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高中英语特殊句式-高中课件精选\n倒装完全倒装部分倒装谓语部分全部提前到主语之前只将助动词、系动词或者情态动词提前到主语之前2\n完全倒装1.here,there,now,thus,then位于句首,动词又为be,go,come等,应完全倒装。来了一辆2路汽车。______________aNo.2bus.起飞的命令到了___________theordertotakeoffThencameHere2.以away,off,out,in,up,down,on等方位副词开头,且动词为表“移动”的词:go,come,leave,fly,rush,fall,drop等,用全部倒装冲出了一条狗_____________adog.Outrushedcomes3\n\n\n\n部分倒装(1)如果never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,atnotime,notonce,bynomeans,not和notuntil等否定意义的副词或连词或短语位于句首时,要用部分倒装。NotuntilIcamehomelastnight___tobed.A.MumdidgoB.didMumgoC.wentMumD.MumwentB2)我一个字没说呀NotasingleworddidIsay!(09四川)7\n2.表示“刚刚…就…”Nosooner…than…,和hardly…when…,结构中,要用部分倒装。他刚刚出去就开始下雨了Hardlyhadhegoneoutwhenitbegantorain.=Nosoonerhadhegoneoutthanitbegantorain.3.Only+状语置于句首时用部分倒装。注意:only+状语从句置于句首时,其主句部分倒装Correctthefollowing:1)Onlycantheteachersentertheroom.2)Onlywhenthewarendedhewasabletowork.washe8\n4.在句型“so…that…”和“such…that…”中,如果so或such提前放在句首时,前半句半倒装后半句不倒装;notonly…butalso…连接分句时,notonly所引导的分句倒装。⑴Sosudden____thattheenemyhadnotimetoescape.(09山东)A.didtheattackB.theattackdidC.wastheattackD.theattackwas⑵.Sodifficult_______ittoworkouttheproblemthatIdecidedtoaskTomforadvice.(2006广东,33)IdidfindB.didIfindC.IhavefoundD.haveIfoundCB3)Notonlyeverythingwastakenfromhim,butalsohisGermancitizenship.改错waseverything9\n5.在as/though引导的让步状语从句中,可表语,动词状语提前,若从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。⑴.______,hetalksalotabouthisfavoritesingersafterclass.(2005重庆,27)AquietstudentashemaybeB.QuietstudentashemaybeC.BeaquietstudentashemaybeD.Quietashemaybeastudent⑵.______,Carolinacouldn’tgetthedooropen.(2005广东,23)A.TryasshemightB.AsshemighttryC.ShemightastryD.MightsheastryBA(3)Unsatisfied____withthepayment,hetookthejobjusttogetsomeworkexperience.(09重庆)A.thoughwasheB.thoughhewasC.hewasthoughD.washethoughB10\n6.“So/neither/nor+be/助动词或情态动词+主语”构成部分倒装,表示“另一方也如此”;但是如果只把So/nor等提前构成:so/nor/neither+主语+be等,其含义为:“确实…”,所谈论的主语是同一人或物。e.g.1)他去过纽约几次,我也去过。HehasbeentoNewYorkseveraltimes.SohaveI.2)---Itissocoldtoday.---Soitisandsowasityesterday.确实冷昨天也冷11\n⑴.----Iremindedyounottoforgettheappointment.(2006江西,31)----______A.SoyoudidB.SoIdonotC.SodidyouD.SodoI⑵.—Father,youpromised!