修改高中非谓语动词课件 151页

非谓语动词讲解Non-predicateVerbs\n非谓语不定式（todo)分词动名词（-ing)过去分词(-ed)现在分词(-ing)-ing分词-ed分词非谓语动词讲解一：构成\n1.谓语动词：概述：2.非谓语词：在句子中担任谓语的动词是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分(通俗地说，就是不能作谓语的动词变形）非谓语动词讲解二：谓语动词与非谓语动词判别谓语动词及非谓语动词的方法Shegotoffthebus,________(leave)herhandbagonherseat.2.Shegotoffthebus,but______(leave)herhandbagonherseat.leavingleft\n非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。由此可见，连词在决定句子结构以及谓语动词和非谓语动词的使用中起着关键的作用。Themantookoutthekey,_________(open)thedoorandenteredtheroom.2.Themansatthere,_________(read)abook.3._______(work)hard,andyouwillsucceed.4.Thequestion___________(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofgreatimportance.5.___________(improve)hisspokenEnglish,Mr.ZhanggoestotheEnglishcornereverySaturday.openedreadingWorkdiscussedToimprove\n考纲解读非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。既是高考的亮点又是高考的热点。【高考考点透视】1．非谓语动词的构成和语法功能及用法对比。2．非谓语动词的完成式、被动式的用法和特点。3．非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式。4．不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比。非谓语动词讲解三：\n5．不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别是考查的热点。6．过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。7．不定式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。8．带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别。\n不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词充当表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语.非谓语动词讲解四：句法作用\n1Theteacherssittingtherearefromotherschools.表语2Wesawsometeacherssittingthere.宾语补足语3Weneedtobeactiveinclass.宾语谓语宾语主语定语连系动词划分句子成分非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.\n4.Toseeyouisglad.=It’sgladtoseeyou.5.Iwanttoseeyou.6.Iwanthimtoseeyou.7.Myhopeistoseeyou.8.Heisthemantoseeyou.9.I’mgladtoseeyou.10.Iwenttoseeyou.11.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou（作主语）(作宾语）（作宾补）(作表语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）\n非谓语动词主语宾语表语定语宾补状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√\n12.Swimmingishisfavoritesport.13.Heenjoysswimming.14.Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver.15.Hisfavoritesportisswimming.16.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.17.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.(作主语)(作宾语)(作宾补)(作表语)(作状语)(作定语)非谓语动词讲解\n动词不定式（TheInfinitive）一.动词不定式的基本构成由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成非谓语动词讲解五主动态被动态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtohavebeendoing\n不定式时态的用法1.不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，或之后发生用一般时态1)Hewanted___________(see)you.2)Ihope___________(see)youagain._______2.强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态WhenIcamein,hepretended(read)abook.3.强调不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时Heissaid_________________(write)anovellastyear.4.强调动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，并可能持续下去时，用完成进行式Sheissaid(work)ontheproblemformanyyears.非谓语动词讲解六toseetoseetobereadingtohavewrittentohavebeenworking\n不定式被动语态的用法当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Sheasked______________(send)toworkinTibet.Thebookissaid________________________(translate)intoEnglish.tobesenttohavebeentranslated非谓语动词讲解七：\n如何确定动词不定式的语态技巧：找逻辑主语1.Iopenedthedoor_________(enter)theroom.2.Mr.Smithisgoingtoattendthemeeting__________________(hold)tomorrow.㈠.一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。toentertobeheld\n(二）进行式（三）完成式1.Iamveryglad_______________(work)withyou.2.Thebookissaid________________________(translate)intoEnglish.如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。tobeworkingtohavebeentranslated\n解题技巧非谓语动词题目三步走：①谓语动词/句型的要求:解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补)；②主被动关系:找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)；③时间先后顺序:搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；非谓语动词讲解八：\nEXX.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgiven.1.Tomhappened_____________(pass)bywhentheyspokeillofhim.2.Weallhope___________(become)scientists.3.Weallwant____________(take)partinthesportsmeet.4.Ihappened______________(read)thearticlewhenheaskedmeaboutit.5.Hepretended_______________(be)adriver.6.Whenthefathercamehome,thenaughtyboypretended________________(do)hishomework.tobepassingbebecometotaketohavereadtobetobedoing7.Heissaidto___________(write)anovelnow.bewriting\n8.Heissaid___________________(send)toLondonalready.9.Sheissaid_________________(meet)afairyoneday.10.Aliceissaid_______________(do)herhomeworkinherownroomnow.11.Idon’texpectthem_____________(wait)formewhenIarrivedtheresolate.12.Theseboysaresaid______________(praise)fordoinggoodsdeeds.tohavebeensenttohavemettobedoingtobewaitingtobepraised\n动词不定式Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。IwanttoseeyouthiseveningAllyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.主语宾语表语定语状语宾补非谓语动词讲解\n1.作主语不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。Toseeistobelieve．Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.注：常用it做形式主语，将todo放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It+谓语+todoIttakesusanhour________(get)therebybus.句型2：It’s+n.+todoIt’sourduty_________(help)thepoor.Itisagreatenjoyment___________(spend)ourholidayinthemountains二.