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初高屮英语衔接知识一、认识初、高中英语的区别即将开始的高中学习生活,特别是英语的学习是与初中阶段有着很大不同的:1.课本编排上的区别:初中的每一个单元是分为4课的,每篇中有的是对话,有的是阅读文,也配有一些练习,而高中的每个单元并不分课,而是基本上按模块(module)划分。教材把话题、结构、功能和任务型活动有机地结合在一起,既符合中国学生英语学习的规律和特点,又体现了新的教育教学理念。教材系统性强,各单元采用板块的设计形式,有利于教师灵活整合教材内容。大体分为“Warming叩”(热身),即是针对本单元的话题提出的一些问题,以练习口语的形式做引子,便于进入木单元的主题,下个部分就是“Reading”了,胡I啲阅读文分为阅读前和阅读后的讨论、思考问题并加入了有关的语言知识的学习及练习,在阅读教学的安排上。读后活动的练习层次清楚,体现对课文理解考察的三个维度:弄清事实(Factual)—分析信息(Analytical)—判断和推理(Inferential)。可以说是极人地丰富了教学内容。除此Z外还会有稍短的阅读与听力及写作等方而的练习,写作训练既重视结杲,更重视过程,提供铺垫性活动以加强对过程性写作的监督。通过呱读活动从语言和写作技巧方面进行相关输入,为学生的最终成长奠定基础。2.在词汇上的区别:我们初中的教材已是新版本了,每个单元的单词可能大家觉得己经不少了,但高中教林I啲词汇更是成倍地增加了,增加了大约2000词。这也是新编教材的一个特点,加入了许多当前常用的,新出现的流行的词汇,也是与我们学的新编初屮课本相承接的,所以,为了能尽快适应高中词汇的学习,我们应该及早着手把初中阶段的词汇再熟悉一遍。另外,对于高中英语词汇的学习,大家述要知道其要求是远远高于初中的,在学习单词时,我们既要了解它在文中的意思,还要学握它在练习屮,阅读、考试屮可能出现的所有意思,用法及搭配等。一词多义,一词多性,依綱不据本°3.在所学语法上的区别:在初中阶段我们把基础的语法内容己经学习过了,但是语法学习没有得到足够的重视,不少同学对语法知Z其少,其至一窍不通。而在高屮我们要学习的是更深更高层次的语法。如定语从句,非谓语动词、名词性从句,倒装结构、虚拟语气等等,其中的部分内容我们并不陌生,但是初中我们所接触的还只是皮毛,高中阶段的学习会比之前的所学内容复杂得多,要求上也要高得多,除了看懂更要求会应用。语法知识是英语学习的重要内容,是FI常及高考的考试范围,所以我们要充分利用暑假把Z前的漏洞弥补好,在后面的学习屮,你们也会重温这些知识并将之与高中内容进一步融合,为大家步入高中学习打好基础。4.在课堂要求上的区别:大部分的初屮对学生的要求还是比较严格的,而这种严格与小学又是不同的,所以有一部分自觉性差的学生就被分化出来,在稍微宽松的环境中,对自己耍求降低导致了滑坡的出现,而升入高中后乂会有新的变化,对于自律要求就更加明显了。如果你是按照老师要求做的学生,那么在高中除了把基木要求做好Z外,自己-淀不可放松,适当增加课外阅读及一些课外习题是有必要的;如果你是不太自觉的学生,那么你要努力改掉自己的毛病,除了完成要求交给老师的作业,那些如读、背等要求也要认真完成才能使自己的高中英语学习逐步走上轨道。不管你属于哪一种,都要持Z以恒,千万不可因为任何原因而放松对自己的要求,即便是你已取得了i定成绩,也没有理由沾沾自喜。5.在考试评估制度上的区别:这一区别可能是影响最大的一点,我们许多同学初中英语一直较差的原因在很大程度上是由于初中这种不正常的考试制度,很多人认为英语不用下功夫学,反匸最后背背答案就可过关,这样成绩不错,学得也很轻松。一旦抱有这种想法,初中这个重要的打基础的阶段就被荒废过去了,这对我们升入高中后的英语学习是极为不利的,这就好比是建造没有基础的空中楼阁,肯定会感到很难,很吃力。进入高中之后我们的考试是没有比较明确的特定范围,不能靠背答案过关,而且所学所考的内容应该都是向高考看齐的,难度肯定不小,但同学们也不要割白,只要努力学习,坚持不懈,认真积累,完成好每天的功课,做好充分迎接失败的心理准备,然后在每次经历中吸取经验,一点点地弥补自己的不足,肯定会取得很好的成绩。二、单词的拼读、拼写规则与单词的记忆I.英语单词记忆赵中学生在学习英语的过程中,最感头疼的是记忆单词。尽管他们花了大量的时间和精力记单词,可总是记不住!原因何在呢?那就是他们没有掌握科学的记忆方法。下面介绍儿种科学记忆单词的方法。\n(一)按拼读规则读、记单词它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆c例如:ea,ee,er,ir,ur,or分别能发[i:][0:][o:]等。还有些固定的字母组合,例如:tion发[伽]或[tfon],ture发[t^],ing发[讪],ly发[li],ty发[ti]和各种前缀、后缀,例如:a-,re-,un-,dis-,im-;-ed,-ing,-ly,-er,-or,-ful,-y等都有其比较固定的发音。常握了这些规则,记单词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。(二).字母变化记忆法英语单词中以某个单词为基础,力口、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法如下:1.前面加字母。例如:ishis,earnear/hear,readbread2.后血加字母。例如:hearheart,youyour,planeplanet3.中间加字母。例如:thoughthrough,tieethree,forfour4.减字母。例如:shehe,closelose,startstar5.换字母。例如:booklook/cook,cakelake/wake/make/take6.调字母(即改变字母顺序)。例如:blowbowl,singsign,fromform(三.)联想记忆法在tl常生活中可以根据所处的环境,所见到、所摸到的事物,联想相关的英语单词。例如:打球时联想到:ball,(play)basketball,(play)football,(play)volleyball,playground等等;吃饭时联想到:dining-room,(have)breakfost,(have)lunch,(have)supper等等;睡觉时联想到:bed,bedroom,gotobed,sleep,gotosleep,fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下去,效果就会很好。(四).归类记忆法在记忆过程中,把所学到的全部单词进行归纳、分类、整理,使其条理清晰,一目了解,然后再分别记忆。例如:1.按题材分类。例如:把名词分为生活用品、动物、植物、水果、食物、家庭成员、人体各部位、学习用具、学科、交通工具、地方场所、星期、月份、季节等;把动词分为系动词、助动词、行为运动词和情态动词,等等。2.按同音词分类。例如:see—sea,right—write,meet—meat3.按形近词分类。例如:three—there,four—your,quite—quiet4.按同义词分类。例如:big—large,hard—difficult,begin—start5.按反义词分类。例如:right—wrong,young—old,come—go6.按读音分类。例如:字母组合ea在eat,meat,teacher中读[i:];而在bread,ready,heavy中读[e];在great,break中读[ei]。ideag]这样不仅单词记住了,而且读音也掌握了。(五).构词记忆法掌握一些构词法知识,可以大大地增加自身的词汇量。英语构词法主要有以下三种情况:1.派生法。这种方法就是在_个词根的棊础上加上_个前缀或后缀,从而构成另_个新词,并且与该词根的含义有着密切的联系,此类词便称为派生词。如常用的前缀in-,iin-,un-,dis-等表示否定含义;后缀p,-or,-ist等表示人以及后缀・y,・ly,・ful等表示形容词性等。如:like—unlike,teach—teacher,friend—friendly等。2.合成法。这种方法就是把两个或几个各口独立的单词并到_起组成一个新的单词,由此法构成的单词便称为合成词或复合词。如1:black(黑色的)+boaid(木板)blackboard(黑板),class(班)+room(房间)classroom(教室),foot(脚)+ball(球)football(足球)等。3.转化法。这种方法就是在不改变拼写形式的基础上,由一种词性转化为另一种词性,主要有名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词、形容词转化为动词或名词等。如:water(n.水)water(v.浇水),lift(v.举起)lift(n.电梯),last(adj.过去的)last(v.持续)等。(六).循坏记忆法它是指对识i己的单词反复记忆的方法。根据遗忘规律,人的遗忘从识记后便开始,先快后慢。因此,复习的时间间隔就应是先短后长。例如,今天学到的单词,在当天背熟、之后,第二天、第四天、笫七天、笫十四天、第二十八天都应复习一次,这样才能形成长时间的记忆。总之,单词记忆的方法多种多样,只有采用科学的、行之有效\n的记忆方法,认真地、及时地、周期性地复习,才能大大提高英语单词记忆效果。二、基础语法再回顾一子结构英语的句子结构组成是与汉语有着很大区別的,我们在学习的时候,很多同学受母语的影响太大,在英文写作时完全按照汉语的顺序将英文进行堆砌,这是因为我们对于英文句子的构成尚未掌握或掌握得不熟练,没有形成英语语言习惯。规范的英文是由“主语+谓语+其他”。这种基本形式构成的,这种只有一套主、谓的句子叫做简单句,它有5种基本形式,即主+谓(vi.);主+系+表;主+谓(vt.)+宾;主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语;主+谓+宾+宾补。由此可见,要想用英文正确表述一个意思,写成一句话,必须要有的就是主语和可以充当谓语的动词,而且当这个动词为不及物动词时,其后不可加宾语,当它是及物动词时,要根据要求和该词的用法在其后加上宾语或宾语及宾补或加上双宾语。当然在这5种形式中系表结构也是很常用,很重要的一种,而且系表动词常容易和实义动词相混,从而导致了一些病句的出现。综上所述,我们要想较好地掌握英文的句子结构必须弄清以下几点内容:1.可以充当谓语的几种形式:既然谓语部分是构成句子的必要成份,那么掌握好它就起到了举足轻重的作用。1).谓语部分可由以下几种构成方式:(1)不及物动词可以单独充当谓语。如:Theyarrivedyesterday.(2)及物动词要加上宾语之后才可构成完整的结构,另外,如果不及物动词后加上了一定的介词,那么介词后也要有宾语才能完整。如:他们昨天至U达了天津。TheyreachedTianjinyesterday.TheyarrivedinTianjinyesterday.(3)系表结构可以构成谓语。如:Sheisastudent.她是个学生。Hefeltveryhappy.他感到很高兴。(4)情态动词要加上动词原形后才可构成完整的谓语部分。如:Weshouldprotectourenvironment^门应该保护环境。2).那么,动词的哪些形式可构成谓语呢?(1)行为动词①行为动词的原形:do②行为动词的第三人称单数:does③行为动词的过去式:did(2)助动词、情态动词+行为动词④be+行为动词・ing形式:bedoing⑤be+行为动词的过去分词:bedone⑥will+行为动词原词:willdo⑦have/has/had+行为动词过去分词:have/has/haddone®can/may/must/should等+行为动词的原形、进行、完成、被动等多种形式(3)系表动词+表语3).系表动词与行为动词的区别:系表动词是表示状态变化等的动词,它包括be动词及一些可充当系表动词的实义动词,其中后者在充当系表动词时含义与充分行为动词时是不同的c系表动词后面接的是表语,而可以充当表语的是一些可以表示状态、特征、特性等内容的词或结构,如形容词、名词、介词短语一些副词、从句等等。这里我们尤其要注意的就是可充当表语的一些畐恫指的是可以表征状态特点的副词,如:Classisover.中的over表示的就是“结束了,完了”的这种状态。而很多副词并没有这种功能,自然也就不可以充当表语,如happy和happily,前者为形容词可表示主语的状态,而后者是形容以何方式做的某事,是在修饰动作,而非表示状态,因而,前者可作表语,后者则不可充当表语。行为动词则是指描述具体或抽象行为、动作的动词,它可分为及物动词和不及物动词两种,如果想修饰这样的动词,贝懦要像happily这样的副词或是有相似的功能的词或结构。如:Shewenthomehappily.她高兴地冋家了。Hediditwithgreatdifficulty.我费了很大劲才完成了这件事。.要掌握准动词的性质、用法及搭配:在学习动词时,尤其是重点动词,我们一定要知道它是明附动词,及物?不及物?可否充当系表动词?有的动词性质较多,可能同时具有多种性质,这就需要我们注意它在何时可充当哪种动词。另外,対于动词的用法我们也要掌握,如每个动词后可带或常带什么结构,它有哪些习惯搭配,可构成什么词组等。2.助动词与情态动词用法(一)助动词有be,have,do,will,shalL它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,用來表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。1、be(am,is,are,were/was,been)(1)“be+v.・ing”构成进行时态;(2)“be+过去分词”构成被动语态;(3)“be+动词不定式”构成复合谓语:①^示按计划安排要发牛的事。TheprimeministeristovisitJapannextyeai*.总理将于明年访问口本。②用于命令。You'retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。Whathedidwastellusthetruth.\n2、have(has,had)(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如:Haveyouseenthefilm孑⑵“havebeen+v-ing”构成完成进行时态。如:Wliathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?这些日子你一直在干彳|•么?3、do(does,did)(1)udonot+动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。女山Hisbrotherdoesn?tlikeplayingbasketball.:⑵“Do+主语+动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Doeshegotoschoolbybikeeveryday?⑶“do+动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如:Ididgotoseehim,buthewasn^in我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。Dodosomework.请—定做点什么;⑷代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。Mymothertoldmetogotobedearly.SoIdid.1.will,shall(would,should)"will(shall+动词原形”构成一般将来吋,一「般来说shall用于第一人称,will用于第二人称或第三人称,口语中常用will代替shall,如:Wewillhaveameetingtodiscusstheproblem.练习4:PutthefollowingintoEnglishI.Shewillbeanursewhenshegrowsup.2・Hisfotlierusedtobe/wasaworker.3・Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit・4.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring..5.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?6.Thereisgoingtobeame7.Theoldmanissittingatthegate.8.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast(go,drive,inn,ride)9.Ifyouvelostit,youmustpayforit.10.PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.II.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.12.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?13.Myfatherbouglitanewbikeformelastweek.14.Didheleaveanymessageforme?15-Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.16.Ifounditimpossibletodoit.17.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.:18.TheycallmeLilysometimes.19.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.20.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(二)情态动词情态动词表示说话人対某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用,必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用,在句中作谓语用。将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下:1、can和could(could为can的过去式)的基本用法⑴表示能力,如:HecanspeakEnglishbetterthanyou.(2)在疑问句和否定句中表示怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”,如:CanthisgreenbikebeLiuDong's?⑶表示"许可”时can可以和may换用,如:Youcan(may)gohomenow.⑷如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式,如:Couldyoucomeagaintomorrow?(5)can和beableto都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是沏只能有现在式和过去式,而beableto则有更多的形式,如:Hewillbeabletodotheworkbetter.1couldspeakEnglishwhenIwasatschool.Finallyhewasabletosolvethisproblem.=managedtodo/succeededindoing...2、may和might(might为may的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,如:Youmayusemydictionary.在冋答对方说“可以做某事”或\n“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用may或maynot,以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行冋答。如:"一MayIusethisdictionaiy?—Yes,please.或Certainly./1amafraidnot.在请求对方许可时,如果Might!•••?就比用MayI…?语气更婉转些,如:MayIhavealookatyournewcomputer?但是表示"阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用mustnot代替maynot,如:Mayweswiminthislake?No,youmustn't.It'stoodangerous.(2)may或mightW以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定,如:Theymay(might)beinthelibraiynow.3>must的基本用法(l)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意,其否定式mustnot,缩写形式为mustn't,表示“不应该”,“不准”、“不许可”或"禁止”之意,女口:Wemuststudyhtirdandmakeprogresseveryday.Youmustn'ttouchthefire.⑵对以must提出的疑问句,如作否定冋答时,要用needrft或用doiTt(doesrft)haveto(不必)来冋答,而不用mustnt,因为mustrft表示的是"禁止”或“不许可"之意,如I:一-Mustwefinishtheworktomorrow?----No,youneedn't(don'thave/needto),butyoumustfinishitinthreedays.(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测,表示“一泄”或"必定”之意,常与状态动词搭配使用。如:一一Whosenewbikecanitbe?----ItmustbeLiliDong's.Iknowhisfatherhasjustboughthimanewone.4、can,could,may,must后接完成式的用法(1)can,could后接完成式的用法:①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的级怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度,Couldhehavesaidso?②在肯定句中,可以表示过去本可能做到而实际并没做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。女口:一一Whendidyouanswerherletter?----Onlyyesterday.—It'stoolate.Youcouldhaveanswereditearlier,Iamsure.