取了老先生的钱财。)4)Thebigbankswindleinvolvedalotofpeople.(许多人与这起诈骗银行的大案有牵连。)19.honestyn.诚实;坦率在第十四单元中我们学过副词honestly。honest是个形容词。-y是名词后缀,加在动词或形容词后面可以构成名词。如:delivery,discovery,recovery,flattery,modesty,jealousy。如果我们在honest,honesty前面加上前缀dis-则可以构成反义词。1)Hishonestywinshimalotoffriends.(他的诚实赢得了许多朋友。)2)InallhonestyI'matmywit'send.(说实话,我现在是智穷计尽。)3)Heishonesttohisfriends(他对朋友很真诚。)4)Nobodywantedtohaveanythingtodowiththisdishonestchap.(谁都不想与这个不诚实的家伙打交道。)\n5)Hisdishonestygavehisparentsashock.(他的不诚实令他的父母大为吃惊。)20.probablyadv.很可能,大概,或许 probableadj.有可能 probabilityn.可能性1)Hewillprobablyrefuseyourhelp.(他很可能会拒绝你的帮助。)2)Theirteamwillprobablywinthegame.(他们队或许会赢得这场比赛。)3)It'sprobablethattheywillcomeearlier.(他们可能会早点来。)4)Overloadingwastheprobablecauseoftheaccident.(超载是事故的可能起因。)5)Thereisnoprobabilitythathewillsucceed.(他不可能成功。)6)Thereiseveryprobabilitythatshewillmakeafussoverthematter.(她很可能对此事大惊小怪。)本课简介 在本篇课文中作者告诉我们并不只是粗野之人才犯罪,生活中看似无大碍的事情往往有违法律。现实生活是复杂的,不可能像在电影中一样,简单地把人分为好人和坏人。如同疾病可以轻至感冒重至癌症一样,犯罪行为也是有程度的轻重的。人们会对某些违法行为持宽容态度,这也许是因为人们想借此来为自己的某些违法行为开脱。另外,报刊、电视上的暴力使得人们对犯罪司空见惯。在许多情况下,人们不忍去伤害一个具体的人,而对某个不甚具体的群体或个体加以伤害却并不在意。人们对于违法行为的种种错误认识必须得以纠正。严法酷刑、警方的严加防范也许都不能使人完全免于犯罪,变得诚实,每一个人都应从自己做起,使我们的社会成为一个文明的法制社会。本课语言点1.Whodoyouthinkbreaksthelawinoursociety?本句中doyouthink是个插入语,插入语用于问句中在英语中也是十分常见的,如:1)Whatperformancedoyouthinktheywillputon?(你认为他们会表演什么节目?)2)Whendoyousupposetheywillseeus?(你认为他们什么时候会见我们?)3)Wheredoyousuggestweshouldgoduringtheholiday?(你建议我们假期去哪儿?)4)Howlongdidhesayhewouldspendonthatbook?(他说他要在那本书上花多长时间?)5)Whatdoyousuggestheshoulddotomakeupfortheloss?(为了弥补损失,你建议他该做些什么?)2.Hasanyoneyouknoweverdrivendrunk?本句中的drunk是个过去分词,在句子中做状语,修饰谓语动词driven,说明动作发生的情况。这类用法也十分常见,如:1)Heturnedawaydisappointed.(他失望地走开了。)2)Theywenthomeexhausted.(他们回到家里已筋疲力尽了。)3)Wejoinedinthediscussionunprepared.(我们毫无准备地加入了讨论。)Ever是个常用词,在使用该词时,常有人犯各种错误。我们来看一下ever的主要用法。1)表示将来或过去的任何时间。用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中:HaveyoueverbeentoParis?(你去过巴黎吗?)Nothingevermakeshimhappier.(从没有什么事会使他更开心。)IfyouareeverinChina,pleaseletmeknow.(如果你什么时候在中国,请让我知道。)2)用于表示比较的从句中:Itisrainingharderthanever.(雨越下越大了。)ThisisthehighestmountainIhaveeverclimbed.(这是我所爬过的最高的山。)ThelastIevermethimwasinNanjing.(我最后一次遇见他是在南京。)3)用于特殊疑问句中,表示“究竟”,“到底”,“用任何方式”等:HowcanIeverthankyou?(我究竟怎样才能感谢你?)Whoevercanitbe?(那究竟会是谁呢?)Whyeverdidyousayso?(你究竟为什么这样说?)4)表示“总是”;“不断地”;“永远”:Heiseverreadytohelpothers.(他总是乐于帮助他人。)Thelittleboyisevermakingthesamemistakes.(那个小男孩总是犯同样的错误。)\nEverybodywasamazedathereveryouthfulface.(每一个人都为她永远年轻的容貌感到惊奇。)3.Won'tsomeofyourfrendsadmitthattheyhavestolenanitemfromastore?请注意本句中的动词admit的用法。admit做及物动词用时,表示“承认”,“确认”,“接纳”。Admit做不及物动词用时,表示“通往”;“承认”1)HeadmittedthreateningLarry.(他承认恐吓了拉里。)2)TheyoungmanwasadmittedtoHarvard.(那位年轻人被哈佛录取了。)3)Thisdooradmitstothebackyard.(这扇门通向后院。)4)Headmittedtohavingbrokenthevase.(他承认打碎了花瓶。)5)Theshopassistantadmittedthatshehadtakenthemoney.(店员承认是她拿了钱。)4.incaseyoudidnotknow,alloftheseactsareagainstthelaw.本句话的意思是“如果你以前不知道,所有这些行为都是违法的。”incase用于引导条件状语从句和目的状语从句,在从句中,动词可以用虚拟语气,形式为should+动词原形,也可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的一般现在时或一般过去时,如:1)PleaseremindmeofitincaseI(should)forget.(万一我忘了,请提醒我。)2)YouhadbetterleavethekeyathomeincaseI(should)thinkofcomingback.(你最好把钥匙留在家里以免我想回来。)5.Inthesamewaythatdiseasesrangefromthecommoncoldtofatalformsofcancer,crimesvaryindegree.本句中的rangefrom和vary在前面的课文中都已出现过,再请看几个例句。1)Theparticipantsrangeinagefrom14to65.(参加者的年龄从14岁到65岁不等。)2)Theflavouroffoodvariesfromplacetoplace.(食品的风味各地都不同。)Crimesvaryindegreeinthesamewaythat…that引导的是一个同位语从句对way作进一步的说明。inthesameway意思是“以同样的方式”。1)Wewoulddoitinthesamewaythatyoudidlasttime.(我们将用你上次所用的同样方法来做这件事。)2)Theteachertalkedtotheboyinthesamewaythathisteacherhadtalkedtohimyearsago.(那位老师用多年前他的老师与他交谈的方式同那个男孩谈话。)6.Inadditiontobreakingthelawthemselves,peopletoleratevariouslevelsofcrime.inadditionto意思是“除…之外(还)…”,to是介词,在其后要用名词或动名词。1)Inadditiontobread,Iboughtyousomemilk.(除了面包,我还给你买了些牛奶。)2)Inadditiontoholdingafull-timejob,hetutoredsomeprimaryschoolchildren.(除了一份全日制的工作,他还辅导几个小学的孩子。)tolerate是个及物动词,意思是putupwith(忍受、宽恕);accept(允许)1)Theytoleratetheexistenceofopinionscontrarytotheirown.(他们允许相反观点的存在。)2)Icannotimaginehowhetoleratedtheisolation.(我不能想象他是如何忍受这份孤独的。)7.Webecomeusedtoseeingbloodonthenewsontelevision.Become是一个连系动词,usedto与连系动词或be动词连用,意思是“习惯”,usedto单独用时,意思是“过去,曾经”。1)Heisgettingusedtolivinginthesouth.(他正在习惯南方的生活。)2)Ihavebecomeusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.(我已习惯早起。)1)Heusedtoworkforthegovernment.(他曾为政府做事。)2)Theyusedtoliveinthesamecity.(他们曾在同一座城市生活过。)请注意beusedto中的to是个介词,后面要用名词或动名词,usedto中的to是个不定式符号,后面用动词原形。8.Whenitcomestorespectingtherightsofamassofanonymousindividuals,wemightnotbesoresponsible.Whenitcomesto相当于sofaras…isconcerned意思是“就…而言”,“说到…时”。To是个介词,后面用名词或动名词。1)Heisnotgoodatmath,butwhenitcomestoEnglish,heisthebest.(他的数学不好,要说到英语他是最好的。)2)Whenitcomestogivingduerespecttotheoldpeople,shefeelsabituneasy.(说到给老人应有的尊敬,她有些不自在。)请注意mass与mess的区别。Mass的意思是“团,块;群;大量”;mess的意思是“混乱;一团糟”。1)Thefloatingmassesofficewouldprovetobeathreattotheships.(大块大块的浮冰对船只将是个威胁。)2)Theyhavecollectedagreatmassofdata.(他们已收集了大量资料。)\n3)Theroomisamess.(这房间又脏又乱。)4)Theymadeamessofthejob.(他们把事情搞得一团糟。)9.Whilemostpeoplewouldnotstealawalletcontaining$50,theymaynotmindcheatingontaxes,becausecheatingontaxesdoesnothurtanyoneperson.本句中的while意思是although(虽然,尽管),如:1)Whileheisrespected,heisnotwell-liked.(尽管他受人尊敬,但并不被人喜欢。)2)WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.(尽管我承认他的优点我还是看到他的缺点的。)在动词mind的后面要用动名词、名词短语或从句:1)Mindthewetpaint!(当心,油漆未干。)2)Mindyourownbusiness!(别管闲事!)3)Wouldyoumindmysmoking?(我抽烟你介意吗?)4)Idon'tmindtellhimallIknow.(我不介意把我所知道的都告诉他。)5)Mindthatyoudon'tforgetthemeeting.(注意别忘了开会。)10.Perhapsthisiswhysomeonewhorobsafewdollarsbyforcefromacornerstorewilloftenendupwithalongerjailtermthanafraudartistwhoswindlesthousandsofdollars…byforce意思是“凭借暴力,强迫地”,如:1)Severalyoungstersrobbedthebankbyforce.(几个年轻人以暴力抢劫银行。)2)Theboywasrobbedofhismoneybyforce.(那个男孩的钱被强抢了。)endup的意思是“结束,告终”,如:1)Youwillendupinprisonifyougoonstealing.(如果你继续偷下去,你最终会进监狱的。)2)Wastefulpeopleusuallyendupindebt.(挥霍浪费者最后往往负债。)3)Weendeduptakingataxithere.(我们最终乘出租车去了那儿。)4)Thepartyendedupwithachorus.(晚会最后以合唱结束。)5)Ifwegooninthisway,weshallendupwithmillionsandmillionsofunemployed.(如果我们继续这样下去,结果会有数百万人失业。)term在本句中的意思是“期限”,如:serveone'stermofservice(服规定年限的兵役)getatermoftenyearsinprison(被判十年徒刑)duringone'stermofoffice(任职期间)11.Thepolicewouldneverbeabletokeepaneyeoneveryone,andpeoplewouldstillfindwaystobendnewlaws.keepaneyeon意思是“照看;密切注意”,如:1)CanyoukeepaneyeonthebabywhileIgoshopping?(我去购物时你能帮我照看一下孩子吗?)2)Parentswon'tbeabletokeepaneyeonthechildrenallthetime.(父母不可能时时注意孩子们。)bend在本句中的意思是“任意歪曲,篡改”,如:1)Theytriedinvaintobendtherulesofthegame.(他们篡改比赛规则的企图没有成功。)2)Hetookadvantageofhispowertobendthelawtosuithisownpurposes.(他利用权力篡改法律以适合自己的目的。)本课主要词组1.thinkof 2.beaware3.gothrough 4.incase5.divideinto 6.inthesameway7.rangefrom 8.inadditionto9.betolerantof 10.becomeusedto11.careabout 12.preventfrom13.whenitcomesto 14.byforce15.endup 16.keepaneyeonTextBMarriageiniranandAmerica:astudyincontrasts\n短语表达I.Phrasesandexpressions1.comparewithComparedwiththeproductsoftheirfactory,oursaresuperiorinquality.Comparedwithmanyotherwomeninherdays,shewasreallylucky.2.forthepurposeofHecheatedontheexamforthepurposeofgettingahighscore.Hetoldalieforthepurposeofavoidingapossiblepunishment.3.anumberofAnumberoflocalresidentshavemovedtoanewresidentialarea.Anumberofminerswhohadbeentrappedweresaved.4.bewillingtoHewaswillingtolendusahelpinghandwhenwewereinneed.Themanwasnotwillingtoadmitthathewaswrong.5.bemarriedtoShewasmarriedtoahandsomeyoungmanfromGermany.Thegirlstoodupandsaidshewaswillingtobemarriedtothepoorartist.6.beinvolvedinNoonewantedtobeinvolvedinthismatter.Mr.Lididn'texpectthathissoncouldbeinvolvedinthisrobbery.7.respondtoHowdidtheaudiencerespondtoyourspeech?Herespondedtohiswife'scomplaintsbyturningadeafeartoher.8.beallowedtoHeisallowedtoreadinprison.Theboyisnotallowedtoplayvideogames.TextAthelanguageofuncertainty本课主要单词1.dominatev.rule,control(统治,支配,控制) dominationn.统治、支配、控制1)Hefeltillateaselivinginawhite-dominatedsociety.(他觉得生活在一个白人统治的社会里很不自在。)2)Hisopiniondominatedtheothermembersofthecommittee.(他的看法对委员会的其他成员起了决定性影响。)3)Thisissuedominatedthediscussion.(这个议题在讨论中占了首要地位。)4)Agriculturehaslostitsdominanceinmanycountries.(农业在许多国家已失去了优势。)5)ThedominationofEuropeovertherestoftheworldhaslongsincedeclined.(欧洲对世界其他地区的支配作用早已衰弱。)2.judgmentn.判决;看法;判断 judgev.审判;判断;认为 n.法官;裁判员1)Hehopedthejudgmentwouldbeinhisfavor.(他希望判决对他有利。)2)Hesometimescouldn'tlivewithhimselfifhemadeamistakeinjudgment.(如果判断失误,他有时不能容忍自己。)3)Inmyjudgment,weshoulddoitrightnow.(依我看,我们应该马上做这件事。)4)Hewasbroughttothejudge,accusedofstealing.(他被指控行窃而带到法官面前受审。)5)Mr.Liisgoingtobeajudgeofabeautycontest.(李先生将做选美比赛的评判员。)6)Theyoungmanwasjudgedinnocent.(那个年轻人被判无罪。)7)Wecannotjudgewhetheritisrightorwrong.(我们不能判断这是对还是错。)8)Ijudgesheknewwhatshewasdoing.(依我看,她当时知道她在干什么。)3.editorialn.社论adj.编辑的\n editorn.编辑 editv.编辑;校订;修改1)Thisissuecarriesaweightyeditorialoneducation.(这期登了一篇有关教育的很有分量的社论。)2)Theeditorialpolicieshaven'tchangedabitovertheyears.(这些年来编辑方针没有丝毫改变。)3)Hewasmadeassistanteditoronthepaper.(他被任为那报纸的助理编辑。)4)Thechiefeditorwasonabusinesstrip.(主编出差了。)5)ScholarsofteneditShakespeare'splays.(学者们常校订莎士比亚的剧本。)6)Heiscarefullyeditinghisspeed.(他正在仔细修改自己的讲稿。)4.wagen.工资,报酬 v.进行,开展wage(s)通常指付给从事体力劳动或技术工作的人们的报酬,也可以指按星期付给从事该类工作的人们的工资。1)Theystoppedworkingtopressforbetterwagesandworkingconditions.(他们停止工作,要求更高的报酬和更好的工作条件。)2)Hiswagesare200dollarsaweek.(他的工资是200美元一周。)3)Theywagedacampaignagainstcheatingonexams.(他们开展了反对考试作弊的运动。)4)GermanywagedawaragainstPoland.(德国对波兰开战。)5.probabilityn.可能性;概率 probableadj.可能的在前一单元中,我们学习了副词probably,同时也讲了名词probability和形容词probable的用法。再请看几个例句:1)Theprobabilityofanearthquakedisturbedeverybody.(地震的可能使每一个人不安。)2)Inallprobability,theycouldperformmanydifferentmusicalinstruments.(他们很可能会演奏许多种不同的乐器。)3)Everyeventhasaparticularprobabilityofoccurring.(每个事件都有其特定的发生率。)4)Thisisthemostprobableinterpretationofthesituation.(这是对形势的最可能的解释。)5)XiaoWangistheprobablewinner.(小王是颇有希望得胜的人。)6)Itisprobablethatheforgot.(他或许是忘记了。)6.verbaladj.言辞的;口头的;动词的1)Thisjobcallsforexcellentverbaltalent.(这份工作需要极好的口才。)