(2005湖北,34)—Well,______.Butitwasyouwhodidn’tkeepyourwordfirst.A.sowasIB.sodidIC.soIwasD.soIdidAD倒装小结全部倒装1___2____3____4____部分倒装1___2____3____4____5___6____12\nItis/was+被强调成分+that+句子其他部分强调句型有时态变化通常为主语、宾语和状语被强调部分为人时,可以用who去掉itis…that…句子仍然完整判断一般疑问特殊疑问13\n1.Itwasinthiswaythathecouldfinishtheworksoquickly.2.ItisIthatiscompletelyright.3.ItwasafterbeingbeatenforsixtimesthatheandhismendrovetheEnglishoutofScotland.4.Itisthenthatthenewtypeofcamerawasdeveloped.5.ItweremyclassmatesthathelpedmewheneverIwasintrouble.6.Itwasthishotelthatwestayedlastnight.Judgeamwaswasat14\n强调句型的一般疑问句ItwasbythetimehewasfourteenthatEinsteinhadalreadytaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.ItwasEinsteinthathadalreadytaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.WasitbythetimehewasfourteenthatEinsteinhad…?WasitEinsteinthathadalready…?15\n强调句型的特殊疑问句Itwasinthiswaythathecouldfinishtheworksoquickly.Itwasthelonglowwhistlethatshewouldhearatnight.WhatItwasafterbeingbeatenforsixtimesthatheandhismendrovetheEnglishoutofScotland.______wasitthathecouldfinish…?_____wasitthatshewouldhear…?_______wasitthatheandhismendrove…?HowWhatWhen16\n强调句型的特殊疑问句Wheredidyoubuythebook?Whatmadethelittleboysoangry?Idon’tknowwhat…….Wherewasitthatyouboughtthebook?Whatwasitthatmadethelittleboysoangry?Idon’tknowwhatitwasthatmadethelittleboysoangry.17\nItwasnotuntilshegothome___Jenniferrealizedshehadlostherkeys.(2006全国II)A.whenB.thatC.whereD.beforeItwasafterhegotwhathehaddesired____herealizeditwasnotsoimportant.(2006辽宁)A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.asIt___wehadstayedtogetherforacoupleofweeks___Ifoundwehadalotincommon.(07)wasuntil;whenB.wasuntil;thatC.wasn’tuntilwhenD.wasn’tuntil;thatBAD18\n---Wheredidyougettoknowher?---Itwasonthefarm____weworked.(07山东)A.thatB.thereC.whichD.whereIdon’tknow____itwas____madehimfromattendingthemeeting?thereason…/B.why…becauseC.what…thatD.why…/DC19\n插入语1.“主语+think(believe,say,imagine,suppose,suggest,expect,consider,guess等)”用做插入语,形式:判断准则:去掉插入语句子成分仍然完整。“do+主语+think(believe,say,imagine,suppose,suggest,expect,consider等)”在特殊疑问句中放在疑问词后用做插入语,20\n--Do___youthinkisright,whateverotherssay.--Yes,Iwill.A.thatB.whatC.whichD./去掉插入语后,看从句中缺少什么成分再进行选择肯定句B21\n疑问句注意插入语后不再加连词。1.你认为他们什么时候回来?Whendoyoubelievetheywillbeback?