高中英语语法(讲解 习题)-高中课件精选 86页

高屮英语语法解析第01章名词性从句第02章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象第04章主谓一致第05章动词不定式第06章倒装结构第07章定语从句笫08章被动语态第09章祈使句第10章疑问句第11章名词第一章名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)o名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句屮能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句屮不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词thato被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：a)Itisapitythatyoudidn'tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。b)Itdoesn,tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(弓虽调句型)d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)2.用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat”ItisanhonorthatItiscommonknowledgethat事实是,，”非常荣幸,，是常识⑵Itis+形容词+从句Itisnaturalthat”Itisstrangethat”⑶Itis+不及物动词+从句很自然,，奇怪的是,，\nItseemsthat”Ithappenedthat”Itappearsthat”⑷It+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat”Ithasbeenprovedthat,,Itissaidthat”似乎,，碰巧,，似乎,，据报道,，已证实,，据说,，\n1.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)Itissaid/reported,,结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.错误表达：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid・(3)Ithappens/occurs,,结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.错误表达：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(4)ltdoesn'tmatterhow/whether„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Itdoesn'tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.错误表达：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn'tmatter.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?错误表达：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?2.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that则不然。例如：a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation一.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略)，例如：Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军了。(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道发生了什么。b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。⑶动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2.作介词的宾语例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3.作形容词的宾语例如：Iamafraid(that)I'vemadeamistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意：that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子屮。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：正确表达：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.\n错误表达：Iadmirethattheywonthematch.\n1.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中，常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：正确表达：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.错误表达：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.2.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：Idon'tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。一.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat,,和Itisbecause等结构。例如:1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan'tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四•同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句屮作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般Fflthat引导，例如：1)Theking'sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子屮的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)英语名词性从句专项练习1.hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.ThemanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhowA.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyismakesthingwork..A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforwardmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.\nA.whileB.thatC.whenD.as\n1.ThisistheShenzhouVSpaceshipIanded・A.thereB.inwhichC・whereD.when2.Theyhavenoideaatall.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC・whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone3.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient"sfearhewoulddieofthedisease・A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD・ofthat4.Theordercamethesoldiersthesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.thathadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC・/;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave5.isnopossibilityBobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether6.Thequestioncameupatthemeetingwehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if7.Ishesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether8.themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesrftmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where9.Itworriedherabitherhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.讦C.thatD.for10.morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If11.hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If12.youdon'tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How13.alltheinventionshaveincommonistheyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.Thatwhat14.appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That15.Itiswidelythatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped16.causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery・A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.WhereKeys:\n第二章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配一、It用作实词表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this,that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象,,,，二、It用作形式主语替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It作形式主语的常见句型：1•代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为(1)Itbeadj.(forsb.)todosth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper;fit,useful,useless,dangerous•••彳列Itisillegal(forateenagerjtodriveacarwithoutalicense.(2)Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy・彳列It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem・(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型It'snogood/usedoing…It's(well)worthdoing…It's(well)worthone'swhiledoing/todo•••It's(well)worthwhiledoing/todo仮ijIt'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型(1)Itis+noun+从句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.(2)Itisadj.+clauselt*ssurprisingthat,,(should),,”竟然”lt*sapity/shamethatjshould),,”竟然”彳列It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.(=1^5ofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.)(3)Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…彳列Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.(=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.)(4)Itverb(tosb.)thatsb/sthverbtodo(verb=appear;seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chanee,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout)例It(so)happened/chaneedthattheywereout.(=Theyhappened/chaneedtobeout.)(5)Itisv-edthat…二sb/sthistodo(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know)例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.(=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.)(6)Itisv-edthat•••(should)•••(verb二demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend仮ijItissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththe\nthirdquestion.\n三、It作主语的句型1.Ittakessb.„todo„(=sbtakes„todo,,)某人用多长时间做某事例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.(=Thementookaweektomendourroof.)2.It's(just)(un)likesb.todo,,(不)像某人做某事的风格例Itwas(just)likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.It's(about/high)timethat,,should/v・ed,,是该做某事的时候了彳列lt's(about/high)timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.It'sthex-thtime(that)„havev-ed„第几次做某事了彳列It'sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.Itis/hasbeen,,since^continuousv-ed傕续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了例It's10yearsthathelivedhere6.Itwas(not),,before,,过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.三、It作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It作形式宾语的常见句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun(for/of)todo/clause(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep---)例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'lldothetaskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun二nouse/nogood/worthone'swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words)(verb=think,believe,suppose,conside。feel,make,keep---)例「11makeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat・・•(should)...verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat...(should)...(verb=think,believe,suppose,conside。feel,make,keep---)例Ithinkitimportantthatyou(should)attendtheconference・4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause(verb=accept,regard,take,see,view)例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5・v.+it+prep・+that…oweittosb.that,,把,，归功于,，leaveittosbthat,,把,,留给某人去做takeitforgrantedthat”想当然keepitinmindthat•••例Dorftbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto宾语从句紧跟it之后仮UIhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后(exceptthat例外)彳列I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice・四、强调句型Itis/was+被强调部分+that(who),,强调句型用來强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用whOo在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：\n1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句彳列Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity?\n1.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn*tcometoschoolyesterday.2.在强调not”until结构吋必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.3.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别例Itwasat7o'clockthathecamehereyesterday.(强调句型)Itwas7o*clockwhenhecamehereyesterday』定语从句)六、It常用的固定搭配1.makeit⑴.在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例It'shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.(2)•在口语中相当于fixthedatefor,表示“约定好时间”例一Shallwemeetnextweek?—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis⑴.相当于infact,inreality表示'‘事实上，实际情况是,，””例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon'tfinishituntilnextweek.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”例Leavethetableasitis.3.asitwere相当于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示"也就是说,可以说,换句话说"例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4ifitweren'tfor„/ifithadn'tbeenfor,,用来引导虚拟语气,相当于without,orbutfor,表示“如果不是””，要不是彳列Ifitweren'tforTom,Iwouldn'tbealivetoday.4.that'sit(1).相当于That'sall.That'ssomuch.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”彳列Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat'sit.(2).相当于That'sright.表示“对啦”例一Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice"A”—That'sit.5.catchit在口语中，相当于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示"因做错事而挨骂,受责备，受批评，受惩罚”例We'llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe'relateforclassagain6.haveit⑴.相当于say,insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.(2).相当于gettoknowsomething,表示"了解，知道，获悉”例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.7.havewhatittakes在口语中，相当于bewellqualifiedfor,表示“具有成功的条件”例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.8.soitseems/appears.9.Keepatit!(Don'tgiveup!)相当于goon,表示"继续做,不放弃”例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.\n1.Goit!(Goon!)拼命干，莽撞\n1.Nowyouhavedoneit!(Youhavedonesth.wrong.)2.Nowyou'llcatchit!