2)Thedifferenceismerelyverbal.(差别仅仅在于措辞。)3)“en”and“-ize”arecommonverbalendings.(“en”和“-ize”是常见的动词词尾。)verbalinstructions(文字说明) averbalprotest(口头抗议)averbalagreement(口头协议)7.imprecisionn.不精确,不正确 impreciseadj.不精确的;不正确的im-是一个前缀,通常加在以“m”、“p”、或“b”为首的形容词、副词和名词前,构成反义词。如:immature(不成熟的),immodest(不谦虚的),immoral(不道德的);impossible(不可能的),impolite(不礼貌的),impatience(不耐心);imbalance(不平衡)等等。-ion是一个名词后缀,我们已经多次碰到过,如protection(保护),extension(延伸)。1)Theimprecisionoftheordinarywordsledtomanymisunderstandings.(日常用词意义的含混引起了许多误解。)2)Theimprecisionoftherulergavehimalotoftrouble.(尺子的不精确给他带来了很多麻烦。)3)Myideasaboutitwereimprecise.(我对这个问题的看法不准确。)4)Thetermsheusedwereimprecise.(他用的术语不确切。)8.denotev.indicate,show(指示;代表;是…的标记)1)Darkcloudsdenoterain.(乌云是下雨的预兆。)2)Redflaresdenotedanger.(红色火焰是危险的标记。)3)Myidentitywasdenotedbyaplasticlabelonmywrist.(我手腕上的塑料标签表明了我的身份。)9.subjectiveadj.主观的subjectn.主观;题目;学科;臣民;主语 adj.受支配的;易受…的1)Itisonlymysubjectiveimpression.(这仅是我的主观印象。)\n2)Howcanyoufullybelievehissubjectivejudgement?(你怎能完全相信他的主观判断?)3)What'sthesubjectfortoday'sdebate?(今天辩论的题目是什么?)4)Iamtakingfoursubjectsthissemester.(本学期我选四门课。)5)HeisaBritishsubject.(他是英国臣民。)6)IndiaisnolongersubjecttoBritishrule.(印度不再受英国统治了。)7)Thisareaissubjecttoseasonalwinds.(这个地区常遭受季风的袭击。)10.potentiallyadv.可能地,潜在地 potentialadj.潜在的,可能的 n.潜力,可能性1)Electricityispotentiallydangerous.(电是潜力的危险。)2)Thedisputehasscaredawaypotentialinvestors.(这场争论吓跑了可能的投资者。)3)Theholeintheroadisapotentialdanger.(路上的那个坑是个潜在的危险。)4)Thesystemgiveseveryoneachancetotapone'spotentialtothefull.(这种体制给了每个人充分发挥潜能的机会。)11.predictionn.预言;预报 predictv.预言,预报pre-是一个前缀,表示before,如:prehistoric(史前的),preschool(学前)。dict是个词根,意思是tosay,如:contradict(矛盾;否定),dictator(独裁者;口授者)1)Haveyoulistenedtotheweatherpredictionfortheday?(你听了当天的天气预报了吗?)2)Theymadepredictionaboutpossiblepriceincrease.(他们对物价上涨的可能性进行预测。)3)Theweatherscientistspredictedalightrainandtemperaturedrop.(气象专家们预测有小雨,气温将下降。)4)Icannotpredictwhatwillhappen.(我无法预料将会发生什么事情。)12.signifyv.表示…的意思;表明;意味着 significationn.意义;表示我们讲到过-fy是个动词后缀,意思是make,如identify,beautify,purify等等。sign是词根,意思是mark,如:signature(签字,记号),design(设计,意图)1)“MD”signifies“DoctorofMedicine”.(“MD”意为“医学博士”。)2)Hesignifiesconsentwithasmile.(他微笑表示同意。)3)Thecloudssignifiedthecomingstorm.(乌云预示着即将有暴风雨。)4)Significationrelieslargelyuponwordsandgestures.(表示意思主要靠言词和示意动作。)13.secondlyadv.第二,其次1)Hewasfirstofalladishonestychap,secondlyhewasirresponsible.(首先他是个不诚实的家伙,其次他没有责任心。)2)Idon'tlikethispairofshoes.Firstlythecolorisawful;secondlyitistooexpensive.(我不喜欢这双鞋。首先颜色很糟糕,其次价格太贵。)14.assignv.分配;指派;指定;布置 assignmentn.任务;作业;分配1)Theyassignedmeasmallroom.(他们分给我一个小房间。)2)Iwasassignedtothemountainvillage.(我被派到那个山村工作。)3)Haveyouassignedadayforthemeeting?(你们指定了开会日期吗?)4)Hefinishedallthehomeworkassignmentsintwohours.(他用两小时完成了全部的家庭作业。)5)Myfirstmajorassignmentasareporterwastocoveralargescaleriot.(我做记者的首次重要任务是采访一个大规模暴动。)15.markedadj.明显的;显著的1)Thepatientshowedamarkedimprovement.(病人的病情显著好转。)2)Amarketpolicecarspedpastjustnow.(刚才一辆有标记的警车急驶而过。)3)Theboyshowedmarkedimprovementsinspellingandreading.(那个男孩在拼写和阅读方面有了显著提高。)16.widenv.加宽,放宽扩大我们在前面讲到过-en可以做动词后缀,用在名词或形容词后面构成动词,如:lengthen,heighten,shorten,brighten等等。\n1)Theriverwidenswhereitmeetsthesea.(那条河在入海口处变宽了。)2)Theroadfinallywidenedandwedidn'thavetoworryabouttrafficblocksanymore.(那条路终于拓宽了,我们不用再担心交通堵塞了。)3)Themisunderstandingwidenedthegulfbetweenthetwosides.(误解加深了双方的隔阂。)4)Hisargumentswidenedmyideas.(他的论点开阔了我的思路。)5)Hestaredatme,hiseyeswidening.(他逼视着我,眼睛睁得大大的。)17.consistentadj.坚持的,一贯的,与…符合 consistencyn.一致,连贯,坚持1)Theprofessorhadaconsistentattitudetowardsallhisstudents.(这位教授对他所有的学生一视同仁。)2)Hisdeedsarenotconsistentwithhiswords.(他们言行不一致。)3)Themanager'sstatementwasconsistentwiththefact.(经理的说法与事实相符。)4)Thereisnoconsistencybetweenthemovieandthebook.(电影和书的情节不符。)5)Herrudebehaviorisnotinconsistencywithherusualpolitenature.(她的粗鲁行为和她平时斯文的性情不相符合。)18.systematicallyadv.有系统地;有计划地 systematicadj.有系统的,有条理的1)Theydideverythingsystematically.(他们有条不紊地做了一切。)2)Doyouhaveasystematicplanfortheproject?(对于这项工程你们有系统计划吗?)3)Theseskillsaredevelopedinasystematicway.(这些技能是有计划地发展的。)本课简介 本文作者指出生活中有许多不确定的事物,这种种的不确定支配着我们的语言。我们的日常话语中很多probably,many,soon,great,little一类的词。不确定的语言主要有三类。一是如probably,possibly,surely一类词,代表了一种主观的可能,是可定量的。二是如many,often,soon一类词,这类词虽可定量,但他们表示的是一个知之不确的数量。三是如fat,rich,drunk一类词,这类词不可能转化为任何可接受的数目,因为不同的人赋予它们不同的价值观。 在特定的上下文中,这些词是有什么意义?与使用者的年龄有何关联?作者告诉我们三个实验结果。一,数量取决于所涉及的事物;二,所涉及的事物总量的大小会影响到一种说法被赋予的数值。三,年龄的影响极为明显。本课主要语言点1.Uncertaintyspreadsthroughourlivessothoroughlythatitdominatesourlanguage.动词spread的过去式和过去分词与动词原形是一样的。本句中的spread意思是becomesknownorsharedbymoreandmorepeople(散布),如:1)Newsoftheaircrashspreadquickly.(飞机坠毁的消息很快传播开了。)2)Heismakingalecturetourtospreadhispoliticalinfluence.(他在作巡回演讲以扩大自己的政治影响。)3)Peopleseemtolovespreadinggossip.(人们似乎爱传闲话。)spread这个词还可以做名词用,再请看几个例子,注意spread的意思和词类:1)Asceneofpropertyspreadsoutbeforeus.(一幅欣欣向荣的景象展现在我们面前。)2)Thespreadofeducationbenefitsmanygirls.(教育的普及使许多女孩得益。)3)Hewasspreadingpeanutbutteronbread.(他正往面包上涂花生酱。)4)Manypeoplediedasaresultofthespreadoffire.(火势蔓延致使多人丧生。)5)Youmanyconsiderspreadingtheworkload.(你可以考虑把工作分摊一下。)lives是life的复数形式。life做可数名词用时,意思是“生命”,“一生,寿命”,如:1)Henearlylosthislife.(他几乎送了命。)2)Fourteenchildrenlosttheirlivesinthefire.(十四个孩子在火中丧生。)3)Peoplespendtheirlivesworryingaboutwealthandhealth.(人们一生都在为金钱和健康担忧。)2.Oureverydayspeechismadeupinlargepartofwords…inpart意为“在某种程度上;部分地”;inlargepart则表示“很大部分”,如:1)Someformsofmentalillnessarecausedinpartbylackofcommunication.\n(有些形式的精神疾病部分是由于缺少交流引起的。)2)Thedrivershouldinlargepartberesponsiblefortheaccident.(司机应为这起事故负大部分责任。)Bemadeupof意思是“由…组成”,如:1)Themedicalteamismadeupof4doctorsand2nurses.(那个医疗队由4名医生和2名护士组成。)2)Hisclassismadeupof50students.(他的班级由50名学生组成。)3.Atomicwarislikelytodestroyforeverthenationthatwagesit.在前面我们已多次碰到belikelyto,我们提到过belikely的主语可以是it,也可以是其他名词,如:1)Itislikelythathewillbeherein30minutes.(他过30分钟可能会到这儿。)2)Thediseaseislikelytospread.(这种疾病可能会传播。)Itislikelythatthediseasewillspread.forever是副词,意思是forgood,completely(永远地),如:Theywillvanishforeverintothetwilight.(他们将永远消失在黄昏里。)forever与进行时态连用,表示“老是,不断”,如:1)Sheisforeveraskingtoborrowsomething.(她没完没了地向人借东西。)2)Theteacherwasforeverspottingtrivialerrorsintheircalculations.(老师总是在他们的计算中发现错误。)thatwagesit是定语从句,修饰nation。Wage在本句中用作动词,意思是start(发起,开展),如:Theywagedacampaignagainstnucleartests.(他们开展了反核试验运动。)4.Lackinganystandardforestimatingtheprobability,weareleftwiththejudgmentoftheeditorialwriter.句中的lack是一个及物动词,意思是“缺乏”,lack也可用作不及物动词和名词,请看下面的例句,注意lack的用法。1)Hewasn'tasternman,inspiteofhislackofhumor.(尽管他缺少幽默感,但他不是一个苛刻的人。)2)Lackoffundingismakingourjobmoredifficult.(资金短缺使我们的工作更加困难。)3)Therewasnolackofhands.(人手并不缺。)4)Heislackinginresponsibility.(他不够负责。)5)Yourstatementlacksdetail.(你的叙述不够详尽具体。)leavesth.withsb.意思是“把…留给某人”,如:1)Leaveyourtelephonenumberwiththesecretary.(把你的电话号码留给秘书。)2)Helefthisbicyclewithhisbrotherwhenhewentonholiday.(他去度假时,把自行车放在他弟弟那儿。)5.Indeed,ithasavaluejustbecauseitallowsustoexpressjudgmentswhenaprecisequantitativestatementisoutofthequestion.allowsb.todosth.意思是“允许某人做某事”,如:1)Theywereallowedtostaytherelonger.(他们被允许在那儿时间呆长点。)2)Heallowedmetotaketwobooks.(他允许我拿两本书。)请注意区别outofthequestion和outofquestion:outofthequestion意为“不可能的”,“办不到的”。如:1)Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet,goingshoppingnowisoutofthequestion.(我还没做完作业,现在去购物是不可能的。)2)Goingswimmingatthistimeoftheyearisoutofthequestion.(一年中这个时候游泳是不可能的。)outofquestion意为“毫无疑问”。如:1)Gettingsomehelpfromherisoutofquestion.(得到她的帮助不成问题。)2)Itisoutofquestiontogetthejob.(得到那份工作没问题。)6.…whicharealsoquantifiablebutdenotenotsomuchaconditionofcertaintyasaquantityimpreciselyknown;notsomuch…as…意思是“与其说…不如说…”。如:1)Heisnotsomuchareporterasawriter.(与其说他是一个记者,还不如说他是个作家。)2)Hisachievementwasmadenotsomuchbecauseofluckasbecauseofhardwork.(他取得的成就与其说是由于运气,不如说是由于努力。)7.…whichcannotbereducedtoanyacceptednumberbecausetheyaregivendifferentvaluesbydifferentpeople.reduce的意思是makesth.smallerinsizeoramountorlessindegree(减少,减轻),如:1)Theyhavepromisedtoreducethecost.(他们已经答应降低成本。)\n2)Theworkforcewouldhavetobereducedby50%.(劳动力将减少百分之五十。)reducesb.toaparticularstate指处于(某种状态);使艰难(处境),用被动语态时,表示“迫使”。如:1)Hewasreducedtobeggingintheolddays.(在旧社会他被逼得讨饭。)2)Theoldladywasreducedtodespair.(老太太陷入了绝望。)在课文中的这个句子里,bereducedto意思是“使化为,使变为”,如:1)Thiskindofanalysisreducetheproblemtoitssimplestform.(这种分析方法使问题变得最为简单。)2)Hehadalwayswantedtoreducehisthoughtstowriting.(他一直想把自己的思想变成文字。)8.Wehavebeentryingtopindownbyexperimentswhatpeoplemeanbytheseexpressionsinspecificcontexts,…pin作名词用时指“别针,大头针”,如asafetypin(安全别针);作动词用时指“别住”;“使不能行动”,pindown的意思是“准确说明”,“牵制”。如:1)Hepinnedabadgeonhisjacket.(他在外套上别了一枚徽章。)2)Shepinnedthepaperstogetherbeforegivingthemtothemanager.(把文件给经理前,她用针把它们别好。)3)Theypinnedhimdowntoapromise.(他们迫使他履行诺言。)4)Wearetryingtopindownhisspeech.(我们正努力准确说明他的讲话。)两个by在句中都是介词,表示“靠,用,通过”,如:1)Whatdoyoumeanbythat?(你这样讲是什么意思?)2)Heputtheyoungmaninanawkwardsituationbyaskinghimsomepersonalquestions.(他通过问一些私人性问题使那个年轻人陷入尴尬。)9.…wefindthatthenumberdependsofcourseontheitemsinvolved.…thesizeofthepopulationofitemsinfluencesthevalueassignedtoanexpression.上面两句中的过去分词involved和assigned其前都省去了that(which)are(is),做定语修饰items和value.本课主要短语1.bemadeupof2.inpart3.belikelyto4.beleftwith5.allowsb.todosth.6.outofthequestion7.notsomuch…as…8.bereducedto9.pindown10.comparewith11.becertainto12.inplaceofTextBitneverrainsbutitpours!谚语1.Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.2.Don'twashyourdirtylineninthepublic.3.It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.Makethebestoutofabadjob.5.Itneverrainsbutitpours.6.Everydogisallowedonebite.7.Oneman'smeatisanotherman'spoison.8.Letsleepingdogslie.9.Hewhoridesatigerisafraidtodismount.10.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.11.Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.