中考复习资料(语法) 44页

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中考复习资料(语法)

  • 44页
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阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台中考语法总结第一部分:词法中考考点一、名词一、名词的复数:1.名词变复数的规则形式1).一般情况下直接加sbook------bookscup-----cups2).以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es.city-------citiesfamily-----families3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es.bus-----buseswish------wisheswatch------wathes4).以o结尾的多数加S初中阶段只有三个单词加es.tomato-----tomatoespotato------potatoeshero-----heroes5).以f、fe结尾的,先把f、fe变v再加es.leaf----leavesself---selvesshelf----shelveslife----livesthief---thieves2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。man----menwoman---womenchild----childrenfoot-----feettooth----teethmouse---mice3.单数和复数形式相同。deer---deerfish----fishsheep----sheepChinese----ChineseJapanese---Japanese4.某国人的复数。1).中、日不变。Chinese----ChineseJapanese---Japanese2).英、法变。Englishman----EnglishmenFrenchman----Frenchmen3).其余s加后面。American-----AmericansGerman----GermansAustralian---Australians二、不可数名词:1.不可数名词:1).不能直接用数字表数量2).不能直接加a或an3).没有复数形式4).可用some、any、lotsof、plentyof、much修饰5).可用“量词短语”表示2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法:a/数字+量词+of+不可数名词apieceofpaperacupofteaaglassofmilk三、名词的所有格:1.’s所有格。1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.”Thisis____________________(MaryandLily)bedroom.2).1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.”Theseare________________(TomandJack)schoolbags.3).以s结尾的名词,变所有格时在s后加“’”,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍加“’s”Teachers’DayChildren’sDay4).表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加’s代表全称。atthedoctor’sattheBob’s5).由some、any、no、every与one、body结合的复合不定代词something、anything等和else连用时,所有格应加在else的后面。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Thisis_________________(somebodyelse)pencil.6).表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s来构成所有格。anhour’sridetwoweeks’timeChina’scapital2.of所有格:1).of用来表示无生命的名词所有格。themapofChinathedooroftheroom2).双重所有格:of+名词所有格of+名词性的物住代词Heisafriendofmy_________(brother).Issheadaughterof__________(you)?四、名词作句子成分:1.名词作主语1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Twohours________(be)enoughforustogetthere.2).量词短语“数字+量词+of+…”作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致。Apairofshoes_______(be)underthebed.Twopiecesofpaper_______(be)onthedesk.3).名词+介词(with、except、alongwith…….)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。Theteacherwiththestudents_________(be)plantingtreesonthehill.4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、notonly…butalso…”连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则。NeitherhenorI______(be)aFrenchman.2.名词作定语:1).名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。Thereisashoefactoryneartheschool.2).名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。(sport)Thesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.3).man、woman作定语表示性别时,man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。onemanteachertwowomenteachers中考考点二:冠词的用法考查重点冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词a和an的用法,定冠词the的用法和零冠词的用法等。一.a和an的区别不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。例如:aboy,auniversity,aEuropeancountry;anhour,anhonor,anisland,anelephant,anumbrella,anhonestman,ausefulbook不看字母看读音,不见原因(元音)别施恩(n)二.不定冠词的用法1.泛指某一类人、事或物;相当于any,这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Ahorstisananimal2.泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。Agirliswaitingforyou.3.表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。Ihaveacomputer.4.表示“每一”,相当于every.Igotoschoolfivedaysaweek.我一周上五天课。5.用在序数词前,表示“又一”,“再一”。Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuyafourthone.6.用在某些固定词组中:alot(of),afterawhile,afew,alittle,atatime,haveaswim,haveacold,inahurry,foralongtime,haveagoodtime,havealook三.定冠词的用法1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。Thebookonthedeskismine2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。Openthewindow,please.3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。Ihaveacar.Thecarisred.4.指世界上独一无二的事物。Whichisbigger,thesunortheearth?5.用在序数词,形容词最高级前。Thefirstlessonistheeasiestoneinthisbook.6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。theGreatWall长城,theUnitedStates美国7.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。thepoor穷人,theblind盲人8用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。theGreens格林一家或格林夫妻俩9.用在方位词前。ontheleft在左边,inthemiddleof在中间10.用在乐器名称前。Sheplaysthepianoeveryday.11.用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前。theBlackSea黑海,theYangziRiver长江12.用在某些固定词组中:allthesame仍然;allthetime一直;atthemoment此刻;atthesametime同时;bytheway顺便说;dotheshopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;inthemorning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上;intheopenair在户外,在野外四.零冠词的用法1.棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词Playchessplayfootballhavesupper特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:Icanseeafootball.我可以看到一只足球。Where’sthefootball?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台球类运动”)2.季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词.InJulyinsummeronMondayonTeachers’Day3.人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词BeijingisthecapitalofChina4.学科,语言,称呼,语职务名词前不用冠词Mathishardtolearn5.复数名词表示类别时不加冠词TheyareworkersIlikeeatingapples6.名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及所有格限制时,不用冠词mybook(正);mythebook(误)7.在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。No.25MiddleSchool五.用与不用冠词的差异inhospital住院/inthehospital在医院里infrontof在…(外部的)前面/inthefrontof在…(内部的)前面attable进餐/atthetable在桌子旁bysea乘船/bythesea在海边gotoschool(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/gototheschool(church…)到学校(教堂…)去twoofus我们当中的两人/thetwoofus我们两人(共计两人)nextyear明年/thenextyear第二年ateacherandwriter一位教师兼作家(一个人)/ateacherandawriter一位教师和一位作家(两个人)中考专题三:代词一.人称代词:单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称it/she/heit/her/himtheythem1.主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语.Heteaches______(we)Chinese.2.三种人称代词并列时,顺序为:单数:二,三,一(You,sheandI)复数:一,二,三(we,youandthey)注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)SheandIhavebeentoBeijing.Whobrokethewindow?IandMike.注:it还有一些特别的用法。1)用作形式主语,常用于“It’s+adj+todosth”句型中.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台2)用在句型:“Itseemsthat…”中.3)用在句型:“It’sone’sturntodosth”中.4)用在句型:“It’stimetodosth/forsth”中.5)用在句型:“It’s+adj+that从句”中.6)用作形式宾语,用来代替动词不定式.make/think/feel/find+it+adj(名词)+todosth.二.物主代词.第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir名词性mineoursyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs1.形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前,不能单独使用。2.名词性的物主代词,后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与of连用。Ourclassroomisasbigas______(they).Thisisafriendof______(my).注:1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.(名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+名词)2)形容词性的物主代词与own连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.Myownhouse=ahouseofmyown三.反身代词单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/herself/itselfthemselves记忆小窍门:反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替.反身代词的常用搭配:enjoyoneselfhurtoneselfteachoneself=learn…byoneslfallbyoneselfhelponeselfto…lookafteroneselfleavesbbyoneselfloseoneselfinsaytooneselfforoneselfdressoneselfimproveoneselfseeoneselfinthemirror四.指示代词1.近指:thisthese远指:thatthose2.用法:1)thatthose常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复.That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词.Those代替复数名词.TheweatherinGuangdongishotterthan_____inQinghai.Thebooksinthatshoparecheaperthan______inthisshop.A.thisB.thatC.oneD.those2)this,that可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that代替前面提到的句子而this代替下面提到的句子.Hehadabadcold,thatiswhyhedidn’tcome.3)在电话用语中,this代替自己,而that代替对方.ThisisTomspeaking.Whoisthat?五.不定代词的区别.1.one与it的区别44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台One代替同类事物中的一种.而it代替上文中出现的某事物.Thisbookisagoodone.MayIborrowit?2.some与any的区别一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用some代any.常用于could/would/May开头或whatabout/howabout….的句中。MayIhavesomewater?Heaskedmeforsomepaper,butIdidn’thaveany.3.many与much的区别Many+可数名词的复数Much+不可数名词都相当于alotof+复数名词/不可数名词注:alotof不能用于否定句中.否定句中用many/much.4.afew/few/alittle/little的区别表否定(几乎没有)表肯定(有一点/几个)修饰可数名词fewafew修饰不可数名词littlealittleThestoryiseasytoread.thereare_____newwordsinit.Hurryup!Thereis_____timeleft.5.each/every的区别each表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.Therearetreesandfrowerson_____sideofthestreet.______studenthasreadastory.