动词不定式的句法作用非谓语动词讲解togettohelptospend\n句型3：Itisadj.for/ofsb.todosth.Itis+adj+forsbtodosthItis+adj+ofsbtodosth（是形容人的品质的）（是形容事物的性质的）Itiseasy______metofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisagreathonor_______ustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.Itisverykind___youtogivemesomehelp.It'simpolite___youtospeaktotheteacherlikethat.＝Youareverykindtogivemesomehelp.＝youareimpolitetospeaktotheteacherlikethat.非谓语动词讲解forforofof\n2.作表语1).如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。(一致性)_______(do)twothingsatatimeistodoneither．一次做两件事等于未做。_________(see)istobelieve.百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）2)系动词be,appear,seem,prove后用todo形式做表语；betodo,beabouttodo结构表将来时:HeistomarryRose.Hewasabout________(enter)whenheheardacry.非谓语动词讲解TodoToseetoenter\n3).如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，不定式作表语对主语的内容做具体说明作用。Hiswishis________(buy)acarinthenearfuture.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆轿车。Themostimportantthingis__________(take)measurestopreventthepollution.最重要的事情是采取措施阻止污染．4).Whatshewantstodomostnowis_________(travel)abroad.(主语是what,all引导的名词性从句)非谓语动词讲解tobuytotaketotravel\nExx:Toliveis___________(struggle).Herwishis___________(become)adoctor.Iwasjustabout____________(leave)theofficewhenthephonerang.Myjobis___________(look)afterthechildrentoday.我们计划去参观那个大型工厂。We____________thelargefactory.6.Whatinterestedmemostwas__________(find)suchathingintheforest.7.Thecaptainseemed____________(hesitate)foramoment.8.Hiswordsproved______________(correct).tostruggletobecometoleavetolookaretovisittofindtohesitatetobecorrect\n常见动词有：口诀:想要决定同意，希望许诺选择需要want,decide,,agree,wish,hope,promise,choose,need3.作宾语如：wanttodoIwanttoknowthismatter.Idon’texpecttomeetyouhere.1).接不定式做宾语1.Theywanted_____(get)onthebus,didn’tthey?2.Hesaidhewished_____(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed______(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred______(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised______(give)meahand.togettobetogotodancetogive非谓语动词讲解\n补充能接不定式作宾语的动词有：expect,pretend,refuse,plan,learn,manage,offer,afford,help(to)do,determine,intend,attempt,desireIcan’tafford________(buy)acar.Haveyoulearnt__________(drive)acar?Thestrangeroffered_________(show)metheway.PriceHarryasked_____________(send)toserveinthearmy.Thepatientdesired_____________(tell)thetruth.Theyareplanning______________(visit)Londonnextyear.tobuytodrivetoshowtobesenttobetoldtovisit\nbeginstartcontinue+tododoing注意下列动词①非谓语动词讲解\n②likelovehateprefer+tododoing非谓语动词讲解\n③rememberforgetregret+tododoing非谓语动词讲解.regretdoingsth遗憾/后悔做过某事.regrettodosth.表示对现在要发生的事表示“抱歉”、“遗憾”，后面只限于用几个动词say,tell,inform等。\n④trymeanstopgooncan’thelp+tododoing非谓语动词讲解\n非谓语动词讲解1.不定式与动名词无区别startbegincontinue[注意]下列情况中begin和start后须接不定式主语是物不是人Springcameon,andthesnowbegantomelt.begin和start用于进行时态It’sbeginningtosnow.后接表示心理活动或状态的动词，如：understand,realize,knowIbegantorealizehowstupidIwas.后接不定式被动式Thenewtypeofcomputerbegantobedevelopedinthe1980’s.\n2.不定式与动名词区别细微lovehatelikeprefer后接动名词表示经常性的动作，多指一个人的爱好、习惯等，后接不定式表示具体的特定的某一次动作Ilike____________(swim)insummer.Ididn’tlike___________(swim)thatday.非谓语动词讲解swimmingtoswim\n3.不定式与动名词区别很大:rememberforgetregrettrymeanstopgooncan’thelpIremembervisitinghisparentswhenIwenttothetown.I’llremembertovisithisparentswhenIgotothetown.He’sforgottenswitchingoffthelight.Heforgottoswitchoffthelightwhenheleft.Iregretsayingthosewords.IregrettosaythatIcan’tcometonight.Hetriedteachingthechildreninanewway.Hetriedtoteachthechildrenasmuchashecould.非谓语动词讲解\n1.Boys,don'tforget_____thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest3.Remember_______thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff非谓语动词讲解\nExx.Theteacheriscoming,let’sstop_________(talk).Shetried_________(read),butcouldn’tmakeherforgethertrouble.Heforgoteven________(write)tome,sohewroteanotherone.Iremember_______(bring)thebooktoyoulastweek.Iregret________(tell)thatwecan’ttakeyouradvice.6.Revolutionmeans____________(liberate)theproductiveforces.7.Goon________(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.8.Thoughitbegantorain,theywenton_________(get)Inthecropsonthefield.talkingreadingwritingbringingtotellliberatingtodogetting\n注意句型：it作形式宾语如：findit+adj+todoIfind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting．Ifind/feel_______interestingtoworkwithhim．注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。Subject+find/think/feel/make/consider…+adj/n+todosth.1.We thought __ better ___ start early.2.Do you consider ___ better not ____ go?3. I feel __ my duty __ change all that.4.Wethink__important__obeythelaw.5.Iknow__impossible__finishsomuchhomeworkinaday.非谓语动词讲解it宾语宾补ititititittototototo\n2)considerwhattodotellmewhattodo有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语或宾补。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不可以是why。Theyareconsideringwhattodonext.Theytoldmewhattodonext.注意句型：非谓语动词讲解（宾语）（宾补）\n1.你能告诉我该如何解决这个问题吗？Couldyoutellme______________theproblem.2.我们想知道下周我们去哪里?Wewonder_______________nextweek.3.Wehavenoideaaboutwhat_________(do)next.4.Shegaveussomeadviceonhow____________(learn)foreignlanguage.5.Thereisn’tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon’tknow______________(该选哪个).howtosolvewheretogotodotolearnwhichtochoose\n4.