(You'llbepunished.)3.Asithappened,„在口语中，相当于it'sapitythat,,,表示"真不凑巧,真遗憾”例Asithappened,theywereout・4.Asitturnedout/n在口语中,相当于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示"最后被证明是"彳列Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse・5.Suchasitis(theyare)在口语中,相当于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示"虽然没有多大价值”例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.6.Takeit/thingseasy.相当于Don'tworryordon'thurry.用来劝告别人,表示"不要慌，别担心，存住气”例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.7.Takeitfromme.在口语中,相当于believemewhatIsay.表示"请相信我的话,我敢担保”彳列Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime・8.Forwhatitisworth,,在口语中,相当于althoughI'mnotsureit'sofvalue,表示"不管其价值如何”彳列HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit'sworth.9.Worthit在口语中，相当于useful,表示"有好处，值得做”例Don'thesitateaboutit!It*sworthit.10.Believeitornot.表示"信不信由你"例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday・11.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放弃仮0Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.12.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口语中,相当于ithasn'tbeendecidedyet,表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来”例一Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?—It/Thatalldepends.13.It'suptosb.在口语中，相当于it'sdecidedbysb.表示"由”,,决定,由”,，负责,取决于”,，”例一Shallwegooutfordinner?一It'suptoyou.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWarhedied?A.thatB.whileC.inwhichD.then2.IsnecessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he3.1dorTtthinkpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it1.Doesmatterifhecan'tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it2.ItwasnotshetookoffherglassesIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when,thatB.until,thatC.until,thatD.when,then6.1wasdisappointedwiththefilm.Ihadexpectedtobemuchbetter.A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it1.Itwasnotuntil1920regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since\n1.isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage・A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.it\n1.ItwasonlywhenIrereadthispoemsrecentlyIbegantoappreciatetheirbeauty・A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so10.1hatewhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull・A.itB.thatC.theseD.them11.Itistheabilitytodothejobmattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it12」likeintheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright・（2004）A.thisB.thatC.itD.one13.—Doyoulikehere?—Oh,yes・Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice•（全国卷）A.thisB.TheseC.ThatD.it14.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermadefromsomewood・（全国卷）A.itB.OneC.HimselfD.another15.TheforeignMinistersaid,11ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.H（2004北京）A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis16・isreportedinthenewspaper;talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress・（2004北京）A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What17.—Howoftendoyoueatout?（2004,天津）一,butusuallyonceaweek・A.HavenoideaB・ItdependsC・AsusualD・Generallyspeaking18.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidn'tquiteasplaned.（2004浙江卷）A.makeoutB.turnoutC・goonD.comeup19.—Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame・—.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.A.ItjustdependsB.It'suptoyouC.AllrightD.Gladtohearthat20.Itwasbackhomeaftertheexperiment.A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB・untilmidnightthathedidn'tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD・untilmidnightwhenhedidn'tgo一、1-5ABABC6-10AABAC11-15BBCAB16-20BCBAA二、1-5ACDDB6-10DCDBA11-15ACDBD16-20BBBBC\n第三章髙中英语语法中的省略现象为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。一、并列复合句中的省略在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：a)Theboypickedupacoinintheroadand(theboy)handedittoapoliceman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。b)Youradvicemademehappybut(youradvicemade)Tomangry・你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。c)TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary(musthavebeenjdoingherhomework・汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。d)GaoXiuminwasbornin1959andFuBiao(wasborn)in1963.高秀敏11!生于1959年，傅彪11!生于1963年。二、主从复合句中的省略1.状语从句中的省略一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由when,whilezas,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句；由though,although,evenifzwhatever等引导的让步状语从句；由as,than等引导的比较状语从句；rtlas,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这吋从句屮可出现如下结构：(1)连词(as,asif,once)+名词;(2)连词(though,whether,when)+形容词；(3)连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when,whilezthough)+现在分词;(5)连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词；(6)连词(asif,asthough)+不定式。如：a)Once(hewas)aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。b)Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。c)Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(hewas)holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintaoZUSPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。e)Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。f)OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeako\n奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：\n1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略，如：Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。2)当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be吋，可以把it和系动词be—起省略。此吋构成连词(if,unless.when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如：Unless(itis)necessary,you'dbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。1.定语从句屮的省略1)—般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略；如：Isthisreason(that)heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？(2002上海春季)而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词whichzwhom不可以省略。试比较：Tom(whom)yousawyesterdayfellill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。TomzwhomyousawyesterdayJellill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。2)在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when,where,和why经常用that来代替，甚至还可省略。如：a)Thisisthefirsttime(when/that)hehadtroublewiththeboss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。b)Hewantstofindagoodplace(where/that)wecanhaveapicnicduringthe"goldenweek"holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。c)Couldyoutellusthereason(why/that)hewassounhappy?你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？3)当先行词为表示方式的theway吋，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that或inwhich,或将它们全部省略。如：Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。2.宾语从句中的省略1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句屮，连词that—般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：a)Ithink(that)thereformoftherenminbi'sexchangerateisnecessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。b)Hesaid(that)theAnti-secessionlawhadbeenpassedandthatPresidentHuJintaohadsignedapresidentialorder他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2)由which,whenzwhere,how,和why引导的宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：a)IknowthatNBAstarYaoMingwillcometoourcitybutIdon'tknowwhen(hewillcometoourcity).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。b)Hewantstomoveabroadbuthisparentswonderswhy(hewantstomoveabroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。3.在与suggestrequest,order,advise等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。如：Chirac,PresidentoftheRepublicofFrancesuggestedthattheChina-FraneeCultureYear(should)lastlonginvariousforms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。4.主句省略多用于句首。如：(Itisa)PitythatIdidn'tgotoMary'sbirthdaypartyyesterday.很遗憾，我咋天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。\n1.在答语屮，主句可全部省略。女山—WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?\n一(Iwasabsentfromschool)Becausemymotherwasill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？一因为我妈妈病了。三、简单句中的省略1.省略主语1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略女口：(You)Openthedoor,please.请开一下门。2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如：a)(I)Thankyouforyourhelp谢谢你的帮助。b)(It)Doesn'tmatter.没关系。2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分女口：a)(Thereis)Nosmoking.禁止抽烟b)(Isthere)anythingelse?还有其他事吗?c)(Youcome)Thiswayplease.请这边走。d)(Willyou)Haveasmoke?抽烟吗?3.省略宾语女口：一DoyouknowMr.Li?你认识李先生吗？一Idon,tknow(him.)我不认识他4.省略表语女山—Areyouthirsty?你30岁了吗？YeszIam(thirsty).是的，我是。5.同时省略儿个成分女口：a)一Areyoufeelingbetternow?你觉得好些了吗？—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now)好多了。b)(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou).祝你好运/祝你顺利。四、动词不定式省略，只保留to的场合1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有：love,like,care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade,agree7want,afford,forget,remember,try,manage等。女口：a)—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—Imeantto,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn'tfindheranywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)b)Youcandoitthiswayifyouliketo.如果你想做，你可以这么做。2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit,forbid,expect,order,warn等。如:a)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)b)Shewantstocomebutherparentswon'tallowherto(come).她想来，可是她父母不让。3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有:happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。如：一Iwillbeawayonabusinesstrip.Couldyoumindlookingaftermycat?一Notatall」wouldbehappyto(lookafteryourcat).一我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。\n1.不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如：beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等。如:Hedoesn5tlikefishbutheusedto他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。五、动词不定式to的省略1•主语部分有todo,系动词is或was时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。2.作介词but,expect‘besides的宾语，前面乂有实意动词do时，不定式通常省去to.女口：HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpushapro-"independence”timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。3.主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：AllIwant(todo)isgotoschoolandstudyhard.我想要(做)的就是上学，努力学习。4.当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。女口：Itiseasiertosaythantodo.说起来容易，做起来难。5.在wouldrather„than„等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：Iwouldratherstayathomethangotoseeafilm.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。6.在see,watch,notice,hear,listentoJookat,feelzhavezmake,let,observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do结构中，不定式不带to。如：a)Isawherentertheroom.我看见她进入了房间b)Whynotjoinus?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？六.其他一些省略结构1•名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如:WespenttheweekendattheMary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。2.What和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词女口：a)Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forTom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!b)Howbeautiful(itis)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。\n1.Theboywantedtoridehisbikeinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC・notdoitD.donotto2.Thetraditionalgoalofscieneeistodiscoverhowthingsare,nothowtheyought・A.toB.tobeC.beD.havebeen3・Tomwantedtoplayfootballwithhisfriendsinthestreet,buthisfathertoldhim.A-nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto1.