注:each可以与of连用,eachof作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every不能与of连用.只能放在名词前作定语.Eachofus_______(study)hard.6.noone与none的区别noone表示没有人,不能与of连用.而noneof+复数名词/代词,作主语时,谓语常用单数。.Theboyswerealltired,but_____ofthemstoppedtohavearest.7.both/neither/either/all/none/any的区别都都不任何一个两者之间bothneithereither三者或三者以上allnoneanyTherearemanytreeson____sideoftheriver.A.bothB.anyC.eitherD.all注:1).both的否定词是neither,all的否定词是none.2).bothof作主语时,谓语动词用复数.neitherof作主语时,谓语动词用单数.Neitheroftheanswers______(be)right.Bothofmyparents_______(be)workers.3).词组A)both…and…连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数.同义词组:notonly…butalso…反义词组:neither…nor…NotonlyyoubutalsoshelikeswatchingTV.=____you_____shelikewatchingTV.=You44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台likewatchingTV,__________she.B)either…or…或者……或者……,neither…nor…既不……也不……连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则.Neitheryounorhe______(be)right.OneofLilyandLucyisgoingtothepark.=_____Lily_____Lucy_____goingtothepark.C)either也可用于否定句中的“也”D)neither也可表示“也不”句型:neither…sb某人也不怎么样.Ifyoudon’tgothere,__________I.(我也不去)4)howmany/howmuch的回答:用none回答.Who的回答:用noone回答.What的回答:用nothing回答.Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom?__________.Whocananswerthequestion?_______.A.NoneB.NooneC.Nothing8.other/theother/others/theothers的区别(空)后面没有名词(空)后面有名词有数量限制(特指)theotherstheother没有数量限制(泛指)othersother注:1)one…theother…表示两者之间的一个……另一个……2)some…others…表示一些……一些……3)another表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个.只能修饰可数名词的单数.但another+数字+复数名词=数字+more+复数名词表示“另外几个……”Wouldyoulike______apple?Ihavetwobrothers,oneisateacher,_________isaworker.Somearecleaningtheclassroom,______aresweepingthewindow.Thereare20teachersinourschool.Eightofthemarementeachers,and_____arewomenteacherseveryone每个,人人,大家不与of连用everyone每个人、物可与of连用9.Everyoneofushasseenthefilm.Everyoneshoulddotheirbest.10.复合不定代词.someanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyonenooneeveryonebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台注:1.复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数.2.形容词修饰不定代词时,形容词放在不定代词之后.3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时,动词不定式放在不定代词之后.4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,1)指人的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用he或they.2)指物的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用it.5.any,anything,anyone,anyboby也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何……/任何物/任何人”Everything______(begin)togrowinspring,______________?Isthere___________(一些有趣的事)intoday’snewpaper?Iwantsomething________(eat).中考专题四:数词基数词:表示人或事物数量多少的词.序数词:表示人或事物的顺序的词.一.基数词.1.基数词的读法.1)1---12:onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve2)13---19:词尾加-teen:thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90:逢十词尾加-ty:twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety4)21----99:在十位与个位之间加连字符构成.21---twenty-one99---ninety-nine5)101---999:先说几百,再加and,再加末尾两位数或个位数.101---onehundredandone238----twohundredandthirty-eight6)1000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数,每三位数用一个逗号隔开,从右往左第一个逗号表示“千”读thousand第二个逗号表示“百万”读million第三个逗号表示“十亿”读billion18,657,421---eighteenmillion,sixhundredandfifty-seventhousand,fourhundredandtwenty-one.二.序数词基数词变序数词口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾要加th.一二三,特殊记,词尾分别tdd(firstsecondthird)八去t,九去e,ve要用f替.ty变作tie,再加th莫忘记.若遇几十几,只变个位就可以.三.数词的应用.1.表编号.结构:名词(首字母要大写)+基数词=the+序数词+名词LessonOne=thefirstlesson注:有些编号,一般仅用第一种表达法。Room101101号房间2.序数词前一般加定冠词the但序数词前与不定冠词a/an连用时,表示“又一,再一”You’vedoneitthreetimes.Whynottry____fourthtime?A.aB.anC.theD./3.数词前加every,表示每……/每隔…….44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台everytendays=everyninthday每十天(每隔九天)注:every+基数词+复数名词=every+(序数词-1)+单数名词4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄1)表示年代:inthe+年份的复数在几世纪几十年代.在十九世纪七十年代._________________________.2)表年龄:inone’s+整十的复数表示在某人几十岁时在他四十岁时:___________________.5.hundred/thousand/million/billion1).若hundred/thousand/million/billion前有基数词时,其后不加s,也不加of.若没有时,既加s也要带of.Everyyear_______visitorscometoChina.Therearetwo_______studentsinourschool.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousandsofD.thousandof2).若其前有afew、many、several修饰时,通常用复数,后接of.3).若名词前有the修饰时,用单数,后接ofTwo______thestudentsinourschoolarefromthecountryside.A.hundredB.hundredofC.hundredsofD.hundreds6.几个半的表达法:基数词+and+ahalf+名词复数=基数词+名词(单数/复数)+and+ahalftwoandahalfhours=twohoursandahalf7.时刻表达法:1)整点:基数词+o’clock2)几点几分:A).直接读法:先读小时,后读分钟3:25----threetwenty-fiveB).间接读法:a)≤30分钟.分钟+past+小时3:25----twenty-fivepastthreeb)>30分钟.(60-分钟)+to+(小时数+1)3:55-----fivetofourc)30分钟=half15分钟=aquarter45分钟=threequarters3:30---halfpastthree3:15----aquarterpastthree3:45----aquartertofour8.日期表达法:结构:1).月日,年(日用序数词,年用基数词)注:年份的读法:先读前两位数,再读后两位数.读日时要加the.1900---nineteenhundred1807----eightandseven(eightoseven)2008---twothousandeight2007年3月21日.---Marchthetwenty-first,twothousandandseven.2).日月年(the+序数词+of+月,年)2007年3月21日---thetwenty-firstofMarch,twothousandandseven.9.分数词的表达法:1).结构:a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词.b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台3/4---threefourths(three-fourths)2).注意:a).分数词的几种特殊形式.1/3—onethird=athird1/4—onefourth=aquarter1/2—onesecond=ahalf3/4—threefourths=threequartersb).分数词作主语时,谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.Twofifthsofthemilk______(be)drunkbyTom.Onethirdofthestudents_______(be)girls.中考专题五:介词一.介词at/in/on.1.表示时间:1).表示某一具体时间点,某一时刻/年龄atsixo’clockatnoonatthattimeatthemomentattheageofatnight2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)inthemorning/afternoon/eveninginspring/in2007/inMarchinthetwenty-firstcenturyinhisfifties3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.OnMondayonNewYear’sDayonSundaymorningonarainynightontheeveningofApril1st,20072表地点:1)at一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置atthestationatthecinema2)in表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.inChinaintheclassroom3)on指在某物体的表面上.onthedesk注意:写街道时,若有门牌号用at,否则用on/in都可.Helivesat270DongChang’anStreet.二.介词in/on/to表方位:1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系)Tanwanis____thesoutheastofChina.2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)Hubeiis____thenorthofHunan.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)Japanis_____theeastofChina.三.between/among在……之间1.between:指两者之间.在…….之间.2.among:用于三者或三者以上人或物之间.在……之中.Yousit_____himandme.Thesongispopular______thestudents.四.after/in在……之后1.after1)after+时间段.表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后,用于过去时.2)after作介词.afterdoingsth2.in+一段时间.表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.Hecameback______twodays.Hewillgohome___finishinghishomework.Hewillcomeback_____twodays.五.with/in/by表示“用……”1.with表示“用…”一般指有形的工具/手段/人体器官.Hecuttheappleintohalves____aknife.注:with表伴随,“带有,含有”Hecamein_____abigsmileonhisface.2.in表示用某种语言,方式,途径.或书写/绘画所用的材料.也可表交通方式.Canyousayit_____English?Hewrotealetter____blueink.3.by表示乘坐交通工具,表示方式,方法Istudyforatest_____workingwithagroup.Hemakesaliving____sellingnewspapers.注意:同义词组1).byphone=onthephone2).bycar=inacar3).inpen=withapen=withpens六.across/through/over/by经过1.across指横穿,穿过.表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.2.through指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.3.over表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.4.by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Canyouswim______theriver?theelephantissobigthatitcan’tgo_____thegate.Idon’tthinkanyonecanjump___thefence.Iwalked_____thebankofChinayesterday.七.infrontof/inthefrontof1.inthefrontof表示在…….内部的前面2.infrontof表示在……外面的前面Thereisadeskin_____frontofourclassroom.Thereisabigtreein_____frontofourclassroom.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台八.其它介词的用法:1.at的其它用法.1).表示“从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.Sheisatworknow=Sheisworkingnow.2)at表示“价格或速度”Thetrainranat120kilometresanhour.2.in的其它用法:1)in表示“在……方面”词组:dowellin=begoodatbeweakin2)in表示“穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.词组:bein+衣服=bewearing+衣服3)in作副词,“在家”=athome3.like的用法:1).像/和……一样.常与系动词连用.词组:looklikesoundlike2).与what连用,“是什么样子,怎样”.Whatishelike?Heiskind.4.off的用法:1).从……下来,脱离某物体.词组:falloff2).“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组:have+时间+offHehasn’thadanightofffortwohours.5.except/besides1).except除了…….之外,都……..不包括在范围之内.注:nothingbut…除了……之外,什么也没有.2).besdies除了……之外,还有…….包括在范围之内.Weallwentswimming______Lucy.Thereis_______aletterinthebox.WestudyJapaneseandFrench____English.6.with/without1).with具有,含有-----反义词:without没有词组:withthehelpof=withone’shelp=becauseof=thankstowithoutone’shelp2).without的用法:A).without+sb./sth.