作宾语补足语如：tellsb.todosth(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)1.Mothertoldme____come back before 10 o’clock.2.I’ll get someone ___ repair the recorderfor you.3.What caused him___change his mind?4.I wish you___come as soon as possible.5.Heaskedme____dotheworkwithhim.tototototo非谓语动词讲解主语谓语宾语宾补\nadvise,allow,askbeg,cause（促使）,expectencourage,forceget,hate,inviteorder,wish,oblige（强制，迫使）want,warn,remindpromise,permitpersuade,request…sb.todo非谓语动词讲解\nThesoldiersforcedtheenemy__________(give)in.Ourteacheradvisesus__________(do)morereadingaloudeverymorning.Theywouldnotallowhim_________(risk)goingacrosstheenemyline.Willyoupermitme_________(go)tothecinema?Theyoungmanpersuadedhisfather__________(give)upsmoking.Thegovernmentcallsonpeople______________(protect)theenvironment.Wecandependontheworkers_____________(carry)outtheplan.togivetodotorisktogotogivetocarrytoprotect8.Greenhousegasescausetheearth’satmosphere_______(heat)up.toheat\nseewatchlookathearlistentofeelnoticeobserve+sb.+dodoingdonemakelethave非谓语动词讲解\nsb.beseenwatchedlookedatheardlistenedtofeltnoticedobserved+todomadelet非谓语动词讲解\n例如：注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：Heisoftenheard________(sing)thesong·He was seen _____________(enter) the room.tosingto enter非谓语动词讲解\n理解：Isawsomeonecomein.Isawsomeonecomingin.Hehadhishorse________(jump)overthefence.Theladywaswatched___________(leave)herroomsilence.Hemadetheboy_________(clean)room.Didyounoticeanyone__________(enter)myroom?Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister______(cry),todayhewasmade_______(cry)byhislittlesister.8.Lastnightthegirlswereheard________(sing)intheclassroom.9.Thelocalpeopleweremade__________(leave).10.Somechildrenwereobserved_____________(pick)theflowers.我看到有人进来了。（已进来）我看到有人正往里来（正在走）jumptoleavecleanentercrytocrytosingtoleavetopickup\n括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。1.Letme______(help)you_____________(water)theflowers.2.LittleSandywouldlove____________(take)tothecinemathisevening.3.Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate______(cry),todayhewasmade_______(cry)byhisdeskmate.4.Isawhim_______intothesmallstore.A.wentB.goingC.togoD.hasgone5.Telltheboy_______outofthewindow.nottolookB.tonotlookC.don‘tlookD.notlookhelp(to)watercrytocry非谓语动词讲解tobetaken\n非谓语动词讲解让，要havesb.dosth.=getsb.todosth.让某人做某事=havesth.done让某事被做例：Ihavehim___________(repair)mywatch.=Ihavemywatch__________(repair).havesb./sth.doing让某人或某事一直进行某动作或保持某状态例：Ihadmycarwaitingoutside.Iwon’thaveyousmoking.havesth.todo有某事要做比较例释——repairrepaired\nExx:Ihadhim__________(repair)mybike.=Igothim__________(repair)mybike.2.Itistoocold,wehavethefire___________（burn)allnightlong.3.Hehadme_________(wait)foralongtime.4.Iwanttohavethisfilm___________(develop).repairtorepairburningwaitingdeveloped\n非谓语动词讲解动词不定式省略to词组hadbetter,wouldrather,hadrather,ratherthan,can’t(help)but,mightaswell（不妨）Let’sfinishtheworktodayratherthan_________(leave)itofftilltomorrow.句型WhynotWhynotjoinus?在介词but,except,besides前面的结构中，有行为动词do,choose(do/choose…butdosth.其它动词…buttodosth.)Ididnothingbut______(wait)foryou.Thereseemednothingelsetodobut______(wait)foryou.Icouldn’tchoosebut______(wait).Ihadnochoicebut________(wait)foryou.waitwaittowaitwaitleave\nYesterdayIdidnothingbut_____(watch)TV.Hewantednothingbut___________(enjoy)himselfatthemoment.Atlasttheenemysoldiershadnochoicebut________(lay)downtheirguns.Wecannotchoosebut________(hear).Boddidnothingexcept_______(play)tennis.Wehadnothingtodoexcept_________(fight)againstthepollution.Ithadnoeffectexcept___________(make)himangry.watchtoenjoytolayhearplayfighttomake另：nothingbut仅仅，只不过,只有Iwantnothingbutthebestformychildren.You’renothingbutathief.我只是想给我的孩子们最好的。你只不过是个小偷。\n：不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.我几乎没有时间去赶上末班车。DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Themeeting_____________(hold)tomorrowisveryimportant.5.作定语eg.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.非谓语动词讲解tobeheld\n不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Doyouhaveanythingtowashtoday?Doyouhaveanythingtobewashedtoday?(区别主被动）比较：havesomeclothestowashhavesomeclothestobewashedShehasalotofworktodointhemorning.早上他有很多工作要做。非谓语动词讲解自己洗别人洗\n不定式做定语除了一般式todo外，还有下面的形式，即：不定式的被动形式tobedone注意：当不定式做定语时，有两种情况可用不定式的主动表被动。1.Therebe句型中不定式todo和tobedone都可表被动，可以不区别。如：Therearealotofthingstodo/tobedonethisafternoon.今天下午有许多事要做。2.当不定式与所修饰词有动宾关系同时又与本句中的另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系时，可用不定式的主动形式todo表示被动含义。如：1)Mr.Smith，Ihavesomequestions__________(ask).史密斯先生，我有一些问题要问。(不定式toask的动作执行者是主语I)2)Pleasegivemesomebooks___________(read).请给我一些书读。(不定式toread的动作执行者是句中的me)但：I'mgoingtothepostoffice;doyouhaveanything_____________(send)？我要去邮局，你有什么要寄的东西吗？(此句中send这个动作不是句中you发出的，所以用了被动)tobesenttoasktoread\nI’mhungry.Getmesomething__________(eat).Hewillshowyoutherightpath___________(take).Thosewhohavequestions________(ask)putupyourhands.Thebooks___________(send)tothepoormountainareasnextweekhavebeenhere.toeattotake5.Hehasalotofwork_______(do)today,sohecan’tgowithus.6.Wehaveacomposition_________(write).7.Hetoldmeaboutthethings____________(discuss)atthenextmeeting.8.Theyhavepaidforthehouse___________(build)nextyear.toasktobesenttodotowritetobediscussedtobebuilt\n不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词Heislookingforaroom_________(live).Ineedapentowrite_______.我需要一支笔写字。（介词不能省略）Pleasegivemeaknife______________(cut).toliveintocutwithwith非谓语动词讲解\n1.Wearelookingaroom_______.