™Ihopethechildrenwon'ttouchthedog.-—I，vewarnedthem・A.notB.nottoC・nottouchD.notdo5.SomestudentsaregoingtoChinainsummervacation,and.A.somearetoAmericaB.somegoingtoAmericaC.sometoAmericaD.someAmerica1.Fatheradvisedmenottosayanythinguntilatthemeeting.A.askingB.toaskC.askedD.ask2.—Haveyouwateredtheflowers?——No,but.A.IamB・I，mmgoingC・I，mjustgoingtoD.Iwillgo3.——Hehasn'tgonetotheofficeuptonow.——Well,he.A-shouldB.oughttoC・oughttogoD-oughttohave4.zIwillhelpyouwithyourwork・A.IfampossibleB・IfitpossibleC.IfpossibleD.Possible5.theroad,don'tforgettolookbothways.A.AscrossingB.WhileyoucrossC.WhilecrossingD.Cross6.Chemistryisthescieneeofsubstancesthescieneeofenergy.A.andisphysicsB.orisphysicsC.andphysicsD.orphysicsis7.——Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?——Oh,15msorry.Thingsaretgoingsowellas.A.plansB.planningC.plannedD・toplan8.…Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.-一Why?Johnissittingtheredoingnothing.A.himB.heC.ID.me9.一Areyouavolunteernow?—No,butI.IworkedfortheCitySportsMeetinglastyear.A.usedtoB・usedtobeC.usedtodoD.wasusedto10.—Youmustobeyeverywordofmine.-…Idon't.?A.How讦B.What讦C.SuchasD.Onlyif11.When,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted12.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee13.—Waituntilwegetasatisfactoryone,willyou?■一IcouldrVtagree,Itsoundsgoodtome.A.muchB.worseC.moreD.atall14.111beawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?Notatall..A.I'venotimeB.l'drathernotC.I,dlikeitD.I'dbehappyto\n1.Doyoumindmytakingthisseat?\nA.Yes,sitdownB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD・No,youcan'ttakeit1.1usuallygotherebytrain・Whynotbyboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing2.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconferenee.A・invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited3.Thoughmoney,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity・A.lackedB.lackingofC・IackingD.lackedin4.Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsBhavingbegunC.beginningD.begun5.,hedoesrftwanttogotoschoolandkeepintouchwiththebadboys.A.AsheisastudentB・HeisasstudentC.StudentasheisD.Asstudentsheis6.—Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?—Oh,Kmsorry・Thingsarer/tgoingsowellas•A.plansB.planningC.plannedD.toplan27・—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft・—Imeant,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldrftfindheranywhereA.tothankB.toC./D.thanking28.Whenfirsttothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.A.introducingB.introducedC・introduceD.beingintroduced29.Youmaytakethemallhome.A•讦possibleB•讦canC.ifimpossibleD•讦youarepossible30.Water,enough,canchangeintovaporquicklyA.whenheatedB.whileheatingC・whentobeheatedD.whenisheated31.—ShouldIlookupeachwordthatIdon'tunderstand?—No,turntoyourdictionaryonlywhen.A.youarenecessaryB.youneedC.necessaryD.youareneeded1-5ABABC6-10CCDCC11-15CCDBB16-20ADCDB21-25DACDC26-31CBBAAC\n第四章主谓一致主谓一致（Subject-VerbAgreement）,指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如：Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分为:语法一致，内容一致，就近一致.（一）语法一致原则：即主语为单数，谓语用单数，主语为复数，谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项：1.单数主语即使后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like（象）,but（除了）,except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan（rfo不是）,including,inadditionto引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数.如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空气和水都是物质.Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了两个仆人外，没有一个人迟来用餐。2.用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人,同一事，同一概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数.女口：Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家來了.（一个人）Ahammerandasawareusefultools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.（两样物）用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体，如：breadandbutter（黄油抹面包）,knifeandfork（刀叉）等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.不定式（短语），动名词（短语），或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数.如：Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.Whenwe'IIgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我们什么吋候出去郊游已决定了。4.用连接的并列主语被each,every或no修饰时，谓语动词用单数.Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Eachmanand（each）womanisaskedtohelp.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5.eachof+复数代词，谓语动词用单数.如：Eachofushassomethingtosay.我们每个人都有话要说。6.若主语中有morethanone或manya/an,尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+thanone做主语时，谓语动词仍用复数.如：Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一个学生迟到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一个人来帮助我们。7.none做主语时,谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数，因而谓语动词要\n用单数.女山Noneofusare（is）perfect.\n人无完人。Noneofthisworriesme.这事一点不使我着急。1.名词如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数.如：Hisclothesaregood.但这些名词前若出现apairof，谓语一般用单数.如：Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜。2.形复意单名词如:news;以ics结尾的学科名称/ZH:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:theUnitedStates;报纸名如:theNewTimes;书名如:ArabianNight＜天方夜谈〉;以及TheUnitedNations＜联合国〉等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.“a+名词+andahalf“，uoneandahalf+名词”，uthenumberof+名词”等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数.如：Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.参观了一两个地点。(二)内容一致原则：1.主语屮有all,half,most,therest等，以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语吋，谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如：Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行车，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定数量的词组，女山partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科书已运到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加减乘除用单数.如：Fifteenminusfiveisten.15减去5等于10o4.表示时间，金钱距离，度量等的名词做主语时，尽管是复数形式，它们做为一个单一的概念时，其谓语动词用单数•如：Tenmilesisagooddistanee.十英里是一个相当的距离。1.⑴通常作复数的集体名词.包括police?people,cattle等,这些集体名词通常用作复数.如：\nTheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.\n（3）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如：Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委员会决定解雇他。1.the+形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物，作主语时，谓语动词用复数.如：Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.（三）就近原则1.由here,there,where等引导的倒装句中，（有吋主语不止一个吋）谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一-致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽车来了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.给你一支钢笔和儿张纸。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在这儿的时候，你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2.用连词or,either....or,neither,,.nor,notonly,,.butalso等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit学生和老师都不知道这事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意:oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词为复数。女口：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets・玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。Theonlyoneof+复数名词+who/that./which引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets・玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。主谓一致练习1.About60percentofthestudentsfromthesouth,therestofthemfromthenorthandforeigncountries・A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershereunder30.A・is/yearsB.are/yearoldC・is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmatesfootballontheplayground.A.playB・areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionaryabouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC・haveD.is5.Thirtydollarstooexpensive・A.areB.isC.wereD・be6.Theaudiencesolargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall・A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipalatthemeetingnow.A・arespeakingB・isspeakingC・weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech\n1.Hlfanybody,pleaseputdownname,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB・wanttobuythebook/their\nC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her1.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairsintheroom・A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft2.Havingarrivedatthestation,.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft3.BetweenthetworoadsaTVtowercalled''SkyscraperTower".A.standsB・standingC.whichstandsD.stand4.Eitherofyougoingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are5.Youaswellright.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare6.AllbutDickinClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was7.・・ShallIwaithereforthreehours?一Yes・Threehourstowaitforsuchadoctor.A・arenotverylongforyouB・isnotlongenoughforyouC・wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou8.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthematthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC・hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.1tookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthatveryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.ThreefourthsofthebreadbyBob,andtherestofthebreadleftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC・wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.Therenolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.AgroupofareeatingandatthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof,includingtwo•A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD・cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC・doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleachtoys・A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC・haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthewriterswhostoriesforchildren.A.woman,writesB・womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite1.Therailwaystationisfromourschool.A.twohour'sdriveB.twohours'driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive\n1.MikeandJohn、s.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher2.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthatundercasualcircumstaneemayseemtobeaimless・A.isoccurredB・areoccurredC.occursD.occur3.theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC・BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand4.Three-fourthsofthehomeworktoday.A・hasfinishedB・hasbeenfinishedC・havefinishedD.havebeenfinished5.Morethan60percentoftheworld'sradioprogrammesinEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be6.workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople'slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many7.Therestofthemagazineswithinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout8.Therealotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are9."Allpresentandallgoingonwell：ourmonitorsaid・A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare10.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitoraskedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were・11.MaryaswellashersistersChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study12.Therichnotalwayshappy・A.areB.isC.willD.may13.canbedonedone.A.AII,havebeenB.AIIthat,havebeenC.AIIhasD.AIIthat,hasbeen14.Eitheroftheplansequallydangerous・A.areB.isC.hasD.have15.Thepolicethemurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor16.Yourtrousersdirty,youmusthavewashed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem17.TheOlympicgamesheldeveryfour.