没有某人或某物B).without+doingsth.Heleftherewithout____(say)“Goodbye”tousC).withoutsth常与if引导的否定的条件句.Ifthereisnowater,wecan’tlive.=Wecan’tlive_____________.7.onthetree/inthetreeonthetree表示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.而inthetree表示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Therearesomeapples_____thetree.Thereisaboy____thetree.8.since/for注:since/for用于现在完成时.1).since:a).since+时间点b).现在完成时+since+一般过去时c).since+一段时间+ago.2)for:for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago9.bemade+介词的区别:bemadeof由…制成(看得见原材料)bemadefrom由…制成(看不见原材料)bemadein+地点由哪儿生产bemadebysb.由某人制造10.表示“数量的介词”about,roundaroundover1).about,roundaround表示“大约……”2).over表示“超过”=morethan.11.inside/outsideInside在……里面------反义词:outside在….外面12.inthewall/onthewallinthewall表示“门窗在墙上”onthewall表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”九.不用介词的情况:1).当时间状为:tonight,today,yesterday,tomorrow等时,不用介词.Whatareyougoingtodotonight?2).含有this,that,these,those,last,next,every,each等时间状语.HewenttoWuhanlastweek.3).以all开头的时间状语前面不用介词.Hehasworkedallday.4).以some,any,one等构成的时间状语前不用介词.Hemetabadmanonecoldmorning.=Hemetabadmanonacoldmorning.中考考点六:连词一.并列连词和连词短语并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的连词有and,but,or,so,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等。1.and1).and表示“和、且”在肯定句中连接并列的成分。Heislaughingandtalking.2).祈使句+and……,“and”表示“那么”之意。=If……Studyhard,andyouwillsucceed.=__________studyhard,youwillsucceed.3).adj/adv+and+adj/adv表示“渐渐”。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Hemakesmistakesagainandagain.2.but表示转折关系的连词,意为“但是”Heispoor,buthonest.3.or1).or有“或”的意思,表示一种选择Wouldyouliketeaorwater?2).“祈使句……,or…”or表示否则。=If…not…,……..Studyhard,oryouwillfail.=_____you_____studyhard,youwillfail.3).or用在否定句中表示并列关系。Hecan’treadorwrite.4.both1).both“两者都”,后面的名词、动词都用复数。Boththeanswersareright.2).bothof….Bothofusarestudents.3).both…and…Bothyouandsheareright.5.either/either…or1).either“两者当中任何一个”,后有of时接名词的复数形式,无of时接单数名词,动词用单数形式。Youmayweareitherofthehats.2).either…or…“不是……就是……,或者……或者…….”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即“就近原则”.Eitheryouorhehastogo=Eitherheoryouhavetogo.6.neither/neither…nor…1).neither“两者当中都不”,后有of时接名词的复数形式,无of时接单数名词,动词用单数形式。Neitheroftheanswers______(be)right.2).neither….nor…“既不…….也不……”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即“就近原则”.NeitheryounorIamright.=NeitherInoryouareright.二.从属连词从属连词是引导从句的连词。1.引导宾语从句的连词1).that连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句。2).who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how连接由特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。3).if/whether连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。2.引导状语从句的连词1).时间状语从句:when,before,after,until,assoonas(主将从现)2).条件状语从句:if,unless3).原因状语从句:because4).方式状语从句:than5).结果状语从句:so…that…,such…that…6).让步状语从句:though/although44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台7).目的状语从句:sothat3.不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词。1).because,so不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一。Becauseinourschoolknewhim,sowehadnotroubleinfindinghim.2).though/although,but不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一。但though可以与yet,still同时出现在一个句子中。ThoughAustraliaisverylarge,butthepopulationisquitesmall.4.必须用whether的情况。1).discuss和介词后的宾语从句用whether.Wearediscussing____we’llholdameeting.I’mworriedabout___shecancometothemeeting2).和不定式、ornot连用必须用whether.Idon’tknow______toleaveornot.中考专题七:形容词副词I.形容词一、形容词的一般用法1.作定语,一般放在所修饰词的前面。It’sacoldandwindyday.2.作表语,放在系动词的后面。(look,feel,smell,sound….)Helookshappytoday.3.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时,须放在其后。Wouldyoulikesomethinghottodrink?4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。Howlongistheriver?It’sabouttwohundredmetreslong.5.只能作表语的形容词:afraid;alone;asleep;awake;alive;well健康的;ill;frightenedThemanisill.(正)Theillmanismyuncle.(误)6.只能作定语的形容词:little小的;only唯一的;wooden木质的;woolen羊毛质的;elder年长的MyelderbrotherisinBeijing.(正)Mybrotheriselder.(误)7.貌似副词的形容词:lonely;friendly;lively;lovely二、形容词常用句型1.“It’s+adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人(做某事)怎么样”。=Sb+be+adj+todosth注意:这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good,kind,nice,polite,clever,foolish,lazy,careful,careless,right(正确的),wrong等。It’sverykindofyoutohelpme.(=Youareverykindtohelpme.)2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=Todosthisadjforsb.注意:这一句型中常用的形容词有important,necessary,difficult,easy,hard,dangerous,safe,useful,pleasant,interesting,impossible等。It’snoteasyforthemtolearnaforeignlanguage.(=Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台forthem.)3.表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad,pleased,sad,thankful等常接不定式。I’mverysadtohearthebadnews.4.表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready(乐意的,有准备的),able(有能力的),sure(一定),certain(一定)等常接不定式。LeiFengisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Heissuretogettoschoolontime.Ⅱ副词一、副词的分类副词按词汇意义可分为:方式副词:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quickly程度副词:very,much,enough,almost,rather,quite地点副词:here,there,out,somewhere,abroad,home时间副词:today,early,soon,now,then,recently,still频度副词:always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never否定副词:no,not,neither,nor疑问副词:where,how,why其他:also,too,only二、副词的基本用法:1).副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前.Heplaysthepianoverywell.2).副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后.Hegotupquickly3).enough修饰adj/adv时,放在其后.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.三、常见副词用法辨析1.already与yet的区别already用于肯定句句中,表示“已经”;yet用于否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经”Hehad_____leftwhenIcalled. Haveyoufoundyourruler______?2very,much和verymuch.的区别very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;修饰动词要用verymuch.Johnis____honest.Thisgardenis_____biggerthanthatone.Thankyou_____.3.so与such的区别⑴so修饰形容词或副词;such修饰名词,MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.Heissuchaboy.⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词Heis___cleveraboy.=Heis____acleverboy.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Itis____coldweather.Theyare_____goodstudents.  ⑶名词前有many,much,few,little(少量的)用so不用such.(多多少少仍用so)但little表示“小的”用such.Thereare___littlesheeponthehill.4.also,too,aswell与either的区别also,aswell,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;aswell,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。例如,Myfatherisateacher.Mymotheris____ateacher.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher______.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher,_____.Ican’tspeakFrench……Jennycan’tspeakFrench,_____.5.sometime,sometimes,sometime与sometimes的区别sometime:表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。sometimes:有时,不时的=attimessometime:一段时间sometimes:几次,几倍We’llhaveatest______nextmonth._____wearebusyandsometimeswearenot.HestayedinBeijingfor_____lastyear.IhavebeentoBeijing______.6.ago与before的区别ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用。before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。Isawhimtenminutes_______.Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilm______.7.now,just与justnow的区别now:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”just:与现在完成时连用,表示“刚……”justnow:和过去时连用,表示“刚才”Wheredoeshelive______?Wehave_______seenthefilm.Hewashere______.8.lonely/alone的区别1).alone独自一人/没有同伴,既可作adj也可作adv.2).lonely表示孤独,寂寞,也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的,常与feel连用。3).alone只作表语(以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely既可作表语,也可作定语)Helives_____ona_____island.Heis_____,buthedoesn’tfeel______.9.fast/quickly/soon的区别.fast表示速度之快quickly表示动作之快soon表示时间之快I’mleavinghomethisafternoon.Really?Whyso______?A.fastB.soonC.quicklyD.early44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Ⅲ、形容词,副词的比较级、最高级一、规则变化1.一般在词尾直接加er或est,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st,nice-nicer-nicest3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est,heavy-heavier-heaviest4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er或est,big-bigger-biggest注:大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖.双写末辅再变级.(big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat)5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级,beautiful-morebeautiful-mostbeautiful注:表示否定意义在其前加less/leastimportant----lessimportant----leastimportantEnglishismoreinterestingthanChinese=ChineseislessinterestingthanEnglish.6.