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_______?A.tocutthefruitwithB.tocutthefruit C.cuttingthefruitD.cuttingthefruitwith3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.pleasefindapieceofpaper（写上）4.Excuseme，couldIuseyourpenforamoment？Ihavenopen（写）towriteontowritewith非谓语动词讲解\n2）不定式与被修饰的词有主谓关系Sheisthelasttoleavetheroom.不定式修饰的名词前有only，last，next，序数词(first,second,..)或形容词最高级形容时，不定式作后置定语,与其所修饰的词有逻辑上主谓关系CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.非谓语动词讲解\n这样的名词常用的有：way，time，reason，chance，opportunity，need，wish，right，plan,ambition,effort等。如1.It'stimeforyou______upandgotoschool.你该起床去上学了。2.Thereisnoreason__________hisword.没有理由怀疑他的话。3.Theyhavenowanopportunity______abroadtostudyfurther.他们现在有机会出国深造。3）不定式与所修饰词的有同位关系（前抽象后具体），即不定式短语说明前面名词或代词的内容。Ihavenochancetogothere.togettodoubttogo\n(4)某些动词或形容词后可接不定式时，它相应的同根名词也常用不定式做定语。如：1.HemadeanattempttolearnEnglishwell.他试图学好英语。(attempttodosth)2.Hisabilitytogetonwithpeopleishischiefadvantage.他能和人相处是他的主要优势。(beabletodosth)3.Idon'ttrusthispromisetocomeforavisit.我不相信他来访的诺言。(promisetodosth)\nExx:Youhavenoright________(stop)mefromgoinginthere.Therearenoplans___________(build)newoffices.Thelocalclubsaremakingeveryeffort_________(interest)moreyoungpeople.Thereisnoneedforyou_________(get)upearlytomorrow.Ithasbeenherlifelongambition___________(become)asuccessfulwriter.6.Thelastman__________thesinkingshipwasthecaptain.A.toleaveB.leavingC.leftD.tohavelefttostoptobuildtointeresttogettobecome7.Hiswish_________adoctorcametrue.A.comingB.comeC.tocomeD.came8.Heisalwaysthefirst________andthelast________.A.ofcoming,ofleavingB.comes,leavesC.tocome,toleaveD.coming,leaving\n6.作状语表示目的、原因、结果或条件。Icameheretoseeyou．Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews．Hehurriedtotheschoolonlytofindnobodythere.Tolookathim，youwouldlikehim．(目的)(原因)(结果)(条件)1）不定式做目的状语，相当于用inorderto，soasto引导的目的状语。非谓语动词讲解\nHebentdown_________(pick)thepenlyingonthefloor.Hebentdownand________(pick)thepenlyingontheground.Theteacherdidwhatshecould______mewithmylessons.A.helpB.helpsC.helpedD.tohelp4.Thedoctordideverythinghecould_______(save)thepatient.5.Everyminuteismadefulluseof________(study)ourlessons.6.__________thefirstbus,hegotupearly.A.TokeepupB.SoastokeepupC.KeepupD.Inorderkeepuptopickpickedtosavetostudy\n掌握含有目的状语的几种句式：Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.=Hegotupearly__________catchthefirstbus.=______________________,hegotupearly.=_______________thefirstbus,hegotupearly.=Hegotupearly_____________hecouldcatchthefirstbus.=Hegotupearly__________catchthefirstbus.=Hegotup______________catchthefirstbus.注：1、soastodo…结构不能放于句首；2、inordertodo结构，可以与inorderthat目的状语从句转换TocatchthefirstbusInordertocatchsoastosoearlyastoinorderthatinorderto\n2)不定式可以用来做结果状语，常用enoughto，sufficientto，onlyto，neverto，so+形容词/副词+asto，too...to引导。Wouldyoubesokindastostepthisway,please?请您从这边走好吗？Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。Heisbraveenoughtogooutaloneatnight非谓语动词讲解\n掌握too…to…的不同含义。be+形容词（副词+enoughtodosth.“足以…以至于可以干too…todosth.太…而不能（否定含义）too+willing/ready/glad/anxioustodosth.等时，too的意思是very的意思，此时是肯定含义“非常乐意做某事/非常着急想做某事Thequestionissimpleenoughforustoanswer.Thequestionistoodifficultfortoanswer.3.Theyoungmanistoowillingtodotheoldlivingaroundhere.这个问题够简单的，我们能回答上来。这个问题太难了，我们回答不了。这位年轻人非常愿意为住在这儿周围的老人做点事。4.Theyseemedtobetooanxioustoleave.他们似乎太着急而想赶快离开。\n动名词（gerund）一.动名词的基本构成二.动名词的性质动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰Ihopeyoudon’tmindmysayingit.非谓语动词讲解doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone主动语态被动语态一般式完成式\n非谓语动词讲解口诀动名词在句中的功能及其它“动名”语法其功能，名词特征有动、形，主宾表定都可作，“动名”、“现分”要认清，“现分”不作“宾”和“主”，动名作“状”可不行。二词皆可作定语，混为一谈不允许，主谓关系视分词，“动名”一词无此义。2.动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Areyoufororagainsthavingthemeeting.Iinsistedonleavingatonce.\n三.动名词的作用1.可作主语①SeeingisbelievingReadingnewspaperscanincreaseourknowledge.nousenogoodnofun②It`s+ashame+doingawasteoftime/moneyuselessdangerous③Thereisno+doing...=It’impossibletodosth.非谓语动词讲解\nIt’snousedoingsth.=It’suselessdoingsth.做某事是没有用的/做某事是无济于事的2.It’snogooddoingsth.做某事是没有效果的。3.It’snofundoingsth.做某事不玩/做某事没有意思。Eg.It’snofunlivingonyourown.独自生活没有意思4.It’sashamedoingsth.做某事很可惜/做某事很遗憾5.It’sawasteoftime/moneydoingsth.做某事是浪费时间/钱。\n非谓语动词讲解①Itisnousecrying.②Itisnogoodobjecting.③Lookingafterthepatientsisanurse`sjob.④It`sdangerousplayingwithfire.⑤It`sawasteoftimecopyingother`shomework.⑥Thereisnojokingaboutthematter.哭是无济于事的。反对无效。这是不可能的事情。/这不是轻而易举的事。Thereisnojoking…不是轻而易举的事/不是好玩的。\n掌握动名词doing和动词不定式todo做主语的区别：___________（see)isbelieving.___________(see)istobelieve.★表语是动名词（doing)形式，主语也应用动名词(doing)形式。主语是动词不定式(todo),表语也用动词不定式(todo)。整个句子的非谓语动词要一致。3.Theoldman’s_________(take)pityonthesnakeledtohisowndeath.4.His________(work)allnightintheraincausedhimtocatchacold.5.His_______(come)backmadehismotherhappy.★在口语中用动名词做主语置于句首的情况要比动词不定式多SeeingToseetakingworkingcoming\n不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作不定式、动名词用作主语1。直接作主语（1）眼见为实（2）今天早晨做早操对身体无益（3）在这里吸烟很危险1.Toseeistobelieve2.Todomorningexercisestodayisnotgoodforhealth.3.Tosmokehereisdangerous（1）眼见为实。（2）天天做早操有益于健康。（3）吸烟不是好习惯。1.Seeingisbelieving.2.Doingmorningexerciseseverydayisgoodforhealth3.Smokingisnotagoodhabit\nA:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughtyetc.It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sunwiseofhimtoleavehomeatonce.It‘swrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.It’swrongofthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.