\n短语表达1.relevanceto/berelevanttoWhathesaidhadnorelevancetothepresentquestion.Theycouldnotforwardanyrelevantproof.2.believeinIbelievehimbutIdon'tbelieveinhim.HebelievesinChristianity.3.passontoWouldyoupleasepassthismessageontoXiaoLi?Thankyouforpassingthenewsontome.4.intheformofHeshowedhisappreciationtoherintheformofaletterofhanks.Theygavethechildrenalotofhelpintheformofbooks.5.areminderofThisproverbcanbeusedasareminderofthecorrectwaytobehave.Thispictureisareminderofmypast.6.intimesofTheyaresaidtobemoreintelligentintimesofdifficulties.Thiscouldbeacomfortintimesoftrouble.7.benativetoRiceisbelievedtobenativetoChina.ThissayingisnativetotheAmericanIndians.8.gowrongWhenanythinggoeswrongwithhiscarhewillhastentohisautorepairman.Idon'tknowwhathasgonewrongwithmycomputer.9.bebasedonHiscommentsarebasedonfacts.Thisfilmisbasedonthelifestoryofageneral.10.datebacktoThisinventioncanbedatedbacktotheHanDynasty.Thisoldlawdatedbacktothe17thcentury.11.paycompensationtoTheinsurancecompanywouldpaycompensationtothevictims.Thesupermarketrefusedtopayanycompensationtothecustomer.12.beharmfultoExcessivesmokingisharmfultoyourhealth.TVviolenceisharmfultochildren.13.comeintocontactwithChinacameintomorecontactwiththeoutsideworldinthelate1980s.Welearnedmoreaswecameintocontactwiththem.14.borrowfromHeborrowedalotofmoneyfromhisfriends.SomeoftheEnglishwordsareborrowedfromotherlanguages.15.startonHestartedonhisjourneylastweek.Youhavetogetwellpreparedifyouwanttostartonadangerousenterprise.16.inreturnTheygaveyousomuchhelp,whatareyougoingtodoinreturn?Ididn'texpectanyfavorfromyouinreturn.\n17.bereluctanttoHeisreluctanttomakeanycommentonthisissue.Theboywasreluctanttotellhisfatherthetruth.TextAcurrentattitudestowardphysicalfitness本课主要单词1.fitnessn.适当,合理;健康 fitv.(使)适合;与…相称;合身;容纳 adj.合适的;正当的;健康的;合格的1)Hedoesmorningexerciseseverydaytoimprovehisfitness.(他每天做早操以增加体质。)2)Hetriedeverymeanstomakemebelievethefitnessofhisdecision.(他尽一切可能使我相信他的决定的合理性。)3)Iamgoingtohelpyouchoosethefridgethatfitsyourneeds.(我将帮你挑选适合你需要的冰箱。)4)Tryonthisjacketandseeifitfitsyou.(试试这件茄克,看看是否合身。)5)Thissheltercanonlyfitafamilyofthree.(这个防空洞只能容纳一家三口。)6)Thewaterinthisriverisnotfittodrink.(这条河里的水不适合饮用。)7)Sheisfitforthejob.(她能胜任这项工作。)8)Theoldmanlooksfit.(那位老人看上去身体很好。)2.misusev.(n.)误用,滥用;虐待mis-是一个常用的前缀,意思是badlyorwrongly.如misunderstand(误解),misdirect(指错方向),misfortune(不幸),misspelling(拼写错误)1)Hemisusedawordinhisreport,whichcausedmuchconfusion.(他在报告里用错了一个字,引起了莫大的混乱。)2)Hemisusedhisservants.(他苛待仆人。)3)Youcanseeforyourselfhowhemisusedhispowers.(你可以亲眼去看他是如何滥用权力的。)3.assurev.使确信,使放心;向…保证 assurancen.保证;信心1)Heassuredmethattherewasnothingreallywrongwithmycar.(他向我保证我的车实际上并没有什么问题。)2)Icanassureyouofhissincerity.(他的真诚我可以向你保证。)3)Shewasassuredawell-paidjobaftergraduation.(有人保证她毕业后有一份待遇优厚的工作。)4)Thehunterkilledthesnakeandthechild'slifewasassured.(猎人打死了蛇,孩子的生命保证了。)5)Heassuredhispropertywiththiscompany.(他向这家公司保了财产险。)6)Herassurancethatshewouldhelpgavemeencouragement.(她会帮忙的保证给了我鼓励。)7)Hecontinuedhisexperimentwithassurance.(他充满信心地继续他的试验。)8)Thereisanassurancecompanyroundthecorner.(不远处有一家保险公司。)4.careern.生涯;职业;(事业的)成功1)Hiscareerasajournalistwasabouttobegin.(他的记者生涯即将开始。)2)HispoliticalcareerendedafterheleftthewhiteHouse.(离开白宫后,他的政治生涯就告结束了。)3)Shedecidedtomaketeachinghercareer.(她决定以教书为业。)4)Hehasacareerbeforehim.(他前程远大。)5.priorityn.优先,重点;…优先考虑的事 prioradj.在先的;居先的;优先的1)Theyinsistthattherighttoliveshouldtakepriorityoverallotherconsiderations.(他们坚持认为,生存权利应放在其他一切因素之上。)2)Securityisatoppriority.(安全是应予最优先考虑的事。)3)Weshouldplacepriorityontheinterestofthepublic.(我们应优先考虑公众的利益。)4)Shequittedherjobwithoutpriordiscussionwithherparent.(她未经事先与父母商讨就辞了职。)5)Aweekpriortothemeeting,hemadeaphonecalltome.(在见面前的一个星期,他给我打了个电话。)6.proadv.从正面 prep.赞成 n.赞成的意见,赞成者conadv.从反面 prep.反对 n.反对的意见;反对者\n1)Muchhasbeenwrittenonthesubjectproandcon.(有关这个问题已有很多论著,有正面的,也有反面的。)2)Theprosandconsofmixedschoolingarenowunderdiscussion.(男女同校的利弊问题正在讨论之中。)3)Areyouproorconnucleardisarmament?(你是赞成还是反对核裁军?)7.Involvementn.卷入,牵连;复杂情况involvev.使卷入,牵涉;包含1)Hedidn'thaveanydirectinvolvementinthisaffair.(他未直接卷入这个事件中。)2)Hisparentswarnedhimtoavoidinvolvementwiththestreet-loafers.(他父母告诫他不要与街头的游手好闲者牵连在一起。)3)Mypersonalinvolvementwithhimandhisfamilyisdeep.(我个人和他以及他的家庭瓜葛很深。)4)Hewasinvolvedinstealing.(他卷进了偷盗事件中。)5)Theinvestigationinvolvesalotinnocentpeople.(这次调查牵扯到许多无辜者。)6)Swimminginvolveslonghoursoftraining.(游泳必须进行数小时的训练。)8.pursuitn.追踪,追求,乐趣1)Idon'tknowwhattheyareinpursuitof.(我不知道他们在追求什么)2)Inthepursuitoftheirgoal,theygotalotofhelpfromfriends.(他追求目标的过程中,他们得到了朋友的大力帮助。)3)Theyarenowengagedinscientificpursuit.(他们在从事科学研究。)4)Stamp-collectingisoneofhisfavoritepursuits.(他的爱好之一是集邮。)9.limitationn.限制,局限,缺陷1)Allrailwayshaveweightandheightlimitations,becauseoftunnels,bridgesandsoon.(由于隧道、桥梁等原因,所有铁道皆有载重及车厢高度限制。)2)Astheoldsayinggoes,awisemanknowshisownlimitations.(正如古谚语所说,明智的人有自知之明。)3)Withallitsadvantages,thecomputerisbynomeanswithoutitslimitations.(尽管计算机有许多优点,但绝非没有局限性。)10.time-consumingadj.耗费时间的n+v-ing构成的复合形容词十分常见。如labor-saving(省力的),energy-consuming(耗费能源的)1)Doinghouseworkandtakingcareoflittlechildrencanbeverytime-consuming.(料照家务照看孩子非常耗费时间。)2)Beforeyoutakeupthisproject,youmustbefullyawarethatitisreallytime-consuming.(在你着手这个项目前,你必须充分意识到这的确很浪费时间。)11.recreationn.娱乐活动,消遣1)Hisonlyrecreationsareplayingchessandworkinginthegarden.(他唯一的消遣活动是下棋和养花种草。)2)Healwaystoldusthathewastoobusyforrecreation.(他总是对我们说他太忙,没空消遣。)12.schedulen.日程表 v.安排,排定1)Helookedatthescheduleofpostalchargestryingtofindouthowmuchhewouldhavetopay.(他看着邮费价目表,想弄清楚得付多少钱。)2)Theywantedtoplanatightscheduleoftravel.(他们想安排一个紧凑的旅行日程。)3)Theorganizeroftheconferencecametotellthemthescheduleforthefollowingdays.(会议组织者来告诉他们随后几天的日程安排。)4)Thetrainarrivedtwobehindschedule.(火车误点两小时。)5)Theyfinishedtheirworkaheadofschedule.(他们提前完成了任务。)6)TheWilson'sareschedulingavisittoChina.(威尔逊一家正在安排来中国游览。)7)Heisscheduledtoarrivedtomorrow.(他定于明天到达。)13.facilityn.设备,设施;便利,容易;技巧1)Theydecidedtospendmoreoneducationalfacilities.(他们决定加大在教育设备上的投入。)2)Thekitchenisequippedwithallthenecessarymodernfacilities.(厨房里装有所有必备的现代化设备。)3)Theexpertsaresatisfiedwiththeairportfacilities.(专家们对机场设施很满意。)4)Thistoolcanbeusedwithgreaterfacilitythanthatone.(这个工具使用起来比那个工具方便。)5)Hehasgreatfacilityinlearninglanguages.(他很有学习语言的技能。)\n14.commitmentn.承担的责任或义务,承诺,信奉1)Heseemedtolackthecommitmenttopursueadifficulttasktheveryend.(他似乎缺少一种将困难工作做到最后的献身精神。)2)Icannotgiveyouanycommitmentformoreleaveandbetterpay.(我不能允诺你更多休假、更高报酬。)3)Wecannotexpecthimtocarryouthiscampaigncommitments.(我们不能指望他履行竞选诺言。)4)TheNo.1domesticcommitmentofthenextAdministrationistocontrolinflation.(下届政府对国内承担的首要义务是控制通货膨胀。)15.scopen.(活动,影响能力的)范围1)Heislookingforajobthatwillgivehimgreaterscopeforinitiative.(他在寻找一个能使他充分发挥积极性的工作。)2)Suchsubjectsarenotwithinthescopeofmymind.(这些问题不在本书论及的范围之内。)3)Whatyoutalkedaboutwasbeyondthescopeofmymind.(你所谈的超出了我的理解范围。)4)I'dliketohavemorescopeforputtingmyideasintopractice.(我希望能有更多的机会实施我的新主意。)16.commentn.评论,评注 v.评论1)Herefusedtomakeanycommentontherumorthathehadbribedtheofficials.(他拒绝对他贿赂官员的传言发表任何评论。)2)Doyouhaveanycommentonthisarticle?(你对这篇文章有什么意见?)3)Thespokesmancommentedontherecentdevelopmentofnationaleconomy.(发言人对近来国有经济的形势发表了意见。)4)Ifyoucommentonhisworkfavorably,hewillbeveryhappy.(如果你对他的工作予以好评,他会非常高兴。)17.maintainv.维持,保持;维修,保养,扶养;断言1)Maintaininglawandorderisoftoppriority.(维持法律和秩序是头等大事。)2)Everyoneshouldcontributetomaintainingworldpeace.(每一个人都应为维护世界和平作出贡献。)3)Togettherebeforedark,youhavetomaintainahighspeedof80milesanhour.(你得保持每小时80英里的高速才能在天黑之前到那儿。)4)Theirworkistomaintainrailwaylines.(他们的工作是养护铁路。)5)Hefounditsohardtomaintainafamilyoffive.(他感到要负担一个五口之家很困难。)6)Hemaintainedthatsuchthingsshouldneverbedoneagain.(他强调这种事情不应再发生了。)18.approachv.靠近;处理(问题) n.方法;接近1)Thetrainisapproachingthestation.(火车在向车站靠近。)2)Hisworkisapproachingperfection.(他的工作渐臻完美。)3)Heapproachedtheproblemwithcalmandcaution.(他沉着而审慎地对持那个问题。)4)Gohomequickly,astormisapproaching.(快点回家,暴风雨即将来临。)5)Ourapproachdroveawaythewildanimals.(我们一靠近就把野兽赶跑了。)6)Thebestapproachtothisproblemistocutdowncostandincreaseefficiency.(解决这个问题的最好方法是降低成本,提高效率。)19.positiveadj.确定的;积极地,肯定地 positivelyadv.确定地,明确地;积极地,肯定地1)Hewasfrightenedbytheresultsofhisbloodtest,foralltesteditemsshowpositivereactions.(验血结果把他吓坏了,每一个项目都显示阳性反应。)2)I'mpositiveaboutit.(对这点我有绝对把握。)3)Theylongedforapositiveanswer.(他们渴望得到肯定的答复。)4)Youshouldadoptamorepositiveattitudetowardlife.(对生活你应该采取更积极的态度。)5)Heneveransweredmyquestionspositively.(他从不肯定地回答我的问题。)20.aspectn.方向;外表1)Theyconsideredtheplaninallitsaspects.(他们全面地考虑了这一计划。)2)Hisfacehadafrighteningaspect.(他的脸色很吓人。)21.emergev.出现1)Thesunemergedfrombehindacloud.(太阳从云朵后面出来了。)\n2)Differentideashaveemerged.(不同意见出现了。)3)Amodernindustrialcityisnowemerging.(一个现代化的工业城市正在兴起。)本课简介 人人都知道健康的重要,但人们对于参加健身活动的态度如何呢?本文作者通过许多具体的事例告诉我们,人们对于参加健身活动有许多认识上的误区,因而有必要重新审视自己在这一问题上的态度和做法。 人们对于健康活动有哪些看法呢?一些学生认为,留出时间来健身是浪费时间,健身活动并不比学打桥牌对他更有用,学业和前程才是最重要的。还有人认为健身固然重要,但实在没有时间健身。也有人说自己已经够健康了,保持现状应该没有问题。另外有些人则抱怨没有运动设施,也无法从他人那儿得到什么帮助,或者觉得运动后的浑身汗味令他们不舒服。 以上种种皆是不愿意进行健身活动的人们的看法,那么对于那些原意进行健身活动的人们来说,他们的认识和做法也并非没有问题。有人说,我跑步是因为宿舍里的每一个人都在晚上跑步。也有人说,我运动时每消耗3500卡热量就能减掉一磅体重,圣诞节前我只有十磅要减了。还有人说,这个周末天气凉爽,星期六看来是个好日子。另外,健身只是为了长寿也是常见的看法。 你的认识是否类似于上述某种观点?请记住健康虽不一定保证长寿,但能有助于你快乐地生活每一天。本课主要语言点1.Recentlyweweretoldbyastudentthatsettingasidetimeforimprovinghisphysicalfitnesswouldbeatotalmisuseofhisworkinghours.that引导的是一个宾语从句,在这个从句中,动名词短语settingasidetime…做主语,此类结构在英语中很常见。如:1)Hetoldmethatgettingupearlyinthemorningwashardforhim.(他告诉我早起对他来说很困难。)2)Theteachersaidthatcheatingonexamswasontheincreaseinmanyschools.(那位老师说在许多学校考试作弊现象在增长。)3)Mybrothertoldmethatsettinguphisowncompanywouldnotbetotallyimpossible.(我兄弟对我说建立他自己的公司并不是一件完全不可能的事。)setaside意思是toreserveorkeepsth.foraspecialuseorpurpose(留出、拨出);setaside也可表示overturn(驳回、取消),disregard(不顾)。如:1)Hedecidedtosetaside50yuaneverymonthsothathecouldbuyausedbike.(他打算每个月留出50块钱以便能买辆二手自行车。)2)Hisparentsaskedhimtosetaside30minuteseverymorningreadingEnglish.(他父母要求他每天早晨留出30分钟读英语。)3)Thegovernmentsetasidethirteenpercentofthemoneyforhealthandeducation.(政府拨出这笔钱地百分之十三用于健康和教育。)4)TheoriginalverdictwaseventuallysetasidebytheSupremeCourt.(原先地裁决最终被最高法庭驳回。)5)Wemustsetasideallformalityandanothertry.(我们必须不拘形式再试一次。)a/themisuseofsth.意思是usesth.inanincorrectorimpropermanner(误用、滥用)。如:Themisuseofcompanyassetsbroughtaboutheavylosses.(滥用公司财产造成了严重损失。)在词汇部分我们讲到mis-是一个前缀,常指thingsbeingdonebadlyorwrongly.如:understand-misunderstand,print-misprint等等。2.Heassuredusthathewouldbenobetterservedbyafitnessprogramthanbylearningtoplaybridge.本句中地no是一个副词,用在副词比较级地前面,表示“并不、毫不”。no也可以在形容词比较级地前面。如:nomorethan,nolessthan,nolongerthan,nofartherthan等等。1)Icouldnomoreplaypianothanyou.(我和你一样不会弹钢琴。)2)Thisplaceisnobetterthanslum.