由“形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加more/mostslowly---moreslowly----mostslowly;但early—earlier---earliest二、不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastoldold/elderold/eldestbad/badly/illworseworstfarfarther(距离)/further(程度)farthest/furthest下列单、双音节词只能加more和most原级比较级最高级like(想似的)morelikemostlikereal(真的)morerealmostrealtiredmoretiredmosttiredpleasedmorepleasedmostpleasedoftenmoreoftenmostoften注:形容词,副词同形有:back,high,well,fast,early,late,straightⅣ形容词,副词等级的用法一、原级的用法1.只能修饰原级的词,very,quite,so,tooHeistootiredtowalkon.MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.  2.原级常用的句型结构(1)A=B-----A+as+adj/adv的原级+as+B表示“A和B一样”TomisasoldasKate.TomrunsasfastasMike.(2)A<B---A+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B表示“A不如B…”Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.Hedoesn’twalkasslowlyasyou.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台二、比较级的用法1.可以修饰比较级的词.much,alot,far,…的多alittle,abit,…一点儿even甚至,still仍然LessonOneismucheasierthanLessonTwo.Tomlooksevenyoungerthanbefore.  2.比较级常用的句型结构“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”TomistallerthanKate.Igotupearlierthanmymotherthismorning.三.最高级的用法1).结构:the+最高级+of+人或物(in+地点)HeisthetallestofalltheboysHeworkshardestinhisclass.注:副词的最高级前the可省掉2).the+序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.3).oneof+the+形容词的最高级+复数名词Heisoneoftheclevereststudentsinourclass.4).“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比较。Whichseasondoyoulike(the)best,spring,summerorautumn?四.级别的转换1).原级与比较级的转换a).倍数+as…as→(倍数-1)+比较级+thanThisroomisfivetimesasbigasthatone=Thisroomis______biggerthanthatone.b).notas…as与比较级的转换A+notas…as+B→A+比较级(反义词的比较级)+than+B→B+比较级+than+AMaryisnotasoldasTom.=Maryis__________Tom.=Tomis_________Mary.Thisbookisnotasexpensiveasthatone=Thisbookis__________thanthatone=Thatbookis___________thanthisone.2).比较级与最高级的转换a).the+最高级+of/in……b).比较级+than+anyother+单数名词+theother+复数名词+anyoneelse+anyoftheother+复名c).Nobodyelse+比较级+than……Tomisthetallestboyinourclass.Tomistallerthan________boyinourclass.Tomistallerthan_________inourclass.__________istallerthanTominourclass.五.级别的惯用法1.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。Heisgettingtallerandtaller.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台2.“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,越……”。Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyou’llmake.3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo+……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。(ofthetwins/parents…)Lookatthetwoboys.Mybrotheristhetallerofthetwo.4.当adj的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用the.Thisismybestbookofall.5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较.Mypencilislongerthan______(you).6.比较时不能与自身相比注:当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较,要用anyother+单数名词.若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other,直接用any+单数名词.Heistallerthan_____boyinhisclass.Heistallerthan_____boyinourclass.A.anyB.anyother7.有些含有比较级的句子里,常用that(单数、不可数名词)、those(复数名词)代替前面提到的词,以避免重复。TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthan____inGuangzhouinwinter.Theboysinourclassaremorethan_____inyourclass.中考考点八:动词时态一、一般现在时:1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。也可表客观规律以及在时间,条件状语从句中表将来时(主将从现)2.时间状语:always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSundays,3.基本结构:①be动词;am/is/are②行为动词:动词原形、第三人称单数。4.否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+……5.一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②Do/Does+…+动词原形+…?二、一般过去时:1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.时间状语:ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,thismorning3.基本结构:①be动词;was/were…②行为动词:动词的过去式44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台4.否定形式:①was/were+not;②didn’t+动词原形5.一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②Did+…+动词原形……?三、现在进行时:1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语:now,atthistime,thesedays,look,listen,canyousee?Can’tyousee?之类的暗示语。3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑问句:Is/Are…+doingsth?四、过去进行时:1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语:atthis/thattimeyesterday,atthattime,atsixyesterdayevening,fromeighto’clocktonineo’clocklastnight或以when/while引导的时间状语(过去进行时+when+一般过去时/一般过去时+while+过去进行时/过去进行时+while+过去进行时)。3.基本结构:was/were+doing4.否定形式:was/were+not+doing.5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。五、现在完成时:1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。2.时间状语:recently,lately,since…for…,inthepastfewyears,already,yet,never,ever,just,before,sofar,once,twiceetc.3.基本结构:have/has+done4.否定形式:have/has+not+done.5.一般疑问句:把have或has放于句首。6.反义疑问句:直接用has/have进行反问7.注意:1).havebeento/havegoneto/havebeenin的区别havebeento+地点表示曾经去过某地,现人已返回。(once,twice….)havegoneto+地点表示人已去了某地,人还未返回。(whereissb?)havebeenin+地点表示在某地呆多长时间。(for…../since…..)2).与时间段连用时,短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。Come/goto------beat/inleave----beawayfrombuy----haveborrow/lend-----keepopen---beopenclose---becloseddie---deadstart/begin----beonjoin—--bein/beamemberof/beasoldierbecome–bemakefriend---befriendgetup---beupfallasleep---beasleepcatchacold–haveacoldreach/get/arrive---stay/be3).现在完成时的四种句型:44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台A).主语+短暂性动词的过去式+时间+agoB).主语+have/has+延续性动词的过去分词+for…./since….ago.C).It’s+时间段+since+短暂性动词的过去式D).时间段+haspassed+since+短暂性动词的过去式Hisgrandfatherdiedtwoyearsago.Hisgrandfatherhas________fortwoyears._____twoyears_____hisgrandfather____.Twoyears____________hisgrandfather_____.4).现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与现在有关的时态,他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关,若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时,只能用一般现在时。Hashereturnedthelibrarybook?Yes,hehas.When____he_____(return)it?He____(return)ityesterdayafternoon.六、过去完成时:1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。2.时间状语:1).before+过去时间,by+过去时间,bytheendoflastyear(term,month…)2).bythetime+从句(一般过去时),主句(过去完成时)3).用于由when,after,before引导的时间状语从句中,前后两动作都发生在过去。过去完成时+when/before+一般过去时一般过去时+after+过去完成时4).用于宾语从句中。3.基本结构:had+done.4.否定形式:had+not+done.5.一般疑问句:把had放于句首。七、一般将来时:1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2.时间状语:tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year),soon,in+一段时间,by…,thedayaftertomorrow,thisevening,tonight3.基本结构:1).am/is/are/goingto+do;2).will/shall+do.3).用现在进行时表示将来,动词come,go,start,leave,fly,move,begin,get….4).当主句为一般将来时,由if,assoonas,until,when,before,after,unless引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。4.否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台5.一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。八、过去将来时:1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。2.时间状语:thenextday(morning,year…),thefollowingmonth(week…),bythen,3.基本结构:①was/were/goingto+do;②would/should+do.4.否定形式:①was/were/not+goingto+do;②would/should+not+do.5.一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should提到句首。中考考点九:被动语态一.被动语态的时态:1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+动词的过去分词2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+动词的过去分词3.一般将来时的被动语态:willbe+动词的过去分词4.现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词5.现在完成时的被动语态:have/has+been+动词的过去分词6.情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+动词的过去分词二.主动语态变被动语态的变法:口诀:宾变主,主变宾,谓变bedone,时不变,数格必须随被变。注:1.主动、被动的时态要一致。2.主动、被动的句式要一致。3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。三.特殊情况的被动语态:1.带双宾语的被动语态:动词+sb(间宾)+sth(直宾)口诀:如遇双宾语,一般变间宾,若把直宾变,to/for间宾连。1).give/pass/show与介词to搭配。givesbsth——sb+begivensth或sth+begiven+tosb.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台2).buy/make/cook与介词for搭配。buysbsth——sb+bebought+sth或sth+bebought+forsbHegavemeabookI____________abookbyhim.Abook_____________mebyhim.Mymothermademeacake.I_________acakebymymotherAcake____________mebymymother.2.带省to的不定式作宾补的被动语态:动词+sb+dosth.口诀:感使动词真叫怪,to来to去记心怀,主动语态to离去,被动语态to回来。动词:make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watchmakesbdosth----sb+be+made+todosthThebossmadetheworkersworkalldayTheworkers____________workalldaybytheboss.3.在see/hear/notice/keep+sb+doingsth句型中变被动语态时,doing不变。IheardTomsingingjustnowTom_______________bymejustnow.4.以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。Weshouldtakecareoftheold.Theoldshould_____________________.四.注意事项:1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态:last,have,own…..belongto,suit…fine,2.不及物动词是没有被动语态:happen,takeplace,appear,hold(容纳)3.系动词是没有被动语态:Look,feel,sound,smell,taste….Thedishtastesgood.4.有些词组没有被动语态:sellwell,writewell,ridewell,drivewellThiskindofskirtsellswell.5.need表示需要时,后面常接doing形式表示被动意义,相当于tobedone.Allthecomputersneedrepairing.=Allthecomputersneed_______________.6.在too…to…及enoughto…结构中有时表示被动意义。Theproblemistoodifficulttosolve.中考考点十:情态动词一.情态动词的用法1.can用法1)表示能力,与beableto同义,但can只用于现在时和过去时,beableto可用于各种时态。