⑵may,might后接完成式的用法①表示对过去某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might,语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定,如1:MarymighthavelearnedsomeChinesebefore.②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实际没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气女口:Youdidn'tdotheworkwellthatday.Youmighthavedoneitbetter.⑶mustJu"接完成式的用法:表示对过去某事的推测,认为某事在过去-淀做了,如:LiuDongisnJtintheclasMDom.Hemusthavegonetothelibrary.5>haveto的基本用法:hnveto和must的意义相近,只是must侧重表示说话人的主观看法,而haveto则表示客观需要,女0:Imuststudyhard.Ihadtogiveitupbecauseofillness.6、ou^htto的基本用法(1)表示根据某种义务或必要"应当"做某爭,语气比should强,例女口:Everyoneoughttoobeythetrafficregulations.⑵表示推测,注意与must表示推测时的区别:Hemustbehomebynow.(断泄他已到家),Heoughttobehomebynow.(不十分肯定),Thisiswheretheoilmustbe.(比较直率),Thisiswheretheoiloughttobe.(比较含蓄);(3)uoughtto+have+过去分词”表示过去应做某爭而实际未做。例如:Yououghttohavehelpedhim.(butyoudidn't)这时,oughtto与should可以互相换用。注意,在美国英语中oughtto用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如:Oughtyousmokesomuch?Yououghtn'tsmokesomuch.7、dcire的基本用法(l)dare(dared为其过去式)作情态动词用吋,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中,如:Daredhebreakthetrafficregulationsagain?(2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词,其变化与一般行为动词相同,如:Shedcirestostayathomealoneatnight.8>need的基本用法(1)need作情态动词用时,主要用于否泄句和疑问句中,女口:Heneedrftworryaboutusnow.(2)need也可作为行为动词用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句中,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带to的动词不定式为其宾语。如:Youneedtopractisereadingaloudeveryday.⑶needrft后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情,女山一-Didyouanswertheletteryesterday?一一Yes,Idid.一一Butyouneedn'thaveansweredit.Yourfaceneedswashing.=youneedtowashyourface.9、shall的基本用法(l)shaH用作情态动词吋,用于第二、三人称,表示说活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意,如:Heshallgofirst,whetherhewantstoornot.(2)在疑问句中,shall用于第一、三人称,表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示,如:ShallIopenthedoor?10^should的基本用法(l)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”,有“应该”之意,如:Youshouldlearnfromeachother.(2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做至怵来应该做的事情,或是做了本来不应该做的爭情。如:Youshouldhavegivenhimmorehelp.Youshouldhaveavoidedmeetingher.11>will的基本用法(1)用于各人称,可以表示“意志”或“决心”,如:Ihavetoldhimagainandagaintostopsmoking,buthewillnotlisten.\n(1)在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿,如:WillyoupleasetellmehowtogettotheCapitolGymnasium?(3)will可以表示现在一种习惯性的动作,有"总是"或“会要”之意,如:Everymorninghewillhaveawalkalongthisriver.\n12>would的基本用法(l)would作为will的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的“意志”或"决心”,如:Hepromisedhewouldneversmokeagain.⑵在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿时,比用will的气更加婉转,如:Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?(1)在日常生活中,学用"Iwouldliketo…”表示"我想要”或"我愿意"之意,以使语气婉转,如:IwouldliketodoEx.2first.(4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作,比usedto正式,并没有"现已无此习惯”的含义。如I:LastyearourEnglishteacherwouldsometimestellusstoriesinEnglishafterclass./Duringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweek.⑸表料想或猜想,女山Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome./Whatwouldshebedoingthere?/1thoughthewouldhavetoldyouaboutit.13、usedto、hadbetter,wouldrather的用法(1)usedto表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变,例如:Hetoldusheusedtoplayfbotballwhenhewasyoung.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式。疑问句:Didyouuseto/Usedyoutogotothesameschoolasyourbrother?杏定句:Iusedrftto/didn'tusetogothere,(usedn^t也可写作usen't);杏沱疑问句:Usenetyouto/Didn^youusetobeinterestedinthetheiitre?强调句:Icertainlyusedto/didusetosmoke,butitwasalongtimeago.;其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式:Sheusedtobeveryfat.didn'tshe?/use(d)n'tshe?Didyouusetoplaychess?Yes,Idid./Usedyoutogetupearlyinthemorning?Yes,Idid./usedto.(2)hadbetter意为“最好",丿舌接不带to的不定式,例如:-一Wehadbettergonow.-一Yes,wehad(we'dbetter/wehadbetter)./Hadn'twebetterstopnow?(Hadwebetternotstopnow?)/1thinkVdbetterbegoing.(用于进行时态,表“最好立即”)/Ybuhadbetterhavedonethat(用于完成时态,表未完成动作)注:hadbetter用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。(3)wouldrather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不泄式,例如:Vdrathernotsayanything?Wouldyouratherworkonafcirm?/一一Wouldn^tyoumtherstayhere?一一No,Iwouldnot.IJdnithergothere.由于wouldrather表选择,因而丿匸可接than,例女山Iwouldratherworkonafannthaninafactory./1wouldratherwatchTVthtingotoseethefilm/1wouldratherloseadozencherrytreesthanthatyoushouldtellmeonelie./Fdratheryoudidn'ttalkaboutthistoanyone.练习5:1.John,youneedn,tdoyourworktoday,youdoittomorrowifyou,retired.(2007年山西省)A.mustB.mayC.can,t2.-Iswiminthatriver?-No,you.It,sdangeroustoswiminit.(2007年内江市)A.Must;can,tB.Can;maynotC.May;mustn't3・一MustIparkmycarbehindthebuilding?-No,you.Youparkithere.(2006年南通市)A.mustnJt;mayB.maynot;mustC・don,thaveto;mayD.shouldnt;must4.WhereisMr.Smith?Haveyouseenhim?-Hebeinhisoffice.-Hebeinhisoffice,forIlefttherejustnow.(2007年烟台市)A.may;can'tB・can;maynotC・may;mustn"tD・can;don'thaveto5•-AreyougoingtoBeijingbyplane?-It"sfast,butexpensive.SoIamnotsure.Itakeatrain.(2007年江西省)A.shouldB.mayC・must6.-Mary,youspeakChinese?-Yes,onlyalittle.(2007年北京市)A.mustB.needC・may7.-youcometomybirthdaypartytomorrow,Robert?-Vmafhiidnot.Ihavetostudyformyexam.(2007年绍兴市)A.MustB.ShouldC.CanD.willD.canD.Need&LiuMingrowaboatwhenhewasten.Andhestillnow.(2007年咸宁市)\nA.can,t,can‘tB.could,couldn?tC.couldn,t,can?tD・couldn?t,couldn?t9.-MayItiyonthejeans?高中教育\n-Yes,you・(2007年镇江市)A.shouldB.canC・muslD.need9.CouldIgotothemoviethisweekend,Dad?-Yes,you.Butyouhavetocomebackbeforenine.(2007年温州市)A.shallB.muslC・needD.can10.-Lookattheboynjnningontheground・IsitDavis?-Itbehim.Isawhimgototheteachersofficejustnow.(2007年黄冈市)A.mustB.can'tC.couldD.might11.-IsJohncomingbytrain?-Heshould,buthenot.Helikesdrivinghiscar.(2007年苏刃'I市)A.mustB.canC・mayD・need13.1amafraidthatIfinishthetaskinsuchashorttime.Couldyouhelpme,please?(2006年厦门市)A.canB.amnotabletoC・amgoingto14.Miketriedhardandatlastheswimacrosstheriver.(2006年徳州市)A.canB.couldC・isabletoD・wasableto15.一Let,sgotothesupennarketbytaxi.—Wetakeataxi.Itisnotfai*fromhere.(2007年扬州市)A.can,tB.needn"tC.couldn'tD.mustn'tBCCABDCCBDBCBDB简单句的五种基本句型句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语有5个基本句型,从英语的句子结构上说,除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外,在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式。1.S(主)+V(谓)(lv系动词)+P(表)WeareChinese.除了be系动词夕卜,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem等。2)表转变变化的动词,become,get,gix)w,turn,go,等。3)表延续的动词remain,keep,hold,stay等。4)表瞬时的动词come,fhll,等5)其彳也动词lie,prove,ring,run,sit,stand,continueTwentyyearson,hisadvicestillholdsgood.Shefellillwithflu.Itwasapossibleexplanation,butitdidn'tquiteringtrue.(youdonotbelieveit,eventhoughyouarenotsurewhy:)I'mrunninglate,soHItalktoyoulater.Isawthatthegardenhadrunwild.Thehousehassatemptyfortwoyears1)S+Lv+N/Pron(名词/代词)Heisaboy.Thisismine.2)S+Lv+Adj(形容词)Sheisbeautiful.3)S+Lv+Adv(副词)Classisover.4)S+Lv+PrepPhraseHeisingoodhealth.5)S+Lv+Participle(分i司或彳、定式)Heisexcited・Thefilmisinteresting.Mygoalistogotokeyuniversity.2.S(主)+Vi(不及物动词)(谓)Timeflies.(+状语)1)S+V+adverbial(副词)Birdssingbeautifully.2)S+Vi+prepPhrase(介词短语)Hewentonholiday.3)S+Vi+Infinitive(不定式)Westoppedtohavearest.4)S+Vi+Participle(分词)I'llgoswimming・此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:1)用here或there引导:Herecomesthebus.(汽车来了。)/Therelingsthebell.(铃响了。)2)在动词+介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:Onthetopofthehillstandsaprettylittlehouse.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)3.S(主)+Vt(及物动词)(谓)+O(宾)WelikeEnglish.1)S+VT+N/PronIlikemusic.Ilikeher.2)S+VT+infinitive(不定式)Iwanttohelphim.\n常用于这句型的动词有:attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等。高中教育\n3)S+VT+Wh-Word+InfinitiveIdonlknowwhattodo.常用于这句型白勺动词有:ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,inquire,know,leam,observe,remember,see,settle,telkthink,understand,wonder等。4)S+VT+GenindIenjoylivinghere.常用于这句型的动词有:admit,advise,allow,avoid,consider,defend,enjoy,excuse,finish,foibid,mind(在意),miss,practise,risk,suggest,giveup,canfthelp(彳从由得)等。5)S+VT+object-clauseIdon'tthink(that)heisright.常用于这句型的动词有:Admit,believe,command,confess,declare,demand,deny,doubt,expect,explain,feel(觉得),hear(听说),hope,imagine,intend,know,mean,mind(当心,在意),notice,request,report,say,see(看出),show,suggest,suppose,think,understand,wish、wonder(觉得奇|圣)。Mindyoudon'tfall.Hedklntmindthatotherpeopleinthevillagethoughthim(xld1.S(主)+VT(谓)+IndO(间接宾)+DO(直接宾)「11giveyousomehelp.1)S+VT+N/Pron+NIsenthimabook.IboughtMayabook.2)S+VT+N/Pron+7o/ft)r-phraseHesentab(x)ktome.Heboughtacoatfbrme.间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有:汕ow,bring,deny,do(带来),give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,restore,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等。间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有:bring,buy,choose,fetch,get,leave,make,order,paint,play(演奏),save,sing,spare等。Iwrotealettertohimyesterday.3)S+VT+N/Pron+Thcit-clauseHetoldmethatthefilmwasgreat.常用于这句型的动词有:inform,promise,remind,teach,tellwarn等。4)S+VT+N/Pron+Wh-word+InfinitiveHeshowedmehowtodoit.常用于这句型的动词有:advise,ask,infbmi,show,teach,tell等。5)S+VT+N/Pron+Wh-ClauseHeaskedmewhatheshoulddo.常用于这句型的动词有:advise,ask,infbrm,show,teach,tell.2.S(主)+VT(谓)+O(宾)+OCIhavemadeyoufamous.1)S+VT+N/Pron+NWenamedourbabyTom.常用于这句型的动词有:appoint,call,choose,elect,make,entitle,find,name,nominate(命名)。2)S+VT+N/Pron+AdjHepaintedthewallwhite.常用于这句型的动词有:beat,boil,cut,drive,find,get,hold,keep,leave,like,make,paint,see,set,turn,want,wash,wipe,wish等。3)S+VT+N/Pron+PrepPhraseShealwayskeepseveiythingingoodorder.4)S+VT+N/Pron+InfinitiveIwishyoutostay.Imadehimwork常用于这句型的动词有:小不定式带to的词:advice,allow,ask,beg,cause,choose,command,decide,encourage,expect,force,get,hate,invite,know,leave,like,love,order,pemiit,persuade,prefer,remain,request,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。b)不定式不带to的词:have,let,make,feel,hear,know,listento,lookat,notice,see,watch等。5)S+VT+N/Pron+Participle(分词)Iheardmynamecalled.Ifeelsomethingmoving.常用于这句型的动词有:catch,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,leave,listento,lookat,notice,observe,perc&ve(觉察),see,set,smell,start,watch等。