(这地方与贫民窟差不多。)better是副词well的比较级形式,served是个过去分词,可用作形容词,如:betterorganized,betterprepared,bettermanaged等等。assure是个及物动词,意思是“使确信、使放心”,主要用法是:1)assuresb.ofsth.Heassuredmeofthefeasibilityoftheplan.(他使我确信这个计划是可行的。)\n2)assuresb.that……IassuredmymotherthatIwouldhandletheproblem.(我向母亲保证我能处理这个问题。)请注意区别assure,ensure,insure和secure这四个动词。assure指以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定发生,多用assuresb.of/that在结构中;ensure意为确保某种行动或动因的结果一定会发生,后面可以跟sth.或that从句,但不能带双宾语;insure意思是“给…保险”;secure的意思是makesafe(使安全)。1)HeassuredmethatDr.Bakerwouldcome.(他向我保证贝克博士会来。)2)Toensurethechild'squickrecovery,thedoctorgavehimthreedifferentmedicines.(为了保证孩子尽快康复,医生给了他三种不同的药物。)3)Thehouseisinsuredagainstfire.(这房子保了火灾险。)4)Theytriedtheirbesttosecurethebridgefromfurtherattack.(他们尽力保护桥梁免受进一步的攻击。)3.Collegeandhispreparationforacareerwerehisonlypriorities.请注意区prepare和preparefor的区别。preparesb.orsth.指makethemreadyforaneventoractionthatwillhappeninthefuture,如:Wehavetoprepareourlessonscarefully.(我们得仔细备课。)prepareforaneventoraction指getoneselfreadyforit;makeplansforitsothatitandpreparedwhenithappens,如:Thechildrenwashedouthandsandpreparedforthemeal.(孩子们洗好手准备吃饭。)名词preparation通常用在短语makepreparationsfor和inpreparationfor当中,如:1)Theyweremakingpreparationsfortheoldman'sfuneral.(他们在为老人的葬礼做准备。)2)Wewillhavetocollectnewmaterialinpreparationfortheexperiment.(我们得收集新资料为实验作准备。)priority指givepriorityto和take/haspriority当中。如:1)Thisprojecthaspriorityoverallothers.(这个项目比所有其他项目都更受重视。)2)Educationisgivenfirstpriorityintheirfamily.(教育在他们家是予以最优先考虑的问题。)4.Thisstudenthasseenbeingphysicallyfitasanendratherthanthemeansweknowittobe.seesth.as意思是“把…看作为”,我们以前学过不少类似的短语,如:regard…as,lookupon…as,thinkof…as,view…as等等。beingphysicallyfit意思是“身体健康”。anendratherthanthemeans意思是“是一种目的而不是达到目的的方法”。ratherthan意思是“而不是”。1)Hewasseenasthemostcapablepersoninthecompany.(人们认为他是公司最能干的人。)2)Wesawhersilenceasconsent.(我们把她的沉默看作为同意。)3)Tobephysicallyfitisourgreatestwishforgrandfather.(身体健康是我们对爷爷的最大希望。)4)Youneedtodomoreexerciseifyouwanttobephysicallyfit.(如果你想身体健康,就需要进行更多的锻炼。)5)HecameallthewaytoChinaforpromotingfriendshipratherthanformakingmoney.(他千里迢迢来到中国不是为了赚钱,而是为了增进友谊。)5.Hisopinionisoneofthemanyfeelings,proorcon,thatpeopleholdabouttheirpersonalinvolvementinaphysicalfitnessprogram.pro和con在本句中作形容词用,pro的意思是for(赞成),con的意思是against(反对)。proorcon在句子中作后置定语,修饰名词feeling。后置定语在英语中也很常见。如:1)Countries,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal.(国家无论大小都是平等的。)2)Hestudiedinaroom,cleanandtidy.(他在干净整齐的房间里学习。)(在上述例句中,两个成对的或反对的形容词,用and或or连接,共同修饰一个名词。这是形容词作后置定语的一种用法。)1)Theactiveinvolvementofthousandsofpeopleintheelectioncampaignsurprisedhim.(成千上万的人积极参与竞选活动令他惊奇。)2)Heavoidsinvolvementinpolitics.(他避免卷入政治。)6.Certainlysomeofthereindividualsmayhavephysicallimitationsthatmakeactivityextremelydifficult,andothersareengagedintime-consumingactivitiesthatuntilfinisheddonotpermitopportunitiesforrecreation.thatmakeactivityextremelydifficult是一个定语从句,修饰physicallimitations.Beengagedinsth.意思是beinvolvedinsth.(使从事,使忙于),如:1)Theywereengagedinthestudyofsoilconservation.(他们在从事土壤保持的研究。)\n2)Itisinappropriateforhimtoengageinthisactivity.(他从事这一活动是不合适的。)7.…I'llhavenodifficultystayingthatway.have(no)difficultydoingsth.(做某事有/无困难),也可以用have(no)troubledoingsth.。如:1)HehasnodifficultyunderstandingtheChinesefilm.(看懂那部中国电影他没有困难。)2)IhadalotoftroublegettingbacktosleepafterIansweredthephonecall.(接过电话后,我无法再入睡。)8.…youmayhavemadeacommitmenttoaphysicalfitnessprogramthatmightberathernarrowinscope.make(a)commitmentto意思是makeafirmpromise(作出承诺),或者involvement(投入)。Narrowinscope意思是范围很窄,很狭隘。我们接触过在形容词后面加介词in再加名词的机构,如similarinappearance(外表相像)。9.WhatcouldIachieveifIwerereallyintopphysicalcondition?本句中用了虚拟语气,从句中用过去时(be动词用were),主句中用could或should/would/might加动词原形,表示的是与现在事实相反的假设,如:1)Ifhewereontime,wewouldn'thavetowaitforhim.(如果他能准时,我们就不用等他了。)2)Iftheyhadtimenow,theywouldcometoseeus.(如果他们现在有时间,他们就来看我们了。)intopphysicalcondition意思是“身体很健康”。如:Theoldmanisintop(verygood,excellent…)physicalconditionthoughheisalready76.(老人虽已七十六岁,但身体非常健康。)10.Inthefinalanalysis,wethinkthatalthoughfitnesswillnotguaranteethatyouwilllivelonger,itcanhelpyouenjoytheyearsyoudolive.inthefinalanalysis意思是ultimately(归根结底),如:Theyrealizedinthefinal/lastanalysisthattheirjobwastotellpublicthefacts.(他们认识到他们的工作归根结底是把事实公诸于众。)guarantee的意思是保证,担保,后面可跟名词;todo或that从句。如:1)Wealthdoesn'tguaranteehappiness.(财富不能保证快乐。)2)Theyguaranteedtofinishtheworkintwohours.(他们保证在两个小时内完成这项工作。)3)Iguaranteethattheywillwinthegame.(我保证他们会赢这场比赛)。do在句中起强调作用。本课主要短语(phrasesandexpressions)1.setaside2.amisuseof3.nobetterthan4.preparefor/makepreparationsfor5.bephysicallyfit6.beseenas7.ratherthan8.proorcon9.involvementin/be/become/getinvolvedin10.inpursuitof11.beengagedin12.have(no)difficultydoingsth.13.getsupportfrom14.makecommitmentto15.narrowinscope16.approachto17.intopphysicalcondition18.becapableof19.keepinmind20.inthefinalanalysis\nTextBpeopleandcolors短语表达1.ingeneralIngeneral,girlsdobetterontestaboutvocabularythanboys.Ingeneral,therearetwodifferentideasaboutwheretogo.2.remindsb.ofsth.Thewayhewalksremindsmeofhisfather.ThepictureremindsmeofthedaysIspentinthecountryside.3.associatewithPeopleusuallyassociatetheundergroundwithsomethingevil.Theyliketoassociatewithpeoplefromallwalksoflife.4.reacttoIcannotimaginehowtheaudiencewillreacttohisspeech.Youngchildrenreacttothecolorofanobjectbeforetheyreacttoitsshape.TextAnon-verbalconnunication本课主要单词1.non-verbaladj. wordless,withoutinvolvingtheuseoflanguage(非词语的,非语言的)non-是一个常用前缀,通常加在形容词,名词或副词前,表示“非”,“无”,“不是”,“不重要的”,“无价值的”。如nonbeliever(无信仰的人)nonsmoker(不抽烟的人),nonstop(不停的,直达的),nonviolence(非暴力的),nondegree(非学位的),nonbook(无真实价值的书)1)Gestureisaformofnon-verbalexpression.(手势是一种非语言的表达方式。)2)ProfessorWangisgoingtogiveusalectureonnon-verbalcommunication.(王教授将给我们做关于非语言交际问题的讲座。)3)Youwillhaveabetterideaofitafteryoureadtheverbalinstructions.(看了文字说明你就会对此有更深的了解。)2.oraladj.口头的1)Hegaveusanoralreportafterinspectingthefactory.(视察了那家工厂后,他给我们作了口头汇报。)2)TheywillhaveanoralEnglishtesttomorrowafternoon.(明天下午他们将有一个英语口试。)3)Hebroketheoralthermometerandhadtobuyanewone.(他摔坏了口腔温度计,不得不去买个新的。)3.approvaln. agreementtoanidea,plan,decision,etc.(赞成,同意);aformalstatementthatsth.isacceptable(认可批准)-al是一个名词后缀,用在动词后面构成名词,表示“动作”,“过程”。如:arrive——arrival deny——denial refuse——refusalsurvive——survival try——trial withdraw——withdraw等等我们以前也学习过-al做形容词后缀,如:brutal的),mortal(致命的),racial(种族的),social(社会的)等等1)Henoddedhisapprovalwhenweinformedhimofourplan.(当我们把计划告诉他时,他点头表示同意。)2)Hisproposalwontheapprovalofmanypeople.(他的建议赢得了许多人的支持。)3)Myideaisunlikelytomeetwiththeapprovalofmyparents.(我的想法不可能得到我父母的认可。)4)ThisprojecthastheapprovaloftheNationalTreasury.(这个项目得到了国家财政部的批准。)5)Shedidn'tconcealherdisapprovalofwhatwehaddone.(她毫不掩盖自己对我们所为的不赞成。)6)Thecolonellookedatthesoldierwithdisapproval.(上校以非难的目光看着那个士兵。)7)Hismarriagewasnotapprovedbyhisfamily.(他的家人不赞同他的婚姻。)8)Mybossapprovedofmyattendingtheconference.(老板同意我出席会议。)本句中的approve作不及物动词用,后面接of+(动)名词,不接复合宾语。4.frownn.v.皱眉;不满\n1)Hegavemeafrownofdisapproval.(他向我做了个不赞成的表情。)2)Shefrownedathermotherwhenshewasaskedtodosomehousework.(要她做点家务事时,她朝母亲皱眉头。)3)Criticsfrownedon/upontheidea.(评论家对这种意见表示不赞同。)5.reactionn.反应;对抗在前一单元中,我们学习了动词react,reaction是react的名词形式。无论用动词还是名词,当表示“对…作出反应”时,后面要用介词to。如:1)Howdidhereacttothenews?(他对此消息如何反应?)2)Whatwastheirreactiontoyourproposal?(他们对你的建议有何反应?)3)Iamnotsurehowhewillreacttosuchastraightforwardanswer.(我吃不准他会对如此直率的回答作出什么反应。)4)Whatwastheaudience'sreactiontohisspeech?(听众对他的发言有何反应?)6.embarrassv.使窘迫,使为难;麻烦,妨碍1)Shewasembarrassedbyherhusband'sdrunkenbehavior.(她丈夫的酒后举止使她难堪。)2)Itembarrassesmeeventothinkaboutit.(我连想想这件事都觉得不好意思。)3)Wedidn'twanttoembarrasshiminanyway.(我们一点也不想使他为难。)4)Wefoundhimembarrassedwithdebts.(我们发现他已经负债累累。)7.staffn.全体职工、参谋部v.为…配备工作人员1)Thecompanyhasgotastaffofmorethan800.(这家公司有800多名职工。)2)Theeditorialstaffofanewspaperdemandedpayincreases.(一家报纸的全体编辑人员要求增加工资。)3)Heservedasachiefofstaffinthearmy.(他在部队做参谋长。)4)Thelabsarestaffedwithtwoengineers.(实验室里配备了两名工程师。)5)Wemuststaffthecenterwithmenwithaformaltraining.(我们必须为中心配备受过正规训练的人员。)在第七单元中我们学过stuff这个词,并把staff和stuff做过比较,再请看几个例句,注意stuff的意思和用法。1)Thesecretaryhastogetallthestuffreadybeforethemeetingstarts.(会议开始前秘书得把所有的东西准备好。)2)——Doyouwantsomejelly?(你想来点果子冻吗?)——No,Ihatethestuff.(不,我讨厌那东西。)3)Thebusesarealwaysstuffedwithpassengersduringtherushhours.(上下班高峰时间,公共汽车上总是挤满了乘客。)4)Hereallywantedtostuffhisearswithcotton-woolwhenhismotherrattledon.(母亲喋喋不休时,他真想用棉托把耳朵堵上。)8.gesturen.姿势,手势;(外交等方面的)姿态 v.做手势1)Hegesturedtometositdown.(他示意我坐下。)2)Shegesturedwithherheadtowardsthecloseddoor.(她用头朝紧闭的门示意了一下。)3)Theoldmangesturedmetohisstudy.(老人示意我去他的书房。)4)Heraisedhishandsinagestureofdespair.(他举起双手以示绝望。)5)Whathehasdoneisjustapoliticalgesturetodrawpopularsupport.(他所做的只是争取民众支持的一种政治姿态。)9.proximityn.接近,亲近,近似这个词用得很正式,意思相当于closeness。如:1)Muchofthetown'sattractivenessliesinitsproximitytoNiagaraFalls.(这座城市吸引人的地方主要在于它离尼亚加拉瀑布很近。)2)Ihavegrownaccustomedtothecontinualproximityoftheanimals.(我已习惯总有动物在我附近。)3)beincloseproximityto(非常接近于)4)intheproximityof(在…附近)5)proximityofblood(近亲)6)proximityeffect(邻近效应)7)proximitytalks(近距离间接会谈)\n10.culturaladj.文化的在讲第三个单词approval时,我们提到-al可以做名词后缀用,也可以做形容词后缀用。在cultural这个单词中-al做形容词后缀用。1)Culturaldifferencescausedalotofmisunderstandings.(文化方面的差异造成了许多误解。)2)Thesepeopleshavedifferentculturaltraditions.(这些民族有着不同的文化传统。)3)Thiscityisoftenreferredtoasaculturaldesert.(这个城市常被称为文化沙漠。)11.invasionn.入侵,侵略这个单词的动词形式是invade。In是个前缀,意思是“into”,vade是个词根,意思是“togo”。-sion是个常用的名词后缀,加在动词后面构成名词。如:decide——decision(决定) pervade——pervasion(弥漫)evade——evasion(逃避)1)JapanlaunchedaninvasionintoChina.(日本入侵中国。)2)Thisisanevasionofindividualprivacy.(这是对个人隐私的干预。)3)Whatyouaredoingnowwillundoubtedlyinvadetherightsofothers.(你现在的所为无疑将侵犯他人的权利。)4)Noonewouldallowhisfamilyprivacytobeinvaded.(谁也不会允许自己的家庭私生活受到侵扰。)12.fiddlen.小提琴 v.拉提琴;不停拨弄;闲荡在口语中人们常用fiddle来表示演奏民间音乐的小提琴。请看几个例句,注意fiddle的意思。1)Inhiseyesfatherplaysfirstfiddleinthefamily.(在他看来父亲在家里居首要地位。)2)Hisfacewasaslongasafiddlewhenhisrequestwasrefused.(他的要求遭到拒绝时他拉长了脸。)3)Don'tworryabouthim.Heisasfitasafiddle.(别为他担心,他非常健康。)再请看fiddle做动词用时的意思:1)Hesatnervouslyfiddlingwithhisspectacles.(他坐在那儿紧张地拨弄他的眼镜。)2)Hedidn'tlikeanyonetofiddlewithhisbicycle.(他不喜欢任何乱动他的自行车。)3)Don'tfiddleabout,goandhelpyourmumwiththehousework.