\n动名词作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型2.用it作形式主语，常与nouse,nogood,useless,worthwhile连用（1）光说不做没用（2）做无益的后悔没用（3）吸烟太多无益（4）学好英语是值得做的1.It’snousetalkingtoomuchwithoutdoinganything2.It’suselesscryingoverthespiltmilk3.It’snogoodsmokingtoomuch4.It’sworthwhilelearningEnglishwell.1.It’snouse______(sit)herewaiting.2.Thereisno______(say)whatwillhappennext.3.Isitanygood______(tell)himthetruth?4.Itisgreatfun_____(play)golf.\n2。不定式作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型（1）你这么说真是太好了（2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了（3）我们学好英语是必要的（4）你们学好英语语法并不难1.Itisverykindofyoutosayso.2.It’sveryfoolishofhimtosaysuchthings3.ItisnecessaryforustolearnEnglishwell4.It’snotdifficultforyoutolearnwellEnglishgrammar3.固定句型（1）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业（2）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？1.IttakesLiLeitwoandahalfhourstocompletehishomework.2.Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishwritingyourcomposition?\n小结：动名词与不等式作主语时的区别一、对称原则二、特殊表达三、固定句型四、习惯用法主语和表语对称动名词表示经常性、反复发生的动作不等式表示具体的、某一次的动作IttakessbsometimetodosthIt’snouse/nogood/useless/worthwhile+doing…It’skind/wise/clever…ofsbtodosthIt’simportant/necessary/hard…forsbtodosth\ntodo表示具体的动作，-ingform表示泛指的动作，通常1.Herworkis______(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis______(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitsis______(bite)nails（指甲）.作表语\n2.可作动词宾语①S.+vt.+doingHaveyoufinishedreadingthebook?Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词特殊动词接“动名”，使用它们要记清，避免错过(少)延期avoid/miss/delay/postpone建议完成(多)练习suggest/advise/finish/practise喜欢想象禁不住enjoy/appreciate/imagine/resist/can’thelp承认否定(与)嫉妒admit/deny/envy逃脱冒险(莫)原谅escape/envy/risk/pardon/excuse忍受保持(不)在意stand/keep/keepon/mind掌握它们今必行。非谓语动词讲解技巧1\n非谓语动词讲解“张惠妹啊不食肯德基”技巧2\nprefer…..to…..lookforwardtobeusedtoputoffgiveupS.+keepon+doingsucceedincan`thelpfeellikebebusybeworthhavedifficulty/trouble/problem(in)②作介词/短语动词的宾语:S.+v.+prep.+doinge.g.①Shesattherewithout___________(speak)②Ilookforwardto________(see)himagain.③Areyouusedto_________(live)therealone?④Whenmyfatherheardthenews,hecouldn'thelp__________(laugh).⑤Idon’tfeellike________(go)toseethefilm.⑥Hewasbusy__________(prepare)hislessons.非谓语动词讲解speakingseeinglivinglaughinggoingpreparing\n7.Mostofthemobjectedto_________(leave)insuchahurry.8.Thesemenhavedevotedthemselvesto______(train)youngmaninordertosettheworld’srecord.9.HowaboutLiMing_________(help)youwiththejob.10.Themotherwarnedhersonagainst_______(fight)withotherboys.11.Thesquirrelwassoluckythatitjustmissed_____________(catch).12.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp______________(persuade)intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed.13.Whilewe’redevelopingagricultureandindustrywemustpreventearth____________(pollute).leavingtraininghelpingfightingbeingcaughtbeingpersuadedbeingpolluted\n以下词组中的to均为介词，to后应用动名词doing形式或用名词、代词宾格做宾语：referto参考，谈到payattentionto注意到stickto坚持做be/getusedto习惯于objectto反对devoteoneselfto把…奉献给\n掌握动名词一般式（doing)与动名词完成式（havingdone)的区别：TheDepartmentofEducationgavehimamedalfor_________________(complete)sixtyyears.2.Iapologizefor_____________(notkeep)mypromise.3.----Excusemefor_____________(keep)youwaitingforsolong.----Itdoesn’tmatter.havingcompletednothavingkepthavingkept\n非谓语动词讲解3.动名词与不定式、现在分词、过去分词做表语区别1).表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名词可以互换。e.g.Myhobbyiscollecting/tocollectancientcoins.2).若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。e.g.Mywishistofindapart-timejobthissummer.3).现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别e.g.Thepartywasveryexciting.Theywereveryexcitedatthenews．\n非谓语动词讲解1.Herwishis__________anengineer.A.becomingB.becomeC.tobecomeD.beingcome2.Somepeople’sgreatestpleasureis__________.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishingD.beingfish3.Thereportwasso_______thattheywereall__________.A.inspiring,excitingB.inspiring,excitedC.inspired,excitedD.inspired,exciting4.---“Youlookpale.”---“Ifeelalittle__________.”A.tireB.tiredC.tiringD.tiresome\n非谓语动词讲解4.动名词与不定式、现在分词、过去分词做定语区别1).不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的动作或通常发生的某一动作。e.g.ThetraintoarriveisfromLondon．Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.2).动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。e.g.awashingmachine（动名词做定语，=amachinewhichisusedforwashing）洗衣机areadingroom（动名词做定语，=aroomwhichisusedforreading）阅览室\n非谓语动词讲解3).现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。e.g.the________sun（现在分词做定语，=thesunwhichisrising）正在升起的太阳the______________world（现在分词做定语，=theworldwhichischanging）变化中的世界a______________movie感人的电影_______________voice激动的声音（形容词性分词作定语）______________leaves落叶a_______________cup一个破了的杯子（过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）risingchangingmovingexcitedfallenbroken\n非谓语动词讲解考考你\n非谓语动词讲解主动态被动态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtohavebeendoing不定式形式\n动名词形式非谓语动词讲解doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone主动语态被动语态一般式完成式\n构成（以study和go为例）及物与不及物动词语态时态类别及物动词不及物动词主动语态被动语态主动语态现在分词一般式完成式过去分词一般式doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonedonegoinghavinggonegone分词：Participles非谓语动词讲解分词的时态,语态形式一.分词的概述\n非谓语动词讲解考考你\n非谓语动词讲解高考常考形式比较todo表将来目的tobedone将来被动tohavebeendone将来完成tobedoing将来进行doing同时,主动beingdone同时,被动havingdone主动及在主句谓语动词前发生havingbeendone被动及在主句谓语动词前发生done被动或完成\n非谓语动词讲解\n现在分词与过去分词的区别：1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.2.