美国高中物理课件 58页

Scienceisthestudyofnature’srules.\nWecan’tcontrolEarth’smotion,butwehavelearnedtherulesbywhichitmoves.Thestudyofnature’srulesiswhatthisbookisabout.Understandingtheserulesaddsrichnesstothewayweseeourworld.\nPhysicsisaboutthenatureofbasicthingssuchasmotion,forces,energy,matter,heat,sound,light,andthecompositionofatoms.1.1TheBasicScience—Physics\nThestudyofsciencebranchesintothestudyoflivingthingsandnonlivingthings.Thelifesciencesincludebiology,zoology,andbotany.Thephysicalsciencesincludegeology,astronomy,chemistry,andphysics.1.1TheBasicScience—Physics\nYoucanunderstandothersciencesmuchbetterifyoufirstunderstandphysics.Physicsisthemostbasicofallthesciences.Chemistryisabouthowmatterisputtogether.Biologyisstillmorecomplexandinvolvesmatterthatisalive.1.1TheBasicScience—Physics\nWhatisphysicsabout?1.1TheBasicScience—Physics\nWhenscientificfindingsinnatureareexpressedmathematically,theyareeasiertoverifyortodisprovebyexperiment.1.2Mathematics—TheLanguageofScience\nWhentheideasofscienceareexpressedinmathematicalterms,theyareunambiguous.Theequationsofscienceprovidecompactexpressionsofrelationshipsbetweenconcepts.Themethodsofmathematicsandexperimentationhaveledtoenormoussuccessesinscience.1.2Mathematics—TheLanguageofScience\nWhyismathematicsthelanguageofscience?1.2Mathematics—TheLanguageofScience\nScientificmethodsgenerallyincludesome,ifnotall,ofthefollowing:Recognizeaproblem.Makeaneducatedguess—ahypothesis—abouttheanswer.Predicttheconsequencesofthehypothesis.Performexperimentstotestpredictions.Formulatethesimplestgeneralrulethatorganizesthemainingredients:hypothesis,prediction,andexperimentaloutcome.1.3ScientificMethods\nScientificmethodsareextremelyeffectiveingaining,organizing,andapplyingnewknowledge.ThescientificmethodisoftencreditedtotheItalianphysicistGalileoGalilei(a.)andtheEnglishphilosopherFrancisBacon(b.).1.3ScientificMethods\nAlthoughthescientificmethodispopular,itisnottheuniversalkeytodiscoveriesandadvancesinscience.Trialanderror,experimentationwithoutguessing,andaccidentaldiscoveryaccountformuchoftheprogressinscience.Thesuccessofsciencehasmoretodowithanattitudeofinquiry,experimentation,andhumilitythanwithaparticularmethod.1.3ScientificMethods\nWhatarethestepsofascientificmethod?1.3ScientificMethods\nIfascientistfindsevidencethatcontradictsahypothesis,law,orprinciple,thenthehypothesis,law,orprinciplemustbechangedorabandoned.1.4TheScientificAttitude\nInscience,afactisacloseagreementbycompetentobserverswhomakeaseriesofobservationsofthesamephenomenon.Ascientifichypothesisisaneducatedguessthatisnotfullyaccepteduntildemonstratedbyexperiment.Whenhypothesesabouttherelationshipamongnaturalquantitiesaretestedoverandoveragainandnotcontradicted,theymaybecomelawsorprinciples.1.4TheScientificAttitude\nScientistsmustaccepttheirfindingsevenwhentheywouldlikethemtobedifferent.Theymustdistinguishbetweenwhattheyseeandwhattheywishtosee.1.4TheScientificAttitude\nScientificTheoriesAscientifictheoryisasynthesisofalargebodyofinformationthatencompasseswell-testedandverifiedhypothesesaboutcertainaspectsofthenaturalworld.1.4TheScientificAttitude\nThetheoriesofscienceevolveastheygothroughstagesofredefinitionandrefinement.Therefinementoftheoriesisastrengthofscience,notaweakness.Moreimportantthandefendingbeliefsisimprovinguponthem.Betterhypothesesaremadebythosewhoarehonestinthefaceofexperimentalevidence.1.4TheScientificAttitude\nWhenmustahypothesis,law,orprinciplebechangedorabandoned?1.4TheScientificAttitude\nTodeterminewhetherahypothesisisscientificornot,looktoseeifthereisatestforprovingitwrong.1.5ScientificHypotheses\nAscientifichypothesismustbetestable.Itismoreimportantthattherebeawayofprovingitwrongthanthattherebeawayofprovingitcorrect.Ifthereisnotestforitspossiblewrongness,thenitisnotscientific.1.5ScientificHypotheses\nHereisahypothesisthatisscientific:“Nomaterialobjectcantravelfasterthanlight.”Evenifitweresupportedbyathousandotherexperiments,thishypothesiscouldbeprovenwrongbyasingleexperiment.