改错1)Whodoyoubelievethatwillwinthegame?2)Thescientisthadmadeanotherdiscovery,whatIbelieveisofgreatimportance.which定语从句中也常用插入语,注意结构分析22\nAllfinished,wesatdowntoenjoy__wethoughtthemostdeliciousdinner.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.ifWheredoyousuggestwe(should)goduringthesummerholiday?注意:当插入语部分含有suggest时,句子的谓语部分要用shoulddo,should可以省略。请注意C23\n1.Hewasafooltohaveeverleftthem,hethought.2.Whatisit,doyouthink?3.Itmustcostagooddealtolivehere,don’tyouthink?4.Theviewheputforward,Ithink,isworthpayingattentionto.其他形式的插入语Readthefollowing24\n1.ThepenI____I____isonmydesk,rightundermynose.A.think,lostB.thought,hadlostC.think,hadlostD.thought,havelost2.OnthebusIsawastudent____Ithoughtwasyourbrother.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.whoeverPracticeBA25\n3._____firstintheswimmingcompetition?A.WhomdoyouthinkcameB.WhoyouthinkdidcomeC.WhodoyouthinkcameoutD.Whodidyouthinkcome4.____besenttoworkthere?A.WhodoyousuggestB.WhodoyousuggestthatshouldC.DoyousuggestwhoshouldD.DoyousuggestwhomshouldCA26\n感叹句感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子。一般由how或what开头。用what\how填空,然后归纳句型结构:_____newsyouhavetoldus!2._____greatprogresshehasmade!3._____longriverstheyare!4.____atalltreeitis!5.______deepaholethisis!6._____deliciousthefoodis!7._____sadthenewsis!WhatWhatWhatHowHowHowWhat8.____Iloveyou---beautifulgirl!How27\n归纳:1.What可以修饰????so/too/as/howsuch2.what的结构用法和_____一样?1)U2)C3)pl4)a/an+N3.How在感叹句中的用法有??4.与how的结构用法相似的有??Translatethefollowing:1)这棵树太高了爬不上去Thisistootallatreetoclimb.2)这条河流和那条一样长。Thisisaslongariverasthatone.3)他是如此努力的学生,我们都佩服他。Sohardworkingastudentishethatweadmirehim.28\n反意疑问句1)YouandIcouldhardlyworktogether,_____?A.couldyouB.couldn’tIC.couldn’tweD.couldwe(09湖南)D2)Hemustbehelpingtheoldmantowatertheflowers,______?A.isheB.isn’theC.mustheD.mustn’theB29\n反意疑问句完成句子并归纳用法:YouhaveneverreadMarkTwain’sstories,__________?Hehasfewfriendshere,_________?Helookunhappytoday,___________?Youdislikefootball,___________?归纳一:陈述部分带有否定意义的词时,视为否定句,如:seldom/never/hardly/rare/nothing/little/few等,附加部分用肯定形式。但是带有通过加后缀,前缀构成的否定意义的词时,视为肯定句,附加部分用否定形式。haveyouhashedoesn’thedon’tyou30\nComeinandsitdown,______________?Givemeahand,_______________?Don’tmakesomuchnoise,__________?Letushaveanothertry,_________?但是:Let’stakeabreak,__________?will/won’tyouwill/won’tyouwillyouwillyoushallwe归纳二:肯定形式的祁使句,+willyou或won’tyou?