以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型,除简单句外,还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式,但这些复合句实际上是由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的,因此写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。练习6:用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语,需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。1.伤〈的故事听起来很有趣。(主语+系动词+表语)2.我感到有一点累。(主语+系动词+表语)3.我妹妹是在农村长大的。(主语+谓语)\n1.这家医院创建于1950年。(主语+谓语)2.他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。(主语+谓语+宾语)3.他拿出一瓶啤酒,很快将其喝光。(主语+谓语+宾语)4.顺便问一下,她把钱付给你了吗?(主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)5.下学期谁教你们生物?(主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)6.他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。(主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语)7.什么促使你这样想的?(主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语)(make)8.有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。9.医生已经跟你说得很清楚了,你的胃没有什么问题。(make)10.战争使他成为一名战士。11.我决不容许他欺骗我。(have)12.我去修一下表。参考答案:I.Yourstorysoundsveryinteresting.2.1feltabittired.1.Myyoungersistergrewupinthecountry.2.Thishospitalwassetupin1950.3.Hebrokethetrafficrulebecauseofhisdrivingtoofast/becausehedrovehiscartoofast.4.Hebroughtoutabottleofbeeranddrankitupquickly.5.Bytheway,hasshepaidyouthemoney/themoneytoyou?&Whowillteachyoubiologynextterm?9.Healwayskeepshisbedmomclean.10.Whatmadeyouthinkso?II.Wesometimesfinditdifficulttogetridofabadhabit.12.Thedoctorhasmadeitcleartoyouthatthereisnothingwrongwithyourstomach.13.Thewarmadehimasoldier.14.1wonlhavehimcheatme.15.1amgoingtohave(get)mywatchrepaired.练习7:1.Here送您一张卡片,表达我们最良好的祝愿。2.wish.n.你可以向他致意。3.want他不想再做那件事。4.东湖有许多不同种类的鱼。(have/therebe)5.go•吉尔常常走错路。6.enjoy我们真喜欢这次在农场的劳动。7.workon我在努力应对考试。&take你现在要点什么菜吗?9.SoonerorlateM尔迟早会在某个地方找到它的。10.until—直走,直到你到达终点。11.他爬起来继续跑。(go)12.他对数学和科学很感兴趣。13.neckandneck在英语方面,他们不分上下。14.getready所有的选手都准备起跑了。15.刘梅正在去电影院的路上。\n9.setoff那男孩是早上六点11!发的。10.getonwith你近来工作如何?11.laugh每个人都嘲笑那女人犯的错。12.feellike她不想吃任何东西。13.lookafter你必须照顾好自己,保持健康。14.takecareof他能很好地照料你们的孩子。15.make你为什么不给他做张贺卡呢?16.behind别把东西落下了。\n9.fun谢谢你把英语课变得如此有趣!10.thinner如果你想减肥、想更健康点的话,那你就必须少吃食物多锻炼。Keys:1.2.3.Hereisacardforyouwithourbestwishes.送您一张卡片,表达我们最良好的祝愿。Youcangivehimyourbestwishes•你可以向他致意。Hedoesnotwanttodoitanymore.他不想再做那件事。4.5.EastLakehasmanydifferentkindsoffish.东湖有许多不同种类的角。(have)Jilloftengoesthewrongway.常常走错路。6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.1&19.20.21.22.23.24.25.Wereallyenjoyedworkingonthefami.我们真喜欢这次在农场的劳动。Iamworkinghardonmyexams.我在努力应对考试。MayItakeyouroiliernow?你现在要点什么菜吗?Soonerorlateryou'11finditsomewhere.你迟早会在某个地方找到它的。Goonuntilyoureachtheend.一直走,直到你到达终点。Hegotupandwentonrunning.他爬起来继续跑。Heis/wasveryinterestedinmathsandscience.他对数学和科学很感兴趣。TheyareneckandneckatEnglish.在英语方面,他们是不分上下。Alltherunnersgotreadytorun/startrunning.所有的选手者B准备起跑了。LiuMeiisonherwaytothecinema.刘梅正在往电影院去的路上。Theboysetoffatsixinthemorning.那男孩是早上六点出发的。Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?你近来工作如何?.EveryonelaughedatthewomansmisUike.每个人都嘲笑那女人犯的错。Shedidntfeellikeeatinganything.她不想吃任何东曲。Youmustlookafteryoui'selfwellandkeephealthy.你必须照顾好自己,保持健康。Hecantakegoodcareofyourbabies.他能很好地照料伤〈们的孩子。Whydon'tyoumakehimacard?你为什么不给他做张贺卡呢?Don'tleaveanythingbehind.别把东西落下了。ThankyouformakingEnglishfun!谢谢你把英语课变得女口此有趣!(make)Ifyouwanttobethinnerandhealthier,youhavetoeatlessfoodandtakemoreexercise.如果你想减肥、想更健康点的话,那你就必须少吃食物多锻炼。四、有关简单句、复合句及并列句的知识疏理:我们要注意简单句的顺序一般应为主、谓、宾,而一些状语如吋问、地点方式等等状语则要放到主要结构后面出现。当然,有时为了强调或语言的表达需要,状语的位置会有所变化,但我们在写句子时一定要把握好以上原则,而不能按照汉语去逐个翻译。如“我们骑车去上学。”这个句子如果按照汉语习惯很可能会写成:Webybikegotoschool.或更有甚者可能还会写出类似这样的句子:Webybiketogotoschool或Wetakeabikegotoschool.等等错误的句了。但如果我们按照英文习惯来写就不会出现以上错误了,主语We+iq语gotoschool+状语bybike也就是Wegotoschoolbybike.1•简单句:(1)定义:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句,如:WeleamEnglish.我们学英语。(一个主语和一个谓语)BothXiaoZhangandXiaoWangarefromBeijing.(一个并列主语和一个谓语)Heoncelivedandworkedhere.(一个主语和一个并列谓语)Myfatherandmothergotoworkatseveninthemorningand(they)comebackhomeateightintheevening.(*个并列主语和-个并列谓语)(2)分类:上次我们对简单句按照句子基本结构分出的5种类型做了阐述;另外,根据句子的功能或使用目的,简单句可分四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。一、陈述句:是用来陈述一件事惰或表示一种看法,可分为肯定句和否定句两种形式。1、谓语动词是be动词,助动词have,has,will,情态动词can等吋,只要直接在这些词后血加not就构成否定形式。e.g.Lilyhasalreadyreadthisnewbook.(改为杏定句)Lilythisnewbook.2、谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词吋,必须在谓语动词前加助动词,一般现在吋加助动词do,第三人称单数加does,--般过去时加did,再和not构成否定结构。必须指出的是:donrt,doesn't,didiVt动词原开彳。\n高中教育\ne.g.l)Jillhaslunchatschooleveryday.(改为杏定句)Jilllunchatschooleveryday.2)Thechildrenhadagoodtimeattheparty.(改为否泄句)Thechildrenagoodtimeattheparty.3)Rosedidn'tdrinkanymilkthismorning.(改为肯泄句)Rosemilkthismorning.二、疑问句:是用来提出问题的句子。A.一疑问句:以be动词,have/has/do等助动词、can/may等情态动词开头,以yes或no来回答的问句。它的基本结构是:Be/Have/Has/Did等助动词(包括惰态动词)+主语+部分谓语(动词原形)(包括表语)+—?回答常用简略回答。1、谓语动词是be动词、助动词、情态动词时,只要直接把S些词置于句首,句末改成问号。e.g.There'ssomethingwrongwithhisbike.(改成疑问句)wrongwithhisbike?2、谓语动词是行为动词时,必须在句首加上助动词Do、Does(三单)、Did(过去式)加上这些助动词后,句子中谓语动词必须用原形。e.g.1)Edisonbuiltasciencelabhimselfwhenhewasten.(改成疑问句)Edisonasciencelabhimselfwhenhewasten?2)ThoseJapaneselikeChineseftxxi.(改成疑问句)thoseJapaneseChineseftxxi?注意:在把肯泄句改成否泄句或一般疑问句的时候,要注意句中是否有already>some>something>somebody等词,如果有也必须进行改变,already要改成yet,some>something>somebody等分别改成any、anything>anybody等。另夕卜,在改成否定句的时候注意把too改成either,both改成neither,all改成none等.在改成一般疑问句的时候,常常把第一人称I、we改成第二人称you。B.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词或疑问副词开头,提出疑问的句子。它的基本结构是:特殊疑问词+—般疑问句语序°但是如果疑问词在句子中作主语或作主语的定语,就用特殊疑问词+陈述句语序。常用的疑问词有:what,who(whom),whose,which,when,where,how,why等,回答时针对问句中的代词和副词来回答,不用yes或no来回答。1)对指物名词或谓语动词提出疑问,疑问词用what®Thetwinsweremakingakitewhentheirmothercamein.(划线提问)thetwinswhentheirmothercamein?②Mrs.Turneraskedhersontobuysomeeggsforsuppen(划线提问)Mrs.Turneraskherson?2)对名词前定语提出疑问,疑问词应用which,或whose,而且必须和名词连用。Pmgoingtotaketheshirtontheright.(划线提问)areyougoingtotake?3、e.g.LiPing,they,hisfatherisLiPing?-Heisaclassmateofmine.didyougivetheb(x)kto?4)对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whoseoThisismypen.-isit?e.g.LiPingscoat—►Whosecoatmyfather—►Whosefathershirtareyouwearing?Isityourfather^?Iaskedthem”parentisadoctor?^andseveralofthemsaid^mine?55)对具体时]'可提出疑问,如inthemorning,lastSunday等,疑问词用when;对具体几点钟提问,疑问词应用whattime。wasitwhenwereachedthehall?isthesportsmeetinggoingtobe?6)对具体地点提出疑问,疑问词应用where。Thepupilsarehavingapicnicatthefootofthehill.(划线提问)\nthepupilshavingapicnic?7)对表原因的从句提问,常见的有because引导的从句,疑问词应用why。XiaoChengdidnrtgotothefarmwithusbecausehewasill(划线提问)XiaoChenggotothefannwithus?8)对方式或程度等提出疑问,用疑问词How。e.g.gobybike/likeverymuchHeoftengoestoschoolonfoot.Shelikesplayingbadmintonverymuch.9)对数量提出疑问,疑问词为Howmany,要注意howmany必须跟名、代词的复数形式。c.g.twohundredsheep—>HowmanysheepFourofushaven"finishedthehomeworkthisweekend・10)对价格提出疑问,疑问词用Howmuch。e.g.IpaidfiftyYuanforthesweater.didyoupayforthesweater?11)对时间长度提出疑问,疑问词应用Howlong。e.g.I'veworkedinthatfactoryfbrtwoyears.(划线提问)96屮考youworkedinthatfactory?⑵对时]'可频率,如onceayear,twiceaweek等提问,疑问词用Howoften。13)对具体次数,如once,twice,threetimes等提问,疑问词用Howmanytimesoe.g.didhecallyouthedaybeforeyesteixlay?Twice.96中考题A.WhattimeB.HowmanytimesC.HowmuchD.Howlong14)对in—段时间提问,疑问词一般用Howsoon。e.g.Jtineandherbrotherwillfinishtheworkintwohours.(划线提问)Janeandherbrotherfinishthework?⑸对距离提出疑问,疑问词用Howfiiroe.g.Itsabouttwokilometersfromheretothecountiy.(划线提问)fromheretothecountry?⑹另外,对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问,则分别用What'sthedate?Whatdayisit?女口果是过去时]'可,就用was代替is。What'stheweatherlike?练习81)Shedoesexercisesathomeintheevening.(改成否定句、一般疑问句)Sheexercisesathomeintheevening.sheexercisesathomeintheevening?2)Hesaidsomethingimportantatthemeeting.(改为否泄句,一般疑问句)Heimportantatthemeeting.heimportantatthemeeting?3)It'lltakethemthreeweekstofinishthework.(划线提问)ittakethemtofinishthework?4)1havetowashalltheplatesandthingsaftenneals.(划线提问)youhavetowashalltheplatesandthings?5)Thewomanintheredcoatishermother.(划线提问)ishermother?6)LiPingspenttwentyYuanonthedictionary.(划线提问)LiPingonthedictionary?思考题1)Theworker'svisitedthefactoryalready.(改成否泄句、一般疑问句)Theworkerthefactory.theworkerthefactory_?2)Bothofhisparentsareworkers.(改成杏定句)\nofhisparentsaworker.3)Hewenttotheparkwithhissister(划线提问)4)Wereallyenjoyedworkingonthefarm.(划线提问)5)Shewritestoherparentsonceaweek.(划线提问)6)OurREteacherhasbeenatthisschoolsincehec“metenyearsago.(戈U线提问)c.选择疑问句:提出两种或更多的情况,要求对方选择一种问句。它的结构是:一般疑问句+o卄•般疑问句,但常把后一部分中和前一部分相同的成分省略。这种疑问句不用yes或no回答,而是根据选择作答。e.g.Wouldyoulikechickenorbeef?回答时用I'dlikebeef.①Aretheysittingstandingintheclassroom?②Thestudentsstoppedtalkinglaughingwhentheteachercamein.③M&meilikesboating.(用swim改成选择疑问句)Meimeiboating?D.反意疑问句:在陈述句后附上一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问的问句。1)Bill'ssisterisgoingtoworkinParisnextmonth.(改成反意疑问句)Bill'ssisterisgoingtoworkinParisnextmonth,?2)TheReadsdon'tenjoylivinginChina.(改成反意疑问句)TheReadsdon'tenjoylivinginChina,?注意:1、对于反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若爭实是肯定的,则用yes来回答,爭实是否定的,则要用no回答。e.g.LiLeinevergoestoschoollate,doeshe?李雷上学从不迟至山是吗?不,他迟到。(事实是迟到的,则用yes回答.Yes,hedoes.)是的,从不迟到。(事实是不迟到,贝9用no回W.No,hedoesn't)2、当陈述部分中含有no,noone,nobody,nothing,never,little,few,hardly,too...to等否定词时,附加疑问句部分用肯泄形式。e.g.1)Hisauntatenothingforbreakfastthismorning.(改为反意疑问句)Hisauntatenothingforbreakfastthismorning,?2)There'snothingwrongwiththecomputer.(改为反意疑问句)There'snothingwrongwiththecomputer,?3、反意问句中要注意到有些词的缩略形式。e.g.'s既是has也是is的缩略形式。'd既是would也是had的缩略形式。e.g.①He'salreadyfinishedhishomework.(改成反意问句)He'salreadyfinishedhishomework,?②He'salreadyalittleweakinEnglish.(改成反意疑问句)He'salreadyalittleweakinEnglish,?③He'softentoldtocomehere.(改成反意疑问句)He'softentoldtocomehere,?4、当陈述部分带有that从句作宾语时,附加问句的主谓_般应与主句保持一致。但是如果主句主语是第一人称,主句动词是think,believe,suppose,附加问句的主谓•般应与从句主谓保持一致,如果think是否定形式,附加问句的谓语应是肯定形式。e.g.l.Theysaidthattheywouldcallus.(改成反意疑问句)Theysaidthattheywouldcallus,?2.1don*tthinkhewillcome.(改成反意疑问句)Idon'tthinkhewillcome,?Youthinkhewillcome,?5、陈述部分主语是everyone,someone,noone,something,anything等不定代词时,指人的不定代词,附加咅E分主语多用he来代替,指物的不定代词主语多用it来代替。\n6、当陈述部分为therebe句型时,附加问句部分用bethere结构的肯泄或否定形式。Thereare32studentsinourclass,*特殊形式的反意疑问句1.祈使句+willyou/won'tyou/can'tyou?这种结构严格的说是形式上的反意疑问句或叫”类反意疑问句”。这种结构使祈使句听起来比较婉转、客气.willyou多表示请求表示告诉某人做某事,附加部分多用will,would,can使语气更婉转.wontyou多表示邀请或提醒对方注意。e.g.Gotothecinemanow,will/won'tyou?L(x)kattheblackboard,will/won'tyou?e.g.Comehere,wouldyou?Stoptalking,canyou?注意:A).