(Sofar,wefindittobetrue.)1.5ScientificHypotheses\nHerearehypothesesthatarenotscientific:Thehypothesis:“Thealignmentofplanetsintheskydeterminesthebesttimeformakingdecisions”cannotbeprovenwrong,norcanitbeprovenright.Itisspeculation.Thehypothesis:“Intelligentlifeexistsonotherplanetssomewhereintheuniverse”canbeprovencorrect,butthereisnowaytoproveitwrongifnolifeiseverfound.Thehypothesis:“Mostpeoplestopforredlights”doesn’tlinkuptoourgeneralunderstandingofnature,soitdoesn’tfitintothestructureofscience.1.5ScientificHypotheses\nExperimentsareconductedtotestscientifichypotheses.1.5ScientificHypotheses\nthink!Whichoftheseisascientifichypothesis?Atomsarethesmallestparticlesofmatter.Theuniverseissurroundedbyaseconduniverse,theexistenceofwhichcannotbedetectedbyscientists.AlbertEinsteinwasthegreatestphysicistofthe1900s.1.5ScientificHypotheses\nthink!Whichoftheseisascientifichypothesis?Atomsarethesmallestparticlesofmatter.Theuniverseissurroundedbyaseconduniverse,theexistenceofwhichcannotbedetectedbyscientists.AlbertEinsteinwasthegreatestphysicistofthe1900s.Answer:(a)isscientific,becausethereisatestforitswrongness.(b)hasnotestforpossiblewrongnessandisthereforeunscientific.(c)isanassertionthathasnotestforpossiblewrongness.1.5ScientificHypotheses\nHowdoyouknowifahypothesisisscientific?1.5ScientificHypotheses\nScienceisamethodofansweringtheoreticalquestions;technologyisamethodofsolvingpracticalproblems.1.6Science,Technology,andSociety\nSciencehastodowithdiscoveringfactsandrelationshipsbetweenobservablephenomenainnatureandwithestablishingtheoriesthatorganizeandmakesenseofthesefactsandrelationships.Technologyhastodowithtools,techniques,andproceduresforputtingthefindingsofsciencetouse.1.6Science,Technology,andSociety\n1.6Science,Technology,andSocietyScienceandtechnologymakeupalargerpartofoureverydaylivesthaneverbefore.Thescientificwayofthinkingbecomesvitaltosocietyasnewfactsarediscoveredandnewideasforcaringfortheplanetareneeded.\nWhatisthedifferencebetweenscienceandtechnology?1.6Science,Technology,andSociety\nScienceismostlyconcernedwithdiscoveringandrecordingnaturalphenomena,theartsareconcernedwiththevalueofhumaninteractionsastheypertaintothesenses,andreligionisconcernedwiththesource,purpose,andmeaningofeverything.1.7Science,Art,andReligion\nThedomainsofscience,art,andreligionaredifferent,eventhoughtheyoverlap.Thedomainofscienceisnaturalorder.Thedomainofreligionisnature’spurpose.1.7Science,Art,andReligion\nTheprincipalvaluesofscienceandtheartsarecomparable.Literaturedescribesthehumanexperience.Theartsdonotnecessarilygiveusexperiences,buttheydescribethemtousandsuggestwhatmaybeinstoreforus.Sciencetellsuswhatispossibleinnature.Scientificknowledgehelpsustopredictpossibilitiesinnatureevenbeforethesepossibilitieshavebeenexperienced.1.7Science,Art,andReligion\nthink!Whichofthefollowinginvolvesgreatamountsofhumanpassion,talent,andintelligence?artliteraturemusicscience1.7Science,Art,andReligion\nthink!Whichofthefollowinginvolvesgreatamountsofhumanpassion,talent,andintelligence?artliteraturemusicscienceAnswer:Allofthem!1.7Science,Art,andReligion\nHowarescience,art,andreligiondifferent?1.7Science,Art,andReligion\nProgressinourageismuchquickerthanitwasthousandsofyearsago.1.8InPerspective\nThepyramidstestifytohumangenius,endurance,andthirstfordeeperunderstanding.Afewcenturiesago,cathedrals,synagogues,temples,andmosquesweremanifestationsofpeople’svision.Thisenormousfocusofhumanenergywasinspiredbyavisionthatwentbeyondworldconcerns—avisionofthecosmos.1.8InPerspective\nTodaytheeffortsofmanyofourmostskilledscientists,engineers,andartisansaredirectedtowardbuildingthespaceshipsthatorbitEarth.Manypeopleworkingontoday’sspaceshipswerealivebeforethefirstjetlinercarriedpassengers.Wherewillyoungerlivesleadinacomparabletime?1.8InPerspective\nAstronautsmayonedaytravelinthisspaceshipofthefuture.1.8InPerspective\nHowdoesprogresstodaydifferfromprogressthousandsofyearsago?1.8InPerspective\nThesciencethatisbasictotheothersciencesisphysics.chemistry.biology.astronomy.AssessmentQuestions\nThesciencethatisbasictotheothersciencesisphysics.chemistry.biology.astronomy.Answer:AAssessmentQuestions\nThelanguageofscienceismathematics.nature.commonlanguage.English.AssessmentQuestions\nThelanguageofscienceismathematics.nature.commonlanguage.English.Answer:AAssessmentQuestions\nTheclassicscientificmethod,followedbyGalileoandBacon,isthemethodguaranteedtoleadtoscientificdiscoveries.isoneofmanywaysthatscientificdiscoveriesaremade.istodayoutmoded,andoflittlevalue.requiredmemorization.AssessmentQuestions\nTheclassicscientificmethod,followedbyGalileoandBacon,isthemethodguaranteedtoleadtoscientificdiscoveries.isoneofmanywaysthatscientificdiscoveriesaremade.istodayoutmoded,andoflittlevalue.requiredmemorization.Answer:BAssessmentQuestions\nWhensomeonesays,“That’sonlyatheory,”thatpersonlikelydoesn’tknowthatascientifictheoryisa(n)guessthatinvolvesabunchoffacts.typeofhypothesis.vastsynthesisofwell-testedhypothesesandfacts.untestedexplanation.AssessmentQuestions\nWhensomeonesays,“That’sonlyatheory,”thatpersonlikelydoesn’tknowthatascientifictheoryisa(n)guessthatinvolvesabunchoffacts.typeofhypothesis.vastsynthesisofwell-testedhypothesesandfacts.untestedexplanation.Answer:CAssessmentQuestions\nForahypothesistobescientific,itmustbeinagreementwithwhatweknowistrue.haveatestforprovingitright.haveatestforprovingitwrong.bebasedonanexistingscientifictheory.AssessmentQuestions\nForahypothesistobescientific,itmustbeinagreementwithwhatweknowistrue.haveatestforprovingitright.haveatestforprovingitwrong.bebasedonanexistingscientifictheory.Answer:CAssessmentQuestions\nTechnologyisabodyofscientificknowledge.toolofscience.formofscience.solutiontoallofhumankind’sproblems.AssessmentQuestions\nTechnologyisabodyofscientificknowledge.toolofscience.formofscience.solutiontoallofhumankind’sproblems.Answer:BAssessmentQuestions\nSciencediffersfromartandreligionbecauseitdescribesthehumanexperience.discoversandrecordsnaturalphenomena.describesthesource,purpose,andmeaningofeverything.isbasedonfaith.AssessmentQuestions\nSciencediffersfromartandreligionbecauseitdescribesthehumanexperience.discoversandrecordsnaturalphenomena.describesthesource,purpose,andmeaningofeverything.isbasedonfaith.Answer:BAssessmentQuestions\nWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutprogresstodaycomparedwithprogresscenturiesagoistrue?Progresstodayisslowerthanitwascenturiesago.Progresstodayisfasterthanitwascenturiesago.Progresstodayisthesameasitwascenturiesago.Thereisnowaytodetermineifprogresstodaydiffersfromprogresscenturiesago.AssessmentQuestions\nWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutprogresstodaycomparedwithprogresscenturiesagoistrue?Progresstodayisslowerthanitwascenturiesago.Progresstodayisfasterthanitwascenturiesago.Progresstodayisthesameasitwascenturiesago.Thereisnowaytodetermineifprogresstodaydiffersfromprogresscenturiesago.Answer:BAssessmentQuestions