时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成developingcountry,boilingwaterdevelopedcountry,boiledwater非谓语动词讲解\n被动式：beingdone表示一个正在进行的被动动作。1.Thebuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.2.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3.Asweapproachedthevillage,wesawnewhousesbeingputup.完成式：havingdone所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。Havingturnedofftheradio,hebegantogooverhislessons.2.Nothavingreceivedhisfather’sletter,hedecidedtomakeacalltohim.\n非谓语动词讲解现在分词形式及在句子中的作用（包括过去分词的用）：口诀现在分词真好记，动词后面ING。它的作用真不小，可以充当定状表。还有宾语补足语，忘记此项不可以。分词做定语的位置及其它“定分”位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。分词短语在词后，“定从”和它互对照。“现分”动作进行时，“过分”动作完成了。（注：“定分”：做定语的分词；“定从”：定语从句；“现分”：现在分词；“过分”：过去分词。）分词在句中作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。二、分词的作用\n1、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。（1）前置定语Heisapromisingyoungman.Makelessnoise.There’sasleepingchild.Weonlysellusedbooks.我们只卖用过的书。（2）后置定语TheyoungmansittingbetweenJohnandMaryistheeditorofthecampusnewspaper.现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。非谓语动词讲解\nThebridgebuiltlastmonthneedsrepairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：Thosewhowishtojointheclubshouldsignhere(Thosewishingtojointhisclubshouldsignhere.)想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。Theman,whohadbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.)由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。(Theman,havingbeendisturbedsobadly,almostlosthismemory.非谓语动词讲解\n（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：thequestiondiscussedyesterday昨天讨论的问题  （既表示被动也表示完成）thefallenleaves落下的树叶(只表示完成，不表示被动)2、作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：Shewastoofrightenedtomove.她被吓得一动不动。Whatyousaidisreallyinspiring.你所说的真令人鼓舞。非谓语动词讲解\n3、作宾语补足语可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有see,watch,hear,set,keep,find,have,get等词。Isawhimwalkinginthestreet.我看见他在街上走。Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。Wefoundtheboysleeping.我们发现小孩睡着了。非谓语动词讲解A）Iheardmybrother(singing,sung)inthenextroomB）Iheardthesong(singing,sung)inEnglish.\n非谓语动词讲解分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语，概有七意义。“时间”和“原因”，“结果”与“目的”。“方式”加“伴随”，“条件”常出席。且谈其主语，谓语头前的*。欲要记住它，必须常练习。（*指句子的主语）4、作状语口诀\n现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.3.(Hearing/heard)thebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.4.(Giving/Given)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.5.Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.非谓语动词讲解\nHearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.Whentheyheardthebadnews非谓语动词讲解\nGivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention非谓语动词讲解\nBeingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.Becausehewassoangry非谓语动词讲解\nTheycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.非谓语动词讲解\nToservethepeoplewell,Istudyhard.Inordertoservethepeoplewell非谓语动词讲解\n判断下列句子正误：1.TolearnEnglishwell,alotofpracticemustbedone.2.Seeingfromthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.3.Heating,waterwillboil.4.Gettingthere,thedoorwasfoundopened.非谓语动词讲解5.Beingill,hisclassmatesenthimtohospital.6.Togetthereintime,hetolmetogetupearly.7.BrokenbyJim,Ican’tusethecup.\n将下列状语从句改为非谓语短语作状语：1.Becauseshewasmovedbythehero,shedecidedtostudyharder.Movedbythehero,非谓语动词讲解\n2.Whenhefoundthedoorlocked,hewenthome.Findingthedoorlocked,非谓语动词讲解\nHestartedearlyinorderthathecouldgetthereontime.togetthereontime非谓语动词讲解\n将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句1.Notknowingheraddress,Ican’twritetoher.2.Enteringtheroom,Isawastrangesight.3,Scoldedbytheteacher,hewasverysad.非谓语动词讲解4.Notknowingwheretogo,heaskedapoliceman.5.Hearingherfriendwasbadlyhurt,sheburstintotears.6.Knowinghisteamhadwon,hebecamehappyatonce.\n非谓语动词讲解\n非谓语动词讲解\n非谓语动词讲解\n非谓语动词讲解\n句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被动关系，也还要用主动语态1,Givehimsomebooktoread\Doyouhaveanyclothestowash?“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”askedthemaid2,S+be+easy\difficult\hard\pleasant\interesting\exciting\comfortable+todoThisquestioniseasytoanswerTheboyisdifficulttoteach3,Thehouseistolet\Themanageristoblame.\Thereasonisnotfartoseek.4Therebe句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同Thereisnothingtodonow(wehavenothingtodonow)现在没事干Thereisnothingtobedonenow(wecandonothingnow)现在没什么办法Thereisnothingtosee(nothingisworthseeing)没有东西值得看Thereisnothingtobeseen看不见有什么东西\n分词时态、语态的用法如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。Nothavingfinishedhishomework,Tomwasmadetostayatschool.Havingclosedallthewindows,IwenthomeHavingbeeninvitedtotheparty,Tomwasveryhappy.分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关系是被动的，要用被动语态1.Lookingoutofthewindow,Icanseemanycarsandbuses.2.SeenfromthetopofDragonTower,Harbinlooksmorebeautiful.3.Theteachercamein,____________manystudents.(follow)4.Theteachercamein,____________bymanystudents.(follow)followingfollowed如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。1.Beingrepaired,thebuildingisforbiddentoenter.2.ThehousebeingbuiltnowisaHopeProjectSchool.3.Passingbytheaccidentscene,Isawthemanbadlyhurtbeingcarriedontoanambulance.\nTask:completethefollowingsentences1.“＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（你有衣服要洗吗）?themaidasked.2.