否定式祈使句后面的附加部分不可用won'tyou,-般用willyou,也可用canyou.e.g.Don'tmakeanoise,will/canyou?B).Lets....,shall/shan'twe?Let's...含义是”咱们..."包括说话的对方,所以人称代词要用we.e.g.Let'sgohome,shallwe?Let'sgohome,shan'twe?\n但Letus/me/him•…,will/wontyou?Letme....除了可用willyou夕卜还可用mayI,要注意意义Letmehelpyou,mayI?我可以....吗?Letmehelpyou,willyou?你让我...吗?1.感叹句的反意疑问句附加部分用tobe的一般现在时的否定式。e.g.Whatfineweather,isn'tit?Howhardsheworks,isn'tshe?2.陈述部分含有need,dare的反意疑问句A).当need,dare为普通动词时,反意疑问句附加部分用助动词do的某种形式。e.g.Heneedshelp,doesnlhe?B).当need,dare为情态动词时,反意疑问句附加部分用其本身。e.g.Weneeddoitagain,needn'twe?Hedarenotsayso,darehe?当陈述部分有neednrt时,反意疑问句附加部分一般用need有时可用must.e.g.Heneedn'tdothat,needhe?Heneedn'tdothat,musthe?3.当陈述部分有usedto...时,反意疑问句附加部分用didn't/usedn't/used+主语+not?e.g.Sheusedtovisitheruncleonholidays,didrflshe?Sheusedtovisitheruncleonholidays,usedn'tshe?Heusedtoplayfbotballwhenhewasyoung,usedhenot?4.当陈述部分有Iam...时,反意疑问句附加部aren'tI/ain'tI或amInot?e.g.IaminterestedinEnglish,arerftI?IaminterestedinEnglish,ain'tI?Iamworkingnow,amInot?例外:I'mverythirsty,aren'tyou?我很渴,你呢?这句中的aren'tyou?===howaboutyou?5.当陈述咅E分有oughtto吋,反意疑问句附加部分用ought或should.e.g.Weoughttostartatonce,oughtn'twe?Weoughttostartatonce,shouldn'twe?Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,shouldthey?6.当陈述部分含有must时,要注意must的含义。表示"一泄要,必须"时,反意疑问句附加部分用mustn't或needn'te.g.Hemustworkhardatphysics,mustnthe?Youmustrenewthebook,needn'tyou?表示推测”一定是,必定是“吋,反意疑问句附加部分有下列情况:A).当陈述部分有mustbe…时,反意疑问句附加部分用be的现在时态。e.g.Hemustbeverytired,isn'the?Hemustbeworkinghardattheoffice,isn'the?B).musthave+过去分词表示对过去的推测a).单纯表示对过去的推测,与现在无关,反意疑问句附加部分用过去式。b).表示对过去的推测且影响到现在或持续现在,反意疑问句附加部分用现在完成式。e.g.Hemusthavecomeyesterday,didn'the?YbumusthavestudiedEnglishforyears,haven'tyou?Hemusthavelivedhereatleasttenyears,hasn'the?&cant表示推测作”不可能“解时,反意疑问句附加部分根据后的动词选用相应的形式。e.g.Hecan'tbeadoctoi;ishe?Theworkerscanthavefinishedtheirwork,havethey?9.当陈述部分有haveto吋,反意疑问句附加部分用助动词do的某种形式。e.g.Jackhastogothereonfoot,doesn'the?Wehavetogetupearly,don'twe?但:havegotto…,have…?Wehavegottoworkhard,haven'twe?10.当陈述部分谓语有hadbetter时,反意疑问句附加部分用shouldn't/hadn'te.g.Ybu'clbetterputonyourcoat,shouldnlyou?\nYoifdbetterputonyourcoat,hadn*tyou?Wehadbettergorightnow,shouldn'twe?Wehadbettergorightnow,hadn'twe?9.当陈述部分谓语有wouldHither■或wouldliketo吋,反意疑问句附加部分用wouldn't+主语。高中教育e.g.Hewouldratherreadthetexttentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'the?Ybu'dliketohavesomebananas,wouldnlyou?10.当陈述部分主语是Iwish...时,反意疑问句附加部分用mayI?注意:前后均需用肯定式e.g.Iwishtogohome,mayI?IwishIwereyou,mayI?11.当陈述部分含有主从复合句时,a).注意观察主句的主语。主句的主语是第一人称(we,I)时°反意疑问句附加部分的主语与从句主语一致。否则与主句主语一致。b).注意否定转移!当主句谓语动词是suppose,think,expect,belive,imagine时,只要出现否定词Not反意疑问句附加部分就用肯定形式。e.g.Ithinkhewillbebackinanhour,won'the?Wedon'tsupposehecares,doeshe?Youdon'tsupposehecares,doyou?c).含有主从复合句的反意疑问句附加部分与句子的重心一致.e.g.Itissaidthatheisateacher,isn'the?12.当陈述部分是并列句时,反意疑问句附加部分用与最接近(最后一个)分句的主语、谓语一致。e.g.WemuststudyEnglishhardorwecan'tbegoodatit,canwe?Heisadoctorbuthiswifeisateacher,isn'tshe?13.当陈述部分有下列否定词时,反意疑问句附加部分用肯定结构。(few;little;seldom;hardly;never;not;no;noone;nobody;nothing;none;neither等)e.g.Thereislittleinkinyourpen,isthere?Hecanhardlywritehisname,canhe?然而1)如果陈述部分的否定词是通过加前缀或匸缀而构成的,附加部分依然用否定式。e.g.It'sunfair,isn'tit?Youarehopeless,aren'tyou?Shedislikedoinghousework,didn'tshe?Shehadadislikeforhousework,didn'tshe?2).noone,nobody,none,nothing,neither在陈述咅E分作动词的宾语时,反意疑问句附加部分一般用肯定结构间或也可用否定结构。e.g.Ybugotnothingfromhim,did(n't)you?Hehasnothingtosay,does(n't)he?14.以引导词there开始的句子(不包括作地点状语的there),反意疑问句附加部分主语也用there.e.g.There'llbeenoughforeverytxxiy,won'ttliere?Thereseemstobenoquestionaboutit,doesn'tthere?15.A).陈述部分的主语是everything,nothing,anything或something时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用it.e.g.Somethingiswrongwithmyradio,isn'tit?Nothingisserious,isit?B).陈述部分的主语是everybcxly,eveiyone,anybody,anyone,somebcxiy,someone,nobody,noone,none,neither(注意这些代词一般指人)时,反意疑问句附加部分主语一般用they,也可用he.e.g.Everyoneishere,aren'tthey?Neithersidecouldwin,couldthey?Nooneknowsaboutit,dothey?Noneofthestudentsareabsent,arethey?Everyoneknowsthis,don'tthey?Everyoneknowsthis,doesn'the?WHnoneof+表示物的名词或代词,就是说none不指人或是不可数名词吋,反意疑问句附加部分主语用it.e.g.Noneofitishers,isit?Noneofhismoneyisleft,isit?C).陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用it;陈述部分的主语是these或those吋,反意疑问句附加部分主语用they.e.g.Thisisabeautifulpicture,isn'tit?ThoseareJapanese,aren'tthey?D).陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时,反意疑问句附加部分主语可以用one,也可以用you.(美国英语中还可以用he)e.g.Oneshouldbereadytohelpotliers,shouldn'tone?Onecan'tbetoocareful,canyou?E).当neither...nor;both...and连接两个主语时,附加部分的主语常用复数。e.g.NeitheryounorIamwrong,arewe?Bothyouandhearestudents,areyou?BothXiaoLiandXiaoWangarestudents,arethey?16.陈述部分的主语是主语从句,不定式短语,或动名词短语时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用it.\ne.g.Whatyouneedismorepractice,isn'tit?TolearnEnglishwellisn'teasy,isit?Swimmingisgreatfun,isn'tit?9.在口语对话中,表示讥讽或怀疑吋,往往先简略重复之后再反问,回答吋陈述部分与反意疑问句附加部分…致。(同吋否定或肯定。这种句式叫同向反意疑问句)e.g.——Tbmtoldmehesawaghostlastnight.——Hedid,didhe?e.g.高中教育——Youmustn'tlistentohisstory.——Oh,Imusingmustn'tI?若回答时先用了yes或no,便不强求一致。e.g.一一Wemightbeabletobeatthem.——Yes,wemight,mightn'twe?10.陈述部分以so开头时,反意疑问句附加部分用同向疑问句,表示惊讶,怀疑或不满等情绪。e.g.Soyouaregettingmarried,areyou?Soyoudorftlikemycooking、don'tyou?三、感叹句:用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句,句末用感叹号。1、一般用感叹词how或what引导,how修饰形容词或副词,what修饰名词。2、how引导的感叹句,基本结构:Ho、v+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!(主谓可省略)e.g.Howbeautifultheparkis!3、What引导的感叹句:基本结构是:①What+a/an+形容词+可数名词(单数)+主语+谓语!e.g.Sheisaverynicegirl.Whatanicegirl(sheis)!②What+形容词+可数名词融(鋅可数名词)+主语+谓语!e.g.Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!Whatlovelyweatheritistcxlay!注意:l.What感叹不可数名词时,名词前面不能加不定冠词a/an。e.g.Whatgocxlnewsitis!类似的有:Whatbadweather!Whathardwork!Whatdeliciousftxxi!等2.如果感叹部分是可数名词的单数形式,也可用how表达。如:Howniceagirlsheis!练习91)kindgirlsheis!A.HowB.WhataC.WhatD.Howa2)badweather!Ihopeitworftlastlong.A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa3)theyarelisteningtotheteacher!A.HowcarefulB.WhatcarefulC.HowcarefullyD.Whatcarefully4)Hehadlunchathome.(用atschool改选择问句)helunchathomeatschool?5)HCsneverlateforclass.(改反意疑问句)He'sneverlateforclass,?He'sneverbeentotheGreatWall,?6)Mr.Brownhasfewfriendsinthistown.(改反意疑问句)MeBrownhasfewfriendsinthistown,?选择How或What(a/an)填空:7).g(xxinewsforallofus!8).interestingbookhehasinhishand!9).badlyhehurthimself!10).friendlysheistoeveryone!\n思考题1)IsBruceanAmericananAustralian?2)wonderfultimewehavehad!3)modemacinematheworkersarebuilding!4)Thetwinscouldswimwhentheywerefour,?5)Thereislittlemeatinthefridge,?四、祈使句:表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句,主语you通常省略。1、祈使句的肯定形式:一般以动词原形开头。Openthedoor,please.2、祈使句的否定形式:在句首谓语动词前加Don'toDon'tbelateforclass.3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称吋,表示建议做某事。Letme/usdo...Lethim/her/them高中教育e.g.Letfsgotoschool.注意:“Don'tspeakinclass;'hesaidtous.Heaskedusnottospeakinclass.Hetoldusnottospeakinclass.1)祈使句+and/or+简单句是常用句型祈使句+and+简单句表赤如果…,就祈使句+or+简单句表赤…否则…”e.g.l.Godownthestreet,andyou'llseeahospital.二Ifyougo...,you'll・••2.Bequick,orwellbelate.=Ifyouarenotquick,youHlbelate.2)在祈使句后面,常常附加一个问句,使语气更加委婉。e.g.CDlellmeaboutit,willyou/won'tyou?②Don'ttellanyone,willyou?③Let'sgotoschool,shallwe?④Letusgoouttoplayforawhile,willyou?练习101)onthethinice.It'sdangerous.A.Don'tskateB.Don'tskatingC.SkateD.Notskate2)Letusstartcleaningthehouse,?3)Let'sflythekiteontheplayground,?(附加问句)4)Pleaseturndowntheradioabit,?(附加问句)1.A祈使句:Willyou?(2,4)提建议:Shallwe?⑶2.并列句:(1)定义:用并列连接词连接起来的两个或两个以上简单句叫做并列句。(2)并列句的构成:简单句+连接词+简单句(3)连接并列句常用的连接词:and,but,or,so,notonly…butalso,however,neither-•-nor,either-•-or,still等。Eg.:Ihelpherandshehelpsme.我帮她,她帮我。Heisveryoldbutheisingoodhealth.他年纪很大了,但他身体很好。WemusthunyorweJ11belate.我们得赶快走,不然就晚了。Thisgirldidherworkcarefully,soshenevermadeanymistakes.这个姑娘工作认真,从不出差错。Jimnotonlywrotetomelastweekbutalso(he)cametoseemeyesterday.吉姆上星期不但写信给我,而且昨天还来看过我。=NotonlydidJimwritetome...butalsohecame...Neithercouldtheorydowithoutpractice,norcouldpracticedowithouttheory.理论没有实践不行,实践没有理论也不行。EitherheistoblameorIam.不是他该受责备,就是我该受责备。注意:连接词so除起连接并列句作用外,兼有结果意味;有时SO在后一^中代替前一句中某一句中成分。例如:Hecanswim,socanI.他会游泳,我也会。(so代替swim)Ironisakindofmatter,soarewaterandair.铁是一种物质,水和空气也是物质。(so在后一句中起表语作用)\n并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法;(注意while,when和for等作并列连词的用法。)*并列耘(联合关系)and>notonly...but(also),neither...nor,等Ihelphimandhehelpsme.我帮助他,他也帮助我。Notonlydidwewritetoherbutalsowetelegiaphedher.我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。NeitherwouldIconsulthimnorwouldheaskmeforadvice.我不想与他商量,他也不会征求我的意见。转折关系but,yet,still,while,however,when等Hefailedmanytimes,buthedidn'tdespair.他失败多次但并没有气馁。ShehasdfficultyinlearningEnglish,however,sheworkshaidandismakingrapidprogress.她学习英语有困难,然而她学习努力,进步很快。选择关系or,otherwise,orelse,either...orWemusthurry,orwe'llmissthetrain.我们必须快点,否则会赶不上火车。EitheryoucometomyplaceorIgotoyoui's.或者你到我这儿来,或者我到你那去。高中教育因果关系for,so,thus,therefore,andsoWehadbetterstayathome,foritwasmining.我们最好呆丫1傢ILL因为天正在下雨。Hedidn'tworkhard,thereforehefailedintheexamination.他学习不努力,因此这次考试不及格。有时也可不用连词,而用逗号,分号或冒号Hurryup,it,sgettingdark.快点,天要黑了。Let'sstartearly,wehavealongwaytogo.我们要早动身,因为路很远。注意:(1)yet和still是连接畐ij词,也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用,但不如and,but,or等强,用了yet或still,前面还可加and或butoHeistired,(but)stillhewillmakeanotherexperiment.他很累,但他仍然要做另一个实验。Igotupveiyearly,(and)yetIfailedtocatchthefirstbus.我起得很早,然而还是没有赶上头班车。(2)while意义本相当于atthesametime表示相反和对照:“而”常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。Ilikefootball,whilemysisterlikesbasketball.我喜欢足球,而我姐姐喜欢篮球。when=andthenJustthen或atthattime,duringthetime・Wewerereadytorushaway,whenthesnakemoved我们正准备离开,这时蛇移动了。Wehadrftleftlongwhenthrearthquake(x:curred・while和when作为并列连词使用时常是放在第二个分句前边,并有逗号和第一分句隔开。3、fbr表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式,andso比较口语化。【专项训练】:-、用适当的并列连词填空:1、Hecouldn^tknowthetruthaboutme,hewouldn'ttreatmelikethis.2、Thebellisringingthelessonisover.3、Althoughhewasilkhekeptonworking・4、Ican'tmakeupmymindwewillgotoShanghaiwewillstayinourcity.5、Hedoesn'ttalkmuch,hethinksalot.6、Itmusthaverainedlastnightthegroundisstillwet7>ThepresidentwillvisitthetowninMayhewillopenthenewhospital.8、JanewasdressedingreenMarywasdressedinblue.9、hedidnotspeakdistinctlyIdidnothearitclearly.10>Heisclever,,heoftenmakesmistakes.11、Didwewritetoherwecalledherup.12>Hehasn5tanymoneyFmgoingtolendhimsome.13、Thechildwassick;he,,didn'tgotoschool.14>Marywasneitherhappy,wasshesad.