否定形式的祁使句,+willyou?31\nHesaidthathewaslateforschoolthismorning,__________?2.Tomdidn’tturnupuntilwewereabouttoleave,________?3.It’sthefirsttimethathehasvisitedBeijing,________?但是:Ibelieve/think/suppose/imagine/expectthathehastoldalie,_________?didn’thedidheisn’tithasn’the归纳三:在主从复合句中,附加部分应根据主句部分确定.但在Ibelieve/think/suppose/imagine/expect/Iamsure等主从复合句中,根据从句确定.注意:主语必须是I/we和否定转移.32\n情态动词表推测时的反意疑问句:Hemustbeadoctor,_______?Hemusthavereadthebook,__________?Hemusthaveseenthefilmlastnight,_________?Youmusthavestayedhereforfivedays,____________?Themanmusthavebeenasoldierwhenhewasyoung,__________?isn’thehasn’thedidn’thehaven’tyou归纳四:must表推测时,附加部分视具体情况而定.要特别注意must后跟的动词,be还是do.wasn’the33\n省略省略可分词法、句法和替代三种形式一、词法省略:改错:IhadagoodtimeatMrSmith.1.名词所有格后的名词指商店、住宅、办公室等地点时可以省略这些名词Theteachercamein,abookinhand2.独立结构中常用“名词+介词+名词”的结构Smith’sTherainyweatherhaslastedawholeweek√3.last“持续”,时间状语前可省介词for。34\n4.动词不定式中注意:1)并列结构中为了避免重复常省略to。2)当两个不定式有对照或对比时则后一个to不省。3)在why,whynot所引导的特殊疑问句中省略to,而直接加动词原形。4)介词but或except前如有do/does/did包括do的完成形式时,省略but后的to。改错:a:I’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkortosay.b:Icamenottoscoldbutpraiseyou.toc:Whytalkedsomuchaboutit?talkd:IwilldoitforyoubutIdon’tknowhowto.√=…Idon’tknowhowtodoitforyou.e:Hehasnochoicebutacceptthefact.tof:Ihavedonenothingtodayexcepttoread.35\n承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be,则保留be或have。Readandpayattentiontothefollowing:1)---Areyouateacher?---No,butIusedtobe(ateacher).2)---Hehasn’tfinishedtheworkyet.---Well,heoughttohave(finishedthework).36\n二、句法的省略请分析下面例句可以省略什么。1)Hehasgonebutnooneknowswherehehasgone..2)SomeonehastakenmydictionarybutIdon’tknowwhohastakenit..3)IdidasIhadbeentold.4)Hermouthismovingasifsheiseatingsomething.5)WhileIwaswaiting,Iwasreadingabook.分析总结:1.wh-clause所引导的宾语从句中的谓语与主句相同,则从句中可以只保留wh-连词。2)状语从句中的主语和主句的一致或从句的主语是it,且含be时,可省从句中的主语和“be”。6)Ifitispossible,comeandseemenextweek.37\n三、替代省略:用so,not或it代替,而省略上文某些内容。常见的有下列:Howso?Whyso?Isthatso?Idon’tthinkso.Hesaidso.IbelievenotIhopenotIsupposenot…somuchfortoday!Bye-bye!38\n中医八纲辨证概说主讲人:XXX二○一七年七月二十五日\n中医辨证说对四诊取得的病史、症状、体征,用中医学理论进行综合分析,辨清疾病原因、部位、性质以及邪正盛衰之间的关系,从而概括和判断为某种性质的证,称为辨证。\n[辨证类型]1、八纲辨证:阴、阳、表、里、寒、热、虚、实2、脏腑辨证:五脏、六腑、各类辨证基础。3、六经辨证:太阳、阳明、少阳、太阴、少阴、厥阴4、卫、气、营、血辨证:卫、气、营、血。