(别再闲荡了,去帮妈妈做家务。)4)FatherwasangrybecauseTomfiddledawaythewholeday.(父亲很生气,因为汤姆浪费了整整一天的时间。)13.wrigglev./n.蠕动,扭动,蜿蜒英语中以wr开首的单词,w通常不发音,如write(写),wrap(包扎),wrestle(摔跤),wretched(痛苦的),wring(拧),wrinkle(皱纹),wrong(错误的)1)Thechildwriggledoutofhismother'sarms.(那孩子扭动着挣脱了母亲的怀抱。)2)Asnakewriggledacrosstheroad.(一条蛇蜿蜒游过公路。)3)Hegotthroughtheholewithawriggle.(他扭动着身子从洞口钻了出去。)14.confessv.承认;坦白,供认1)Heconfessedhiscrimeinthefaceoftheevidence.(在证据面前,他认罪了。)2)Heconfessedhatinghispresentjob.(他承认他恨目前的工作。)3)IhavetoconfessthatIdidn'tunderstandwhatshesaid.(我不得不承认我没听懂她说的话。)4)Heconfessedtobeingadrugaddict.(他承认自己有毒瘾。)5)Thestudentrefusedtoconfesstohavingcheatedontheexam.(那个学生拒绝承认考试作弊。)从以上的例句中我们可以看出confess可以作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。作及物动词用时,confess的后面可以接名词、动名词和宾语从句等。作不及物动词用时,confess的后面要接介词to,其用法同于admittosth/doingsth15.intenseadj.强烈的,紧张的;热烈的1)Becauseoftheintenseheat,Isleptverylittlelastnight.(由于天气酷热,我昨夜没怎么睡。)2)Theintenselightdazzledmyeyes.(强光使我目眩。)3)Hehasintenseinterestincomputer.(他对计算机有极大的兴趣。)4)Diplomaticactivityhasbeenintenserecently.(近来外交活动紧张频繁。)16.briefadj.简短的,简洁的 v.作简要的介绍,汇报1)HewillgotoEnglandforabriefvisit.(他将去英国进行短期访问。)2)Sheonlymadeabriefstatementatthemeeting.(她在会上只作了简短的陈述。)3)Theybriefedthepressabouttherecenthappenings.(他们向报界通报最近发生的事情。)\n4)Theyhadbeenwellbriefedaboutthepoliticalsituation.(对政治形势他们已被简要告知。)17.volumen.卷册,书卷;体积;音量1)Thecommunityhasalibraryof12,000volumes.(这个社区有一个藏书12,000的图书馆。)2)ThepassengervolumethisMaywasnotasbiglastMay.(今天五月的客流量没有去年的大。)3)Turndownthevolumeplease.Thebabyissleeping.(宝宝在睡觉,请把音量调低。)本课简介谈到人与人之间的交流方式,人们会很自然地想到语言(口头语言或书面语言),而另一种人们在无意识之中常常运用的交流方式(非语言交际或称肢体语言)也正受到越来越多的关注和研究。一般的欧洲人会对自己所赞同的东西以微笑和点头的方式表示赞许,对自己所不赞同的东西则皱眉和摇头。不用说一句话,人们就可以此来表明自己的态度。肢体语言与文化是密切相关的,比如中国人的微笑不一定表示赞许,倒可能是出于不安。肢体语言可被分为五类:1)身体姿势和脸部表情2)目光交流3)肢体距离4)服装和外貌5)语言特性。关于第三点,不同的文化有不同的反映。在某些文化中,人们在交谈时紧挨在一起是很自然的事,而在其他中,如美国,这样做则是不甚妥当的。有些信号对所有的人来说都很熟悉。比如一个正跟你交谈的人不停地摆弄铅笔或眼镜,这就表明他很紧张。一个用手捂着嘴巴讲话的人则缺少自信。如果你坐在椅子里扭动身体,悄悄看手表,用手掩着嘴巴打哈欠,这就表明你感到倦了。某些信号可以人为地控制,但眼神不易控制。如果不是想表达心中挚爱,请别长时间地盯着别人的眼睛看,那样会令人尴尬。本课语言点1.Thatisn'tacatchquestion.catch多用作动词,意思是“抓住;赶上;感染到;着(火);领会”。如:1)Thethiefwascaughtbythepoliceonthescene.(小偷被警察当场抓住。)2)Hedidn'tcatchthelasttrain.(他没赶上末班火车。)3)Hecaughtabadcoldlastweek.(他上周得了重伤风。)1)Thebuildingcaughtfireandmanypeopleweretrappedinit.(大楼着了火,许多人被困在里面。)2)Sorry,Ididn'tquitecatchyou.(对不起,我没听清你的话。)在本课文的这个句子中,catch用作名词,意思是ahiddenproblem,difficulty,orobstacleinsth.(难人的问题,诡计)。如:1)Thereisacatchinit.(这里面有蹊跷。)2)Don'tworry.Therearenocatchquestionsinthepaper.(别担心,试卷里没有怪题。)3)Hewastakensurprisebythecatchquestion.(那个怪题使他诧异。)2.Itwouldalmostcertainlyrefertomeansofcommunicationthatinvolvetheuseofwords.在第四单元中我们已经学过referto(提到,涉及)这个短语。再请看几个例句。1)Inhisspeechhereferredtothedifficultiestheyhadovercome.(在发言中,他提到了他们所克服的困难。)2)Whathesaidatthemeetingdoesn'trefertoyou.(他在会上所说的不是指你。)在第二单元和第二十二单元中,我们已学过动词involve和名词involvement,再请看下面的例句,注意involve在本课文中的意思和用法。1)IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tgetmyselfinvolvedinthisproblem.(如果我是你,我不会让自己卷进这个问题中。)2)Shedidn'twanttobeinvolvedintrouble.(她不想卷入纠纷。)以上两例句中,involve都是“卷入,陷入,牵涉”的意思。3)ToacceptthejobwouldinvolvemylivinginLondon.(若接受这份工作,我必须得住在伦敦。)4)Buildingthisroadwillinvolvetheconstructionofsometunnels.(造这条路包括建造一些隧洞。)在例句3)和4)中,involve的意思是“必须包括某种结果”。在involve后面必须用名词或者动名词。3.NVCforshort.这是一个省略句,补充完整应该是Non-verbalcommunicationiscalledNVCforshort.(非语言交际被简称为/缩写为NVC.)\nforshort是个常用短语,意思是“简称;缩写”。如:1)UnidentifiedflyingobjectiscalledUFOforshort.(不明飞行物被简称为UFO)2)People'sRepublicofChinaisftenwrittenasP.R.C.forshort.(中华人民共和国常被缩写为P.R.C.)4.…theaverageEuropeanwillsmileandnodapproval.在第三单元中我们已经学过average这个词。average可以做形容词、名词和动词用。如:1)Theaveragedriverthinksthataccidentsonlyhappentootherpeople.(司机一般都认为事故只发生在其他人身人。)2)Weaveraged70milesanhour.(我们平均每小时行70公里。)3)Hisperformanceisabovetheaverage.(他的成绩在一般水平之上。)在本课文的这个句子中,average做形容词用,意思是“普通的”。nod可以用作及物动词、不及物动词和名词。如:1)Theynoddedagreement.(他们点头表示同意。)2)HenoddedmeawelcomewhenIwentin.(我进去时,他向我点头表示欢迎。)3)Inoddedtohimingreeting.(我向他点头打招呼。)4)Fathernoddedinapprovalwhenhelistened.(父亲听着时点头表示赞同。)5)Homersometimesnods.(智者千虑,必有一失。)6)Hedidn'tgiveourplanthenod.(他没有同意我们的计划。)5.…becausebodylanguageisverymuchtiedtoculture…本句中的betiedtosth.意思是berelatedto,havetodowith(与…有关),如:1)Manydiseasesaretiedtosmoking.(许多疾病与吸烟有关。)2)Themisunderstandingwastiedtoculturaldifferences.(这个误会与文化差异有关。)betiedto也可以表示berestrictedby(受…约束),如:1)Shewastiedtohouseworkandwouldn'tbeabletocome.(她被家务事束缚,无法前来。)2)Ifyouhavesmallchildren,youwillbetiedtoyourhome.(如果你有小孩子,你就会被束缚在家了。)6.QuitealotofworkisnowbeingdoneonthesubjectofNVC,whichisobviouslyimportant,forinstance,tomanagers,whohavetodealeverydaywiththeirstaff,andhavetounderstandwhatotherpeoplearefeelingiftheyaretocreategoodworkingconditions.本句中,which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰NVC;who引导的也是非限定性定语从句,修饰managers;what引导的是宾语从句,做understand的宾语。一般说来,用which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰表物的先地词;用who引导的非限定性定语从句则修饰表人的先行词;也可用关系副词where或when引导非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句分开,而且引导从句的关系代词which,that和关系副词where,when不能省略。1)Iwanttobuythehouse,whichhasagarden.(我想买那座房子,它有一个花园。)2)Thestudents,whowantedtogooutonapicnic,weredisappointedwhenitrained.(学生们想出去野餐,天下雨了大家都感到失望。)3)Thefootballmatchwillbeputofftillnextweek,whenwecangeteverythingready.(足球赛将推迟到下周,那时我们能把一切准备就绪。)4)Theplace,wherewestayed,haschangedsomuch.(那个地方我们住过,那儿的变化很大。)dealwith的意思是“对付,打交道”。如:1)Heisnoteasytodealwith.(他不容易打交道。)2)Idon'tknowhowtodealwiththissituation.(我不知道如何应付这种局面。)7.Iexpectyouunderstandallthose,exceptperhaps“proximity”.动词expect通常有如下用法:1)except+宾语(名词或代词)Iamexpectingaletter.(我在等信。)Theteacherisexpectingyou.(老师在等你。)2)expect+(宾语)+动词不定式Iexpecttobebacknextweek.(我预计下周回来。)Ididn'texpecthimtocomesoearly.(我没料到他会来得这么早。)3)expect+that从句\nHedidn'texpectthattheworkcouldbesodifficult.(他没料到这工作会如此艰难。)Theyexpectedthatthewarwouldendsoon.(他们期望战争早日结束。)在本课文的句子中,except后面跟的是省略了that的宾语从句。8.Apersonwhoholdsahandoverhismouthwhenheistalkingissignalingthatheislackinginconfidence.在第十六单元中我们学过lack这个词。lack可以用作动词或名词,lacking用作形容词。lack和lacking用法如下:1)lack用作名词:(for)lackof(因)缺乏Heshowedacompletelackofconfidence.(他显得毫无信心。)Thecasewasdismissedforlackofevidence.(因缺乏证据,那个案子被驳回了。)2)lack用作及物动词:lacksthYourarticlelacksconcertexample.(你的文章缺少具体的例子。)Shelackspatienceindealingwithchildren.(与孩子打交道她缺少耐心。)3)lacking用作形容词:belackinginsth.Philipwasnotlackinginability.(菲力普并不缺少能力。)Hisreceptionofuswaslackinginwarmth.(他对我们的接待缺少热情。)9.Thesearebothprettyobvioussignals.通常pretty用作形容词,而在本句中pretty作副词用。如:1)Shewashappytoliveintheprettyvalley.(住在美丽的山谷里她很开心。)2)Theprettylittlegirlbroughtmuchdelighttoherfamily.(那个漂亮的小姑娘给全家带来了莫大的快乐。)3)Iwillbebackprettysoon.(我不久就回来。)4)Shefeltprettytired.(她感到相当累。)5)Iamprettycertaintheperformancewillbeasuccess.(我相当有把握演出会成功。)10.Infact,non-verbalcommunicationcar,asthesayinggoes,speakvolumes.asthesayinggoes意思是“正如成语所说,俗话说”。在本句中,asthesayinggoes做插入语。speakvolumes意思是“很有意义;含义很深;充分说明”。如:1)Theonephotographspeaksvolumes.(这一张照片就很有意义。)2)Thelookonherfacespokevolumes.她的脸色意味深长。)3)Hersilencespokevolumesforherattitude.(她的沉默清楚地表明了她的态度。)本课主要词组1.meansof2.involvesth/doingsth3.referto4.agreewith5.communicatesth.tosb.6.tieto/betiedto7.inorderto8.becategorizedinto9.becommonto10.fiddlewith11.belackingin12.startdoingsth.13.andsoon14.infact15.giveoff16.lookaway17.inembarrassment18.forshort19.asthesayinggoes20.speakvolumes\nTextBbodytalk短语表达1.talkalikingtoHecouldn'tunderstandwhythebosssuddenlytookalikingtohim.2.chancesarethat…Chancesarethathewillnotbeabletogetthejob.3.anything…butItisnotanythingyousaybutsomethingyoudothatcounts.4.devotetoFatheraskedhimtodevotehisattentiontohisstudy.5.apartfromApartfromthisconsideration,thereisnootherreasonwhyweshouldnotgo.6.beinvolvedinHewasnotinvolvedinthescandal.7.tendtoHetendstogetirritatedifyoupresshimforananswer.8.beawareofHeisnotawareofthemistakehehasmade.9.accordingtoYouhavetodoaccordingtowhathesaid.10.complainofThemomenthegotin,hebegantocomplainoftheweather.11.letaloneHewouldn'thesitatetodieforher,letalonegivehersomehelp.12.behostiletoNoknowswhyheissohostiletohisbrother.13.impresssb.withsth.Heimpresseduswithhissincerity.14.takenoteofHedidn'ttakenoteoftheweatherforecastandwascaughtinaheavyrain.15.goonIdidn'tknowanythingaboutwhatwasgoingonoutside.TextAsavingtherainforestsforfuturegenerations本课主要单词1.rainforestn.热带雨林这是一个由名词rain加名词forest构成的复合名词。用rain加名词构成的复合名词,英语中还有不少。如:rainbelt(雨带),rainworm(蚯蚓)等等。2.economicadj.经济(上)的,经济学的economic是economy的形容词形式,economical也是economy的形容词形式,请看下面的例句,注意区别economic和economical。1)economic:concernedwitheconomicsandwiththeorganizationofmoneyindustry,andtradeofacountry,region,orsocialgroupeconomicgrowth(经济增长)economicprosperity(经济繁荣)economicdecline(经济衰退)economicreform(经济改革)economicorder(经济秩序)economicdepression(经济萧条)economiccrisis(经济危机)economicdoctrines(经济学说)2)economical:cheap,careful,efficient\nThiscariseconomicaltorun.(开这辆车费用很省。)Thechildissoeconomicalthathesavesallhispocketmoney.(那个孩子很节省,他把零花钱都积攒了起来。)形容词economic和economical的副词形式都是economically。Thisregionisunevenlydevelopedeconomically.(这一地区的经济发展不平衡。)Itisnecessarythatweshouldlearntoliveeconomically.(我们学会节俭地生活是必要的。)3.deforestation砍伐森林de-是前缀,意思是“除去,分离”。-ation是名词后缀。用de-做前缀的词在英文中也是比较常见的,如:defrost(去冰或霜),dehydrate(脱水),detach(分离,解开)等等。Thedeforestationofrainforestswillgreatlyupsetecologicalsystems.(热带雨林植物的毁灭将对生态系统造成严重影响。)TheAmazonBasinisquicklybecomingdeforested.(亚马逊盆地的植被将被砍伐殆尽。)4.consequencen.result,effect(结果,后果)1)Theyoungmanwoulddowhathelikesregardlessoftheconsequences.(那个年轻人将不顾后果去做他喜欢的事。)2)Theyfoundthemselvesinadilemmaasaconsequenceofrapidchangesinsociety.(由于社会的飞速发展他们发现自己处于进退两难的境地。)3)Heisamanofgreatconsequence.(他是一个举足轻重的人。)4)Hewillhavetotaketheconsequencesifhedoesn'tapologize.(如果他不道歉,一切后果将由他承担。)consequentlyadv.therefore,so,asaresult(所以,因此)Therainwasheavyandconsequentlythefootballmatchwasputoff.(雨下得很大,因此足球赛被延期了。)5.massiveadj.extremelylarge(大而重的;大规模的,大量的)1)Themassiveincreaseinoilpricesputthetaxi-driversinadifficultsituation.(燃油价格的大幅上升使出租车司机们面临困难。)2)Hesawmassivechangesinthevillagewhenhewentthere20yearslater.(20年后回到那个村子,他发现那儿的变化很大。)3)Amassiveyoungmaninpoliceuniformcamein.(一个身着警服身材魁梧的年轻人走了进来。)