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear18.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswhoelected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is19.agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis20.NobirdandnobeastinthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees21.EverymeanspreventthewaterfromA.areusedtopollutingB・getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted22.Eachoftheintheship.\nC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom1.Whatweneedgoodtextbooks・A.isB.areC.haveD.has2.Whatyousaidjustnowtodowiththematterwearediscuss!ng・A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething3.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrothertoattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have4.NeitherofthenovelswhichpopularwithusbeentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas5.Everyboyandeverygirltoattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehopjng6.hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD・Threequarterofthebusiness1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB\n第五章动词不定式1.不定式作宾语1）动词+不定式afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer;ought,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish,undertakeThedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime・司机没能及吋看见另一俩车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer;prepare,promise,want,wishIliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东四都保持整洁。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你使侮件东西都保持整洁。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3）动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember;show,understand,see,wonder,hear;findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat・请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2.不定式作补语1）动词+宾语+不定式（todo）advise,allow,appoint,believe,cause,challenge,command,compel,considecdeclare,drive,enable,encourage,find,forbid,force,guess,hire,imagine,impel,induce,inform,instruct,invite,judge,know,like,order,permit,persuade,remind,report,request,require,select,send,state,suppose,tell,think,train,trust,understand,urge,warna.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet・父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b・Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,haveoIfoundhimlyingontheground・\nIfounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典例Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。2）to+be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。acknowledge,believe,consider;think,declare（声称），discover;fancy（设想），feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see（理解）,show,suppose,take（以为），understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass・我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典例CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsideredthefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD・havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3）tobe+形容词seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,meanThebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting・人们认为这本书没什么意思。4）therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer;want,wish,undrstandWedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere・我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意有些动词需用as短语做补语，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Marytookhimasherfather・玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。1.不定式作主语1）easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughlt"seasy（forme）todothat.我做这事太容易了。lt*ssonicetohearyourvoice・听到你的声音真高兴。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2）kind,nice,stupid,rude,elevenfoolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate（考虑周至U白勺），silly,selfish（自私的）\nlt*sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们，他真好。Itwassillyofustobelievehim・我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.\n他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意1）其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型2）不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用Itis,,to,,的句型（对）Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。（错）Itistobelievetosee.It'sforsb.和It'sofsb.1）forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：It'sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,rightoIt'sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。for与of的辨别方法用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:Youarenice.（通顺,所以应用of）。Heishard.（人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。）1.不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.2.不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：Ihavealotofworktodo.Sohemadesomecandiestogivelight.3.不定式作状语1）目的状语To”onlyto（仅仅为了）,inorderto,soasto,so（such）,,asto„（如此”,，以便,,,,）Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后而。WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.3）表原因I'mgladtoseeyou.典例Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.A.sitB.sitonC.beseatD.besaton答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，英后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用吋，常位于”形容词+动词不定式“结构的末尾。用作介词的toto有两种用法：一为介词+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词,to在下面的用法屮是第二种，即to+名词/动名词：admitto承认，confessto承认，beaccustomedto习惯于,beusedto习惯于，stickto坚持，turnto开始，着手于，devoteoneselfto献身于，bedevotedto致力于，lookforwardto盼望，payattentionto注意省to\n的动词不定式\n1)情态动词(除ought夕卜,oughtto)：2)使役动词let,have,make：3)感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作宾补,省略to。注意在被动语态中则to不能省掉。Isawhimdance.=Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.4)wouldrather,hadbetter：5)Why,,/whynot,,：6)help可带to,也可不带to,helpsb(to)dosth：7)but和except：but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8)由and,or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：9)通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后，可以省去tobe：Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他应该是个好人。举例：HewantstomovetoFraneeandmarrythegirl.Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.比较：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.典例1)—-1usuallygotherebytrain.・・・・Whynotbyboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing答案：D.whynot后面接不带to的不定式，因此选D。2)Pauldoesn'thavetobemade.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning答案：B.make后接不带to的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to不可省略。动词不定式的否定式有only,all,but时，意思是：非常,，等于very。I'monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.我非常高兴能帮助你。Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型soasto1)表示H的；它的否定式是soasnottodo0Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的I】作。Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)sokindasto…劳驾Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?劳驾，现在几点了。不定式的特殊句型Whynot"Whynot+动词原形“表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不干吗不例如：Whynottakeaholiday?干吗不去度假不定式的时态和语态时态\语态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing\n1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之\n后。Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.=Ihopethat111seeyouagain.我希望再见到你。2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。「msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。Heseemstobeeatingsomething.4）完成进行吋：Sheisknowntohavebeenwreakingontheproblemformanyyears.动名词与不定式1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽彖，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有21组：stoptodostopdoingforgettodoforgetdoingremembertodorememberdoingceasetodoceasedoingtrytodotrydoinggoontodogoondoingafraidtodoafraiddoinginterestedtodointeresteddoingmeantodomeandoingregrettodoregretdoingbegin/starttodobegin/startdoing其中stopdoing/todostoptodo停止，屮断做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事。Theystoptosmokeacigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。Imuststopsmoking.我必须戒烟了。典例Shereachedthetopofthehillandstoppedonabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD・rest答案：Co由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stopdoingsth.不正确。forgetdoing/todoforgettodo忘记要去做某事。（未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事。（已做）Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他己经关了灯了。（己做过关灯的动作）Don'tforgettocometomorrow.别忘了明天来。（tocome动作未做）典例-…Thelightintheofficeisstillon.・…Oh,Iforgot.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案：Co由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。rememberdoing/todoremembertodo记得去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事（已做）Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don'tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗regretdoing/todoregrettodo对要做的事遗憾。（未做）regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。（已做）Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。Idon'tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。\n典彳列--Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregretthat.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone答案：Doregrethavingdonesth.对已发生的事感到遗憾<>regrettodosth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对己说的话感到后悔，因此选D。ceasedoing/todoceasetodo长时间，甚至永远停做某事。ceasedoing短吋停止做某事，以后还会接着做。Thatdepartmenthasceasedtoexistforever.那个部门已不复存在。Thegirlsceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。trydoing/todotrytodo努力，企图做某事。trydoing试验，试着做某事。Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Itriedgardeningbutdidn'tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。goondoing/todogoontodo做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。goondoing继续做原来做的事。Afterhehadfinishedhismaths,hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为,怕”；beafraidofdoing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的,意为"生怕，恐怕"。Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生屮白被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。beinteresteddoing/todointerestedtodo对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interestedindoing对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。Ishallbeinterestedtoknowwhathappens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）I'minterestedinworkinginSwitzerland.Doyouhaveanyideaaboutthat?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗？（一种想法meantodoing/todomeantodo打算、想meandoing意味着Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.赠力］l工资意味着增力］I购买力。begin（start）doing/todobegin/starttodosthbegin/startdoingsth・1）谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.Howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?你儿岁时开始弹钢琴？2）begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式todo\nIwasbeginningtogetangry.我开始生起气来。3）在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式todo。\nIbegintounderstandthetruth.我开始明白真相。4）物作主语时Itbegantomelt.感官动词+doing/todo感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了”这个事实）Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.（强调"我见他正T•活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典例1）Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenherupfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow答案：A.因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用seesbdosth的句型。2）Themissingboywaslastseenneartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay答案：A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用seesb.doingsth句型。\n第六章倒装结构一全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一-般现在吋和一般过去吋。常见的结构有：1.here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run©例如:1)Theregoesthebell.铃声渐渐消失了。2)Thencamethechairman.然后主席就来了3)Hereisyourletter.这是你的信。2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：1)Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。2)Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：1)Herehecomes.他来了。2)Awaytheywent.他们走了。二部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语Z前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil,,等。例如：1)NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3)Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。注意：当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:1)Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。2)Themotherdidn'tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有：not,never,seldom,scarcelyzbarely,little,atnotime,notonly,notonce,underoncondition,hardly”when,nosooner„than”等。例女口:1)Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。2)Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。3)Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她刚要走时一个学生来看她。注意：只有当Notonly,,butalso连接两个分句吋，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Notonly,,butalso仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.我和你都喜欢音乐。3.表示”也“、”也不“的so,neither,nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：1)TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Tom能说法语，我也能。2)Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.如果你不去，我也不去。注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此“。例如：1)TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom让我去踢足球,我去了。2)…It'sraininghard.…Soitis.…雨下得很大。…的确很大。4.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如：Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。\nOnlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被请了三次才來开会。\n注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。三as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词，副词，分词，实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1）句首名词不能带任何冠词；2）句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语Z前。例如：Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。注意：让步状语从句中，有though,although时，后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。四其他部分倒装1.so„that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。例如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch•他害怕得动都不敢动。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：Mayyouallbehappy.望大家开心愉快。3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将讦省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.如J果我是你，我就再试一次。倒装句专项练习1.（2015$胡南,23）0nlyaftertalkingtotwostudentsthathavingstrongmotivationisoneofthebiggestfactorsinreachinggoals.A」diddiscoverB.didIdiscoverC」discoveredD.discoveredI2.（2015天津,3）OnlywhenLilywalkedintotheofficethatshehadleftthecontractathome.A.sherealizedB.hassherealizedC.shehasrealizedD.didsherealize3.（2014大纲全国卷,26,1分）thenurseswantapayincrease,theywantreducedhoursaswell.A.NotdoonlyB.DonotonlyC.OnlynotdoD.Notonlydo4.（2014湖南,29,1分）Onlywhenyoucanfindpeaceinyourheartgoodrelationshipswithothers.A.willyoukeepB.youwillkeepC.youkeptD.didyoukeep5.（2014陕西仕7J分）Nosoonersteppedonthestagethantheaudieneebrokeintothunderousapplause・A.hadMoYanB.MoYanhadC.hasMoYanD.MoYanhas6.（2011课标•全国I,28）Onlywhenhereachedthetea-houseitwasthesameplacehe'dbeeninlastyear.A.herealizedB・hedidrealizeC.realizedheD.didherealize7.（2011福建，29）—ltzsnice.Neverbeforesuchaspecialdrink!—Kmgladyoulikeit.A.IhavehadB.IhadC・haveIhadD.hadI8.（2011湖南，32）Onlyaftertheyhaddiscussedthematterforseveralhoursadecision.\nA.theyreachedB.didtheyreachC.theyreachD.dotheyreach\n1.（2010陕西，17）Johnopenedthedoor.Therehehadneverseenbefore・A.agirldidstandB.agirlstoodC.didagirlstandD.stoodagirl2.（2010江西,33）Notuntilhelefthishometoknowhowimportantthefamilywasforhim.A.didhebeginB.hadhebegunC・hebeganD・hehadbegun3.（2010重庆,33）AtthemeetingplaceoftheYangtzeRiverandtheJialingRiver,oneofthetenlargestcitiesinChina.A.liesChongqingB.ChongqingliesC.doeslieChongqingD.doesChongqinglie4.（2010四川，9）Welaughatjokes,butseldomabouthowtheywork.A.wethinkB.thinkweC.wedothinkD.dowethink5.（2011课标•全国I,22）Tryshemight,Suecouldn'tgetthedooropen.A.ifB.whenC.sinceD.as6.（2012辽宇，32）Notuntilheretiredfromteachingthreeyearsagohavingaholidayabroad・A.hehadconsideredB・hadheconsideredC.heconsideredD・didheconsider7.（2012天津"6）OnlyafterMaryreadhercompositionthesecondtimethespellingmistake.A.didshenoticeB・shenoticedC.doesshenoticeD.shehasnoticed8.（2012江阿32）NeverbeforeseenanybodywhocanplaytennisaswellasRobert.A.hadsheB.shehadC.hassheD.shehas9.（2012四川'5）Thisisnotmystory,northewholestory.Mystoryplaysoutdifferently.A.isthereB.thereisC.isitD.itis10.（2012重庆/33）Theheadmasterwillnotpermitthechangeinthecourse,noritathought.A.doesheevengiveB・heevengivesC.willheevengiveD.hewillevengive11.（2013大纲，32,1分）Onlybyincreasingthenumberofdoctorsby50percentproperlyinthishospital.A.canbethepatientstreatedB・canthepatientsbetreatedC.thepatientscanbetreatedD.treatedcanbethepatients12.（2013福建，34,1分）Notuntilhewentthroughrealhardshipthelovewehaveforourfamiliesisimportsnt・A・hadherealizedB.didherealizeC.herealizedD.hehadrealized21.（2013江西,A.Iwillspeak22.（2013湖南,A.occurredit25,1分）Onlywhenheapologizesforhisrudenesstohimagain.A.willIspeakC.doIspeakD・Ispeak35,1分）NotoncetoMichaelthathecouldonedaybecomeatopstudentinhisclass.B.itdidoccurC・itoccurredD.diditoccur23.（2013江苏卷，27,1分）zzNeverforasecond/theboysays,"thatmyfatherwouldcometomyrescue/A.IdoubtedB.doIdoubtC.IhavedoubtedD.didIdoubt24.（2013辽宇,26,1分）Atnotimetherulesofthegame.11wasunfairtopunishthem・A.theyactuallybrokeB.dotheyactuallybreakC・didtheyactuallybreakD・theyhadactuallybroken25.（2013课标llz12,1分）Onlybyincreasingthenumberofdoctorsby50percentproperlyinthishospital.A.canbethepatientstreatedB・canthepatientsbetreatedB.thepatientscanbetreatedD.treatedcanbethepatients\nBDDAADCBDAADDDACCCBBBDDCB\n第七章定语从句定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。关系副词有:when,where,why,how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语吋可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1、关系代词引导的定语从句1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句屮所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?（who/that在从句中作主语）Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday,（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换），例如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhich）coverisgreen.3）which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.（which/that在句屮作宾语）Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped,（which/that在句中作宾语）关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人，其用法区别:1）不用that的情况:a）在引导非限定性定语从句时（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere・b）介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c）多用who的情况①关系代词在从句中做主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行词为those,people时Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行词为all,anyone,ones,one指人时Onewhodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用Who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard・Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）在不定代词，如:anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that,不用whicho\nAllthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.\nb)先行词有theonly,thevery,thejust修饰时，只用thatoHeistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c)先行词为序数词(thelast)＞数词、形容词最高级吋，只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwasHThePrinceandthePauper11byMarkTwin.d)先行词既有人，又有物时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e)当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时，用that以避免重复。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate・f)关系代词在从句中做表语Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where,why,how的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和”介词+which"结构交替使用，例如：Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?I'msurprisedthewayhow(bywhich)heworksouttheproblem・注意：①非限制性定语从句中，”介词+which"结构不能代替关系副词。女口：Theysetupastatefortheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves・②有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Isthisthebookwhich(that)shewaslookingfor?3、名词/数词/代词/形容词最高级+介词+关系代词引导定语从句Shehaswrittenabook,thenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard・Therearefivecontinentsintheworld,thelargestofwhichisAsia.4、as,which引导非限定性定语从句的差别由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As—般放在句首，which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone*health.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportsnttous.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.用法区别：(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。Asweallknow,heneversmokes.(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句屮作主语时，从句屮的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句屮的关系代词只能用whicho⑶非限定性定语从句中出现expect,think,suppose等表示猜测、想彖、预料等时。Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.(4)As的用法thesame,,as;such„as中的as是一种固定结构，和”,，一样\nIshouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere・Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.\n定语从句语法专项练习用适当的关系词填空：1.1stillrememberthenightIfirstcametothehouse.2.I'llneverforgetthedaywemeteachotherlastweek.3.MrBlackisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,isthebestseasonthere・4.1willneverforgetthedaysIspentwithyourfamily.5.1*11neverforgetthelastdaywespenttogether.6.ThisistheschoolIusedtostudy・7.Doyoustillremembertheplacewevisitedlastweek?8.Doyoustillremembertheplacewevisitedthepaintingexhibit!on?9.HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou,isfamousfortheWestLake?10.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,liestheWestLake?11.TomwillgotoShanghai,livehistwobrothers・12.1liveinBeijing,isthecapitalofChina.13.TherewasatimetherewereslavesintheUSA・14.Itisthethirdtimeyouhavemadethesamemistake.15.ItwasinthestreetImetJohnyesterday・16.Itwasabout600yearsagothefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade・17.ThemomentIsawyou,Irecognized（认出）you.18.Thisistheverynovelaboutwe'vetalkedsomuch・19.Thisisthewayhedidit.20・Whoisthestudentwaslateforschooltoday?21.Whoknowshimwantstomakefriendswithhim?22.Whatelsewasthereinmybrotheryoudidn'tlike?23.Helivesintheroomwindowfacestothesouth.24.Helivesintheroom,thewindowfacestothesouth.25.ThisisMr.JohnforsonIbroughtabookyesterday・26.ThisisMr.JohnforIboughtabookyesterday・27.Thisisthehourtheplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.28.AndthereisonepointI'dlikeyouradvice.29.Winteristhetimeofyearthedaysareshortandnightsarelong.30・Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplaceyoumayspendyourweekend.1.（2015安徽，28）Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskilluponschooleducationdepends.A.itB.thatC.whoseD.which2.（2015福建，34）ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership,showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.which3.（2015湖南，29）ltisatrulydelightfulplace,looksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages・A.asB.whereC.thatD.which4.