5、三焦辨证:上、中、下三焦。《本节讨论八纲辩证》\n[辨证要点]1、辨证的基本方法是用望、闻、问、切四诊。2、辨证的具体施治是论治。3、论治是根据辨证确定相应的治疗原则。4、所以常称为辨证论治。\n八纲辩证[概念]八纲辨证是把四诊所收集的资料,经过综合分析,概括病变为阴、阳、表、里、寒、热、虚、实八个部分(即八纲),从而辨清病的部位、性质、正邪盛衰类别的辨证方法。\n[八纲内容]将病人整体证候表现之总和概括出来。1、从类别上分:阴证、阳证2、从病位上分:表证、里证2、从病性上分:寒证、热证3、从邪正盛衰上分:虚证、实证阴、阳是八纲中的总纲,八纲又是其它辨证的总纲。\n一、表里辩证表里辩证,是辨别病变部位、外内深浅的两个纲。(一)表证病邪侵袭人体卫表、肌肤的证候,见于外感疾病的初期阶段。[临床表现]:发热、恶寒、舌苔薄白、脉浮为主,或见鼻塞,流涕,喷嚏,咽喉痒痛微咳。[特点]一般以新起恶寒发热并见,病程短,内部脏腑的证券不明显为特点。\n(二)里证泛指病变部位在脏腑内的证候。[成因]:一是表证不解,病邪传里,形成里证二是外邪直接入里,侵犯脏腑等部位而致。[临床表现]:基本特征是无新起的恶寒发热并见,以脏腑功能失调证候为主要表现。[临床特点]:病程长,病情重,不恶风寒,脉象不浮。\n(三)表证与里证的鉴别要点:鉴别表里证主要审察寒热症状、内脏症候是否突出,舌象、脉象等变化。1、外感病中,发热恶寒同时并见的属表证,但发热不恶寒或但寒不热属里证;寒热往来的属半表半里证。2、表证以头身疼痛,鼻塞或喷嚏等为常见症状,内脏证候不明显;里证以以内脏证候如咳喘、心悸等为主症。3、里证舌苔多有变化,表证多见浮脉,里证多见沉脉或其他多种脉象。4、起病急、病情轻、病程短多是表证,反之为里证。\n二、寒热辩证寒热是辨别疾病性质的两个纲领。(一)寒证寒证是指感受寒邪,或阳虚阴盛,导致机体机能活动衰退所表现的具有冷、凉的证候。[临床表现]:各类寒证的表现不尽一致,其常见证候有恶寒,畏冷冷痛,喜暖,口淡不渴,肢冷倦卧,痰、涎、涕清稀,小便清长,大便稀溏,面色白,舌淡苔白而润,脉紧或迟等。[机理]:由于寒邪遏制阳气或阳虚阴寒内盛,形体失于温煦。\n(二)热证热证是指感受热邪或阴虚阳亢,导致机枪机能活动亢进所表现的具有温、热的证候。实热证:火热阳邪侵,或过辛辣温热之品,或体内阳热之气过盛所致,病势急而形体壮者,多为实热证虚热证:因内伤久病,阴液耗损而阳偏胜者,多为虚热证,即阴虚证;表热证:风热之邪袭于肤表,多为表热证;里热证:热邪 盛于脏腑或因阴液亏虚所致者,多为里热证。\n[临床表现]:热证其常见的证候有发热,恶热喜冷,口渴欲饮,面赤,烦燥不宁,痰、涕黄稠,小便短黄,大便干结,舌红苔黄,脉数等。[机理]:由于阳热偏盛,津液被耗,或因阴液亏虚而虚热内生。(三)寒热证的鉴别要点1、但热不寒,喜凉、口渴、面赤、肢体湿、大便干、小便黄、舌红苔黄、脉数者为热证。2、但寒不热,喜温、口不渴,面白、肢体凉、大便稀、舌淡苔白、脉迟或紧者为寒证。\n三、虚实辩证虚实是用以概括和辨别正气强弱和正邪盛衰的两个纲领。(一)虚证虚证是人体正气虚弱、不足为主所产生的各种虚弱证候群。[临床表现]:临床表现不一。一般是以久病、势缓者多虚证。耗损过多者多虚证,体质素弱者多虚证。[机理]:形成虚证的病机,虽可以先天禀赋不足所致,但主要是由后天失调和疾病耗损所产生。\n[虚证分类]:1、血虚证:指血液不足,不能濡养全身各部,所表现出的证候。2、气虚证:指全身或某一脏腑功能减退所表现出的证候。3、阴虚证:指体内阴液不足、亏损所表现的证候。4、阳虚证:指体内阳气不足所表现出的证候。\n(二)实证实证是感受外邪,或阴阳气血失调,或病理产物蓄积,所形成的各种临床证候的 概括。[临床表现]:实证表现较多,一般是新起暴病多实证,病情急剧者多实证,体质着实者多实证。[机理]:一是外感六淫、疫气虫毒等邪气,正气奋起抗邪,下邪剧争,二是脏腑机能失调,气化障碍,形成痰饮瘀血等病理产物,停积体内。\n症状证病程体质形态疼痛二便舌象脉象虚证久病虚弱精神萎靡、身倦乏力、气弱懒言隐痛喜按大便稀溏、小便清长舌淡嫩少苔细弱实证新病壮实精神兴奋、声高气粗疼痛拒按小便短赤、大便秘结苔厚腻实而有力[虚证与实证的鉴别表]\n四、阴阳辩证阴阳是八纲的总纲。疾病的性质、发病证候,一般都可归属于阴或阳的范畴,因此阴阳辩证是基本的辩证大法。(一)阳证:临床上凡见跳动、亢进、明亮等表现的表证、热证、实证,以及症状表现于外的、向上的、容易发现的,或病邪性质为阳邪致病,病情变化较快的,都可归属为阳证。(二)阴证临床上凡见抑制、沉静、衰退、晦暗等表现的里证、虚证、以及症状表现于内的、向下的、不易发现的,或病邪性质为阴邪 致病、病情变化较慢的都可归属为阴证。\n八纲之间的相互关系八纲中的每一纲都有各自独特的内容,但它们之间又相互关联,不能截然分开。如:表证表寒表热表虚表实\n表里、虚实的复杂病理变化里证寒证 热证里虚证 里实证\n虚证与实证之间又可相互转化虚证由表入里由里出表寒证化热热证化寒虚证转实实证转虚在一定情况下,表、里、虚、实之间可相互转化,病情严重还可出现寒极和热极,出现与本质病变相反的假象。八纲各有特点,又要注意它们之间的相兼、转化、夹杂、真假情况,才能作出全面正确的判断。\n谢谢!