Twoeyescanseemorethanone.注:Canyou…?Yes,Ican/No,Ican’t.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台2).表示允许、请求用could比can语气更加委婉客气,常用于couldI/you…..?句型中,若表示同意时,用can回答而不用could.CouldIborrowthebook?No,youcan’t.3)。表示推测“可能”常用于否定句或疑问句中。(can’t表示一定不是)Itcan’tbetrue.Canitbetrue?2.may用法1)表允许,请求=can表示许可或征求对方的许可,常于第一人称连用。注:MayI….?Yes,youmayNo,youcan’t/mustn’t.在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes,please./Certainly.2)表推测,可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。Maybeheknowsthenews.=He__________thenews.3.must1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.注:MustI….?Yes,youmust/No,youneedn’t(don’thaveto).--Mustwehandinourexercise—booksnow?--No,youneedn’t./No,youdon’thaveto.2)mustn’t表禁止、不允许。Youmustn’ttalktoherlikethat.3)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中must改为can.Hemustbeill.Helookssopale.She’swearingadiamondnecklace.Shemusthavealotofmoney.注:must表推测时,其反义疑问句与must后面的动词一致。Theremustbesomethingwrong,________?4.need的用法need既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要否定句或疑问句中。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。1).用作情态动词,用于否定句和疑问句中。a).NeedI….?Yes,youmust/No,youneedn’t.Needwefinishtheworktoday?Yesyou__?A.needB.canC.mayD.mustb).need+dosth.变否定句:needn’tdosth变疑问句:Needsbdosth?2).用作实义动词a).need+todosth.Weneed_______(buy)someschoolthings.变否定句:don’t/doesn’t/didn’t+needtodosth.变疑问句:Do/Does/Didsb+needtosth?Yes,…do/does/didNo,sbdon’t/doesn’t/didn’t.Youdon’tneedtodoityourself.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台b).当主语是物时。Sth+need+doingsth=Sth+needtobedone.Thetableneedspainting.=Thetableneeds_______________.5.hadbetter的用法1).hadbetter+动词原形=It’sbesttodosth.Youhadbetter______(stay)athome.=_________________stayathome.2).Hadbetternot+动词原形Wehadbetter________(notplay)thecomputergames.6.must与haveto1).一般情况下,两者可互换。must=haveto2).must“必须,应该”表示说话人的主观看法,即说话人认为必须干某事。(内在原因)haveto“必须,不得不”强调客观需要,即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。(外界原因)Ican’tstopplayingthecomputergames.Foryourhealth,I’mafraidyou______.A.canB.mayC.mustD.hadto二.情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法1.情态动词后跟完成式,表“原本应该干某事,而实际上没干”Ishouldhavefinishedtheworkearlier.Heisn’there.Hemusthavemissedthetrain.2.情态动词后跟进行式,表示“想必正在……”,“可能正在……”,“应当正在”等意。It’stwelveo’clock.Theymustbehavinglunch.Theymaybediscussingthisproblem.Hecan’tbetellingthetruth.Sheshouldn’tbeworkinglikethat.She’sstillsoweak.三.情态动词的同义转换.1.can=beableto2.must=haveto3.needn’t=don’thaveto4.needdosth=needtodosth.中考考点十一:非谓语动词一、动词不定式1.动词不定式作宾语。1)在动词want,hope,wouldlike,decide,wish,choose,try,need等后常用动词不定式作宾语。Ihope______(hear)fromyousoon.2)think/find/feel/makeit+adj+todosthHefounditdifficult_______(get)tosleep.3).stoptodosth/stopdoingsthstoptodosth停下来去做某事stopdoingsth停止正在做的事。Afterworkingforalongtime,Hehastostop_______(have)arest.Hewasverytired,sohehadtostop______(work).2.动词不定式作宾语补。1).带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:ask/like/wouldlike/teach/tell/want/help+sb+todosthPleaseaskhim_________(come)quickly.2).省掉to的不定式作宾补的动词有:let/make/hear/see/notice/have/watch+sb+dosth44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台注:省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时,需要还原to.Hemadethebaby_______(stop)crying.Thebabywasmade___________crying.3.动词不定式作主语1).动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。2).常用it作形式主语,而将不定式放在句子后面。Todosth+谓语动词+adj/n=It+谓语动词+adj/n+todosthTogetaninjectionisalittlepainful._____alittlepainful________aninjection4.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后名词或代词+todo(介词)注:若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时,其后加上相应的介词。Iwantapentowrite______.Iwantapieceofpapertowrite______.5.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问词+todosth注:在宾语从句中,若主从句的主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+todosth”.CanyoutellmehowIcangettothehospital?Canyoutellme_____________thehospital.6.动词不定式可作状语1).动词不定式可作目的状语在come/go/leave后面接动词不定式作目的状语。Hecamehere______(get)hisbook.2).动词不定式可作原因状语表语形容词(sorry/sad/happy/glad/afraid/pleased)后与动词不定式连用作原因状语Hewasglad_______(see)hiswife.3).动词不定式可作结果状语在too…to…,not…enoughto…句型中的动词不定式作结果状语。Hewastootired_______(walk)on.7.动词不定式作表语be+todosth注:动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换,且常表将来。Herwishis_______(become)adoctor.__________isherwish.8.动词不定式的否定形式在动词不定式的前面加not.Hetoldme_______(notstay)here.9.动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况。1).动词不定式符号的省略情况若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,第一个不定式符号不能省略,其余的省掉to.但两者有对比关系时,to都不能省略。Edison’smothertaughthimtowriteandread.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台Ihaven’tdecidedtogohomeortogotothecinema.2)省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况。Willyoutakeawalkwithme?I’mgladto.Wouldyouliketojoinmybirthdayparty?Iwouldloveto.二、动名词1.动名词相当于一个名词,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Readinginbed______(be)badforyoureyes.2.有些动词或动词短语后面,只能接动名词作宾语。三、现在分词1.现在分词常放在see,hear,watch,notice等之后作宾补。Isawtheboy____(play)inthestreetjustnow.2.现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词之前,现在分词短语要放在被修饰词的后面,相当于一个定语从句。Asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping.DidyouknowthemantalkingtoMrLi?=DidyouknowthemanwhowastalkingtoMrLi?3.现在分词表伴随情况Hecameintotheclassroom,carryingabook.四、过去分词1.作宾补have/get+sth+done表示请别人干某事IhadmyTVrepairedlastnight.2.作定语单一的过去分词作定语,要放在被修饰词的前面,过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面,相当于一个定语从句。HaveyoueverreadanybookswrittenbyLuxun?Haveyoueverreadanybooks__________writtenbyLuxun?3.作表语过去分词作表语已经形容词化Mycupisbroken.七年级至九年级的非谓语动词一.接动词不定式(todo/dosth)1.liketodosth2.likesbtodosth3.Let’s(not)dosth4.wanttodosth5.wantsbtodosth6.lovetodosth7.asksb(not)todosth8.stoptodosth9.tellsb(not)todosth10.watchsbdosth11.It’stime(forsb)todosth12.helpsb(to)dosth13.helpdosth14.makesbdosth15.decide(not)todosth16.findit+adj+todosth17.havetodosth18.try(not)todosth19.tryone’sbesttodosth20.It’s+adj+(for)of+sb+todosth21.plantodosth22.S.p.+beagoodplacetodosth23.Ittakessb+sometime+todosth24.sendsbtodosth25.invitesbtodosth26.forgettodosth27.livetobe+时间28.beabletodosth29.havesthtodo30.seemtodosth31.getsb/sthtodosth32.疑问词+todosth33.needsthtodosth34.usesthtodosth35.followsbtosth36.needtodosth37.agoodtimetodosth38.thebesttimetodosth39.thebestwaytodosth40.bethefirst/lastonetodosth44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台41.wouldliketodosth42.beexcited/surprisedtodosth43.beusefultodosth44.beallowedtodosth45.allowsbtodosth46.It’sbettertodosth47.It’sbesttodosth48.takecare(not)todosth49.seesbdosth50.whynotdosth?51.haveenoughtimetodosth52.too…todosth53.not…enoughtodosth54.encouragesbtodosth55.choosetosth56.waittodosth57.behappy/glad/pleasedtodosth58.makeit+adj+todosth59.becarefultodosth60.beafraidtodosth61.It’sourdutytodosth62.usedtodosth63.can’taffordtodosth64.makeadecisiontodosth65.haveanopportunitytodosth66.waitforsbtodosth67.woulddosthratherthandosth68.wouldratherdosththandosth69.hurrytodosth70.refusetodosth71.agreetodosth72.pretendtodosth73.pretendtobedoingsth74.prefertodosth75.prefernottodosth76.prefertodosthraherthandosth77.bewillingtodosth78.volunteer+时间/钱+todosth79.volunteertodosth80.offertodosth81.rushtodosth82.inorder(not)todosth83.becertaintodosth84.besuretodosth85.makeplanstodosth86.gooutoftheirwaytodosth87.leadsbtodosth88.It’sone’sjobtodosth89.It’sone’sturntodosth90.urgesbtodosth91.Could/Wouldyouplease(not)dosth?92.besupposedtodosth93.warnsbtodosth二、接动名词(doingsth)1.likedoingsth2.enjoydoingsth3.havefundoingsth4.beinterestedindoingsth5.Thanksfordoingsth6.lookatsbdoingsth7.stopsbdoingsth8.stopsbfromdoingsth9.go+v-ing10.dothe(some)+v-ing11.What/Howdoingsth?12.practicedoingsth13.watchsbdoingsth14.findsbdoingsth15.mind(one’s)doingsth16.can’tstanddoingsth17.thinkaboutdoingsth18.spend…(in)doingsth19.finishdoingsth20.bebusydoingsth21.keepdoingsth22.keepsbfromdoingsth23.keepsbdoingsth24.begoodatdoingsth25.hatedoingsth26.Therebe+名词+doingsth27.makealivingbydoingsth28.haveadifficulttimedoingsth29.feellikedoingsth30.allowdoingsth31.seesbdoingsth32.bydoingsth33.endupdoingsth34.doasurveyaboutdoingsth35.beafraidofdoingsth36.beusedtodoingsth37.beterrifiedofdoingsth38.giveupdoingsth39.insteadofdoingsth40.havenothingagainstdoingsth41.beseriousaboutdoingsth42.haveachanceofdoingsth43.before/when/while+doingsth44.startdoingsth45.havealotofexperiencedoingsth46.preferdoingsth47.considerdoingsth48.dreamof/aboutdoingsth49.continuedoingsth50.putoffdoingsth51.beusedfordoingsth=beusedtodosth52.preferdoingsthtodoingsth53.withoutdoingsth54.becomfortabledoingsth55.can’tstop/helpdoingsth56.lookforwardtodoingsth57.beagainstdoingsth58.havetrouble/problems/difficulty(in)doingsth59.suggestdoingsth60.bebusydoingsth61.beworthdoingsth第二部分:句法中考考点十二:主谓一致一.