（2015四川,3）Thebooksonthedesk,coversareshiny,areprizesforus.A.whichB.whatC.whoseD.that5.（2015陕西,15）Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimeheshouldbeableto\nbeindependent・\nA.whichB.whereC.whomD.when1.（2015江苏,21）Thenumberofsmokers,isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.A.itB.whichC.whatD.as2.（2015浙江,19）Creatinganatmosphereemployeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.A.asB.whoseC.inwhichD.atwhich3.（2015北京,24）OppositeisSt.PauKsChurch,youcanhearsomelovelymusic.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where4.（2015天津J5）Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmospherehisemployeesenjoytheirwork.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.who5.（2014重庆‘9,1分）We1lreachthesalestargetsinamonthwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.what6.（2014卩耳丿l|,4）Untilnow,wehaveraised50,000poundsforthepoorchildren,isquiteunexpected・A.thatB.whichC.whoD.it7.（2014木畐建,31J分）Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitiestheycangainexperieneeforgrowth・A.whoB.whenC.whichD.where8.（2014江西*28J分）Amongthemanydangerssailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.A.whichB.whatC.whereD.when9.（2014湖南”31J分）1amlookingforwardtothedaymydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.A.asB.whyC.whenD.where10.（2014陕西,13,1分）Pleasesendusalltheinformationyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.A.thatB.whichC.asD.what11.（2014安徽,22,1分）TheexactyearAngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.which12.（2014浙江,5,0.5分）1didn'tbecomeaseriousclimberuntilthefifthgrade,Iwentuptorescueakitethatwasstuckinthebranchesofatree・A.whenB.whereC.whichD.why13.（2014江为022J分）Thebookhashelpedmegreatlyinmydailycommunication,especiallyatworkagoodimpressionisamust.A.whichB.whenC.asD.where14.（2014山东JOJ^）Acompanyprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.A.whichB.whoseC.whoD.why15.（2013大纲,24,1分）WhenIarrived,BryantookmetoseethehouseIwouldbestaying.A.whatB.whenC.whereD.which16.（2013重庆，24,1分）Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding,mostofarefamilymembers.A.themB.thatC.whichD.whom17.（2013四川，9,1分）Nowadayspeoplearemoreconcernedabouttheenvironmenttheylive・A.whatB.whichC・whenD.where18.（2013福建，27,1分）Thebooktellsstoriesoftheearthquakethroughtheeyesofthoseliveswereaffected・A.whoseB.thatC.whoD.which\n1.（2013江西,33,1分）Hewrotealetterheexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident.\nA.whatB.which25.（2013湖南,21,1分）strengths・A.whomB.who26.（2013陕西,16,1分）A.ItB.That27.（2013安徽,29,1分）C.whereD.howHappinessandsuccessoftencometothoseC.whatD・whicharegoodatrecognizingtheirownisoftenthecasewithchildren,Amywasbetterbythetimethedoctorarrived.C.WhatD.AsMoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,madeoneoftheChinesepeople'sIong-helddreamscometrue・A.itB.thatC.whatD.which28.（2013浙江,13,0.5分）Themuseumwillopeninthespringwithanexhibit!onandaviewingplatformvisitorscanwatchthebigglasshousesbeingbuilt・A.whatB.whereC.whenD.why29.（2013浙江，5,0.5分）Thechildren,hadplayedthewholedayIong,werewornout.A.allofwhatB.allofwhichC.allofthemD.allofwhomKEYS:1.when2.when3.which4.that/which5.that6.where7.that/which8.where9.which10.where11.where12.which13.when14.that15.that16.that17.(that)1&which19.(that/inwhich)2O.that21.that22that23.whose24.ofwhich25.whose26.whom27.when28.that29.that30.Where［答案］l.D［解析］1.句意:有些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。本题考查定语从句。先行词为skill,关系词which代替skill并在从句中作介词upon的宾语，故选D项。［答案］2.D［解析］2.句意：《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者,这表明世界上越來越多的人想了解中国。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为设空处前的一句话，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故答案为D项。［答案］3.D［解析］3•句意:这真是一个令人愉快的地方，它看上去和100年前的样子一样，有蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的村舍。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为place,关系词替代先行词并在从句中作主语，故选D项。［答案］4.C［解析］4.句意:桌上那些封而闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。木题考查定语从句。先行词为thebooks,将先行词代入从句后为:Thecoversofthebooksareshiny.故选C。［答案］5.D［解析］5.句意:作为家里最小的孩子,Alex总是期盼着他能够独立的时候。本题考查定语从句。先行词为time,\n关系词在从句屮作时间状语，故答案为D项。［答案］6.D［解析］6.句意:正如所报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。排除it和what;which和as都可以引导非限制性定语从句，当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态，故答案为as。［答案］7.C［解析］7.句意:创造出让员工感觉到自己就是团队的一员的一种氛围是极富挑战的。本题考查定语从句。先行词为anatmosphere,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Intheatmosphereemployeesfeelpartofateam.关系词在定语从句中充当地点状语,因此用"in+which"或where,故答案选C。［答案］8.D［解析］&句意:你们在对而的圣保罗教堂能听到一些动听的音乐。本题考查定语从句。先行词为St.PauKsChurch,将先行词代入定语从句丿舌为YoucanhearsomelovelymusicinSt.Paul'sChurch.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故选D项。［答案］9.A［解析］9.句意:该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。考查定语从句。该从句修饰的先行词为atmosphere,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Hisemployeesenjoytheirworkintheeasyatmosphere.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。［答案］10.A［解析］10.句意:一个月以后我们将会达到年初所定的销售目标。本题考查定语从句的关系词。先行词是thesalestargets,关系词在定语从句中作set的宾语，所以用关系代词whicho故选A。［答案］11.B［解析］□•句意:到目前为止,我们已经为那些贫穷的孩子们筹款50,000英镑，这非常出乎我们的意料。本题考查定语从句。根据句子结构可知该空应引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子，在定语从句屮作主语,所以选B项。that不引导非限制性定语从句;who的先行词应是人;it不能引导定语从句。［答案］12.D［解析］12佝意:学生应该参加社区活动，他们从屮能获得成长经验。木题考查定语从句。将先行词communityactivities代入左语从句后为:Theycangainexperienceforgrowthinthecommunityactivities.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语。故答案为D项。［答案］13.A［解析］13.句意:在海员们不得不面对的许多危险中，最大的危险也许是雾。本题考查定语从句。先行词为dangers,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Sailorshavetofacethedangers.由此可见，关系词在定语从句屮作face的宾语，且指“物〃，故答案为whicho［答案］14.C［解析］14.句意:我正期待着那一天的到來，那时我的女儿可以读这本书并且了解我对她的感情。本题考查定语从句。先行词为theday,关系词在从句中充当时间状语，故选when。［答案］15.A［解析］15.句意:请把你拥有的关于竞聘这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。考查定语从句。先行词theinformation被all修饰，定语从句关系代词只能用that,故选择A项。［答案］16.D［解析］26.句意:安杰拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。考查定语从句。先行词是theexactyear,关系词在定语从句中作spent的宾语，故选D。［答案］17.A［解析］17.句意:我直到五年级才真正成为一个攀登者，那时，我爬到树上去拿一个被挂在树枝上的风筝。考查定语从句。此处，先行词为fifthgrade,设空处在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when。\n［答案］18.D［解析］18.句意:这本书对我的日常交流很有帮助,尤其是在那些必须给人留下良好印象的工作小。本题考查定语从句。关系副词where引导定语从句，修饰先行词work,且where在从句中作地点状语。［答案］19.B［解析］29.句意:从国内市场得到的利润正在下降的公司可以去国外寻找机会。本题考查定语从句。先行词为company,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Thecompany'sprofitsfromhomemarketsaredeclining.rfl此可见关系词在定语从句中作定语，故用whose引导。［答案］20.C［解析］20.句意：当我到达时,Bryan带我去看了我将要住的房子。本题考查定语从句。先行词thehouse表示地点,还原到从句中为：Iwouldbestayinginthehouse.故应使用关系副词where引导定语从句。［答案］21.D［解析］21.句意：约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。本题考查定语从句。在定语从句中如果介词放在关系代词之前，且先行词指人吋，从句中关系代词只能使用whom。［答案］22.D［解析］22.句意：现在人们更加关心他们居住的坏境。本题考查定语从句。先行词是environment,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Theyliveintheenvironment.由此可见关系词在定语从句屮作地点状语，故用where引导定语从句。［答案］23.A［解析］23.句意：这本书从遭受地震影响的人们的视角讲述地震的故事。本题考查定语从句。将先行词those代入定语从句后为:Thelivesofthosewereaffected.由此町知先行词在从句中和lives是所属关系，作定语。故答案为A项。［答案］24.C［解析］24.句意：他写了一封信，信屮他解释了事故屮发生了什么。本题考查定语从句。从空格处到句尾是定语从句，修饰先行词lettero将先行词带入从句为:Heexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccidentintheletter.由此可知从句中缺少状语，应该用关系副词where,相当于inwhich。［答案］25.B［解析］25.句意：幸福和成功经常青睐那些善于意识到自己长处的人。本题考查定语从句。先行词为those,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Thosearegoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.由此可见，先行词在定语从句屮作主语，且表示〃人〃，故选B项。［答案］26.D［解析］26.句意：和其他孩子的常见情况一样，医生到来时Amy好多了。考查定语从句。分析句子结构，两部分之间是逗号，由此可知空格处需引导一个定语从句，且在从句中作主语，从句位于主句前，故用as引导。［答案］27.D［解析］27.句意：莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以來拥有的梦想之一变成现实。本题考查非限制性定语从句。A,B和C项都不引导非限制性定语从句。关系词指代前面整个主句(即MoYanwasawarded...in2012),关系词在定语从句中作主语，故选D项。［答案］28.B［解析］28.句意：博物馆将在春天开放，届时将有一个展览和一个观光平台。参观者可以从这个平台观看正在建设的大温室(玻璃屋子)。本题考查定语从句。先行词为platform,代入定语从句后为:Visitorscanwatchthebigglasshousesbeingbuiltontheplatform.由此叮见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故用where。［答案］29.D［解析］29.句意：孩子们因为玩了一整天，都已经精疲力竭了。本题考查定语从句用法。先行词为thechildren,将先行词代入定语从句后为:Allofthechildrenhadplayedthewholedaylong.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作of的宾语，且先行词表示〃人〃，故只能用allofwhomo\n第八章被动语态一、语态概述英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Englishisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子。例如：Heopenedthedoor.他开了门。（主动句）Thedoorwasopened.fJ被开了。（被动句）二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出來的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：am/is/are+taught—般过去时:was/were+taught一般将来时:will/shallbe+taught现在进行时:am/is/arebeing+taught过去进行时：have/hasbeen+taught现在完成时：have/hasbeen+taught记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be+过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如：Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：ThemagazineispublishedinShanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）Thedoorislocked.|'_J锁着。（系表结构）Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked.!'J已经/冈U冈U被锁上。（被动语态）Theshopisopened.这家商店开门了。（系表结构）Theshopisopenedat8a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。三、被动语态的用法1不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：1）Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.—些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）2）Thisbookwaspublishedin1981.这本书出版于1981年。2强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：\n1）Thisbookwaswrittenbyhim.这本书是他写的。\n2)Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed•每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法1把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原來主动语态句子中动词的时态來决定be的形式。3把主动语态屮的主语放在介词byZ后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：1)Allthepeoplelaughedathim.=Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople・2)Theymakethebikesinthefactory.=Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory.五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，Ft]“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。1)Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays・二Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays・2)Yououghttotakeitaway.二Itoughttobetakenaway・3)Theyshoulddoitatonce.二Itshouldbedoneatonce被动语态专项练习1・Ourhouse,A.isgettingpaintB・isgettingpaintedC・isgotpaintedD・hasgottopaint2.HearrivedinBeijing,wherehehisfriend.A•wasmetbyB.wasmetC.wasmeet!ngD.metby3.Thewarin1937A•wasbrokenoutB.hadbeenbrokenoutC・hasbrokenoutD.brokeout4.Themistakesintheexerciseswilltheteacher.A•crossB.becrossingC.becrossedbyD.crossby5.MybrotherandIhaveherbirthdayparty.A•beeninvitedB.beeninvitedforC.invitedtoD.beeninvitedto6.ItthiswayA•ishadtodoB・ishadtobedoneC.hadtobedoneD.hastodo7.It_thisway.AusedtodoB.usedtobedoneC.isusedtodoD.isusedtodoing8.Chaplin.A•Thechild'snamewascalledB•Thechild'snamecallsC.ThechildcallsD.Thechildisnamed9.Thesportsmeeting・A•isputoffB.istoputoffC・istobeputoffD・putsoff10.MaryrealizedsheA•wasmakingfunofB•wasmadefunC・wasbeingmadefunofD•wasbeingmadefun11.tosayathinginthatwayA.ItisconsiderswrongB・ItisconsideredwrongC.Itisconsideredit'swrongD・Itisconsiedringwrong12.Heorderedthatthebooksatonce.A•wouldbeprintedB.wouldprintC.beprintedD.print13.ThestoryinChinA.A・wastakenplaceB・washappenedC・tookplaceD・hasbeentakenplace14.Thehousemyparents\nA•isbelongtoB.belongtoC.belongstoD.isbelongedto2.Hebyhisteacher.