6.upsetv.messup;turnoveraccidentally;(弄乱;打翻);makesb.worriedorunhappy(使苦恼) adj.beunhappyordisappointed,distressed(心烦意乱的,心情不安的)1)Heupsetacupofcoffeeonthecarpet.(他把一杯牛奶打翻在地毯上。)2)Makesurethathestayswhereheis.Ifhecomes,hewillupsetthewholeatmosphere.(确保他呆在他该呆的地方。如果他来了会把整个气氛搅乱。)3)Thenewsupsethim.(那消息使他心烦意乱。)4)Shewasupsetabouttherumours.(她为那些谣言感到十分烦恼。)5)Hewasupsettolearnthathisproposalwasnotdiscussedatthemeeting.(他听说自己的建议没在会议上被讨论而感到沮丧。)6)Theywereupsetbythepovertytheysawinthatarea.(他们为在那一地区看到的贫困现象而苦恼。)注意:upset作形容词用,在句子中做表语时,以及upset作动词用时,应该成/Λp′set/;upset作形容词用,在句子中做定语时,应读成/′Λpset/.还应注意,upset做动词用时,其过去式,过去分词与动词的原形相同。7.ecosystemn.生态系统eco是一个词根,意思是“环境(的)”,“生态(的)”;“家庭(的)”,“经济(的)”。如:ecology(生态学),ecocide(生态灭绝),ecoclimate(生态气候);economy(经济),economic(经济学的,经济上的)。8.erosionn.腐蚀,侵害erosion是动词erode的名词形式。rod,ros是词根,意思是gnaw(咬)。e-是前缀,相当于ex-,意思是out。以rod或ros作词根的词,如:corrode(腐蚀;侵蚀),emerge(出现),evaporize(蒸发),erase(擦去)1)Theydecidetoplantmoretreestopreventsoilerosion.(他们决定种更多的树以防土壤受侵蚀。)2)Theyprotestedstronglyagainsterosionsofcivilrights.(他们强烈抗议对公民权的侵害。)9.droughtn.干旱季节,旱灾1)Thelandisinastateofdrought.(土地干旱。)\n2)InmanypartsofChina,peoplearefightingdrought.(在中国的许多地区,人们在抗旱。)请注意区别drought和draught。drought也用作名词,意思是拉,拖,牵引;①被拉的东西,如:Thatdroughtwastoomuchforthehorsetopull.(那负荷太重了,马拉不动。)②鲜啤酒,散装啤酒,如:Givehimaglassofdraught,please.(请给他一杯散装啤酒。)③一饮的量;吸入,如:Hedrankthewineinonedraught.(他一口喝干了那酒。)10.globaladj.球形的;全球的,世界的;普遍的,总的global是名词globe的形容词形式,-al是形容词后缀,常用在名词后面构成形容词。如regional(局部的,地区的),emotional(情感的),seasonal(季节的)。1)Theearthisaglobalmass.(地球是一个球形体。)2)Theglobaleconomicgrowthisonthedeclinethisyear.(今年总体经济增长呈下降趋势。)3)Aglobalpictureoftheirprogresscanbeobtainedfromthesemarks.(从这些分数中你可以得到他们进步的全貌。)4)I'lltrytogiveyouaglobalideaofthesituation.(我将尽力把形势的总体情况告诉你。)5)Hemakesfriendswithpeoplefromeverycorneroftheglobe.(他与来自世界各地的人们交朋友。)11.contributevt.贡献;捐助;投稿 vi.起作用,有助于;捐献;投稿1)Theycontributedfoodandmedicinetopeopleinthefloodedarea.(他们向受淹地区的人们捐助食物和药品。)2)Hedidn'tcontributeanyideatothediscussion.(他在讨论中没有提出任何意见。)3)Shecontributesarticlestothenewspaperweekly.(她每周为那家报纸撰稿。)4)Thetwosisterscontributedtotheirmother'ssupport.(两姐妹合力赡养母亲。)5)I'msureyoursuggestionwillcontributetosolvingtheproblem.(我相信你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。)6)Theyaredeterminedtomakecontributionstopublicsafety.(他们决心为公众安全作出贡献。)请注意区别contributeto(doing)sth.和devoteto(doing)sth.。这两个短语都表示“为…贡献”,但表示“献身于某一事业或目标”时,要用devoteto(doing)sth.。而在contribute后面不接one'slife或oneself。如:1)Shedevotedallherlifetothewelfareofwomenandchildren.(她一生致力于妇女和儿童的福利事业。)2)Hedevotedhimselftoteachinginthemountainvillage.(他致力于在那个山村教书。)3)Airpollutioncontributestorespiratorydiseases.(空气污染会引起呼吸道疾病。)再注意区别contribute与distribute。contribute:①givemoneyinordertohelpsomeone ②helptomakesth.successful ③influencesth.distribute:①giveout,handout(分发) ②sharesth.amongthemembersofaparticulargroup(分布) ③supplysth.tosb.(销售商品于特定的市场;运送货物给个别顾客)1)Theteacherdistributedthepaperstothestudents.(教师把试卷分发给学生。)2)Fuelresourcesareunevenlydistributed.(燃料资源分布不匀。)3)Theydistributedtheircarsthroughouttheworld.(他们的汽车销往世界各地。)12.greenhousen.暖房,温室green表示“绿色”,也可作形容词用表示“缺乏经验的;幼稚的;青春的”等等。下面我们看看与green有关的一些复合词以及表达:greenback(美钞) greenbelt(绿化地带)green-carder(绿卡持有者)greenroom(剧场里的演员休息室) agreenhand(生手)thegreenyears(青春年华) green-eyedmonster(嫉妒)greenhouseeffect(温室效应) greenrevolution(绿色革命)13.polaradj.南极的,北极的;两种相反性质的-ar是形容词后缀,如popular(受欢迎的,民众的),similar(类似的)1)Mostinsectsdon'tliveinpolarregions.(大多数昆虫在两极地区不存在。)2)Theyarethinkingabouthowtosurviveinapolarwinter.(他们正在考虑如何在极地冬季生存。)3)Afterreadinghisreportyoucanseethatheholdspolarviewpoints.(读完他的报告你就能明白他的观点正好相反。)\n14.recedevi.①movefurtherawayintodistance(远去) ②graduallybecomelessclear(变模糊) ③withdraw(撤回)1)Theplanegraduallyoutofsight.(飞机渐渐远去看不见了。)2)Thememorywasrecedingandhecouldn'trememberanything.(记忆在变得模糊,他什么也想不起来了。)3)Herecededfromhispromise.(他背弃了自己的诺言。)4)Thearticlerecededfromthenewspaper.(这篇文章从报纸上撤下了。)请注意区别recede和secede。secedevi.Withdrawformallyfrommembershipinagroup,association,organization,etc.;tobreakoffone'sconnectionwithothers,asinapoliticalorreligiousgroup(从宗教、政党、联盟等组织中退出,脱离)1)NineStatessecededfromtheUniongovernmentandestablishedtheirownconfederategovernment.(九个州脱离联邦政府,成立了自己的邦联政府。)2)TheysecededfromtheEEC.(他们从欧洲经济共同体中退出。)15.pharmaceuticaladj.药物的,药学的n.药品请看下面几个单词,对记忆和理解pharmaceutical会有帮助。pharmacy药学 pharmaceutics制药学pharmacology药理学 pharmaceutist药剂师16.derivev.由…得到;起源,由…派生1)Theyderiveenormouspleasurefromreading.(他们从阅读中得到了极大的乐趣。)2)Hesaidhederivednorealsatisfactionfromhiswork.(他说他从工作中得不到真正的满足。)3)ThiswordisderivedfromLatin.(这个单词从拉丁语派生而来。)4)Electricpowercanbederivedfromthesun-warmedsurfacewatersoftheocean.(电力可以从晒热的海洋水面获得。)17.senselessadj.无知觉的;愚蠢的,无意义的1)Hefellsenselesstotheground.(他昏倒在地。)2)Itwasasenselessthingtodoso.(这样做毫无意义。)3)Heputforwardsomesenselessproposalsatthemeeting.(他在会上提出了几个愚蠢的建议。)18.overpopulatedadj.人口过密的over-是一个前缀,意思是toomuch(过度,太过),如:overcrowd(过度,拥挤),overdo(过度烹煮),overeat(吃得过多),overestimate(估计过高)等等。popul是个词根,意思是people(人),如:populous(人口稠密的),depopulation(人口减少),populace(大众)等等。1)Thecityisnoisy,overpopulated,andseriouslypolluted.(这座城市喧闹,人口过多而且污染严重。)2)Overpopulationhascausedmanyproblems.(人口过多已经造成了许多问题。)19.cancelv.calloff,giveup(取消),delete(删除)1)Theperformancewillhavetobecancelledbecauseofanaccident.(由于意外,演出不得不取消。)2)Theflightwascancelledbecauseofthesnow-storm.(航班因暴风雪而取消。)3)Theywon'tbeabletocometonight,Ihavetocancelthehotelreservations.(他们今晚来不了了,我得取消旅馆预定。4)Cancelthenastywordsfromyourcomposition.(把你作文中的那些下流的词语删掉。)20.owen.欠(债等),应该向(某人)付出1)Heownedher200dollars.(他欠她200美元。)2)Heownedthelandladytwomonths'rent.(他欠房东太太两个月的房租。)3)Sheownedhersuccesstohardwork.(她把成功归因于辛勤工作。)4)Heoweshislifetoakindheartedman.(多亏一位好心人他才活了下来。)21.selectv.选择,挑选,选拔1)Theyselectbooksthatareusefultothem.(他们挑选那些对他们有用的书。)2)Youcanselectfriendsfromyourschoolmates.(你可以在同学中挑选朋友。)3)Theyvotedtoselectanewmonitor.(他们投票挑选新班长。)22.exportv.输出,出口 n.输出品;输出,出口\n这个单词用作动词时,发音的重音在后面的第二个音节上,用作名词时,重音在第一个音节上。ex-是前缀,表示out,port是词根,表示carry。1)Theybannedallexportsofweapons.(他们禁止武器出口。)2)Theygrowcoffee,cottonandbananasforexports.(他们种植咖啡、棉花和香蕉出口。)3)Onethirdofexportsfromindustrialnationsgotothedevelopingcountries.(工业国家三分之一的出口品进入发展中国家。)4)Rawmaterialsareexportedatlowprices.(原材料的出口价格低廉。)本课简介 从巴西到印度尼西亚,热带雨林被砍伐、被焚烧,也许在2050年之前,它们就会从地球表面消失。最新的数据表明,仅去年一年,被毁的热带雨林面积就大于大不列颠群岛和爱尔兰群岛的面积之和。照此下去,后果严重。生态系统将遭严重破坏,土壤流失加剧,洪水泛滥,旱灾肆虐,全球气候将受影响,珍稀的动、植物也将可能消失。热带雨林的焚毁是引起温室效应的原因之一。温室效应导致极地的冰层回缩,因而平均气温升高,海平面上升。 热带雨林是一个具有无限潜力的医药百宝箱,2000种热带雨林植物可能有助于抗癌,在当今的药品市场上,每125种从植物提取的药品中就有15种来自于热带雨林。除了植物,热带雨林所独有的珍稀鸟类和动物也在以每年一种的速度灭绝。 在如此严峻的事实面前,毁林事件仍旧频频发生。原因何在?热带雨林通常位于人口过多的贫穷国家,这些国家的政府无力阻止人们毁坏雨林。政府无钱帮助穷人,所以当穷人们以砍伐树木为生时,他们只能视而不见。另外,对于这些国家来说,珍贵的木材和其他资源是重要的外汇来源,他们急需外汇偿还外债、购买国外设备和其他物品。 如何解决这一问题?富裕的国家有责任帮助那些贫穷的国家取消外债、发展经济,并教育贫困国家的人们正确对待雨林,合理科学地利用雨林。富裕国家也可以减少使用木材产品。总之保护雨林已刻不容缓。本课主要语言点1.RainforestsarebeingcutandburnedfromBraziltoIndonesiaatsucharatethattheycouldwelldisappearfromtheearth'ssurfacebeforetheyear2050.“arebeingcutandburned”是现在进行时被动语态。如:1)Theproblemisbeingdiscussednow.(这个问题现在正在讨论。)2)ThecarisbeingrepairedbyMr.Smith.(那辆车正由史密斯先生修理。)“atsucharatethat”(以这样的速度(砍伐、焚烧)以致于…)。我们曾讲过程度副词such和so的区别。一般来说,such的后面接名词,而so的后面接形容词或副词。如:1)Hespokeforsuchalongtimethatpeoplebegantofeelbored.(他讲了那么长时间,人们开始觉得厌烦了。)2)Hemadesucharapidprogressthatbothhisteachersandhisparentswerehappy.(他取得了飞快的进步,他的老师和父母都觉得高兴。)3)Itwassuchafinedaythatwedecidedtogoforawalk.(天气这样好,我们打算去散步。)4)TheworkwassodifficultthatIcouldn'tfinishitin2hours.(这项工作太难,两小时内我完不成。)5)ShespokesofastthatIcouldcatchher.(她讲话太快,我没听懂他的意思。)“theycouldwelldisappear”他们很可能消失。well在本句中的意思是“很可能的,很”。如:1)Itmightwellturnouttrue.(这很可能会成为真的。)2)It'swellworthtrying.(这很值得一试。)3)Hemustbewelloverforty.(他很可能大大超过四十岁了。)2.Theyarebeingclearedforvaluabletimberandotherresourcestospeeduptheeconomicgrowthofthenationsinwhichtheyarelocated.本句中的clear用作动词,意思是remove(清除),如:1)Brazil'sforestswerebeingclearedattherateofalmost7,000squaremilesayear.(巴西的森林以每年近7,000平方英里的速度被清除。)2)Thechildrenwerehelpingmeclearweedsfromthegarden.(孩子们在帮助我清除花园里的杂草。)speedup是个常用短语,意思是increasethespeed\n1)Tomspeededupandovertookhisclassmates.(汤姆加快了速度,赶上他的同学们。)注意speed用在词组动词中时,其过去式和过去分词为speeded,其他情况下,其过去式和过去分词为sped。2)Africa'spopulationgrowthspeededup.(非洲的人口增长加速。)3)Badhousingandpovertyspeedupthebreakdownoffamilylife.(恶劣的住房条件和贫困加快了家庭的破裂。)表示“坐落于某地”时,locate常用在被动语态中,belocated。inwhichtheyarelocated中的they指rainforests,which指nations。1)Thefactoryislocatedinthesuburb.(那家工厂坐落于郊区。)2)Thehospitalislocatedinthecenterofthecity.(医院坐落于市中心。)3.Accordingtomanyscientists,theburningofrainforestsisalsodirectlycontributingtotheso-calledgreenhouseeffect.contributeto在本句中的意思是helptobringabout(促战,造成)。如:1)Yoursuggestionwillcontributetosolvingtheproblem.(你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。)2)Carelessnesscontributedtohiserrors.(粗心大意造成了他的错误。)so-called用作形容词,意思是“所谓的”。如:1)Hewasdeceivedbyhisso-calledfriend.(他被所谓的朋友骗了。)2)Theso-calledChristianevenshowednolovetohisownchildren.(这个所谓的基督徒连对自己的孩子都没有爱心。)effect在句中用作名词,意思是“效果,效应”,在第三单元中我们对名词effect和动词affect做过详细讲解,再请看几个例句。1)Thesoundeffectofthismovieisgreat.(这部电影的音响效果很棒。)2)Excessivesmokingwillhaveabadeffectonyourhealth.(吸烟过多将会给你的身体带来不良影响。)3)Toomuchrainfallaffectedtheharvest.(过多的雨水影响了收成。)4)IhopewhatIhavesaidwon'taffectyourdecision.(希望我的话不会影响你的决定。)4.Itisamedicinechestofunlimitedpotential.chest可以指胸腔或柜子、箱子,medicinechest是“药箱”的意思。potential在句中用作名词,意思是“潜力”,potential也可用作形容词,意思是“潜在的”。1)Theyaredeterminedtotaptheirpotentialtothefull.(他们决心充分挖掘自己的潜力。)2)Theaimofthisadvertisementistoattractpotentialcustomers.(这则广告的目标是吸引潜在的顾客。)3)Youhavetoknowmoreaboutthepotentialdemandofthemarket.(你得对市场上可能达到的需求量有更多的了解。)5.Intoday'spharmaceuticalmarket15ofthe125drugsderivedfromplantswerediscoveredintherainforest.derivedfromplants是现在分词短语做定语,相当于被动语态的定语从句。如:1)Thebeerboughtfromthesupermarketisverylight.(在超市买的那啤酒口味很淡。)2)Thecandymadefromcactustastesstrange.(用仙人掌做的糖果味道很怪。)15ofthe125意思是125中的15。再如twoofthethree(三个中的两个)derivefrom意思是getfrom,obtainfrom,如:1)Muchofhisknowledgeisderivedfrombooks.(他的许多知识得自书本。)2)Hederivedhisstoriesfromhisexperiencesinthecountryside.(他的故事来自于他在农村的经历。)6.Rarebirdsandanimalsthatcannotbefoundanywhereelseintheworldhavebeendisappearingattherateofoneayearsincetheturnofthecentury.句中的else是形容词,常接在不定代词的后面,表示“其他的,别的”,如:1)IsthereanythingelseIcandoforyou?