\n15、Putonmoreclothes,you5llcatchcold・二、选择最佳答案:16>Somearereadingmagazines,othersareplayingcards.A.orB.forC.soD.while17>Wemustgetupearlytomoirow.we^llmissthefirstbustotheGreatWalkA.soB.orC.butD.however18、1don'tlikechickenfish.Idon'tlikechicken,Ilikefishverymuch.A・and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.oi;but19>Wewanthighspeedgoodquality.A.both,andB・either,orC.neither,norD.not,butalso20、Inspringitishotcoldhere.A.both,andB.either,orC・neither,norD.notonly,but21、doeshewriteswell.healsospeakswell.A.Notonly,butB.Not,butC.Either,orD.Both,and22、Useyourhead,you'llworkitout.高中教育\nA.soB.orC.andD.for23、Iwanttobuythejacket,Ihavenotenoughmoneywithme.A.butB・soC.orD.fbr24>youIamgoingtohelpTom.A.Either,orB・NgbutC.Notonly,andD.Each,and25Thesoldierwaswounded,hepushedon・A.fbrB.andC.soD.yet26、DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisclassmate?A・nordon^tIcameB・noidolcare27>Heisateacher,asingeraswell・A.butB.or28、shouldamanhavecourage.A・Notonly,butB・Neither,nor29、WehavestudiedEnglishforonlyoneyear,A.yetB・fbr1don'tknow,30、Shehadescaped,C・Idon’tcareneitherD.Idon^tcarealsoC.norD.andheshouldhavewisdomandknowledge.C.Either,orD.Both,andwecanperformEnglishshortplaysalready.C.andD.ortheringhadfallenoffandbeendamagedinthegreatheatofthefire.D.andD.thereforeD.soA.soB・orC.but31、Theworkwasdifficult,,hefinisheditontime.A.butB・howeverC.otherwise32、Theskywascloudlessthesunwasshining.A.butB・andC.fbr33、manytimes,buthestillcouldn^tunderstandit・A.HavingbeentoldB.ThoughhehadbeentoldC.HewastoldD.Havingtold34>IwaswalkingalongthestreetIheardsomeonecallingmyname.A.whenB.whileC.andD.fbr35>TobeheWeplayedoutsidetillsunsetitbegantorain.A.when三、改错:B.whileC.yetD・so41、Althoughhehasgreatlearning,buthealwaysworksfarintothenight.42、Becausetheboyisverynaughty,soFmangrywithhim.43、Notonlyhehimselfworkshardbutheoftenhelpsothers.44、Itmusthaveminedmuchoflate,becausetheriverissohigh.45、Theydidn'ttellmewhetherIshouldwritetohimnorwhetherIshouldseehimpersonally.46>Iftherewerenoplants,wewouldhavenoanimalsornomeat.47、NowofcourseIdon’twanttosayanythingbadaboutanyonehoweverhaveyounoticedhisstningemanners?48>'Tmmorethankfultoyou,sir,thanIcansay"Isaid,“andbutImustmakethingsclear?549、Heneitherknowsnorcareswhathappened.50、Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,andbutheraisednoo®ection(>S^寸).高中教育\n一、1、or2^and3、still/yet4、whether,or5、but6、fbr7^and8、while9、Either,or10^however11>Notonly,but12>so13^therefore14xnor15、or二、16、D17、B18、D19、A20、C21、A22、c23、A24、A25、D26.27.D28、A29、A30、C31、B32、B33、c34、A35、B36、D37、【答案】:BC38、D39、C40、A四、41、去掉but或改为yet42、去掉so43heHU力口does;works—work44、because—for45、nor—or46.or―and47>however_ut48、去掉and49去ibr50>去掉and或把but改为yet或still1.主从复合句(1)定义:主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。主句是句子的主体,从句可视作句子的一个成分。从句在主从复合句中可起主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语作用。从句在全句中起什么作用,就叫什么从句。⑵状语从句:状语从句在句中起状语作用,修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。在初中阶段我们主要学习了以下几种状语从句:①时间状语从句:常见引导词:when(当时),as(一边边,当时),while(在过程中),before(在以前),after(1£之后),since(自从以来),till(until)(直到,直到才),assoonas(就)等。进入高中阶段之后,我们还会再见到另夕卜一些常用的连接词。在由以上连接词或词组连接的主从复合句中,主句谓语动词所表示的动作和从句谓语动词所表示的动作有时是同时发生、有时是先后发生。因此,在理解和运用带时I'可状语从句的主从复合句时,要根据连接词所表示的不同时间意义,特别注意主句和从句的谓语动词的时态C这是常握时I'可状语从句的关键。②原因状语从句:常由because(因为),since(既然),as(由于)等连接词引导。也包括for.Eg:.Hedidn'theartheknockingatthedoorbecausehewaslisteningtotheradio.他没听见敲门声,因为他正在听收咅机。Sinceyouarefreetoday,youhadbetterhelpmewithmyEnglish.既然你今天休息,你最好帮我学习英语。Asthedaywasfine,theydecidedtogoonatrip.由于天气好,他们决定作一次短途旅行。③地点状语从句:常由where(在地方)‘wherever(无论在哪儿)等连接词引导。如:P11gowhereworkconditionsaredifficult.我愿意到工作条件困难的地方去。Whereveryouare,youshouldworkforthepeopleheartandsoul.无论你在哪里工作,你都应该全心全意为人民服务。④条件状语从句:常由if(假如,如果),unless(除II"等连接词或连接词组引导。如:IfIgototheGreatWalltomorrow,wouldyouliketocomealong?如果明天我去长城,你会和我一起去吗?Heissuretocomeunlesshehassomeurgentworktodoathome.除非他家211有急爭要办,不然他一沱会来的。⑤比较或方式状语从句:常由as…as(像•••一样),than(比),themore-•*themore(越就越),as(正女U),asif(似乎,好象)等引导。如:Iknowyoubetterthanshedoes.我比她更了解你。Themoreyoupiixctice,themoreknowledgeyouwillget.你实践得越多,你得至啲知识就越多。YoushouldstudyEnglishashardasMarydoes.你应该像玛丽那样努力学习英语。Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.这位老人跑得很快,简单像个年轻人。(在以asif连接的从句中,谓语动词用过去式,系动词were可用于所有人称,表示虚拟语气,而不是真实情况。)⑥目的状语从句:常由sothat(为了,使得),inorderthat(这样就)等来引导。如:Theysetoutearlythattheymightarriveatthestationintime.他们很早出发,以便及吋赶到车站。Shetakesnotescarefullyinclasssothatshemayusethemwhenshereviewsherlessonsafterclass.她在课上认真i己笔记.,以便能在课下利用它们复习功课。⑦结果状语从句:常由so(结果),sothat(结杲),so-•-that(such…that)(如此以致)等连接词引导。如:Everybcxiylentahand,sotheworkwasdoneintime.人人帮ht,结果工作及吋完成。Hefinishedhishomeworksowellthathisteacherpraisedhiminclass.他作业完成得很好,结果他的老师在班上表扬了他。\nThefilmwassointerestingthatIenjoyeditverymuch.这部电影这么有趣(以致于)我IF-常喜欢它。Itissuchaheavyboxthatnotxxiycanmoveitaway.这是一个很重的箱子,谁也搬不走。高中教育①让步状语从句:常由though(although)(虽然但),evenif(即使),however(不管怎样),whatever(无论什么),nomatterhow(who…)(不管多么)(无论谁)等连接词或连接词组引导。如:Hewenttoschool,thoughhewasill.虽然他病了,但还是去上学了。(注意:有(al)though的句子,就有''虽但是”的含义,不能在主句中用but,但可接yet,still等。)Shecarriedonthejobevenifshehadabadcold.即使她患了重感冒,她还是坚持工作。HowevermuchItried,Ifailedtoworkoutthemathsproblem.无论我怎么做,都算不出这道数学题来。Whateveryousay,Iwillnotchangemymind.不论你怎么说,我都不会改变主意。Hekeepstakingphysicaltiaininginwinternomatterhowcolditis.不论天气多冷,他都坚持在冬天进行体育锻炼。Nomatterwhoasksherforhelp,sheisreadytohelp.无论谁请她帮忙,她都愿意帮助。(1)定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做泄语从句。被泄语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,泄语从句必须放在先行词之后。弓【导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that>as等。这些是我们在初中已学习过的,对于它们的用法已经在以前的讲解中多次提到过,主要常握它们指代人还是物,在句中可以充当什么成分。引导定语从句的关系副词有where,when,why等,这些是高中要学习的内容,在后面的讲解中我们会渗透其用法及定语从句其他内容。对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,如:agoodbook,形容词good用来修饰书book。我们也可以用一个句了来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句,它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做定语从句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词,女口:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?这句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科学家吗?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是:你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里scientist叫作先行词,而who叫作定语从句的引导词。who在泄语从句中起主语的作用,who的数与它的先行词相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo这111先行词是everything,而thatIdo是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作的一切。that叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作dothat,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都应放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。①that的先彳亍词可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly这里先行词是machine而that是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday这里先行词是book,关系代词用that,它在泄语从句中作lend({r)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,即:Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterdaywhich关系代词的先彳亍词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如I:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks这里shop是先行词,which在从句中作主语。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderfi.il这里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定语从句是修饰主句的主语book,即我咋晚读的那本书,which在定语从句中作read的宾语,可who,whom,whosewho在定语从句中作主语,whom是who的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而whose则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend咋天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。Who在定语从句中作主语。又如:Who'sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而whom作定语从句中介词to的宾语,可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的whom也常常可用whoTTiisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnotfarfromourschool1・Isawtheman.Heclosedthedoor2.ThegirlishappyShewontherace3.ThestudentsarefinmChinaTheysitinthefrontrow4.WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectiveclause5.ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairport6.ThebookwasgoodIreadit\n2.ThepeoplewereveiyniceWevisitedthemyesterday3.ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolen4.IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyears5.IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeeting\n1.Isawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor2.Thegirlwhowontheraceishappy3.ThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina.意的是先行词是students则who的数也应看作复数。)4.Wearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause5・Thetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly6・ThebookthatIreadwasgoodThebookIreadwasgood1.Thepeoplewevisitedyesterdiiywereverynice2.Themanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice3.Icomefromacountrywhosehistoiygoesbackthousandsofyears10・IhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有吋为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:ThatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyearsThatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyearsHewasthemanvvhom(who)youwerelookingfbr要注意的是此句的关系代词whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短语动词也不可将for放于定语从句之前。that作关系代词作介词宾语时,不能紧跟介词,而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如:Theman(that)weweretalkingabouthascometoourschoo1这时不可用aboutthat…请看下面例句:1•ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoit2.ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterday3•ImustthankthepersonIgotapresentfromhim4•ThepicturewasbeautifxilShewaslookingatit5•ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthimThemeetingthatIwenttowasinterestingThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykindImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfromThepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautifxilThemanwhomItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere除关系代词外,还有关系副词,when,where,why,其中when用来扌旨吋间,在定语从句中作吋间状语。