\nA•happenedtoseeB.washappenedtoseeC•happenedtobeseenD•washappenedtobeseen2.Greatchangesinourprovinee.Manytallbuildings.A•havebeentakenplace,havebeensetupB・havetakenplace,havebeensetupC•havebeentakenplace,havebeensetupD.weretakenplace,weresetup3.Thehall'sbutit'snotyetwithlamps.A.furnished,finishedB.beenfinished,beenfurnishedC•beingfinished,beingfurnishedD.setup,full4.Thenewhallisthetallestbuildinginthistown.fromhere?A•CanitseeB.CanitbeseenC.CanitseenD.Cansee5.Assoonaswegottotheairport,wefoundthattheplane•A•hadalreadytakenoffB.alreadytookoffC.wasalreadytakingoffD.wasalreadytakenoff6.Someofthehotelsinmyhometown.A•havenowbeenrebuildingB.arenowrebuildingC・arenowbeingrebuiltD.arerebuiltnow7.Ifcitynoisesfromincreasing,peopleshouttobeheardevenatdinner.A•arenotkept；willhavetoB.arenotkept；haveC•donotkeep：willhavetoD.donotkeep；haveto8.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligenee,areandperfectednow.A•developedB・havedevelopedC.arebeingdevelopedD・willhavebeendeveloped9.―thesportsmeetmightbeputoff.…Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.I'vebeentoldB.I'vetoldC.I'mtoldD.Itold24.1needonemorestampbeforemycollection.A•hascompletedB.completesC・hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted1.Rainforestsandburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A•cutB•arecutC・arebeingcutD.hadbeencut2.Thenewsuspensionbridgebytheendoflastmonth.A•hasbeendesignedB・hadbeendesignedC・wasdesignedD・wouldbedesigned3.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit・A•breaksB.hasbrokenC・wasbrokenD.hadbeenbroken4.Greatchangesinthecity,andalotoffactories.A・havebeentakenplace;havebeensetupB・havetakenplace;havebeensetupC.havetakenplace;havesetupD.weretakenplace;weresetup5.Thatsuit_over60dollars.A•hadcostedB•costedC.iscostedD.cost6.™Look!Everythinghereisunderconstruction.…What'stheprettysmallhousethat_for?A•isbeingbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.isbuiltD・isbuilding7.—Doyoulikethematerial?一-Yes,itverysoft・A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt8.ItisdifficultforaforeignerChinese・A.writeB.towriteC.tobewrittenD.written33.1havenomoreletters,thankyou.A•totypeB・typingC.tobetypedD•typed\n34.Takecare!Don'tdroptheinkonyourshirt,forit_easily・A•won'twashoutB.won'tbewashedoutC.isn'twashedoutD.isn'twashingout35.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto・A•beputupB•giveinC.beturnedonD.goout36・ThecomputersonthetableProfessorSmith・A•belongsB.arebelongedtoC.belongstoD.belongto37.…Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?—Oh,excellent.It'sworthasecondtime・A•toreadB・tobereadC.readingD•beingread38.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed.A•catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch39.Thispageneededagain.A•beingcheckedB・checkedC.tocheckD.tobechecked40.manytimes,theboystilldidn'tknowhowtodotheexercisesA•HavingtaughtB•HavingbeentaughtC•taughtD.Teaching1-5：BADCD6-10：CBDAC11-15：BCCCC16-20：BBBAC21-25：ACADC26-30：BCBDA31-35：CBCAD36-40：DCCDB\n第9章祈使句一.祈使句的句式特征祈使句常常是表达说话人対対方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加，上please,以使句，子的语气更加缓和，或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：Keepoffthegrass!勿踩草地！Puttheboxesinthesmallroom.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。二.祈使句的肯定句式祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：1.行为动词原形+其他成分。例如：Makesentencesafterthemodel.根据例句造句。2.Be动词+其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。例如：Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过马路时要小心。3.Let,+宾语+动词原，形+,其他成分。例如：Lethimgobacknow.让他现在回去吧。三.祈使句的否定句式祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don't或Never,—般分为以下四种类型：1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don't,构成“Don't+行为动词原形+其他成分”。例如：Don'tsaythatagain!另U再那样说了！2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don't,构成“Don'tbe+其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）”。例如：Don?tbecareless.不要粗心。注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：（1）Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Don't,也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加note（2）如果以Let's开头的祈使句，必须在Let's后加not。例如：Don'tletmegowithhertomorrow.=Letmenotgowithhertomorrow.不要让我明天足艮她一起去。Let'snottellherthetruthwheneverwemeether.无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。4.在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No+名词/V・ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：NOPHOTOS!禁止拍照！四•祈使句的反意问句祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气來决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式：1.祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用willyou；表示邀请、劝说时，用won'tyou。例如：Besuretowritetous,willyou?你一定要给我们写信，好吗？Cometohavedinnerwithusthisevening,won'tyou?今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗？2.祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用willyouo例如：Don'tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?不要在会议室抽烟,好吗？3.Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let's用shallwe外，其他均用willyou0例如：Lettheboygofirst,willyou?让个那男孩先走,好吗?\nLet'stakeawalkaftersupper,shallwe?晚饭后我们去散步,好吗?五.祈使句的冋答祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won'to在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即Yes与will保持一致；No与won't保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：…Don'tgoout,please.It?srainingheavilyoutside.请不要出去。夕卜面雨下得很大。-…Yes,Iwill.Ihavetomeetmybrotherattheairport.不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。六•祈使句与陈述句的并列使用祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接；如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：LeaveitwithmeandIwillseewhatIcando.把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。Hurryup,orweJIIbelate.快点，否则我们要迟到了。七•祈使句与条件状语从句的连用祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：Tellhimtomakeaphonecalltome讦hecomesheretomorrow.如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。八.祈使句的强调形式祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do（D。在句中无意义）。例如：Doshutup!快住口!九.特殊形式的祈使句在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形來引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语來充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：Morewaterandtheyoungtreescouldn'thavedied.=Ifyouhadgiventhemmorewater,theyoungtreescouldn'thavedied.如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死/。十.运用祈使句的误区祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中，如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下文语境，作出正确判断。例如：yourcompositioncarefully,somespellingmistakescanbeavoided.A.HavingcheckedB.CheckC.IfyoucheckD.Tocheck析：如果空白处选填B（Check）项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接；如选A或D项（分词或不定式），句中逻辑主语somespellingmistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因此，只有C项（条件状语从句）符合句子结构及句意。祈使句练习1.TheTVistooloud.Please.A.turnitdownB.toturnitdownC.turndownitD.toturndownit2.lateagain,Bill!A.Don'ttobeB.Don'tbeC.NotbeD.Benot3.crosstheroaduntilthetrafficlightsturngreen.A.NotB.Won'tC.Doesn'tD.Don't4.Pleasehelpmecarryit,?A.willIB.willyouC.shallID.shallwe5.Don'tmakesomuchnoise,?\nA.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.doyou1.Doyouknowthegirlunderthetree?A.standB.tostandC.standingD.stood\n1.Kate,yourhomeworkheretomorrow・A・bringB・bringsC・tobringD・bringing2.methetruth,orI'llbeangry.A.TellingB.TotellC.ToldD.Tell3.「vekeptthedogMaomaoforalongtime.A.NameB.namedC.namingD.toname4.Don'tyouknowthatisgoodforourhealth?A・swimB.swimmingC.swamD.swims5.Willyoupleasereaditagainmoreslowly?（改为祈使句）read__it_againmoreslowly,please・6.Ifyoudon'tlistentome,I'llgo.（改为同义句）me,orI'llgo.7.Let'swatchthesportsgames.（改为反意疑问句）Lefswatchthesportsgames,?8.Theteachersoftentellthestudentsnottobecareless.（改为祈使句）careless,please・9.PleasesitnexttoNancy.（改为否定句）nexttoNancy.10.Don'tforgettoturnoffthelights,please.（改为反意疑问句）DorVtforgettoturnoffthelights,?11.Ifyoumove,you'lldie.（改为同义句）,oryou'lldie.12.Cometomyhousetomorrow.（改为反意疑间句）Cometomyhousetomorrow,?13.这是一个坏了的被子。（翻译句子）Thisisa.14.让我们去帮帮那个哭泣的女孩吧。（翻译句子）Lefsgoandhelpthe,please.参考答案1-5.ABDBA6-10.CADBB11.Readit12.Listento13.shallwe14.DorTtbe15.Don'tsit16.willyou17.Don'tmove18.will/won'tyou19.brokenglass/cup20.cryinggirl\n第十章疑问句表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：Isheafriendofyourbrother's?（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？发问）Canyoudothisforme?（你能替我做这件事吗？请求）疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Questionmark）“？"來标示问句的结束。疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。种类特征语调举例回答一般疑问句系+主+表+?升调AreyoufromLondon?用yes,no回答助动词+主+动+?DoyouspeakRussian?特殊疑问句疑问词+系+表+?降调Howareyoufeeling?直接回答，不用yes或no疑问词+助+主+动+?Whenwillyougetthere?选择疑问句(1)—般冋句：系+主+表+,,or”?助+主+动+,,or?,9•Or前升调,Or后降调Ishetallorshort?Doeshestayhomeorgothere?直接回答问句中一个，不用yes,no⑵特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+,,or”？第一部分用降调，第二部分or前升调，or后降调Whichisbigger,thesunorthemoon?Whorunsfaster,TomorPeter?选一个答案，不用yes,no反意疑问句（1）陈述部分肯定：陈述，助（系）+not+主？陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调Itisraining,isn'tit?Youdidit,didn'tyou?答案肯定时用yes,否定时用no（2）陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助（系）+主+?如对陈述肯定，可用降调Itisn'tfine,isit?Theyhaven'tcome,havethey?否定疑问句系+not+主+表？助+not+主+动+?表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调Aren'ttheybeautiful?Won'tyoucomeinforaminute?\n第计■•一章名词名词可以分为专有名词(ProperNouns)和普通名词(CommonNouns),专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1)2)3)4)个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词(IndividualNouns)：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如:gun。(CollectiveNouns)：表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如：family。(MaterialNouns)：表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。(AbstractNouns)：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词(CountableNouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)<,归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示:名词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s1•清辅音后读/s/;2•浊辅音和元音后读/”map-mapsbag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watchesce,se,ze?(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/licelicenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加es读/z/baby-babies其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数:如：twoMarystheHenrysmonkey・・・monkeysholiday・・・holidays比较：层楼:storey■一storeysstory■一stories2)以o结尾的名词，变复数时：a.加s,女口：photo——photospiano——pianosradio…radioszoo…zoos；b.力11es,女U：potato-potatoestomato—tomatoesc.均"J,如1：zero-zeros/zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s,如:belief—beliefsroof—roofssafe—safesguIf—gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves\nknife——knivesleaf——leaveswolf——wolveswife--wiveslife—livesthief--thieves；a.均可，如：handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves名词复数的不规则变化1）child—childrenfoot—feettooth——teethmouse—miceman—menwoman—women注意：与man和woman构成的合成词，英复数形式也是-men和-women。如：anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是theBowmanso2）单复同形如：deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：peoplepolicecattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如：TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。b.news是不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.vv—千零一夜〉〉是一本非常有趣的故事书。