就近原则1.由并列结构或连词(either…or,neither…nor,not…but,notonly…butalso,or等)连接的并列主语,谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。NeitherhisparentsnorTom_____(be)athome. 2.在倒装句和therebe句型中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台There_____(be)abookandsomepensonthedesk.There______(come)thebus.3.在定语从句中,关系代词作主语,其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。Iknowthemanwho_____(be)talkingtomyfather.4.在强调句中,连接代词又在句中作主语,这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 ItisMary’sbrotherwho_____(be)injuredinthecaraccidentyesterday.  二.意义一致原则1.当主语与谓语动词之间插入alongwith,with,aswellas,togetherwith,besides,except,but,including等短语时,谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。Ialongwithmysister_____(be)goingtoShanghainextmonth.2.由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。 WhatIwanttosay_____(be)just“Takecare!”.3.“…+(of)+名词”作主语时,若“of”后的名词为单数(不可数名词),则谓语动词用单数,如果名词为复数,则谓语动词用复数。Mostofthewaterhere______(be)clean.80%cotton______have)beensenttoAmerica.80%Halfoftheapples______(be)red.6.词组“anumberof”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数;“thenumberof”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Anumberofancientbuildings_____(be)destroyedinthewar.Thenumberofthevisitors_____(have)decreasedthisyear.7.英语的集体名词(family,public,group,team,class等词),指代“整体”时为单数;指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。Myfamily____(be)verypoorwhenIwasalittlegirl  Myfamily______(be)alllookingforwardforyourcoming.三.整体原则1.从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。Whentoleave_____(be)notbeendecided.WatchingTVtoomuch_____(be)badforyoureyes.  注:如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句,谓语动词常用复数。Whathesaidandwhathedid_____(be)alwaysdifferentlastnight.2.如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时,谓语动词须用单数。Thenovelistandpoet_____(be)goingtoEuropenextyear.Thenovelistandthepoet_____(be)goingtoEuropenextyear.3.表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时,通常被视作整体,谓语动词用单数。10minutesisenough.4.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。2and3______5.5.“the+姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、….夫妇”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。TheBlacks______(enjoy)workinginChina.四.个体原则1.every+….andevery+…..或each+…andeach+…作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Everymanandeverywoman_____(be)busyatworking.2.英语句中的each,either,44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台neither等词,作代词充当主语,修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Neitherofus_____(have)beenabroad.Neitheranswer_____(be)wrong.3.由some,anyevery,no构成的复合词(somebody,nobody,everything,anything等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Somebody______(be)waitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.成双成对出现的复数名词(glasses,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,但前面有a/thepairof;a/thesuitof等词语时,则谓语动词要与量词(pair,suit,piece)在单复数上保持一致。Apairofscissors_______(be)usefultoolforadressmaker.Twopiecesofpaper______(be)onthedesk.5.以复数形式出现,却表示单数意义(maths,physics,news…)谓语用单数。 Maths_____(be)myfavoritesubject.6.“the+形容词(old/young/rich/poor)”表示“一类人”,作主语时,谓语用复数。Theyoung______(like)listeningtopopularsongs.7.“the+姓氏的复数”表示“某某夫妇,某某一家人”,作主语时,谓语用复数。TheGreens_______(be)havinglunchnow.中考考点十三:倒装句1.当句首为副词here,there且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。Herecomesthebus!.Theregoesthebell.!2.only修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时,应用部分倒装。Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.OnlywhenyoutoldmedidIknowhername.注意:如果only修饰的不是状语,则句子不倒装。OnlyUncleLiknowshowithappened.3.表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时,肯定倒装用“so+助动词/情态动词+后者”,前句事否定,而后面的人也不怎么样时用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词+sb”。HecanspeakEnglish,socanI.Ifshedoesn’tgotheretomorrow,neither/norwillI.注意1)“so+助动词/情态动词+主语”表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样,所谈到的是两个人,意为“……也是这样”;2)“so+主语+助动词/情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时,说话者表示同意前者的观点,意为“的确如此”。—LiLeilikessports.—SohedoesandsodoI.4.由notonly……butalso……引起的并列句,若将notonly置于句首时,该分句应部分倒装,butalso引导的分句不倒装。Notonlydidhegivemesomeadvice,butalsohelentmesomemoney.5.“nomatter+疑问词+从句”或“疑问词+ever+从句”注:从句应用陈述句语序,时态用一般现在时。Howeverhardtheproblemis,Imustworkitout.中考考点十四:感叹句44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台一、结构:What/How+被感叹的部分+主语+谓语!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!二、变法:一断,二加,三调位。一断表示在谓语动词的后面断开,二加表示在断开的两部分中间加what或how,三调位表示前后两部分对调位置。Theyhadagoodtimeyesterday.一断:Theyhad/agoodtimeyesterday.二加:Theyhad(what)agoodtimeyesterday.三调位:Whatagoodtimetheyhadyesterday.三、what引导的感叹句:1.what+a/an+adj+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______acleverboyheis!2.what+adj+复数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______heavyboxestheyare!3.what+adj+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______badweather!四、how引导的感叹句:1.How+adj/adv+主语+谓语!_________hardtheyareworking!2.How+adj+a/an+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!Howtallaboyheis!3.How+adj/adv+the+名词+谓语!________heavilytherainisfalling!五、what与how引导的感叹句之间的转换:1.Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!=______beautifulthegirlis!2.Howdeliciousthefoodis!=______deliciousfooditis!六、几个常见的感叹句:1.______greatfunitis!2.______importantinformation!3.______goodnews!4.______goodadvice/music!5.______aheavyrain!6.______astrongwind!七、感叹句中常见的不可数名词:food,work,weather,fun,music,information,news,advice,中考考点十五:反意疑问句一、结构:陈述句+附加疑问句?It’shottoday,isn’tit?44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台二、原则:1.前肯后否,前否后肯2.前名后代3.时态一致三、变法:一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。四、特殊的附加疑问句:1.I’m……,aren’tI?I’mright,____________?2.Therebe……,______there?Therewillbefewerbusesinthefuture,__________?3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句,仍把它作为肯定形式。Heisunhappy,___________?4.Let’s的反意疑问句为shallwe?Let’sgotothemovietogether,__________?5.祈使句的反意疑问句为willyou?Don’tmissit,__________?6.若陈述句部分含有never,few,little,hardly,no,seldom,nobody,nothing…否定词、半否定词时,附加疑问句用肯定形式。Hecanhardlyunderstandit,___________?7.陈述句的主语为不定代词时:1).主语为指人的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he/they.Noonewashurt,_____________?2).主语为指物的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用it.Nothingisserious,______________?8.表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句,其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致。Hemustbeatschool,____________?9.陈述句的主语是this,that,these,those时,附加疑问句的主语分别为it,they.Thisisanewcomputer,____________?Thosearen’tbananatees,_____________?10.当陈述句是主从复合句时,其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致。若主句为Ithink/believe/suppose/imagine/expect时,其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致。Hesaidthathewouldleaveheretomorrow,______________?Idon’tthinkyoucandotheseexercisesalone,______________?11.陈述句中有has/have/had时,一定要注意。1).若句中是hasto/haveto/hadto,表“不得不”附加疑问句的谓语用doesn’t/don’t/didn’t进行反问.Theyhadtoleaveearly,____________?2).若句中是has/have/had表“有”,其附加疑问句的谓语用do/does/did进行反问。Hehasfewfriendsinthenewschool,____________?3).若句中是has/have/had+过去分词时,其反义疑问句的谓语用has/have/had进行反问。HehasneverbeentoBeijing,__________?ShehadstudiedafewEnglishsongsbytheendoflastmonth.,____________?五、反义疑问句的回答:44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,+肯定形式。若事实是否定的,就用No,+否定形式。注意:在前否后肯的句子中,yes表示“不”而No表示“是的”。Shedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday,didshe?_________,thoughshewasnotfeelingwell.A.No,shedidn’tB.No,shedidC.Yes,shedidn’tD.Yes,shedid考点归纳十六:状语从句一、引导词的选择:1.时间状语从句1).由when、while、as(当……时候)引导的时间状语从句。Whenjackgothome,hismotherwascooking.2).由after/before(在….之后/前)引导的时间状语从句。Thefootballmatchplayedafterschoolwasover.3).由assoonas(一…..就……)引导的时间状语从句。I’llringyouassoonasIreachBeijing.4).由not….until(直到…..才…..)引导的时间状语从句。Theydidn’tstopuntiltheyfinishedthework.2.原因状语从句由because、since、as(因为、既然、由于)引导的原因状语从句。Sinceyouhaveknownaboutthat,pleasetelluswhattodo.3.地点状语从句由wherever(无论在哪儿)引导的地点状语从句。Whereverhegoes,healwaysbringshispetdog.4.目的状语从句由sothat(以便、为的是)引导目的状语从句。Hegotupveryearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.5.条件状语从句由if或unless引导条件状语从句。Iwon’tgotohispartyunlessIaminvited.6.比较状语从句由than、as…as、notas……as引导比较状语从句。Therearemorestudentsinourclassthanintheirs.7.让步状语从句由though、eventhough/if、although引导让步状语从句。Althoughhedidn’tpasstheexam,hisfatherdidn’tgetangrywithhim.8.方式状语从句由asif(好像)引导方式状语从句。Hetalkedaboutthatasifhekneweverything.9.结果状语从句由so…that…、such….that…(如此…..