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWall而where则指地点,女口:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives请看下面例句:12345678ThecitywasbeautifiilWespentourvacationthereThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthereThetownissmallThatisthedrawerMondayisthedayIgrewupthereIkeepmynewpapersthereWewillcomethen7•05isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethenJulyisthemonthTheweatherisusucillythehottestthenJulyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottestThecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautifulThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyouThetownwhereIgrewupissmallThatisthedniwerwhereIkeepmynewspapersMondayisthedaywhenwewillcomeisthetimewhenmyplanearrives1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited\n①非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。如:AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril14,1865atatheatreinWashingtonD.C.又如:GalileolivedinthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethighIworfttellyouthenameofthepersonmeEnglishIastudentwanttofindasparetimejobWetalkedaboutthethingsandthepeoplemetduringtheSecondWorldWiirThebook,boughtyesterday,wasverygcxxlThedictionarylentyesterdayisaveryusefultoolTheteacherwanttoleamEnglishfromistheonefromAmericaThisistheroomtheoldmanlivesThisistheroomwhichtheoldmanlivesinThisistheroomthattheoldmanlivesinIcandoeverythingthatisgoodforyou[析]在先行词是albmuch,little,something,everything,tinything,nothing,none,theone等不定代词时,虽然它们指的是物体,但不要用which而用thatTheonlythingthatthestudentscandoisstudyinghard[析]在先行词前有only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等词修饰时,虽然先行词指的是物,也不要用which作关系代词,而要用thatThisisthefirstAmericanfilmwhichI'veeverseenThisisthefirstAmericanfilmthatFveeverseen[析]在先行词是序数词,或由序数词修饰吋,英关系代词不可用Which这样的用法还有在形容词最高级修饰的先行词之后,如:ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverseenHeisfromAfrica,aswecanseefromthecolouroftheskin[析]当as或which引导非限制性泄语从句时,它可能没有明确的先行词,它们所指代的是前面整个句子。如例题应译为他是从:11洲来这个事情是可以从其肤色上看(1)名词性从句:在主从复合句中,从句可以起主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语作用在多数情况下,这四种句子成分由名词性词类充当,所以起这四种成分作用的从句统称为名词性从句。在这四种从句中,我们已学过的是宾语从句,其他三种在课文中偶尔出现过,只要求理解,宾语从句是必须掌握的内容,对于它的三要素也已多次复习过,请同学们认真学习并将有关练习题做好,为今后学习其他三种名词性从句打好基础。1.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词:that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分)连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which・连接副词:when,where,how,why主语从句1.that引导一个句法完整的句子做主语,如:Thetboysdon'tlikelearningEnglishisnottrue.2.whether引导_个句法完整的_般疑问句做主语,如:Whetherhecomesornotisnotdecided.3.what引导个缺少主、宾及表语的句了做主语,如:Whathesaidistrue.Whathappenedisterrible.Whathewillbeisadoctor.其它特殊疑问代词及疑问副词引导一*个缺少相应成分的的句子做主语,如:Whowillbethemonitorhasnothingtodowithme.Howthisproblemisworkedoutisstillunknown.WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。注意:有吋为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词•般用单数形式。常用句\n型如下:(1)It+be+名词+that从句(2)It+be+形容词+that从句(3)It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句(4)It+不及物动词+that从句上面这句话也可写作:IthasnotyetbeenannouncedwheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheld.试改写下列句子:1)Thatyoudon'tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.isnoneofmybusinessyoudon,tlikehim.2)Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.whathewantstotellus.3)Howhebecameawriterisknowntous.howhebecameawrite匚4)WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.Ithasnotyetbeenannounced5)Whetheryoulikehimornotisnoneofmybusiness.It1.whether与if在作“是否'的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:a.引导主语从句并在句首时;b.引导表语从句时;c.引导从句作介词宾语时;d.从句后有“ornot,时;e.后接动词不定式时。宾语从句宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。A作动词的宾语:Iheardthenews.Iheardthathewouldcomeherelateron.B作介词的宾语:Hesaidnothingabouttheplan・Hesaidnothingaboutwhobrokethewindowlastnight.二、带有宾语从句的复曲的构成J带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把_个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有:thal(可省略),what,who,when,where,why,which,iCwhether,how.1Hesuggested(that)weshouldcleanthecomdoreveryday.宾语2Hetoldme(that)hewouldleaveDalianairportat8pm.间接宾语直接宾语3Hetoldmewherehewasgoingtotravelthatsummer.间接宾语直接宾语4Hewantedtoknowwhatthemanagerhadsaidatthemeeting・whohadn'tpassedtheexam・whenshewouldleavethisbuilding.whyshecriedlastnight・whereshewasgoingtostudy.whichstudentwashispartnerintheshortplay.if(whether)Tomcouldplaybasketballwithhimthatmorning.howshemanagedtosolvetheproblem.whywaterflowsfromahighpositiontoalowerposition.在例子4中,当主句是过去时态时(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时),从句根据不同情况必须使用过去时态的一种,(大自然的现彖和真理除外)o5HeiswantingtoknowwhatIcancookfordinner.whobrokethewindowyesterday.whenIcanhaveaholiday.whyIfailedtheexamyesterday.whereIshouldhavedinnerwithmyfriendtonight・whichb(x)kisthebestone.if(whether)Ihavepassedtheexam.howmycatescapedfix)mthe「oomlastnight.\n在例子5中,当主语是现在吋态吋(•般现在吋,现在进行吋,•般将来吋,现在完成时),从句可根据不同情况使用各种吋态。三、注意A宾语从句必须用泌语序。高中教育False:Heiswonderingwhencanhefinishthisdifficultjob・Right:Heiswonderingwhenhecanfinishthisdifficultjob・B有时候可以用it矗形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。Bad:Ithoughtthathecouldfinishthisjobinjusttwohoursimpossible・Good:Ithoughtitimpossiblethathecouldfinishthisjobinjusttwohours・Bad:Heleftwhetherweshouldcontinuethisprojecttomyjudgment.Good:Heleftittomyjudgmentwhetherweshouldcontinuethisprefect.c带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad:Ithinkhedoesn'tliketheEnglishteacher.Gcxxl:Idon^tthinkhelikestheEnglishteacher.D主句一购去时态,从句也要用过去时态;具体细节瞬第一部分。False:Hewantedtoknowwhyheiscryinginthecomer.Right:Hewantedtoknowwhyhewascryinginthecomer.表语从句一定义:A表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么⑴样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。Theproblemispuzzling.主语连系动词形容词作表语Theproblemiswhenwecangetapayrise.主语连系动词一个句子作表语一表语从句B连接表语从句的连接词有:that,what,who,when,where,which,why,whether,how.Hehasbecomeateacher.Hehasbecomewhathewantedtobetenyearsago.Shehasremainedthereforanhour.ShehasremainedwhereIstoodyesterdayforanhour.Hissuggestionisg(xxl・Hissuggestionisthatweshouldstaycalm.Thequestionisconfusing.Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveatthehotel.whowilltravelwithmetoBeijingtomorrow.whyhecriedyesterday.howIcanpersuadehertojoinusintheparty.whethertheenemyismarchingtowardsus.二注意:A表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False:Thequestioniswhencanhearriveatthehotel.Right:Thequestioniswhenhecanairiveatthehotel.B不可以用if,而用whether连接表语从句(asif例外)。引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether位于介词丿匸要用whether\n位于句首时要用whether弓I导表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句吋要用whetherFalse:Thequestionisiftheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Thequestioniswhethertheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Itlookedasifhehadunderstexxithisquestion.C不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句吋态可以不i致。Right:ThequestioniswhowilltmvelwithmetoBeijingtomorrow.Right:Thequestioniswhyhecriedyesterday.高中教育\nDthat在表语从句中不可以省掉。表语从句的基本用法表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词。名词性从句在be等系动词丿舀作表语时被称为表语从句,例如:Theproblemishowwecangetthethingsweneed.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how在表语从句中充当方ThescissorsarenotwhatIneed.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what在表语从句屮充当宾in)//WhatItoldhimwasthatIwouldfindhimag(xxlplay.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语,th“t作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,不能省略)//ThatiswhatIwanttotellyou.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)〃Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语)注意:“Thatiswhy「是常用句型,意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”,其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结,又如:Thatiswhyyouseethisoldwomanbeforeyouknow,Jeanne.珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后,用这一句来进行概括)。//ThatiswhyIcame.这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“Thatiswhy...”形式相似的结构,它们与“Thatiswhy...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:(1)uThatiswhy..."与'Uhatisthereasonwhy..."同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,<4Thatisthereasonwhy..."中why引导的是一个定语从句,将其中的thereason去掉则与,"Thatiswhy..."结构一样,例如:Thatis(thereason)whyIcannotagree.这就是我不能同意的理由。(2)uThatisbecause..."句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为这就是为什么/因为"「Thatisbecause...”与"Thatiswhy...”之间的不同在于,"Thatisbecause..."指原因或理由,"Thatiswhy...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果,例如:Hedidnotseethefilmlastnight.Thatisbecausehehadtohelphislittlesisterwithherhomework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果,第二句话说明原因)Hehadseenthefilmbefore.Thatiswhyhedidnotseeitlastnight.他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他咋天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果)注意:1.特殊的虚拟语气词should在名词性从句中的应用:Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that...等结构的主语从句,谓语动词用should加动词原形,should可省略。2.注意宾语从句中的吋态呼应,当主句动词是现在吋,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同吋态。例如:Hesays(that)...hestudiesEnglisheveryday.(从句用一般现在吋)hestudiedEnglishlasttenn.(从句用一般过去时)1know(that)hewillstudyEnglishnextyeai:(从句用一般将来时)hehasstudiedEnglishsince199&(从句用现在完成时)当主句动词是过去时态(could,would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行吋,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在吋态。Hesaidthathedidn'tlearnEnglishduringthevacation•/hehadn'tlearnedEnglishbefore./wouldlearnEnglishthenextyear.3.think,believe,imagine,suppose等等动词引起的否泄性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否泄式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:Wedon'ttliinkyouarehere.Idon'tbelievehewilldoso.4.表语从句位于系动词后,有时用asif引导。Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain.Thatiswhyhedidn'tcometothemeeting.Thisisbecausehewasill.需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是becauseo例如:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning1.同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand>doubt>fact>hope>idea>information>messagenews>order>problempromise>question>request、suggestiontruth>wish^word等。例如1:Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.有吋主语后的同位语从句因为谓语较短而置之其后,如:ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.练习11C.hasD・havewheredoesMrsKingliveMrsKingliveswhere1ThereapencilboxonthedeskA.isB.are2Couldyoutellme?AMrsKingwherelivesBCwhereMrsKinglivesD高中教育\n3Yourbrothercametoseeyou,?■AdoesheBdoesn'thecdidheDdidn'the4Itsnettirmcloudy,?Adoes'itBdoesn'titcisitDisn'tit5keepmewaitingsolongANotBWbn'tcDon'tDNotto6MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,9■AhasheBhasn'thecdidheDdidn'the7Youhaveyourlunchatschool,9•AhaveyouBhaven*tyoucdoyouDdon'tyou8sunnyday!Let'sgooutforawalkAHowaBHowcWhataDWhat9-Canvoutellme?