(我还能为你做些别的事吗?)2)Didanybodyelseknowthis?(有其他人知道这件事吗?)3)Hedidn'tgoanywhereelse.(他没去其他地方。)oneayear意思是“每年一种”。这种表达方式在英语中很常用,如:1)Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.(每日三次服这种药。)2)Theymetthreetimesaweek.(他们每周见三次。)3)Hefinishes5booksamonth.(他一个月读完五本书。)当时间状语用since引导时,句子中的时态常用完成时。如:1)HehasbeenlivingheresincehecametoNanjing5yearsago.(自从他五年前来到南京,他就一直住在这儿。)\n2)Theyhaven'tseeneachothersincelastMay.(自去年五月起,他们一直没见过面。)turn在句中做名词,意思是“转折点”。sincetheturnofthecentury意思是“自本世纪初(或上世纪末)。”1)Hehasn'twrittenhomesincetheturnoftheyear.(自去年底以来他还未给家里写过信。)2)Attheturnofthetwocenturies,theyhadmanyheartywishesfortheirfamily.(在两个世纪交替之时,他们对家人有许多衷心的祝愿。)7.Inthefaceofallthesefacts,itseemssenselessforcountriestocontinuedestroyingtheirrainforests.介词短语inthefaceof意思是“面对”。如:1)Theydidn'tgiveupinthefaceofadversity.(面对逆境,他们没有放弃。)1)Hekepthisheadinthefaceofflattery.(面对奉承,他保持镇静。)itseemssenselessforsb.todosth.(对于某人来说做某事是愚蠢的)it是形式主语,动词不定式真正的主语。这种句式我们已多次碰到过。如:1)Itisimportantforustogetintocontactwiththemassoonaspossible.(我们尽快与他们取得联系是很重要的。)2)Itseemsuselessforyoutoarguefurtherwithhim.(你再跟他争辩下去似乎是毫无意义的。)在动词continue的后面既可以用动词不定式也可以用动名词,意思都是“不间断地做某事”。如:1)Itisnecessaryforustocontinuetolearnthingsinlife.(我们在生活中不断学习是必要的。)2)Hecontinueddoinghishomework.(他继续做家庭作业。)8.…thegovernmentoftenhavenochoicebuttoturnablindeye.havenochoicebuttodosth.(别无选择,只能…),如:1)Ihadnochoicebuttotakethelasttraintogohome.(我别无选择,只能乘末班火车回家。)2)Theyhadnochoicebuttoaccepttheterm.(他们别无选择,只能接受这个条件。)turnablindeye(tosth.)(对…视而不见),类似的表达不有turnadeafeartosth.,如:1)Heturnedablindeyetothemessyroom(他对凌乱的房间视而不见。)2)Themanagerturnedadeafeartothecustomers'complaintsaboutthepoorservice.(顾客报怨服务太差,经理对此置若罔闻。)9.…whichtheybadlyneedtopayofftheirforeigndebtsandpurchaseforeignequipmentandothergoods.badly在本句中用作副词,意思是extremely。如:1)Iambadlyinneedofadvice.(我急需建议。)2)Weneedthemoneybadly.(我们非常需要这笔钱。)payoff的意思是payallthatisowed(清偿)。如:1)Itbookhim6yearstopayoffthedebt.(他花了六年时间才还清那笔债。)2)Hewon'tbeabletopayoffahomeallhislife.(他一辈子也不能付清购买住房所下的钱。)equipment是不可数名词,不可在其后加s。goods是复数名词,意思是“商品;货物”。10.…howtoselecttreesworthexportingandtocutonlythosetreesdownwhileleavingtherest,sothatthebasicmakeupoftheforestwouldnotbedisturbed.形容词worth后面通常接动名词或名词。如:1)Thisbookisworthreading.(这本书值得一读。)2)Theequipmentisworth10,000dollars.(这台设备值一万美元。)请注意区别worth,worthy和worthwhile:1)beworth+n.=beworthyof+n.Thismatterisworthconsideration.Thismatterisworthyofconsideration.2)beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdonetobedoneThismatterisworthconsidering.Thismatterisworthyofbeingconsidered.tobeconsidered.3)Itisworthwhiledoingsth.\ntodosth.Itisworthwhiletoconsiderthematter.consideringthematter.make-up在句中用作名词,意思是“组成,构造”。如:1)Hedidn'tknowthemake-upofthemineral.(他不知道这种矿物质的构成。)2)Themake-upofChinesecharactersishardformanyforeigners.(对许多外国人来说汉字的构造很难。)make-up还可以表示“化妆”、“虚构”、“补考”。11.Lastbutnotleast,…本句的意思是thelastpointbutnottheleastimportantone(最后一点,但并不是最不重要的点。)本课主要短语及表达1.atsucharate2.speedup3.belocated4.beallowedto5.accordingto6.contributeto7.derivefrom8.continuedoing9.inthefaceof10.continuedoing11.stopsb.fromdoingsth.12.cutdown13.turnablindeye14.payoff15.regard…as16.makealiving17.beworthdoing18.make…into…19.onthespot20.inadditiontoTextBlifeinthetundra短语表达1.beknownasChinaisknownasoneofthefourancientcivilizations.Sheisknownasagreatsinger.2.adapttoItishardforhimtoadapttothefoodandclimatethere.Heiswelladaptedtotheharshenvironment.3.threattoHeartdiseasesaremajorthreatstolife.Darknessisathreattohim.4.tosomedegreeIagreewithyoutosomedegree.Tosomedegreehehatedhiswork.5.asifbymagic\nHisfaceturnedgreenasifbymagic.Thesunappearedaftertherainasifbymagic.6.givebirthtoMrs.Browngavebirthtoababygirllastweek.Thesummersungivesbirthtomanyspeciesofarcticplants.7.insearchofThewholefamilywasoutinsearchofthelostpetdog.Allhislifehehasbeeninsearchofthemeaningoflife.8.migratetoManybirdsmigratetothesouthinwinter.HemigratedfromCanadatotheUnitedStateswhenhewas30.9.inturnWedrovetothebeachlastweek.Thetwoofustookthewheelinturn.Theoryisbasedonpracticeandinturnservespractice.10.resultinHiscarelessnessresultedintheaccident.Deforestationwillresultindisastrousecologicalchanges.TextAAmericanmendon’tcry本课主要语言点1.Weaknessn.软弱,薄弱;缺点,弱点;嗜好。Weakness是形容词weak的名词形式。-ness这个名词后缀常用在形容词后面,构成名词。如:happiness,carelessness,sadness,uselessness等等。1)Hewastooweaktowalkanyfurther.(他没有力气再往前走了。)2)Shewasbornwithweakeyesight.(她天生视力差。)3)Heisweakinmaths.(他不擅常数学。)4)Weakleaderswon'tbeabletocopewiththissituation.(软弱无力的领导人无法应付这一局面。)5)Sherecoveredfromherweaknessaftertwoweek'srest.(经过两周的休息,她虚弱的身体得到了恢复。)6)Hisrecoveredfrompressurewouldgivehisopponentsomechance.(他在压力之下的软弱会给他的对手带来机会。)7)TheysawaweaknessinRobert'smethod.(他们在罗伯特的方法中看到了弱点。)8)Hehasaweaknessformoney.(他爱钱如命。)2.Childishnessn.幼稚同上一个单词一样,-ness这个名词后缀用在爱形容词后面,构成名词。Iwasannoyedatthechildishnessofherremark.(她孩子气的话语令我恼火。)请注意childish和childlike的异同之处:“childish”isusedtodescribeapersonwhobehavesinanimmatureway,ortodescribesomethingthatistypicalofachild.(childish用来形容某个行为不成熟的人或用来形容某件事似孩子般的。)“childlike”isusedtodescribeapersonwhoislikeachildinappearance,character,orbehavior.(childlike用来形容一个人的外貌、性格或举止像个孩子,天真,单纯。)1)Sheisanicepersonbutabittoochildish.(她人不错,只是太幼稚了一点。)2)Shehasachildishface.(她有张孩子气的脸。)3)Theyoungwomanhasachildlikefigure.(那个年轻妇人有着孩子般的体型。)4)Itischildishtogointodangerfornothing.(无谓地陷入危险是幼稚的行为。)3.dependencen.依靠,依赖;信赖;隶属。-ence是常用的名词后缀,如:absence,confidence,innocence等等。如果我们把后缀-ence变换成-ent,dependent则是个形容词;如果在dependence或dependent前面加上前缀in-,则表示相反意义,“独立”、“独立的”。1)Alllivingthingdependonsunlight,airandwater.(一切生命依赖于阳光、空气和水。)2)Hedoesn'twanttoliveindependenceonhisparentsanylonger.(他不想再依靠父母生活。)\n3)Theoldmansverydependentonhisson.(那位老人什么都依赖他儿子。)4)Indiagotitsindependencein1946.(印度于1946年获得独立。)5)Heisindependentofhisparents.(他不依赖父母而自立。)4.disapprovev.不赞成。我们在第二单元中学习过approve,在第二十三单元中学习过approval。approve是disapprove的反义词,approval则是disapproval的反义词。disapprove和approve一样可以用作及物动词和不及物动词。用作不及物动词时,在其后需加介词of,然后才可以接宾语。如:1)Hedisapprovedthearrangementforthewedding.(她不赞成婚事的安排。)2)HerparentsdisapprovedhermarriagetoJimmy.(父母不同意她与吉米的婚事。)3)Theteacherdisapprovedofherstudentsgoingcamping.(老师不反对她的学生们去露营。)4)Hedisapprovedofmymethod.(他反对我的方法。)5.discouragev.使泄气,使沮丧;阻拦。上个单词disapprove中的dis-前缀表示“not”,discourage中的前缀dis-则表示“depriveof”。discourage的反义词是encourage。courage是名词,意思是“勇气”。1)Hedidn'thavethecouragetotellherthetruth.(他没有勇气对她说实话。)2)Wehavetofacethedifficultieswithcourage.(我们得勇敢地面对困难。)3)Don'tbediscouragedbysetbacks.(别因挫折而泄气。)4)Theheavyraindiscouragedusfromgoingout.(大雨使我们无法出去。)5)Herhusbandencouragedhertocompleteherstudy.(她丈夫鼓励她完成学业。)6)Theyfeltencouragedbytheirachievements.(他们因自己取得的成就而感到鼓舞。)7)Hefinishedencouragedbytheirachievements.(尽管有许多令人灰心的挫折,他仍然完成了工作。)8)Whathesaidjustnowisdiscouraging.(他刚才说的话令人泄气。)9)Childrenneedmoreencouragement.(孩子需要更多的鼓励。)10)Theresultsareencouraging.(结果令人鼓舞。)6.permissibleadj.容许的,准许的。permissible是permission的形容词形式,而permission是permit的名词形式。1)Smokingisnotobtainpermittedinpublicplaces.(不允许在公共场所抽烟。)2)MotherwouldnotpermithertowatchTVfortoolong.(妈妈不允许她看电视时间过长。)3)Hecouldnotobtainpermissionfromtheauthorities.(他无法获得官方的许可。)4)Youcan'tdoitwithoutpermission.(没有得到许可,你不能做这件事。)5)Itwaspermissibletoaskaquestion.(提一个问题是准许的。)6)Inmanycases,itispermissibleforachildtocry.(在许多情况下,孩子是准许哭的。)7.excusableadj.可原谅地,可辩解的。同上一个单词中的后缀-ible一样,-able也是一个常用的形容词后缀。如:desirable(值得要的),irritable(易怒的),reasonable(合理的),noticeable(明显的)。excuse可以做名词用,意思是“借口,理由”,也可以一做动词哟功能,意思是“原谅,宽恕”或“免除”。1)Youdon'thavetomakeanyexcuse.(你不用编任何借口。)2)Thereisnoexcusefornotgivingthemachance.(没有理由不给他们机会。)3)Pleaseexcusemycarelessness.(请原谅我的粗心。)4)Icouldneverexcusehimforbeingsorude.(我永远也不会原谅他如此无礼。)5)Shewasexcusedfromlonghours'ofpractice.(她可以免除长时间的练习。)6)Thisisanexcusablemistake.(这是个可原谅的错误。)7)Inwomen,cryingisexcusable,butinmen,cryingisamarkofweakness.(女人哭是可以原谅的,而男人哭则是软弱的标志。)8.capacityn.容量;能力。1)Thetheatrehasaseatingcapacityof3000.(这个剧院能容纳3000名观众。)2)Thetheatrewasfilledtocapacity.(剧院里座无虚席。)3)Thebookisbeyondthecapacityofyoungreaders.(这本书超出了少年读者的理解力。)\n4)Thestoragevesselhasacapacityof10,000liters.(这个存储器的容积是1万升。)5)Itisnecessarytodevelopstudents'capacityforreasoning.(培养学生的推理能力很有必要。)9.incapacityn.无能力,不能。1)Helivedfromhandtomouthbecauseofhisincapacitytowork.(由于无力工作,他勉强对付着过日子。)2)Growingincapacityiscomingwithincreasingage.(能力的丧失会随着年龄的增长而加剧。)10.organismn.生物体,有机体。1)Thesecreaturesaredescendedfromsimplerorganisms.(这些生物源于更低等的生物体。)2)Factoriesandcitiesaremorecomplexorganismsself-sufficientvillages.(工厂和城市是比自给自足的村庄更复杂的机体。)11.restorev.使恢复,使回复。1)Theoldbuildingwasrestoredbythepeopleofthecity.(城里的老百姓修复了那座古建筑。)2)Thedoctorrestoredhimtohealth.(医生使他恢复了健康。)3)Therelationsbetweenthetwocountrieswererestoredtonormal.(两国之间的关系恢复正常了。)4)Thepolicerestoredalostchildtotheparents.(警察把迷失的孩子交还其父母。)5)Hewasrestoredtohispostafterhehadbeenprovedinnocent.(被证明清白后,他复了职。)12.dynamicadj.动力的,动态的;有生气的,有力的。1)Hegraduallybecameaccustomedtolivinginthisdynamiccity.(他渐渐习惯生活在这座生气勃勃的城市里。)2)Adynamicleadershipisindispensabletothesuccessfulcompletionofthisproject.(这项工程的成功完成离不开强有力的领导。)3)Wordslike“fly”and“run”aredynamicverbs.(像“飞”和“跑”这样的词是动态动词。)13.stabilityn.稳定,稳定性;坚定,恒心。stability是stable的名词形式,而stabilize则是动词。1)Thenewadministrationhadtotryhardtoregainastableeconomyandastablecurrency.(新政府努力恢复经济稳定和通货稳定。)2)Thestablepoliticalenvironmenthelpedtobringabouttheeconomicprosperity.(政治环境的稳定有助于经济繁荣的产生。)3)Theworldneedsstablepeace.(世界需要持久的和平。)4)Internalargumentshadthreatenedthestabilityofthegovernment.(内部的争执已经威胁政府的稳定。5)Thepatient'sconditionbegantostabilize.(病人的病情开始稳定。)6)Theyaretakingmeasurestostabilizeprices.(他们正在采取措稳定物价。)14.interferencen.干涉,干预;妨碍。在第十八单元中我们已经学过了动词interfere,interference是interfere的名词形式。1)Icouldn'theartheprogrambecausetherewastoomuchinterference.(我听不清节目,因为干扰太大。)2)Hewantedtodoitonhisownwithoutanyoutsideinterference.(他想自己独立做那件事,不受任何外界干扰。)3)Theydidn'texpectanyinterferencefromtheirparents.(他们没有料到会有来自父母的干预。)4)Nocountryhastherighttointerfereinanothercountry'sinternalaffairs.(任何国家都无权干涉别国内政。)5)Mistyweatherinterferedwiththecontact.(雾天妨碍联络。)15.damagen.损害,损失;赔偿金。v.损伤,毁坏。1)Fortunately,thedamagetotheboatwasnottooserious.(所幸的是船的损坏不太严重。)2)Idon'twanttoseetherumordoanydamagetoyourreputation.(我不想看到这个谣传有害你的名誉。)3)Hegot$500damagesfortheinjuryhesufferedintheaccident.