________________(没有完成作业),TomwasforbiddentowatchTV.3.________________(正在刷油漆),thehousewasnotallowedtoenter.4.________________(被邀请参加舞会),Maryfeltexcited.5.Thedifficultmathsproblem____________________(很难算出）.6.Shewasangryfor__________________(没有被邀请）totheball.7.Thethiefstoleintothestore_________________(没人看到）8.Theflat_________________(出租）9.Themanwhowasondutythatday_________________(应受谴责）10.Theywereproudof____________________(被派往西藏去工作）11.Whentheteachercamein,Tom_________________(假装再看书）12.NiPingissaid____________________(写了一本名叫“日子”的书）13.SongDandanissaid_______________(在写一本叫“月子”的书）14._________________(从窗户往外看),Icanseemanytallbuildings.15._________________(从山顶往下看),thecitylooksmorebeautiful.16._________________(他有很多活要干）.Don’tbotherhim.17._________________(他有很多活要干)andyoucango,too.DoyouhaveanyclothestobewashedNothavingfinishedhishomework,BeingpaintedNothavingbeeninvitedtotheball,isdifficulttoworkoutnothavingbeeninvitedwithoutbeingseenistoletistoblamehavingbeensenttoworkinTibetpretendedtobereadingtohavewrittenabookcalled“TheDays”tobewritingabooknamed“TheMonths”Lookingoutofthewindow,Seenfromtopofthehill,HehasalotofworktodoHehasalotofworktobedone\n独立主格结构一般来说，分词或分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。但有时候，分词的动作不是由句子的主语发出来的，它有自己的逻辑主语。独立主格结构（IndependentGenitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.\n1．独立主格结构的形式：（1）名词/代词+-ing分词及其短语Themoonappearing,theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjourney.Thepupilsarewalkingslowly,theirteacherfollowing.（2）名词/代词+-ed分词及其短语Good-byesaid,wewenthome.Allthingsconsidered,itisagoodplan.\n（3）名词/代词+形容词及其短语Theweather(being)hot,weallwentswimming.Dinnerready,thehostessaskedhergueststobeseated.（4）名词/代词+不定式及其短语Themoneytobepaidbythedriver,thepolicewentaway.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.\n（5）名词/代词+副词及其短语Themeeting(being)over,welefttheroom.（6）名词/代词+介词及其短语Shestoodthere,bookinhand.Everybodyathome,wesatdowntodinner.\n2．with+复合宾语结构这种结构也可以看成是一种独立主格结构。这种结构有较鲜明的特色。在这种结构中，with后的宾语相当于该结构中的逻辑主语，其后面的词相当于这个结构中的逻辑谓语。这个结构很像一个用来说明附带情况或细节的，可以起状语作用的句子。翻译时，with原有的含意往往不翻译出来。（1）with+名词/代词+名词Thebravemanfoughtthetigerwithastickhisonlyweapon.Hewascarriedintothehospital,withhisfaceamassofbleedingflesh.\n（2）with+名词/代词+介词Theteachercameintotheclassroomwithabookinhishand.Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.Familydependants,whenill,enjoyfreemedicaltreatment,withmedicinesathalfprice.（3）with+名词/代词+副词Hewentoutwithhishaton.Thesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwithherlightson.\n4）with+名词/代词+形容词Don’tspeakwithyourmouthfull.Theoncelowlyserfsnowwalkwithheadshigh.5）with+名词/代词+-ing分词Withtheoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardthemountains.Witheveryonesurroundinguswecancertainlysucceed.Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.\n（6）with+名词/代词+-en分词Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.Hediedwithhislife’sworkstillunfinished.Withhismattersettled,welefttheroom.（7）with+名词/代词+不定式Theyarehighlymechanizedfarms,withmachinerytodomostofthework.Thiswasaseveretest,withinnumerabledifficultiestobeovercome.Withfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedhere.\n3.由Therebeing+主语这种结构多表示原因。例如：Therebeingalotofbookstoread,heoftenstudiedtillmidnight.因为有许多书要读，他经常学习到深夜。\n不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：It’snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It’snotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Tom’s(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpe2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：IsthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematchShedidn’tmindJack/Jack’s(him/his)cominghere.1.______tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomesD.Mike’scoming2.It’snouse_______thatyoudidn’tknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidn’tattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.\nThanksalot!\n不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：It’snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It’snotgoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.关于逻辑主语的问题动名词复合结构的一般规则是：1.逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Tom’s(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpect.2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：IsthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematchShedidn’tmindJack/Jack’s(him/his)cominghere.1.______tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomesD.Mike’scoming2.It’snouse_______thatyoudidn’tknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretendChangethefollowingintothesimplesentences.ThatPeterdidn’tattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.\n不定式、动名词用作主语1。直接作主语（1）眼见为实（2）今天早晨做早操对身体无益（3）在这里吸烟很危险1.Toseeistobelieve2.Todomorningexercisestodayisnotgoodforhealth.3.Tosmokehereisdangerous（1）眼见为实。（2）天天做早操有益于健康。（3）吸烟不是好习惯。1.Seeingisbelieving.2.Doingmorningexerciseseverydayisgoodforhealth3.Smokingisnotagoodhabit不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作\nA:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.B:下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个of引起的短语，这些形容词是：(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughtyetc.It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sunwiseofhimtoleavehomeatonce.It‘swrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.It’swrongofthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.