・SureShe*sanurseAwhereisyoursisterBwhereyoursisterisCwhatisyoursisterDwhatyoursisteris10Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,9■AdoesheBdoesn'thecdoesn'tJohnDdoesJohe11NeithervounorIontheteamAareBwerecamDis12deliciousfood!FdlikesomemoreAwhataBHowacWhatDHow13thereacatunderthechair?AAreBIscHasDHave14Couldvoutellme?AwhenthetrainwillairiveBwhenthetniinarrivedCwhendidthetrainairiveDwhendoesthetrainairives15-badweather!-Yes,Butit'sgoingtobefinesoon,IthinkAHowBWhatacWhatanDWhat16-Couldvoutellme?-Yes,TheytothelibraryAwherearethetwins,havebeenBwherewerethetwins,havebeenCwherethetwinsare,havegoneDwherethetwinswere,havegone17GoandtheTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginrightawayAturnoffBturndownCturnupDturnon18Letsgoforsometea,?AshallweBwillwecdoweDdon'twe19Joan'sshort,?Awasn'tsheBhasn'tshecisnrtsheDdoesn'tshe20Idon'tknowtoreadthewordAwhichBwhatcwhoseDhow21Hedidn'tgotoschoohhewasillAforBbutccindDso22Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,she?Adoesn'tBdoesccan'tDcan23TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,?■AdoesheBdoesn'thecisnrtheDishe24Mothersaidtohim,AspendtoomuchtimeCspendtoomanytime高中教育”Don'tonfootball.HBtospendtoomuchtimeDtospendtoomanytime\n25AaregoingtoBisgoingtoChaveDhas26Thereislittlewaterintheglass,9■AisitBistherecisn'titDisn'tthere27Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,9•Adidn*theBwasn*thecdidheDishe28Shehadagocxitimeyesterday,she?Awasn'tBdidn'tChasn'tDisn't29We'llmakeforyouinthefrontofthecarAaroomBroomcroomsDsomerooms30NeithershenorItotheGreatwallbeforeAhasgoneBhavegonechavebeenDhasbeen引Helpmecollectthesebooks.?AareyouBwillyoucdoyouDshallyouvisitourschoolthisa化emoonMrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,3233A34AC35Thenumberofdeer,don'tShe'shadbreakfast,issheBIwonderwhosebicycleisitisitwhosebicycleItisgocxiforusdoBmountainlionsandwildrosesBdoesn't9isn'tsheCisn'tChasn'tsheitiswhosebicyclewhosebicycleitis3637Ac38APeterhassportsveryoften,doesPeterMrBlacksaid,MrBlacktoldJennydon'tbelatetomorrowBnotbelatenextmorningDBDmorningexercisestodoCdid9changemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyareDdidn'tDdoneBdoesn*theCdoesn*tPeter"Jenny,don*tbelatetomonowLiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,doesshedidnlshedidn'tbelatetomorrownottobelatethenextday?Cdidshe答案简析1There_A.isB.[答案]A.[析]Therebe句形中的be动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定,如:但却可以讲ThereisapencilandtwobooksonthedeskCouldyoutellme?MrsKingwherelivesBwheredoesMrsKinglivewhereMrsKinglivesDMrsKingliveswhereareapencilC.hasboxonthedeskD.have2AC[答案]C.3Yourbrothercametoseeyou,?AdoesheBdoesn'theCdidheDdidn'the[答案]D.[析]前句是肯定句,后面反意疑问句要用否定句,同时4AItsgettingcloudy,?does*itBdoesn'titCisitDisn'tit[答案]D.高屮教育hassheDdoeshewasn'tsheTherearetwobooksandapencilonthedeskcame为过去吋态,所以应用didrfthe\n[析]要区分M是has还是is,这里由getting得出's是is5keepmewaitingsolongANotBWon'tCDorTtDNotto[答案]C.[析]Don't+1MrGreenhasn'tbeentoBeijing,?AhasheBhasn'theCdidheDdidn'the[答案]A.[析]此句has2Youhaveyourlunchatschool,?AhaveyouBhaven'tyouCdoyouDdon'tyou[答案]D.[析]这里的have是实意动词”吃”3sunnyday!LetsgooutforawalkAHowaBHowCWhataDWhat[答案]C・[析]这个感叹句是个省略句,其真实的句子应为Whatasunnydayitis!9-Canyoutellme?-SureShe'sanurseAwhereisyoursisterBwhereyoursisterisCwhatisyoursisterDwhatyoursisteris[答案]D.[析],who问的是姓名,如1:Whoishe?HeisSmith或HeismyfatherHeisateacherWhat问的是职业,女口:Whatishe?10Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,?AdoesheBdoesn*theCdoesn*tJohnDdoesJohe[答案]B.[析]11NeitheryounorIontheteamAareBwereCamDis[答案]c.[析]由neither…nor•••12deliciousfood!I'dlikesomemoreAwhataBHowaCWhatDHow[答案]c.[析]因food13thereacatunderthechair?AAreBIsCHasDHave[答案]B.[析]这是therebe14Couldyoutellme?AwhenthetrainwillairiveBwhenthetrainarrivedCwhendidthetrainarriveDwhendoesthetrainarrives[答案]A.[析]could15-badweather!-Yes,Butitsgoingtobefinesoon,IthinkAHowBWhataCWhatanDWhat[答案]D.[析]weather16-Couldyoutellme?\n-Yes,TheytothelibraryAwherearethetwins,havebeenBwherewerethetwins,havebeenCwherethetwinsare,havegoneDwherethetwinswere,havegone[答案]c.[析]havebeento是去过什么地方,而现在回来了。havegoneto10GoandtheTVquicklyThevolleyballmatchwillbeginrightawayAturnoffBtumdownCturnupDturnon[答案]D.[析]这是个祈使句,它由and连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。11Let*sgoforsometea,?AshallweBwillweCdoweDdon'twe[答案]A.[析]Let'sgo…,shallwe?Letusgo…,willyou?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。12Joan'sshort,?Awasn'tsheBhasn'tsheCisn'tsheDdoesn'tshe[答案]c.[析]在此句中应视s为is,而不是has或was13Idon'tknowtoreadthewordAwhichBwhatCwhoseDhow[答案]D.[析]因不定式toread中的read是及物动词,已有自己的宾语theword,所以应用疑问副词how14Hedidn'tgotoschool,hewasillAfbrBbutCandDso[答案]A.[析]这里是表示因果的关系,从句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常常前面有一个逗号。so引起的是结果状语从句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,sohecouldn'tjointhearmy15Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,she?AdoesntBdoesCcarftDcan[答案]D.[析]hardly23TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,AdoesheBdoesn'theC[答案]A.[析]24ACisn'theDisheneverMothersaidtohim,spendtoomuchtimespendtoomanytime••DoniBDonfootball.Htospendtoomuchtimetospendtoomanytime[答案]A.[析]time作为”时I、可”讲为不可数名词,应用much来修饰。当作“次数”讲是可数名词,如threetimes三次,而Don't…togetherwithsomeJapanesefiriends,isgoingtoChaveDhasvisitourschoolthisafternoon25MrWhite,AaregoingtoB[答案]B.[析]句子的主语是MrWhite,而togetherwith•••26Thereislittlewaterintheglass,?AisitBisthereCisn'titDisn'tthere[答案]B.[析]这是therebe\n25Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,Adidn'theBwasn'theCdidheDishe[答案]B.[析]26Shehadagocxltimeyesterday,she?AwasnftBdidn'tChasrftDisn't[答案]B.[析]had27WellmakeforyouinthefrontofthecarAaroomBinomCroomsDsomerooms[答案]B.[析]room此处为不可数名词,意为她方,空间”28NeithershenorItotheGreatwallbeforeAhasgoneBhavegoneChavebeenDhasbeen[答案]c.[析]E&neither…nor29Helpmecollectthesebcx)ks,?AareyouBwillyouCdoyouDshallyou[答案]B.[析]祈使句的反意疑问句应用willyou,而Let'sgo例外,其反意疑问句为shallwe?30Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroseschangemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyareAdon'tBdoesn'tCisn'tDdidn't[答案]B.[析]thenumberof……的数量、数目“,所以谓语动词用单数形式。而anumberof要加复数名词,其谓语动31She'shadbreakfast,?hasn'tsheDhassheitiswhosebicyclewhosebicycleitisAissheBisn'tsheC[答案]c.[析]这里的's应视为has32IwonderAwhosebicycleisitBCisitwhosebicycleD[答案]D.[析]wonder33ItisgoodforusmorningexercisesAdoBtodoCdidDdone[答案]B.[析]这里的it是形式主语,而真正的主语是不览式todo34Peterhassportsveryoften,?Adoes,PeterBdoesn'theCdoesn'tPeterDdoeshe[答案]B.[析]has这里是实意动词,而主语为名词时其反意疑问句中的主语要用代词。35MrBlacksaid,卄Jenny,don'tbelatetomorrowMrBlacktoldJennyAdorftbelatetomorrowBdidn'tbelatetomorrowCnotbelatenextmorningDnottobelatethenextday[答案]D.[析]teU•般要加双宾语,其间接宾语是Jenny,36LiMeiwadthenewspapertothegranny,?AdoessheBdidn'tsheCdidsheDwasn'tshe\n[答案]B.[析]wad这里是过去时态,因其主语是第三人称单数,而read并未加s所以是过去时态。(read的过去时与过去分词都是read,只不过读音不同)五、非谓语动词(一)非谓语动词概述动词在句中除充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时,就要用这种形式。动词非谓语形式有三种:动词不定式todo,分词(现在分词和过去分词)和动名词,现在一般称动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)动词非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化,故又称为非限定性动词。动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。如:Toseeistobelieve.(百闻不如一见)Hewantstoseeafilm还可以作补足语,女口:Hewantsmetoleave.也可以作状语,女口:IcomeheretolearnEnglish.也可以起到上述作用,如1:Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeswimmingverymuch.而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,女口:Thegirldrivingacarishersister.(定语)Didyounoticehishandshaking?(宾语补足语)Hearingthenoise,westoppedtalking.(状语)(二)动词不定式动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分。1.作主语:不定式可以直接放在句首做一句话的主语,如:ToleamEnglishisnotaneasything・学习英语不是一件容易的事。也可以用it作形式主语,而将不泄式充当的真正主语放在丿舌面。如:Itisimportanttoprotectourenvironment.保护环境是重要的。2.作宾语:很多动词丿iS面都可带不泄式作宾语,如Iwant,decide,agree,wouldlike,hope,wish等。如I:HewantstovisitNanjing.他要参观南京。Marydecidedtogoalone.玛丽决定一个人去。3.作宾语补足语:这样的动词有want,wouldlike,wish,ask,tell,expect等,但我们需要注意有的动词后带不带“to”的不定式作宾语补足语。如“使役动词”:let,have,make+宾语+do,感官动词heai*/see/feel/notice•••+宾语+do,另外,感官动词还可以加doing作宾语补足语,这时我们要知道与加不带to的不定式之间的区另U。如:Iexpectyoutowritetome.我盼望你给我来信。Iaskedhimtoshowmehisnewdictionaiy.我要他给我看看他的新词典。Thelandlordmademygrandfatherworkinthefieldallday.地主以前让我祖父整天在出里干活。[oftenhearhersingwhenIamfree.当我有空吋常听她唱歌。4.作表语:女口:Myhopeistobecomeanartist.我的愿望是成为一名艺术家。Theyoungmanseemstobeacollegegraduate.那个年轻人好像是个大学毕业生。Toseeistobelieve.百闻不女口一见。(眼见为实)ShewasseentoenterthehaU.有人看见她到大厅里去了。注意此句用的是see的被动语态,它的主动语态是seesb.dosth.的短语,这种在主动语态中不带to的不定式作宾补的动词,在被动中要还原too5.作定语:动词不定式作定语时,不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间一般有三种关系:(1)动宾关系:即动词不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之I'可具有逻辑上的动宾关系。如:Shehasalotofhomeworktodo.她有很多作业要做。句中不定式todo与homework之间构成动宾关系。注意:当作定语的不定式中的动词为不及物动词时,不定式后面要加适当的介词。如:Heneededachairtositon.他需要一把椅了坐。Iwantapentowritewith.我要一支笔写字。(2)主谓关系:中心词与不定式所表示的动作之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系,即中心词是不定式动作的发出者。如:Sheisalwaysthefirsttocometoschool.她总是第一个到学校来。句中的thefirst是tocometoschool这一动作逻辑上的主语,即这个动作的发出者。(3)同位关系:作定语的不定式是对中心词内容的解释和说明。如:Thisisthebestwaytosolvetheproblem.这是解决问题的最好办法。句中的way的内容是tosolvetheproblem,二者之间是同位的关系。6.作状语:不定式在句中_般可作三种状语:目的状语、结果状语和原因状语。(1)作目的状语:这时不定式前面还可加上inorder和soas,构成inordertodo和soastodo的形式,意为“为了……;以便于”,作目的状语的动词不定式可放在句首,也可放在句尾。如:Inordertogetthereontime,hestartedveryearly.为了能按吋到那儿,他很早便动身了。Shecanieheretovisitsomefriends.她来到这儿是为了拜访一些朋友。此夕卜,我们还需注意,不定式作目的状语构成的简单句可以与inorderthat…和sothat…引导的日的状语从句之间进行互换0女山Hestartedveiyearlysothat/inorderthathecouldgetthereontime.(2)作结果状语:不定式作结果状语常用于too-•-to和enoughto…的结构中,此夕卜,还有onlyto…也表示结果。如:高中教育\nHeistooyoungtogotoschool.XiaoMingisoldenoughtojointhearmy.小明到了参军的年龄。Iwenttothecinemainahuiiyonlytofindthatthefilmhadalreadyfinished.我匆匆忙忙地赶到电影院,结果却发现电影已经结束了。(3)作原因状语:作原因状语的不定式常出现在表示情感的形容词后面,表示产生这种情感的原因。女口:Myfatherwassuiprisedtohearthenews.我父亲听到这个消息,感到惊奇。I'msorrytohezirthat.听到这件爭,我感到很遗憾/抱歉。I'mhappytoseeyou.见到你我彳艮高兴。7.不定式的否定形式:在to前加not即可。如:Hedecidednottotakeupthejob.他决定不干这个工作。Theteachertoldhimnottobelateagain.老师告诉他另U再迟到了。&“疑问词+不定式”结构:(1)常用于此结构的动词有:tell,teach,know,leam,wonder,show,ask等,这些词丿匸面可以接宾语从句,当主句与从句的主语一致时,后面的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词+不定式”的结构。