(他因事故受伤而获得500美元赔偿金。)4)Thebuildingswereseriouslydamagedbytheearthquake.(地震使房屋受到严重毁坏。)5)Don'tdamageotherpeople'sinterests.(不要损害他人利益。)16.maintenancen.维持,保持;维修;维护;抚养费。在第二十二单元中,我们已经学过了动词maintain,maintenance是maintain的名词形式。1)Hespentalotonthemaintenanceofhiscar.(他在汽车维护上花了不少钱。)2)Maintenanceoforderisnoeasyjobatthistime.(这时候要维持秩序可不是件容易的事。)3)Howmuchmaintenancedoeshepayhisex-wife?(他付给前妻多少抚养费?)4)Hetakesregularphysicalexercisetomaintainhealth.(他定期进行体育锻炼以保持健康。)\n5)Theyhavemaintainedcorrespondencefor20years.(他们保持通信联系已有20年。)17.animatedadj.栩栩如生的;生气勃勃的。1)Theyarehavingananimateddiscussion.(他们正在进行热烈的讨论。)2)Theanimatedpiecedofsculptureattractedalotofpeople.(栩栩如生的雕塑作品吸引了许多人。)3)Hefeltveryexcitedwhenwalkingintheanimatedcitystreet.(走在繁忙的闹市大街上,他感到很兴奋。)18.shedv.流出,发出,散发。1)Rosesshedtheirfragranceinthegarden.(玫瑰的芳香散发在花园里。)2)Thetreeshaveshedalltheirleavesinwinter.(冬天,树上的叶子全掉了。)3)Shecouldn'thelpsheddingtearswhensheheardthestory.(听了那个故事,她不禁流下了眼泪。)19.lessenv.减少,减轻;缩小,贬低。我们曾讲过-en是一个常用的动词后缀,可以用在形容词或名词后面构成动词,如:shorten,broaden,brighten,worsen,lengthen,heighten等等。1)Theyaredoingeverythingpossibletolessentensionsbetweenthetwonations.(他们正在尽一切可能缓和两国之间的紧张局势。)2)Idon'tknowwhatIcandotolessenhispain.(我不知道我能做什么来减轻他的痛苦。)3)Hewantedtogettheupperhandbylesseningtheachievementsofhisrivals.(他想用贬低对手成就的方式来占上风。)20.defectn.缺点,欠缺。∣´di:fekt∣vi.逃跑,背叛。∣difekt∣1)Shehasahearingdefect.(她有听觉缺陷。)2)HewassurprisedtofindthattheTVsethasabasicdefect.(他发现那台电视机有个大毛病,非常吃惊。)3)Hedefectedtotheenemy.(他向敌方叛逃。)21.intentionn.意图,打算。1)Hehurthisfriendsfeelingswithoutintention.(他无意间伤害了朋友的感情。)2)IhadmadeitclearthatIhadnointentionofspendingtherestofmylifeinsuchaplace.(我已明确表示我无意在此度过余生。)3)Hewasmotivatedbygoodintentions.(他的动机是善意的。)4)Mr.Brownhadnointentiontoresign.(布郎先生不打算辞职。)本课简介 哭往往被认为是软弱的表示,是女性的特征,是幼稚的行为,美国男人丝毫不愿意与这一切沾边,所以他们不哭。在人人追求快乐的国度里,哭可太没美国味了。女人生就柔弱、依赖,她们哭很自然,而男人,千万不能哭。对于小男孩,我们让他们铭记“小男子汉是从来不哭的,只有小女孩和好哭的孩子才哭。” 美国男人不哭是因为他们随着年龄的增长体内的某个生物钟使其哭的能力消耗殆尽了吗?不是,他们是被调教得想哭时也不哭了。自幼受这样的训练,于是他们就有了不会哭的能力。 作者认为这样做不可取,因为哭是人这种生物的一种自然功能,哭能使感情失衡的人恢复到均衡状态。对均衡状态的干扰将对人体有害。在感情失衡的情况下,哭一哭有助于保持健康。人类是自然界中唯一在哭泣时流泪的生物,把人调教得不会哭则会养活他的人性。美国父母的好意,如果造成了这种结果岂不可悲?本课主要语言点1.Americanmendon'tcrybecauseitisconsiderednotcharacteristicofmentodoso.动词consider的用法如下:①Consider+宾语+宾补Theyconsideredtheattackamistake.(他们认为这次进攻是错误。)②Consider+宾语+动词不定式Theyconsideredthemselvestobeverylucking.(他们认为自己很幸运。)③Consider+宾语+asTheydon'tconsideritasimportant.(他们认为那个不重要。)④Consider+宾语+形容词Theyconsideritwisenottocriticizehim.(他们认为不批评他是明智的。)\n⑤Consider+宾语Hehadnotimetoconsiderthematter.(他没有时间考虑这个事情。)⑥Consider+V-ingHeisconsideringchanginghisjob.(他在考虑换一份工作。)“beconsiderednotcharacteristicof……,”consider在此处的用法当归于④。becharacteristicof意思是betypicalof。如:1)Carelessnessandimpatiencearecharacteristicofhim.(粗心、无耐心是他的特点。)2)Longwinterandshortspringarecharacteristicoftheclimatehere.(冬天漫长,春天短暂是这儿的气候特点。)3)Cryingisnotthecharacteristicofman.(哭泣不是男子汉的特征。)2.…noAmericanmalewantstobeidentifiedwithanythingintheleastweakorfeminine.beidentifiedwith意思是becloselyinvolvedorassociatedwith。如:1)Ofthe34candidatesnearlyathirdwereidentifiedwithbigfinancialgroups.(在34名候选人当中,近三分之一的人与大财团有紧密联系。)2)Heiscloselyidentifiedwiththeformerpresident.(他与前总统关系密切。)intheleast用来强调否定,意思是“丝毫,一点儿。”如:1)Idon'tmindintheleast.(我一点也不在意。)2)ShewasnotintheleastJealous.(她丝毫不嫉妒。)3.Inalandsodevotedtothepursuitofhappinessasours,cryingreallyisratherun-American.本句中的devoted是个形容词,to是介词,通常用bedevotedto。devote用作动词,则可用devote…..to1)Thestudentsaredevotedtotheirstudies.(学生们专心学习。)2)Heisdevotedtothecauseofpeace.(他致力于和平事业。)3)Theyhavedevotedalltheirtimetohelpingthepoor.(他们把所有的时间都用在帮助穷人上。)4)Shedevotedherselftoherpupil.(她把全部身心倾注在学生身上。)thepursuitof意思是“对…追求(追捕)”。inthepursuitof是常用介词短语。1)Theyareinpursuitoftheescapedcriminal.(他们在追捕逃犯。)2)Thealbumisproducedinthepursuitofellcellence.(这个专辑在制作过程中力求完美。)land在句中的意思是“country国家”。如:1)Heusedtoworkinadistantland.(他曾在一个遥远的国度工作。)2)Hereturnedtohisnativelandmanyyearslater.(许多年后,他回到了祖国。)ours在句中指ourland4.Womenbeingthe“weaker”and“dependent”sex,itisonlynaturalthattheyshouldcryincertainemotionalsituations.womenbeingthe“weaker”and“dependent”sex是名词+V-ing的独立结构,表示原因。这句话的意思是becausewomenarethe“weaker”and“dependent”sex。请看下面的例句,注意掌握名词+V-ing表示原因的独立结构。1)Somanymembersbeingabsent,themeetinghadtobeputoff.(因为很多人不在场,会议只好延期。)2)Thequestionbeingsodifficult,wemusttaketimetoconsideritcarefully.(因为这个问题很困难,我们得花时间仔细考虑。)3)Theweatherbeingterrible,theyhadtochangetheirplan.(天气很糟糕,他们不得不改变计划。)5.…cryingisamarkofweaknessmark在句中作名词用,意思是“标示,特征”,如:1)Hegaveheragiftasamarkofgratitude.(他送给她一份礼物以表谢意。)2)Theyremovedtheirhatsasamarkofrespect.(他们脱帽以表敬意。)3)ThesebuildingsdisplaythemarkofearlyGreekinfluence.(这些建筑表现出受早期希腊影响的特征。)mark还有许多其它意思,如:1)Hegot70marksoutof100.(他得了100分中的70分。)2)Therearealotofinkmarksonthewall.(墙上有许多墨水渍。)3)Hemadeafewmarkswithhispen.(他用笔做了几个记号。)4)Becarefulnottomarkthetable.(小心别在桌上留下痕迹。)\n5)Markallthebigcitiesonthemap.(在地图上把所有大的城市标出来。)6.SogoestheAmericanbeliefwithregardtocrying.so在句中用作副词,表示前面所说的(哭是软弱的标志)也适用于此。so在句首,句子倒装。1)-Helooksveryhotanddry.(他看上去又热又干。)-sowouldyouifyouhadahighfever.(如果你发高烧,你也如此。)2)Hisshoesarebrightlypolished,soishisbriefcase.(他的鞋擦得很亮,他的公文包也是这样。)withregardto也可用inregardto,意思是“regarding,beconcernedwith”(至于,就…而文论)。如:Thisplantisnotatalldemandingwithregardtowater,soilandclimate.(这种植物对水土气候一点不苛求。)7.“Alittleman,”weimpressonourmalechildren,nevercries动词impress用法如下:①impresssb.withsth.(给某人留下…印象)IhopeIcanimpressmynewbosswithmydiligence.(我希望我的勤勉能给新老板留下印象。)②impresssthonsb.(给某人留下…印象;使某人理解…的重要)SheimpressedontheGovernmenttheseriouseffectofhighunemployment.(她使政府意识到高失业率的严重影响。)课文中的这个句子的意思是weimpress“Alittlemannevercries”onthemindofourmalechildren.(我们让男孩铭记“小男子汉决不哭泣。”)8.AndsoweconditionmalesinAmericanottocrywhenevertheyfeellikedoingso.本句中的第一个so用作副词,意思是“因此,所以”如:1)SheistheonlypersonIknowinthecity,soIwenttoherforhelp(在这座城市里,她是我唯一的熟人,所以我将去求她帮忙。)2)HespeaksverylittleChinese,soItalkedtohiminEnglish.(他不太会讲中文,所以我用英文跟他交谈。)句中的第二个用作代词,代替前文的词语或意思,本句中代指cry(哭)。1)Ifyousayso,I'llhavetobelieveit.(如果你这样说,我只有相信了。)2)Isitraining?(在下雨吗?)I'mafraidso.(恐怕是的。)condition在本句中用作动词,意思是“(训练,使适应)”,如:1)Theyconditionedhernottoflareupovertrifles.(他们使她养成不为小事发脾气的习惯。)2)Theyareconditioningthehorseforarace.(他们在训练那匹马以参加比赛。)feel的后面必须接名词或动名词。如:1)Ifeellikesinging.(我想唱歌。)Hefeelslikehavingatalkwithher.(他想与她谈一谈。)9.ItisnotthatAmericanmalesareunabletocrybecauseofsomebiologicalclockwithinthemwhichcausethemtorundowninthatcapacityastheygrowalder,butthattheyaretrainednottocry.本句中的(Itis)notthat…butthat….是英语中的常用结构,意思是“不是因为…而是因为…”。如:1)ItisnotthatIamnotinterestedinit,butthatIamfullyoccupied.(不是因为我对这个没兴趣,而是因为我太忙了。)2)ItisnotthatIhavenotrustinhim,butthatIhavetokeepthepromiseofsecrecy.(不是因为我不信任他,而是因为我得信守保密的诺言。)causesb.todosth.意思是“使某人做某事”。如:1)Carelesscausedhimtofailtheexam.(粗心致使他考试不及格。)2)Whatcausedhimtochangehismind?(是什么使他改变主意?)rundown意思是“reduce;exhaust”(降低;耗尽)。如:1)Thebatteryisrundown.(电池的电用完了。)2)Thefactoryisrunningdownitsproduction.(工厂在紧缩生产。)10.ThusdoweproduceatrainedincapacityintheAmericanmaletocry.本句可以理解为:Therefore,wemaketheAmericanmaleshaveatrainedabilitynottocry.(于是我们使得美国男人具有了不会哭的能力。)thus放在句首时,句子、可倒装,也可不用倒装。\n11.…torestoretheemotionallydisequilibratedpersontoastateofequilibrium.restoresb.toastateof…(使某人恢复…状态),如:1)Thedoctorrestoredtheoldmantoastateofhealth.(医生使那位老人恢复了健康。)2)Itisdifficulttorestorethecountrytoastateofstability.(要使那个国家恢复稳定是件困难的事。)12.Cryingservesahomeostaticfunctionfortheorganismasawhole.动词serve通常用在短语serveas中,意思是“起…作用“)1)Heservedasanadvisertothecompany.(他任公司顾问。)2)Thissofaservesasabed.(这张沙发当床用。)servethefunction也是“起…作用”的意思。asawhole意思是“作为一个整体,总的来说”。如:Thetemperatureforthatcountryasawholeishigh.(这个国家的气温总的来说是高的。)13.Thehumanspeciesistheonlyoneinthewholeofanimatednaturethatshedtears.thatshedtears是定语从句,修饰one。当先行词的前面有only时,定语从句不可以用which引导,而必须用that引导。如:1)HeistheonlypersonthatItrust.(他是我唯一信任的人。)2)ThisistheonlygamethatIenjoy.(这是我唯一喜欢的比赛。shedtears意思是“流泪”,如:1)Thestorymademeshedtears.(那个故事使我流了泪。)2)Whenacrocodileshedstears,itdoesn'tmeanitissad.(鳄鱼流泪并不意味它伤心。)14.Andthis,amongotherthings,iswhatAmericanparents–withthebestintentionintheworld-haveachievedfortheAmericanmale.本句中的this代指上一句所讲的内容。withthebestintention意思是“有着最美好的意愿”。achievesth.意思是“取得成就”。如:1)Iachievednothing.(我一无所成。)2)Heachievedhisgoalaftermanyhardships.(经过很多艰难困苦后他实现了自己的目标。)15.…andclearourmindsofthosecobwebsofconfusionwhichhaveforsolongpreventedusfromunderstandingthenaturalnecessityofcrying.clear在本句中作动词用,意思是“清除”。如:Letmeclearthefurnaceofash.(让我把炉子里的灰清掉。)preventsb.fromdoingsth.意思是“妨碍(阻止)某人做某事”。如:1)Thetrafficjampreventedmefromgettinghomeearlier.(交通阻塞使我无法早点到家。)Theheavyfogpreventedthetrainfromarrivingonschedule.(大雪使火车无法准点到达。)本课主要短语及表达1.becharacteristicof2.identifywith3.intheleast4.disapproveof5.devoteto6.(in)thepursuitof7.amarkof8.withregardto9.impresssth.onsb10.feellikedoingsth.11.rundown12.goondoingsth.13.restore…to…\n14.astateof15.beknownas16.asawhole17.shedtears18.withthebestintention19.clearsth.of20.preventfromTextBstopworryingnow!短语表达1.dealwithHeisreallyhardtodealwith.Youmayhavetohaveextensiveexperiencestodealwithissueslikethis.2.choosetoAftergraduationfromcollege,hechoosestotakeapoorlypaidjobinstead.Ifyouchoosetostay,I'mafraidyouwillalsohavetofinishthatwritingfirst.3.inthefirstplaceYoushouldn'ttakehimonthattripinthefirstplace.Therewasthishiddenerrorinthefirstplace.Howcouldyouputalltheblameonme?4.labelasIcanhardlybelievethatyoucouldlabelitastoys.Hispitifulcopyofmywritingwaslabeledasthemostcreativeinhisclass.Whatajoke!5.can'thelpdoingsomethingDespiterepeatedadvicebymydoctor,Isimplycan'thelpeatingthisfattymeatwheneverthereisachance.Theboycouldnothelpcryingwhenhelostsightofhislovingfather.6.hangontosthHehungontohistoygun.Thelittlegirlhungontohermother'shandwhentheycrossedthestreet.7.riskdoingsthYouwillrisklosingyourjobifyougoonlikethis.Heriskedbeingcriticizedwhenhewaslateforthemeeting.8.resultinThesafetymeasureswillresultinthereductionofworkaccidents.Thegameresultedinatie.9.useupSincetheenergyontheearthcanbeuseduponeday,wewillhavetolookfornewenergysourcesrightnow.Canyoufetchmesomepaper?I'veusedupallofthem.10.backdownIbackeddowncarefullywhenIspottedacobraontheisland.Iftheyarenotgoingtobackdown,wemayhavetofindanotherwayofcompromise.