以致于…)引导结果状语从句。Itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’tseetheroad.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台二、状语从句与主句的时态问题1.时间状语从句、条件状语从句与主句的时态不一致。(主句用将来时,而时间、条件状语从句用一般现在时)Ifit________(notrain)tomorrow,we______(go)toclimbthehill.He________(become)asodierwhenhe______(grow)up.2.since引导的时间状语从句。Itis+时间+since+一般过去时It_____(be)tenyearssincewe________(leave)thatcity.3.由when、while引导的时间状语从句的时态:主句(过去进行时)+when+从句(一般过去时)主句(一般过去时)+when+从句(过去进行时)主句(一般过去时)+while+从句(过去进行时)主句(过去进行时)+while+从句(过去进行时)注意:看动词为短暂性动词用一般过去时,动词为延续性动词则用过去进行时。Mother_______(cook)supperwhenI______(get)homeyesterday.LastSundayI_______(meet)LinHongwhenI_______(walk)inthestreet.WhileHanMeimei_______(sweep)thefloor,Lucy_______(carry)water.Whenthestudents________(have)ameeting,theteacher_______(come)in.4.由when、after、before、bythetime引导的时间状语从句的时态:主、从句的谓语动作都以完成,则先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时。Whenthey_______(get)tothecinemalastlight,thefilm________(start).I_________(go)outwithmyfriendsafterI_______(finish)allthehomeworklastnight.中考考点十七:宾语从句一、直接引语变间接引语1.人称的变化:一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。1).“一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时,变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致.Shesaid“Ilikeplayingbasketball”.Shesaidthat__________playingbasketball.2).“二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时,变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致.SheaskedTom“CanIhavealookatyourpicture”.SheaskedTomif______couldhavealookat______picture.3).“第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时,变间接宾语时人称保持不变.Shesaidtome“Theywanttohelpme”.Shetoldmethat__________tohelpme.2.指示代词,时间、地点状语的变化直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthatthose时间状语nowthentodaythatdaythismorningthatmorningthreedaysagothreedaysbeforeLastweektheweekbeforetomorrowthenext/44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台followingdaynextyearthenextyear地点状语herethere动词comego二.宾语从句的考查宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。1.考查宾语从句的语序:宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序。即“主语+谓语+……Doyouknowwhen__________?A.doesthenexttrainleaveB.thenexttrainleavesC.willthenexttrainleaveD.thenexttrainwillleave注:若从句时疑问句,但语序不变的有:1).who在从句中作主语。Canyoutellme_________?(谁将来这儿)2).what’swrong/thematter?Heaskedwhatwasthematterwithme.3).whathappenedIdon’tknowwhathappenedyesterday.4).whichisthewayto….?Canyoutellmewhichisthewaytothepark?2.考查宾语从句的引导词1).若宾语从句时陈述句时,引导词用that且that可省掉。Shesaid“I’mgaldtoseeyou”=Shesaid________________galdtoseeme.2).宾语从句时一般疑问句时,引导词用if或whether.一般情况下if/whether可互换,但后有ornot/or、动词不定式或介词的后面时,只能用whether.Hesakedme“AreyougoingtoWuhan?”=Heaskedme________________goingtoWuhan.I’mthinkingabout______togothere.A.ifB.whetherC.that3).宾语从句时特殊疑问句时,引导词用特殊疑问词。Doyouknow________?I’mnotsure,Maybeheisabusinessman.A.whoheisB.whoisheC.whathedoesD.whatdoeshedo4).若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时,就改为ask/tellsbtodosth.若为否定祈使句,就改为ask/tellsbnottosth.“Don’topenthedoor”Theteachersaid.=Theteachertoldme____________thedoor.3.宾语从句的时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。Canyoutellme_________?Heisadoctor.A.whatisheB.whathewasC.whatheisD.whatwashe2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)。Heasked____________.44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台A.whattimeitisB.whattimeisitC.whattimeitwasD.whattimewasitHetoldmethathe______forthesportsmeet.A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.willprepareD.hasprepared注:1)如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。OurteachersaidthatJanuary_____(be)thefirstmonthoftheyear.Ourteachersaidthattheearth___(go)aroundthesun.2).若主句为couldyou…..?表示请求客气的语气,从句的时态仍然不变。Couldyoutellme_______?A.whathewasdoingB.whatwashedoingC.whatheisdoingD.whatishedoing4.if/when引导状语从句和宾语从句这两种从句。从句的时态的确定。ifWhenif/when从句的时态条件/时间状语从句如果、假如当…的时候一般现在时宾语从句是否什么时候一般将来时Canyouguessifthey___toplayfootballwithus?Ithinktheywillcomeifthey____free.A.come,areB.willcome,willbeC.willcome,areD.come,willbeCanyoutellmewhenhe____heretomorrow?Whenhe_____here,pleasecallme.A.comes,comesB.willcome,willcomeC.willcome,comesD.comes,willcome5.宾语从句的简化:1).宾语从句是陈述句时,且主、从句的主语一致,可简化为“动词+todosth”.IhopeIcanmeetyouagain.Ihope__________youagain.2).宾语从句是疑问句时,且主、从句的主语一致,或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑问词+todosth”.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.Idon’tknow_____________next.CouldyoutellmehowIcangetthere?Couldyoutellme_____________there?Johndidn’tdecidewhichshirthewouldbuy.Johndidn’tdecide___________________.3).hear/see/find+that+从句,可改为“hear/see/find+sb(要用宾格)+doingsth”.Iheardthattheyweresinginginthenextroom.=Iheard__________inthenextroom.Wefoundthatshewasplayingwiththecatunderthetree.Wefound__________withthecatunderthetree.考点归纳十八:定语从句一、定语从句(一):1.定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台3.关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。关系词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人也指物作主语、宾语which指物作主语、宾语who指人作主语whom指人作宾语whose既指人也指物作定语二、定语从句(二)1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下,只能用that不用which。1).当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、theone等时,只能用that。Thereisnothing______Icandoforyou.2).当先行词被theonly、thevery、thelast、all、no、little等词修饰时,只能用that。Thisistheverybook______I’mlookingfor.3).先行词被序数词修饰时,只能用that。Thisisthefirstnextbook______Istudiedinthemiddleschool.4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。Thisisthemostbeautifulmountain______Ihaveeverseen.=Ihave_____seen_____abeautifulmountian.5).先行词既有人也有物时,只能that。Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersons_______wehad.2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下,只能用which不用that。1).关系代词前有介词时,关系词只能用which。Thisisthebuildingin______helives.2).先行词本身是that时,关系词只能用which。Theclockisthat_____tellsthetime.3).引导非限定性的定语从句(先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开),关系词用which。Hisbook,______waslostlastweek,hasbeenfoundnow.3.先行词是人时,一般情况下既可用who也可用that。但以下情况下,只能用who。1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who。Those______aresingingareallmyclassmates.2).在therebe句型中,先行词指人时,只能用who。指物时用that。Thereisagirl______expectstoseeyou.3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时,只能用who。He______playswithfiregetsburned.三、定语从句(三)。由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。where=in/at+whichwhen=in/on/at+whichwhy=for+which1.由where引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示地点的名词2).在定语从句中作地点状语Isthisthehouse______youlived?=Isthisthehouse__________youlived?=Isthisthehouse_____youlivedin?44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台2.由when引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示时间的名词2).在定语从句中作时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedays______Imethim.=Iwillneverforgetthedays________Imethim.注:先行词是thelasttime时,when可省略。Whenwasthelasttimeyousawtheparrot?3.由why引导的定语从句。先行词为reason时,一般用why。why在句中作原因状语。Wedon’tknowthereason______theydidn’tcome.四、注意事项:1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,常可省略。Thestory_____hetoldwasverypopular.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD./2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。Ilovessingerswho_______(write)theirownsongs.Sheisoneofthegirlswho______(study)hard.3.在定语从句中不能出现代替先行词的人称代词。Willyoupleaseshowmethebook______yesterday?A.whichyouboughtB.thatyouboughtitC.youboughtD.youboughtit4.定语从句中whose的确定:无论先行词是人或物,在定语从句中做定语用whose。判断:看定语从句的主语前有无限定词(my、your、Jim’s等),若没有,则用whose。Thegirl_____parentsworkinBeijingisKate.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.thatIknowtheboy.Hishandwritingisverygood.=Iknowtheboy____handwritingisverygood.五、定语从句的简化把定语从句简化为形容词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语。1.Shereveivedaboxwhichwasfullofpresents.Shereveivedabox__________presents.2.HelikesreadingbooksthatwaswrittenbyLuxun.Helikesreadingbooking_________Luxun.3.IlikeChineseteawhichhasnothinginit.IlikeChinesetea___________init.4.Doyouknowthegirlwhoiswearingareddress.Doyouknowthegirl______areddress.第三部分:补全对话考点1.打电话用语:一、拨电话方的交际用语:1.Could/May/CanIspeakto…,please?请找…接电话,好吗?2.Who’sthat(speaking)?你是哪一位呀?3.Thisis…(speaking)./Thisis…here./…herespeaking.我是…….4.Couldyouaskhim/hertocallmeback?你能让他、她给我回电话吗?5.I’mcallingtoask/tellyouto….我打电话给你是想告诉你去…….6.That’sverykindofyou(tohelpme).你能帮助我真是太好了。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台二、接电话方的交际用语:1.Hello!6098724.你好!这里是6098724.2.Thisis…..(speaking).我就是……3.Who’sthat(speaking)?请问你是哪位?4.Yes,itis.是的,我就是。No,thisis…..不,我是……5.Holdon(foramoment),please./Onemoment,please.请稍后,别挂机。6.I’msorry/afraidhe’s/she’soutatthemoment/rightnow.