5）表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses（眼镜）trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair（对,双）;suit（套）;apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如:goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较：Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）Thesecakesaresweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。（可数）b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。Thisfactoryproducessteel.（不可数）Weneedvarioussteels.（可数）\na.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。\nTwoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2）抽象名词有吋也可数。fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：aglassofwater一杯水apieceofadvice一条建议定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1）用复数作定语。如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment夕卜语系2）man,woman,gentleman等作定语吋，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：menworkerswomenteachersgentlemenofficials3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如:goodstrain（货车）armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozeneggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.—个五年计划个别的有用复数作定语的，如：aseven-yearschild不同国家的人的单复数名称总称（谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese\n美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加叫“来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：ateacher-sbooko名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加”’s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加”'s",如theboy'sbag男孩的书包,men'sroom男厕所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加如:theworkers'struggleI人的斗争。3）凡不能加”'s”的名词,都可以用”名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如:thebarbels理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有I,则表示“分别有“；只有一个I,则表示，共有S女口：John'sandMary'sroom（两间）JohnandMary'sroom（一间）6）复合名词或短语，'s加在最后一个词的词尾。如amonthortwo'sabsenee专项练习1.（2015福建，24）Thefailurewasabigtohim,buthewasn'tdiscouragedandsoongotasenthusiasticasever.A.blowB.issueC.excuseD.factor2.（2015安徽,30）Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsomeandthenletmeknow.A.thoughtB.supportC.protectionD.authority3.（2015湖j匕22）Hegavehimselfanewnametohidehiswhenhewenttocarryoutthesecrettask・A.emotionB.talentC.identityD.treasure4.（2015湖北,21）Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthisandhadabadfall.A.balaneeB.chaneeC.memoryD.place5.（2015江苏,35）—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.一I'dliketo,butKmafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy.A.requestsB.excusesC.apologiesD.regrets6.（2015江苏〃32）Someschoolswillhavetomakeinagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.A.judgmentsB.adjustmentsC.commentsD.achievements7.（2015j折江,15）0neofthemosteffectivewaystoreduceistotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.A.productionB.stressC.energyD.power8.（2014福建,26,1分）一Couldyoutellmetheofmakingsuchtastycakes?—Well,!justfollowthedirectionsinthecookbook・A.featureB.planC.costD.trick9.（2014湖北,22,1分）WhenRichardsaid/Youaremuchmoreagreeableandprettiernow/Joan'sfaceturnedredattheunexpected.\nA.contributionB.complimentC.comparisonD.command1.（2014［胡」匕,21,1分）Herforwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.A.talentB.motivationC.qualificationD.technique\n1.（2014安徽,29J分）一Whynotbuyasecond-handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?一That'sagood.A.sayingB.questionC.suggestionD.account2.（2014浙江,6Q5分）Wemostprefertosayyestotheofsomeoneweknowandlike.A.attemptsB.requestsC.doubtsD.promises3.（2014江苏,27J分）Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerfulinlastyear"selection.A.symbolB.portraitC.identityD.statue4.（2014天津31分）Windisnowtheworld'sfastestgrowingofpower.A.sourceB.senseC.resultD.root5.（2011山东,34）There'sainourofficethatwhenit'ssomebody^birthday,theybringinacakeforusalltoshare.A.tradition16.（2011江苏,27）professional•A.consequenee17.（2011福建，26）climatechange.A.result18.（2011浙江，A.emotionsB.balanceC・concernD.relationshipTeachershavetoconstantlyupdatetheirknowledgeinordertomaintaintheirB.independenceC・competeneeD.intelligeneeofglobalThelackofeco-friendlyhabitsamongthepublicisthoughttobeamajorB.causeC.warningD・reflect!on18）Anyway,Icatcheathim—it"sagainstallmy.B.principlesC.regulationsD・opinions19.（2011江西,31）What'sthehimself?/inyouropinion,ofhelpinghimifhedoesn，tmakeanefforttohelpA.sympathyB.themeC・objectD.point13.（2011湖北，21）uTommy,run!Bequick!Thehouseisonfire!”themothershouted,withclearlyinhervoice.A.angerB・rudenessC.regretD.panic14.（2011［胡」匕，22）Givingupmyjobtogobacktofull-timeeducationwasabig,butnowIknowitwasthebestdecisionIevermade・A.projectB.commitmentC.competitionD.ambition15.（2011四丿l|,13）Alwaysremembertoputsuchdangerousthingsasknivesoutofchildrens・A.touchB・sightC・reachD.distanee16.（2012天津，3）Youareworkingtoohard・You'dbetterkeepabetweenworkandrelaxation.A.promiseB・IeadC・balanceD.diary17.（2012山东，24）Myfirstofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.A.expressionB・attentionC.satisfactionD.impression18.（2012江西'29）You，dbetterwritedownthephonenumberofthatrestaurantforfuture.A.purposeB.referenceC.progressD・memory19.（2012福建'25）—Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?—Well,youknow,Englishismy.Soitismybestchoice・A.strengthB.talentC.abilityD.skill20.（2012江苏'21）—CanIhelpyouwithit?—Iappreciateyour,butIcanmanageitmyself.\nA.adviceB.questionC.offerD.idea13.（2012浙7）Yourasastudentwillbeexcellentifyoudevelopahabitofreflect!ngonhowyoulearn.\nA.operationB.growthC・performsneeD.character29・（2012i胡j匕29）Itisimportanttohaveyoureyesexaminedregularlytocheckforanysignofeyediseasethatmaynothaveany・A.symptomB.similarityC.sampleD.shadow28.（2012湖北，30）TheofficerinsistedthatMichaeldidnotfollowthecorrectinapplyingforavisa.A.patternB.procedureC.programD.perspective29.（2012四川'15）Hewillcometounderstandyoureffortssoonerorlater.It'sjustamatterof.A.luckB.valueC.timeD.fact30.（2013江西，22,1分）WheneverImademistakes,theteacherpointedthemoutwith.A.curiosityB.satisfactionC・envyD.patience31.（2013i胡」匕，22」分）Carbondioxide,whichmakesabetweenusandthesun,preventsheatfromgettingoutoftheatmosphereeasily,sotheearthisbecomingwarmer.A.differeneeB.comparisonC.connectionD.barrier32.（2013湖北，21J分）Poetrywrittenfromtheoftheurbanyouthtendstorevealtheiranxietyoveralackofsenseofbelonging.A.perspectiveB.priorityC.participationD.privilege33.（2013$折江,4,0.5分）Astheworld'spopulationcontinuestogrow,theoffoodbecomesmoreandmoreofaconcern.A.worthB.supplyC・packageD・list34.（2013江为;卷，33,1分）Withinspirationfromotherfoodcultures,Americanfoodculturecantakeaforthebetter.A.shareB・chaneeC・turnD.Iead35.（2013辽宁，23,1分）Theaccidentcausedsometomycar,butit^snothingserious.A.harmB.injuryC.ruinD・damage36.（2013天津，7」分）WhileshewasinParis,shedevelopedaforfineart.A.wayB.relationC.tasteD.habit答案和解析［答案］l.A［解析］1•句意:这次失败对他来说是个很大的打击,但他并未气馁，很快他就又像以前一样充满了热情。本题考查名词辨析。A:打击;B:问题;C:借口;D:因素。故选A。［答案］2.A［解析］2.句意:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案，思考一下然后再让我知道。本题考查名词辨析。A.思考;B.支持;C.保护;D.权威。故选A项。［答案］3.C［解析］3.句意:在去执行秘密任务的时候，为隐藏自己的身份，他给自己取了一个新名字。考查名词辨析。emotion情感;talent天才identity身份treasure珍宝,宝物。根据语境可知答案为C项。［答案］4.A［解析］4.句意:这个男孩在追他哥哥的时候失去了平衡，重重地跌了一跤。考查名词辨析。losebalance失去平衡，符合语境。chance机会，机遇;memory记忆;place地点，位置。［答案］5.C［解析］5•句意:一一Dave,去向你妈妈道歉。一一我想去，但是恐怕她对我的道歉并不会感到满意。本题考查名词词义辨析。request要求;excuse借口;apology道歉;regret后悔,遗憾。根据句意可知选C。\n［答案］6.B\n［解析］6.句意:有些学校将不得不作出一些调整来和国家足球改革保持一致。本题考查名词词义辨析。adjustment调整judgment评判;comment评论;achievement成就。根据句意可知选B项。［答案］7.B［解析］7.句意:减轻压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈感受。本题考查名词词义辨析。A:产量，生产;B:压力;C:能源,精力;D:力量,权力。根据句意可知答案选Bo［答案］8.D［解析］&句意:一一你能不能告诉我做这么好吃的蛋糕的诀窍?一一哦，我只不过是按照烹饪书里的说明做的。本题考查名词辨析。feature特征;plan计划;cost费用;trick诀窍。根据句意可知答案为D项。［答案］9.B［解析］9.句意:当Richard说“你现在更讨人喜欢，更漂亮了”的时候，市于这意想不到的称赞,Joan的脸变红了。考查名词辨析。contribution贡献;compliment称赞，恭维;comparison比较，对比;command命令,要求。B项符合句意。［答案］10.B［解析］10.句意:她写作的动机是渴望为妇女争収接受高等教育的权利。考查名词辨析。talent天赋;motivation动机;qualification资格，限定条件［technique技术,技巧。B项符合句意。［答案］11.C［解析］句意:一一如果你没有足够的钱买辆新车的话，为什么不先买辆二手车呢?一一这个建议不错。考查名词辨析。A:格言,谚语;B:问题;C:建议;D:账户，记录，根据句意故选Co［答案］12.B［解析］22.句意:我们大多数情况下更喜欢答应我们所认识并喜欢的人的请求。此题考查名词辨析。根据句意选B,request请求。A:尝试;C:怀疑;D:承诺，均不符合句意。［答案］13.A［解析］13.句意:两年前她被软禁，但是在去年的选举屮她仍然是一位影响力强大的代表人物。本题考查名词辨析。symboksomeoneorsomethingthatrepresentsaparticularqualityoridea（某一特性或思想的）代表，代表性的人（物）；B:肖像;C:身份;D:雕像。［答案］14.A［解析］14.句意:风能是如今世界上增长最快的能量来源。本题考查名词辨析。A:来源,根源;B:感官,意识;C:结果;D:根部。根据句意可知，本题答案为儿［答案］15.A［解析］15.句意：我们办公室有个惯例，当某个人过生日的时候，他们带来蛋糕供我们大家一起分亨。本题考查名词辨析。tradition传统，惯例;balance平衡;concern关心；relationship关系。A项符合语境。［答案］16.C［解析］16.句意：教师必须不断地更新自己的知识来保持专业技能水平。本题考查名词辨析。professionalcompetence专业技能，符合句意。consequence后果，推论；independence独立；intelligence智力，均不符合题意。［答案］17.B［解析］17.句意：公众缺乏环保习惯被认为是全球气候变化的一个主要原因。本题考查名词词义辨析。cause原因,起1±1；result结果;warning警告；reflection反思,反省。根据句意可知,正确答案为B项。［答案］18.B［解析］28.句意：无论如何我都不能欺骗他一一这违背我做人的原则。本题考查名词辨析。principle常用作复数形式，意为:（行为的）准则、规范。如:principlesofconduct行为的准则。emotion情感、情绪;regulation规章、规则；opinion意见、看法、主张。［答案］19.D［解析］19.句意：你认为如果他自己不努力帮助自己的话，别人帮助他还有什么意义呢？本题考查名词辨析。\nthepointofdoingsth.s；思是“做某事的理由或意义”;sympathy可怜、同fS;theme主题；object目标、物体。根据句意，可知选D项。［答案］20.D［解析］20.句意：“汤米，快跑！快点！房子着火了！”妈妈大声喊叫道。她的声音里显然带着恐慌。考查名词辨析。房间着火了，妈妈叫孩子赶紧跑出去，从这些信息看，本空选D表示“恐慌，惊恐”，而A“愤怒”，B“粗鲁，粗暴”,C“懊悔，遗憾，抱歉”，都不符合句意。［答案］21.B［解析］21.句意：放弃自己的工作，回到学校接受全日制的教育，这是一项很大的投入，但现在我知道了，这是我作出的最好的决定。考查名词辨析。四个名词选项的主要含义：A“方案，项目，工程”，B“承诺,投入，花费”，C“竞争,竞赛”，D“雄心，野心”。与句中的decision呼应，本空选B表示“承诺”。［答案］22.C［解析］22.句意：切记把刀等危险的东西放在孩子们够不到的地方。考查名词。这里用固定短语outofone?sreach表示"在某人够不着的地方”。outoftouch不再了解,不懂得；outofsight看不见；outofdistance离……太远，达不到。［答案］23.C［解析］23.句意：你一直工作太辛苦了，你最好协调好工作与休息间的关系。考查名词辨析。keepabalancebetweenAandB为固定搭配，意为：协调好A和B之间的关系，使A与B之间保持平衡。promise诺言；lead领先地位;diary日记。根据betweenworkandrelaxation可知C项正确。［答案］24.D［解析］24.句意：我对他的第一印象是，他是一个友好且体贴的年轻人。本题考查名词辨析。A：表达;B：注意力;C：满意;D：印象。［答案］25.B［解析］25.句意：你最好记下那家餐厅的电话号码供今后查阅。本题考查名词辨析。reference查阅；purpose目的；progress进步；memory记忆。［答案］26.A［解析］26.句意：一一你为什么选择去一家国际旅行社工作?一一哦，你知道，英语是我的强项。因此，这是我的最佳选择。本题考查名词辨析。strength长处,强项;talent才能;ability能力;skill技能。［答案］27.C［解析］27.句意：一一需要我帮忙吗?一一感谢你主动帮忙，但我自己能解决。本题考查名词辨析。advice建议，忠告;question问题;offer主动提供;idea想法，主意。根据情景可知两人中第一个提出要提供帮助，第二个表示不需要帮助，感谢对方提供帮助，故答案为C项。［答案］28.C［解析］28•句意：如果你能养成一种经常思考如何学习的习惯，那作为一名学生，你的表现一定会很优秀。此题考查名词词义辨析ooperation操作，手术;growth成-fe;performance表fffi;character性格。根据句意,只有C项合适。［答案］29.A［解析］29.句意：经常检查眼睛看是否有眼病迹彖是很重要的，这些眼病可能没有任何症状。考査名词辨析。symptom表示“症状，征候，征兆”；similarity表示“相似，类似，类似点";sample表示“样品，样本”；shadow表示“阴影，影子，阴喑部”。［答案］30.B［解析］30.句意：那个官员坚持说Michael在屮请签证时没有按照正确的程序来办。考查名词辨析。procedure表示"程序,手续，步骤n;program表示"计划,方案”；pattern表示"模式，花样,图案v;perspective表示“视角，观点，远景，透视法”。［答案］31.C\n［解析］31.句意：他迟早会理解你的努力。这只是时间问题。本题考查名词词义辨析。luck运气value价值;time时间;fact事实。根据题意可知答案选C。［答案］32.D［解析］32.句意：每当我犯错时，老师都会耐心地把它们指出來。本题考查名词辨析。A:好奇，好奇心;B:满意，满足;C:嫉妒，羡慕;D:耐心，忍耐力。根据语境选D项。［答案］33.D［解析］33.句意：二氧化碳，在我们和太阳Z间形成一道屏障，很容易就阻止热量从大气层散发出来，因此地球正变得更暖和。本题考查名词辨析odifference区别;comparison比较;connection联系，连接;barrier障碍。D项符合句意。［答案］34.A［解析］34.句意：从城市年轻人的视角写出来的诗歌往往反映出他们对缺乏归属感的焦虑。考查名词辨析。perspective透视，视角；priority优先；participation参与；privilege特权。fromtheperspectiveoftheurbanyouth从城市年轻人的视角,A项符合语境。［答案］35.B［解析］35.句意：随着世界人口的持续增长，食物的供应越来越成为一个关注的焦点。本题考查名词词义辨析。A:价值;B:供应;C:包;D:清单。［答案］36.C［解析］36.句意：在英他饮食文化的激励下，美国的饮食文化可以向更好的方向转变。本题考查名词辨析。share份额，股份;chance机会,可能;turn变化，转变;lead榜样，领先。［答案］37.D［解析］37.句意：这场事故给我的车造成了一定的损坏，但问题不严重。考查名词。根据短语搭配causesomedamageto“对造成损坏”，选D项。harm伤害，损害，常用于doharmto短语;injury伤害，常用于对人身体的伤害;ruin毁灭，废墟。［答案］38.C［解析］38.句意：在巴黎期间，她开始喜欢美术。本题考查名词辨析。A:方式，方法;B:关系;D:习惯。taste作名词时”意为"爱好,嗜好"odevelopatastefor=starttolikeo