\n动名词作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型（1）光说不做没用（2）做无益的后悔没用（3）吸烟太多无益（4）学好英语是值得做的4.It’sworthwhilelearningEnglishwell.2.用it作形式主语，常与nouse,nogood,useless,worthwhile连用1.It’snousetalkingtoomuchwithoutdoinganything2.It’suselesscryingoverthespiltmilk3.It’snogoodsmokingtoomuch1.It’snouse______(sit)herewaiting.2.Thereisno______(say)whatwillhappennext.3.Isitanygood______(tell)himthetruth?4.Itisgreatfun_____(play)golf.\n小结：动名词与不等式作主语时的区别一、对称原则二、特殊表达三、固定句型四、习惯用法主语和表语对称动名词表示经常性、反复发生的动作不等式表示具体的、某一次的动作IttakessbsometimetodosthIt’snouse/nogood/useless/worthwhile+doing…It’skind/wise/clever…ofsbtodosthIt’simportant/necessary/hard…forsbtodosth\ntodo表示具体的动作，-ingform表示泛指的动作，通常1.Herworkis______(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis______(go)toTsingHuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitsis______(bite)nails（指甲）.作表语\n（3）做表语：主语+系动词+不定式1).其主语多为抽象名词(wish,need)Mywishistobeascientist.Themainthingistokeepourroomclean.2).betodo可构成将来时态,表“准备/打算/计划/需要”;Sheistoreturnnextweek.Itwasabouttoleavewhenitstartedtorain.\n2。不定式作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型（1）你这么说真是太好了（2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了（3）我们学好英语是必要的（4）你们学好英语语法并不难3.固定句型1.Itisverykindofyoutosayso.2.It’sveryfoolishofhimtosaysuchthings3.ItisnecessaryforustolearnEnglishwell4.It’snotdifficultforyoutolearnwellEnglishgrammar（1）李垒每天花两个半小时完成作业（2）你昨晚用多长时间写完的作文？1.IttakesLiLeitwoandahalfhourstocompletehishomework.2.Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishwritingyourcomposition?\n不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。Shecoulddonothingbutcry．Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo．(4)作定语不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read.She was the first person to think of the idea.They made a plan to study English .He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall.\n不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。Shecoulddonothingbutcry．Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo．(4)作定语不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read.She was the first person to think of the idea.They made a plan to study English .He expressed his wish to visit the Great Wall.\n1).目的状语:可放于句首,也可放于句末,前面可加inorder/soas/so…asto表强调.Hewenttoseetheartisthimself.Hestoppedtohavealook.Heransofastastogettoschoolintime2).结果状语:主要用在enoughto/too…to…/onlyto结构中。Thequestionistoodifficulttoanswer.Theyworkedhardenoughtofinishtheirwork.3).原因状语:主语+系动词+adj.+todo表感情的adj.有:happy,surprised,pleased,glad,sorry,anxious(忧虑),disappointed,careful,afraid,wrong.I’mverysorrytoseeyou.Hewasafraidtoleavehimhome\n1.Themaninsisted________ataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.A.findB.tofindC.onfindingD.infinding2.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview._______theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohavehadB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having3.Ireallycan'tunderstand______herlikethat.A.youtreatB.youtotreatC.whytreatD.youtreating4.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk_______thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost\n动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，但是它的时态和语态只有以下几种，见下表。语态时态主动语态被动语态一般时tomaketobemade进行时tobemaking完成时tohavemadetohavebeenmade完成进行时tohavebeenmaking\nWhenIgothome,mysonhappenedtobewatchingTV.如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。Sheissaidtohavereadthirtynovelsthisyear.I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong．Aftergraduation,heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.ThisnovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoFrench.\n选出下面习题正确答案1-I’mhungry,andIwanttoeatthecake.-What!itisnotgood_______A.foreatingB.tobeeatenC.toeatD.ateating2It’simportant_____andhelpful.A.tokindB.bekindC.kindD.tobekind3.IttookAliceandmeanhour______outtheproblem.A.toworkB.workingC.workD.forworking.4.Ifounditveryimportant______Englishwell.A.learningB.learnC.tolearnD.learned5.It’sverynice_____youto______meaboutit.A.for;tellB.of;sayC.to;speakD.of;tell\n怎样区分动名词和现在分词Myjobisteaching.换位法HerjobisgettingeverythinginorderintheofficeTheplayisexciting.≠ExcitingistheplayThestoryhetolduswasveryinteresting≠Interestingwasthestoryhetoldus.作表语作定语⑴动名词作定语表示性质或用途。awashingmachine＝amachineforwashing\n四.动名词的时态和语态完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。例如Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.Hedidin’tmentionhavingmetyoubefore2.被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。例如：Shedidn’tmindbeingcalledahousewife\n找出下列句子中的非谓语动词（含短语）Hestoodthere,tiredfromawholedayofwork,thinkingofawaytoescapefromtheconstructionsite.2.Thenewsconference,tobeheldinthathall,hasalreadybeencrowdedwithreporters.3.HavingreachedtheverypeakoftheEverest,theclimberscheeredagainstthefiercenorthwind.4.Hekeepsbuyingexpensivemaps.Hemusthavemorethan200bynow.5.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.6.ThemantalkingwithmyfatherisMr.Wang.状语定语状语宾语(宾语)补语定语\n3）作表语:S.+be+doingMyjobisteachingyouEnglish.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Mygreatesthappinessisservingthepeople.4）作定语:S.+v.+doing+n.Doesheworkinthereading-room?Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod.Hisgrandfatherhasabamboowalkingstick.