对不起,他/她现在不在。7.CanItakeamessage(foryou)?我能替你稍话吗?8.I’llleaveamessageonhis/herdesk.我会在他/她的桌上留个便条。9.What’syourtelephonenumber?你的电话是多少?10.I’llgive/takeherthemessage.我会稍信给她的。考点2.购物用语:一、营业员常用的交际用语:1.CanIhelpyou?WhatcanIdoforyou?你要买什么?2.Whichwouldyoulike?你喜欢哪一个?3.Howmany/much….Doyouwant?你要多少?4.Isthatall?就买这些吗?5.Whataboutthisone?这件怎么样?6.Doyoulike….?你喜欢……吗?7.Whatcolor/size/kinddoyoulike/want?你喜欢/想要什么颜色/尺寸/种类的?8.Whichone/colordoyoulike/want?你喜欢/想要哪个/哪种颜色?9.I’mafraidwehaven’tgotany…Inthatsizeatthemoment.恐怕我们现在没有那个尺寸的…10.I’msorry,wehavesoldoutthe….Inyoursize.对不起,你要的尺寸我们已经卖完了。11.Hereyouare.给你。12.Nohurry.别着急。13.pleasetakeyourtime.慢慢来。14.Letmesee,twentyyuan,please.我看一下,20元。15.Youhaven’tpaidforityet.你还没有付钱。16.That’sthecheapest/mostexpensiveonewehave,I’mafraid.恐怕这是我们最便宜/最贵的二、顾客常用的交际用语:1.Iwant/wouldliketobuysome….(for….).我想买一些…..2.I’llhavealookatthe….我想看看…..3.Thankyou,that’sall.谢谢你。就这些吧。4.Ilikethecolor,butit’s/they’retoo….我喜欢这颜色,但它/他们太…..5.It’sgreat,butit’snot….enough.不错,但它不够…..6.No,thecoloristoo…..不,颜色太…..7.Iprefer….butthis….istoo….我喜欢….,但这个….太…..8.That’stoolight太浅了。9.Yes,that’sjustright.好的,这个正合适。10.Haveyougotanyotherkind/color/size?你有其他种类/颜色/尺寸的吗?11.Thatlooksnice/great.看起来不错。12.Haveyougotanythingcheaper?你有更便宜点的吗?13.That’sabitexpensive.I’llthinkaboutit.有点贵,我要考虑一下。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台14.Howmuchdoesitcost?/Howmuchdotheycost?/Howmucharethesethings?多少钱。15.That’smuchtooexpensive.I’mafraid.恐怕太贵了。16.That’s(quite)cheap/dear.这不算贵/这相当贵。17.Ilikeit,butitcoststoomuch.我喜欢它,但是太贵了。18.Ican’tdecide.我决定不了。19.That’sfine.I’lltakeit/them.不错,我买了。20.Can/MayItrythem/iton,please?我能试一试吗?21.Idon’tthinkI’lltakeit.我觉得不会买。22.Hereisthemoney.买单。考点3问路及应答的用语:一、问路的交际用语:1.Excuseme,where’s…….?劳驾,……在哪儿?2.HowcanIgetto…….?我怎么去…….?3.Whichisthewaytothe……?去…..是哪一条路?4.Canyoutellmethewaytothe……?你能告诉我去…..的路吗?5.Couldyoutellmehowtogettothe……?你能告诉我怎样去…..吗?6.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothe…..?你能告诉我怎样去….吗?7.Whichbuscantakemetothe……?哪路公共汽车可以带我去……?8.WhichbuscanIcatchtothe…….?我可以乘几路公共汽车去……?9.WhichnumberdoIneed?我需要乘几路车?10.Isitfarfromhere?离这儿远吗?11.Howfarisit?有多远?12.Thankyou./Thankyouallthesame.谢谢。二、指路的交际用语:1.It’soverthere.It’soverthereontheleft/right.在那儿左边/右边2.It’snexttothe…./infrontofthe…./behindthe…../outsidethe….它在…的旁边/前面/后面/外边3.It’sbetween….And…..它在….和…之间。4.It’sattheendofthestreet.在街尾。5.Walk/Goalong/downtheroad/thestreet,andtakethesecondturningontheleft/right.沿这条路/街,然后在第二个转弯处朝左/右拐。6.It’saboutahundredmetersalongontheleft/right.大约在前方100米处左/右。7.It’sabout4kilometresaway.大约有4,000米远。8.Youhadbettertake/catchabus.你最好乘坐公共汽车。9.Godownthisstreetuntilyoureachthesecondtrafficlights.沿着这条街一直走到第二个交通灯那儿。10.Attheendoftheroadyou’llseethe…..至路尾你就会看到……11.Itwilltakeyouabouthalfanhour.大约要花半个小时到那儿。12.Goacrossthebridge.从桥上走过去。13.Goupthisroadtotheend.沿着这条路走到尽头。14.Turnleft/rightatthesecondcrossing.在第二个十字路口朝左/右拐。15.TaketheNo.3busanditwilltakeyoustraightthere.乘3路公共汽车,会把你直接带到那儿16.TheNo.72buswilltakeyouthere.72路公共汽车会把你带到那儿。17.You’dbettertakeNo.10bustothehospital.你最好乘坐10路公共汽车去医院。44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台18.Youcan’tmissit.你不会错过的。19.It’sabout15minutes’walk.步行大约15分钟。考点4.看病的用语:一、医生常用的交际用语:1.What’swrongwithyou?What’sthematter?你怎么哪?2.Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?你像这样有多久?3.Haveyoutakenyourtemperature?你量过体温吗?4.Doyousleepverywell?睡觉好吗?5.Whatdoeatforyourmeals?你三餐吃过什么?6.Haveyouhadanythingtoeatthismorning?早晨吃过什么?7.Haveyougot/hadaheadache/cough?你头痛/咳嗽吗?8.Maybeyouhavecaughtabitofacold?也许你有点感冒。9.Thereisnothingserious.不严重。10.You’dbetterhavemore/lessfoodandtakesomeexercise.你最好多/少吃食物并且参加一些锻炼。11.Takethismedicineandstayinbedforafewdays.吃这个药并卧床休息几天。12.Takethismedicineeveryfourhoursanddrinkmorehotwater.每4小时吃一次这个药并多喝开水。13.Doyousmoke?You’dbetterstopsmoking.你抽烟吗?最好戒烟。14.Youwillgetbettersoon.Youwillbeallright/wellsoon.你会很快好起来的。二、病人常用的交际用语:1.Ihavegotaheadache/cough.我头痛/咳嗽。2.I’vegotapainhere.我这儿痛。3.I’mnotfeelingwell.Idon’tfeelverywell.Ifeelterrible.我感觉不舒服。4.Isitserious?严重吗?5.I’vebeenlikethiseversincelastnight.我从昨天晚上起一直这样。6.There’ssomethingwrongwith…..我…..不舒服。7.Thisplacehurts.这儿疼。考点5.问候的交际用语:1.Hello!Hi!2.Goodmorning/afternoon/evening3.Howdoyoudo!4.Howareyou?Fine,thankyou.Andyou?5.Howisyourfather/mother?6.Howiseverything?Howisitgoing?考点6.介绍的交际用语:1.What’syourname?2.MayIknowyourname?3.MynameisJones.4.What’syourfirstname?5.Nicetomeetyou.6.I’mpleased/happy/gladtomeetyou.考点7.告别的交际用语:1.Goodbye!Bye-bye!2.Goodnight!3.I’mafraidIhavetogonow.It’sgettinglate.4.Let’sgettogethersoon!5.Seeyousoon/later/tomorrow.6.Wehadagoodtime.7.Thankyouforhavingus.8.It’sapleasure.9.Takecare!考点8.感谢和应答的交际用语:1.Thankyou/Thankyouverymuch.2.It’sverykindofyou.3.Notatall/That’sOK/That’sallright/You’rewelcome/It’sapleasure/Mypleasure.考点9.祝愿、祝贺和应答的交际用语:1.Goodlucktoyou!.2.MerryChristmas!3.HappyNewYear!4.Happybirthday!44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台5.Enjoyyourself!6.Havefun!7.Haveagoodtime!8.Congratulations!9.Thankyou,andyoutoo!10.Thesametoyou!考点10.意愿及应答的交际用语:1.I’mgingtopicksomeapples.2.I’dlikeyoutomeetmyparents,too.3.Iwanttotakesomebookstotheclassroom.4.Ihopetoseeyousoon.5.Ihopeyouhaveagoodtime.6.Thankyou7.I’msorryIcan’t8.I’mafraidIcan’t.考点11.道歉与应答的交际用语:1.I’msorry.2.I’msorryfor….3.Nevermind4.Itdoesn’tmatter5.Forgetit考点12.遗憾和同情的交际用语:1.I’msorrytohearthat.2.Iknowhowyoufeel.3.Don’tworryaboutit4.oh,comeon.Cheerup.5.That’stoobad6.Whatapity!考点13.邀请与应答的交际用语:1.Doyouwantto…..?2.Wouldyouliketo….?3.Thatsoundsgreat.4.Thatsoundslikefun5.I’mafraidIcan’tcometoyourparty.6.Maybesomeotherday考点14.提供(帮助)和应答的交际用语:1.CanIhelpyou?2.WhatcanIdoforyou?3.Letmehelpyou4.Thanks.Thatwouldbenice5.That’sverykindofyou6.Thanksforyourhelp7.Wouldyoulikesome…..?8.Yes,please/No,thanks考点15.请求允许和应答的交际用语:1.Can/Could/MayI….?2.Yes./certaily/Yes,doplease./Ofcourse/Ok?Allright.3.I’msorry,but…../You’dbetternot….考点16.表示同意和不同意的交际用语:1.Certainly/Sure?Ofcourse2.Yes,please3.Yes,Ithinkso.4.Allright/Ok.5.That’sagoodidea.6.Iagree(withyou).7.No,Idon'tthinkso8.I’mafraidnot9.Idisagree(withyou)考点17.表示肯定和不肯定的交际用语:1.I’msure.2.I’msurethat…..3.I’mnotsure.4.I’mnotsureif……5.Maybe./Perhaps.考点18.喜欢和厌恶的交际用语:1.Doyoulike….?2.Whichdoyoulikebetter,…or…?Ilike…betterthan….3.Whichdoyoulikebest,…,….or….?Ilike…best.4.Ilike/love….alot/verymuch/alittle.5.Idon’tlike…atall6.Ihate….7.Ipreperto…ratherthan….考点19.谈论天气的交际用语:1.What’stheweatherliketoday?2.Howistheweather?3.It’sfine/cloudy/windy/rainy4.It’sratherwarm/cold/hot,isn’tit?5.Lovelyweather,isn’tit?6.Whataheavyrain!7.Whatastrongwind!考点20.询问时间或日期和应答的交际用语:1.Whatdayisittoday?2.What’sthedatetoday?3.Whattimeisit?/What’sthetime?4.It’sMonday5.It’sJuly1st6.It’ssixo’clock/halfpasssix/aquartertoeight.7.It’stimefor…../It’stimetodosth.考点21.请求的交际用语:1.Can/Couldyou…..forme?2.Willyouplease……?3.MayIhave…?4.Pleasegive/passme….5.Pleasewait(here/amoment)6.Pleasehurry.考点22.劝告和建议的交际用语:44Pageof44\n阳光家教网www.ygjj.com西安家教青岛家教郑州家教苏州家教天津家教中国最大找家教、做家教平台1.You’dbetterasktheman.2.Whydon’tyougotothepark?3.How/Whatgoingoutforawalk?4.Allright.thanks5.Right.I’lldothat6.That’sagoodidea.Thankyou7.Youareright8.Shallweplaytogether?9.Youshouldn’tstayuptoolate.10.Idon’tmind.考点23.禁止和警告的交际用语:1.Youcan’tdothat2.Ifyoudon’tgetup,you’llbelateforschool.3.Becareful/Takecare4.Makesureyoulockthedoorwhenyouleave.5.Don’twalkthere.Theflooriswet.考点24.表示感情的交际用语:1.I’mglad/pleased/happytomeetyou.2.That’snice3.That’swonderful/great.4.She’sworried.5.Oh,whatshouldIdo?6.Really?7.Oh,dear!8.Isthatso?考点25.就餐的交际用语:1.Whatwouldyouliketohave?2.Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat/drink?3.I’dlikeacupofcoffee.4.Helpyourselftosomefish.5.Thankyou,I’vefullenough.6.Justalittle,please!考点26.约会的交际用语:1.Areyoufreethisaftrenoon/evening?2.Howabouttomorrowmorning/aftrenoon/evening?3.Shallwemeetat4:30attheschoolgate?4.Let’smakeitsixo’clocktomorrow.5.Yes,I’llbefreethen.6.No,Iwon’tbefreethen7.Allright.Seeyouthen.8.Itdoesn’tmatter.Wecanmakeitsometimenextweek.9.Whencanyoumakeit?考点27.传递信息的交际用语:1.Willyoupleasegivethisnote/messagetoKate?2.Heaskedmetogiveyounote.3.Thanksforthemessage.考点28.求助的交际用语:1.Help!/Fire!Thief!2.What’sthematter?3.Couldyougivemeahand?4.Wouldyouhelpme?5.DoyoumindhelpingmewithmyEnglish?考点29.处理交际中的障碍:1.Pardon.请再说一遍。2.Pleasesaythatagain/moreslowly.3.I’msorryIcan’tfollowyou4.I’msorryIknowonlyalittleEnglish.5.Whatdoyoumeanby….?考点30.常见的标志和说明:1.BUSINESSHOURS2.OFFICEHOURS3.OPEN4.CLOSED5.PULL6.PUSH7.NOSMOKING8.NOPHOTO9.NOPARKING10.DANGER11.ON12.OFF13.PLAY14.ENTRANCE15.EXIT16.PAUSE17.SHUT18.MEN’S(WOMEN’S)19.SOS20.EMS21.VACANT22.OCCUPIED23.NOADMITTANCE24.BATHINGPROHIBITED44Pageof44

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