如1:IwanttoknowhowIcangetthere.=Iwanttoknowhowtogetthere.我想知道怎样去那儿。(2)当动词tell,ask,show,teach等后带双宾语且直接宾语是从句时,当宾语从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可以转换成"疑问词+不定式”的结构。如I:PleasetellmewhereIcanfindher.=Pleasetellmewheretofindher.请告诉我到哪儿能找到她。9.作简短回答时或避免不必要的重复时,动词不定式可省略to后的动词,但不定式的标志“to”不可以省略。如:一DidyougotoseetheGreatWall?一No,Iwantedto(gotoseeit),buttherewasnJttime.你游览反城了吗?没有,我想去(游览氏城),但是没时间。Willyouhelpme?—I'11tryto(helpyou).尔愿意帮助我吗?我会尽力而为。(但不一定能做到)10.如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语,需要在这一逻辑主语前加for。如:Iopenedthedoorforhertocomein.我开了门让她进来。(不定式的逻辑主语是her)试比较:Iwanttoopenthedoor.我要开门。(动词不泄式toopen的逻辑主语是I)Iwanthimtoopenthedoor.我要他把门打开。(toopen的逻辑主语是谓语want的宾语him)(三)-ing分词及过去分词品壬分词用法归纳-ing分词的基本形式是由动词加・ing构成,与动词的分词形式一致。-ing分词的主要变化形式有一般式和完成式;-般式和完成式中又分别有主动形式及被动形式。详见下表:主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone2・・in壬分词的意义(D-ing分词所表示的动作常与谓语动词的动作删发生。如:Heusedtostandtherethinking.他过去常站在那儿思考。Theyheldactivitiescelebratingtheirculture.他们举行活动来庆祝他们的文化c⑵-ing分词若在suggest,insist等动词后或作结果状语时,表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后;HesuggesteduspmcticingEnglisheveryday.他建议我们每天练习英语。Heinsistsongoingwithustogether.他坚持要跟我们一起去。Hermotherwentawayalone,leavinghercryingthere.她母亲一个人走了,让她一个人在那儿哭。⑶-ing分词若在forget,regret,remember等动词后或作时间状语时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。女口:Canyoustillrememberlivingthere?你还能记得在那里的生活情况吗?Idon'tregrethelpinghim,thoughheisunkindtous.尽管她X、j我们不友好,我对帮助他还是不后悔。⑷-ing分词若在介词before,after之后,动作的先后依介词before,after的意义而定。如:Ioftenreadsomenewspaperbefbregettingtosleep.我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。(5)-ing分词表泛指意义的动作或状态时,没有时间意义。如:Keepingondoingmorningexercisesisagoodhabit.坚持做早操是一种好的习惯c(6)-ing分词的完成式表示所发生的动作在谓语动词的动作之前。如:\nNothavingreceivedheranswer,hedecidedtowritetoheragain.由于没有收到她的回信,他决泄再给她写封信(fromwww.yygrarninar.com)。高中教育(5)-ing分词的主动形式,表明逻辑主语所发出的动作;-ing分词的被动形式表明逻辑主语是动作的承受者。如:Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,youwillfinddietownverybeautiful.你从山顶上看,就会发现这座城市很美。Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thetownlooksbeautiful.从山顶上看去,这座城市看起来很美。(6)-ing分词的否定式是在-ing分词前面加否定词not。如:Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttoasktheteacherforhelp.由于不知道该怎么做,他去请求老0帀的帮助□Nothavingmadeitclear,hewenttoasktheteacheraboutitagain.由于他没有弄明白,他乂去向老师询问这件事。3・・in壬分词的句法功能_ing分词具有动词的一些特征,可带自己的宾语或状语,从而一起构成动词一ing形式的短语。这个动词一ing形式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,在句子中,可做句子的主语、宾语、宾语的补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等成分。⑴作主语-ing分词短语放在句子的前面做主语,但当-ing分词短语较长时,为了使句了保持平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放5U句子的末尾。女山Readingmakesamanperfect.阅读使人完美。Cryingoversp讥milkisnouse.一Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.牛奶倒了,哭也无益。-ing分词做真正的主语时常用于句型:Itisnousedoing.../Itisnogooddoing.../Itisuselessdoing.../Itisworthwhiledoing...如1:Itisnogoodreadinginthesun.在阳光下看书是不好的cItisuselessrememberingwordsonly.只记单词是没有用的。⑵作宾语〜-ing分词既可做某些动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语。a.-ing分词并不是做所有及物动词的宾语,而是只能做某些及物动词的宾语,女口:admit,advise,allow,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,fancy,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,keep,pardon,permit,postpone,practice,prevent^resist,risk,suggest,stop及下列短语动词的宾语:carryon,can'thelp,feellike,giveup,keepon,putofl;setabout,objectto,insiston,preventfrom,payattentionto,stickto,referto,getdownto,kx)kforwardsto,devote...to,be/getusedto,leadtoo女n(fromwww.yygrammar.com):Idislikeplayingcards.我不喜欢打牌。Heenjoysreadingstories.她喜欢读故事。Hegotdowntoworkingassoonashegottotheoffice.他一进入办公室就开始工作。b.下列动词或形容词:want,require,need,deserve,worth带-ing分词作宾语时,主动形式表被动意义。女口:Thebookisworthretiding.这本书值得读。Thehouserequiresrepairingatonce.这座厉孑需要马上维修。c.介词除besides,but,except接不定式夕卜,一般者B须接■ing分词作宾语。如:Youmustfinishyourworkbeforegoingtotheconcert.伤〈必须在去听咅乐演唱会之前必须把工作完成。Onseeinghermother,thelittlegirlbegantocryout.这个小女孩一看见她的母亲就大哭了起来。(3)作表语-ing分词作表语时,有两种情况,一方面,当-ing分词具有名词性质时,-ing分词短语说明主语的内容;另一方面,当-ing分词具有形容词性质吋,-ing分词说明主语的性质或特征。如:HisjobisteachingEnglish.他的工作是教英语。(说明工作的内容)Hisjobisinteresting.他的工作很有趣。(说明工作的特征)注意:当-ing分词的动作是主语所发出的吋,句子不是系表结构,而是动词现在进行吋。如:HeisteachingJapaneseatthatschool.他在那所学校教H语。(现奋进行吋)⑷作宾语的补足语下列动词Wing分词作宾语的补足语。\na.感、知觉动词:feel,hear,kx)kat,listento,notice,obseive,sense,see,watch可接-ing分词作宾语的补足语。如:Iheardhersinginginthenextdoor?当吋我听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?Iwatchedthemplayingvolleyballontheplayingground.我观看他们在操场上打排球。b.动词find,get,have,keep,leave,send,可接"ing分词作宾语的补足语。女山Ifoundthemissingboyplayingbytheriver.我发现那个失踪的男孩在河边玩c高中教育Don'thaveyourgueststandingthereandaskhimtositdown.不要让客人站在那里,请他入坐。(5)作定语-ing分词作定语时,分两种情况。a.单个的动词一ing形式作定语时,它总是位于被修饰的名词之前,说明被修饰名词的目的、用途或特征。如:Chinaisadevelopingcountry.中国是一个发展中国家。Wbuldyoupleasegivemesomewritingpaper?请给一些书写纸好吗?b.-ing分词接名词、代词或副词构成的短语作定语时,总是位于所修饰的名词之后,说明名词所处的状态或进行的动作。如:TheboystudyingintheclassroomisLiLei.在教室lii学习的那个男孩是李蕾。Don'ttroublethedogsleepingoverthere.不要惹事生非。⑹作同位语-ing分词作同位语时,位于同位的名词之后,且跟前面的名词用逗号隔开,表示前面名词的内容。女口:Hisidea,helpingfannersgetintheircrops,interestedusverymuch.他那帮助农民收割庄稼的想法使我们很感兴趣。Thegoal,makingtwothousandcarsthismouth,excitestheworkers.本月生产两千辆小汽车的目标使工人们很兴奋。(7)作杨吾・-ing分词在句子中做状语,表示谓语动词所发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随、目的、程度和结果。如:a.作吋间状语Havingcleanedthehouse,shewentontohelphermotherpickapples.把龙了打扫后,她又继续帮助母亲摘苹果。Havinghadhisbreakfast,hebegantolookforworkagain.吃过早餐丿匸,他又开始去寻找工作。b.作原因状语NotknowingEnglish,theyfounditverydifficulttocommunicatewiththepeopleinAmerica.由于个懂英语,他发现在美国跟人们交流很困难。Getting叩late,hemissedhisearlytrain.由于起床晚了,他没有赶上早班火车。c.作条件状语(If)Livinginapollutedenvironment,peoplemayfallilleasily.如果生活在受污染的环境中,人们很容易生病。Lovingothers,youwillbelovedbyothers.如果你爱他人,你就会得到他人的爱。d.作让步状语Beingatschoolorathome,sheisagocxlgirl.不管是在学校还是在家,她都是个好姑娘。Talkingoracting,heisvetyhonest.无论是说话还是做事,他都很诚实。e.作方式状语Hewentthereriding(by)hisbike.他骑单车去那里。Theymakemoneysellmgfruits.他们靠卖水果挣钱。f.作伴随状语Heusedtosittherethinking.过去他常坐在那里思考。Hewalkedalongtheriversiiiguiginalowvoice.他一边沿着河边走_边低声唱着歌儿。g.作目的状语。作目的状语的-咖分词-般是表示所从爭的活动方面的动词,如:boating,climbing,fishing,hunting,riding,sailing,shopping,shooting,skating,skiing,swimming,walking,washing等。IoftengoshoppingwithmotheronSundays.星期天我常跟妈妈买东西。Willyoupleasegoskatingwithmethisafternoon?今天下午跟我去滑冰好吗?\na.作程度状语。作稈.度状语时,常用將纲形容词或副词。女口:Hewascaughtintheheavyminandgothisclothessoakingwet.他淋了一场大雨,把衣服金部弄湿了。Heworehisthincoatinfreezingcolddaysandfellillsoon.他在冰冷的天还穿着单薄的大衣,不久就病倒了。b.作结果状语Hecutdownthetreesinfrontofhishouse,havingitsnx)fblownoflFbystrongwind.他把厉前的树给砍了,结果大风把房顶刮走了。Hedied,leavinghiswifeandchildrennothingbutgreatdebt他死了,留给妻了和孩子的只有巨大的债负。4・・in壬分词的一些惯用法在英语实际交际中,还有一些特殊用法或句型。如:Itisnousetellinghimnottoworry.常见的能用于这种结构的形容i可还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。注意:important,essential,necessaiy等形容词不能用于上述结构。高中教育(I)Therebenodoing=Itisimpossibletodo...o女口:Thereisnotellingwhetherhewillkeephiswords.他会不会遵守诺占很难说。⑵How/Whataboutdoing...=Howdoyoulike.../Whatdoyouthinkof...女口:HowabouthikingthisSunday?本周星期天去远足怎么样?(1)ondoing...=assoonas+clause,如:Onhearingthebadnews,thelittlegirlburstoutcrying.一听到这一噩耗,小女孩就大哭了起来。⑷Therebenoendtodoing...无止境。如1:Ifeveryonewantsotherstodancetohismusic,therewillbenoendtofightingintheworld.要是大家者B要其它的人来按照他的意志做事,那么世界上就永远没有安宁的日子。(5)withoutsomuchasdoing=even....not.甚至,连…都没有。如I:Hestartedhiscompanywithoutsomuchashavinghisownoffice.他创办公口1时连自CL的办公室都没有www.yygranimar.com)。(6)losenotimeindoing=begintodo...atonce.立亥lj做...。如:ThereareveryfewdaysleftforNMT,sovvecanlosenotimeinrevisingourlessons.离高考没几天了,我们得抓紧复习我们的功课了。(7)be(up)onthepointofdoing...=begoingtodo...即将做..,如:WebelieveourChinaisonthepointofcreatinganewera.我们相信我们中国即将开创一个新吋代。⑻in(the)hopeofdoing…怀着...希望。如:Aftergraduatingfromuniversity,hewenttoShenzheninthehopeoffindingagocxljob.大学毕业以后,他去深圳希望找到一个好的工作。(5)forthepurposeofdoing...=forthesakeof...为了...。女口:Hewentonstudyingabroadforthepurposeofservingthepeoplebetter.他继续去国外深造以便能史好地为人民服务。(6)comeneardoing...=almostdo...几乎,差一点儿。女口:Hecameneardyinginthetrafficaccident.他在那场车祸中差」点丧了命。(II).用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:Nosmoking(=Nosmokingisallowed(here)).Noparking.5・・in壬分词的复合结构根据句子意思的需要,有吋须在-ing分词前加上适当的逻辑主语,这种逻辑主语与-ing分词一起就构成了-ing分词的复合结构。(l)-ing分词的复合结构形式a.一般说来,-ing分词的复合结构是由形容词性的物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。如:His(LiLei's)singing/writing/paintingattractsmanypeople.他的唱歌/写字/绘画吸引了很多人。b.当-ing分词的复合结构作宾语时,-ing分词的复合结构也可用人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格与-ing分词构成。如I:Theteachersuggestedus/our/LiLei/LiLei'swaitingforWuDongatthestation.老师建议我李蕾在车站等吴东。Doyoumind\nme/my/LiLei/LiLei^readingaloudintheclassroom?我/李蕾在教室里大声朗读你介意吗?动词be的一ing形式的复合结构不管是作主语还是作宾语,它的复合结构都必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。如:Theteacher'sbeingtheremademeverytense.他/老师的在那儿使我非常紧张。a.在therebe/stand/lie/exist结构中,系动词一ing形式的逻辑主语为:there。而没有主格、宾格之分。【didn'tentertheroombecauseoftherebeingtoomanypeopleinit.由于房间里有很多人,我没有进去。b.当不左代词all,both,each,fbw,some,this等作动一ing形式的逻辑主语时,就用它们的普通形式。如:Allglitteringisnotgold.闪光的不都是金子。Idon'tlikethisbeingcookedthisway.我不喜欢这东西这么煮。⑵-咖分词的复合结构的作用-ing分词的复合结构相当于一个名词或代词,在句子中可作句子的主语、宾语和表语。女口:a.作主语Hisbeingilltroubledhisparents.他的牛.病给他的父母亲带来了麻烦。Theircomingmadeusveryhappy.他们的到来使我们大家很高兴。b.作宾语Wedon'tlikehiscominglate.我们不喜欢他迟到。Idon'tmindhimsingingatniglit.我不介意他夜里唱歌。高中教育C.作表语Whatmattersmostishisacting.关系最人的是他的行为。Whatsuiprisedusmostishisspeaking.使我们最吃惊的是他的发言。过去肝及物动词的过去分词表示被动与完成:thebirdcaughtyesterday不及物动词的过去分词仅表示完成:thefallenleaves/therisensun过去分词是非谓语动词一种重要形式,它在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语.一、过去分词作定语:1)前置定语及物动词的过去分词具有被动意义,不及物动词具有主动意义,表示已经发纶过的事情。Allthebmkenwindowshavebeenrepaired.aclosedshop,anhonouredguest,adefeatedarmy,anunbrokenrecord,abadly-builthouse,anewly-publishedbook,highly-developedindustries,man-madesatellites,hand-madepixxlucts,therisensun,thefallenflowers.注意:(1)有些过去分词可以由very或too修饰,还可以用于比较,如well-built,disappointed,well-dressed,excited,frightened,interested,limited,pleased,relaxed,satisfied,surprised,tired,unexpected,unsettled,woiried等。(2)但是有些过去分词不能受very或too修饰,必须用verymuch,greatly,well,completely,half,hardly等修饰。女山It'sawcll/hardly/halffinishedjob.Thatwasagreatly/verymuchadmiredperformance.(3).单个过去分词作定语常放在所修饰的名词之前,也可放在其后.如:Doyouknowthenumberofbooksordered?订了多少书,你知道吗?Theydecidedtochangetheusedmaterial.他们决宦改变所用材料.2)丿匸置泄语多用过去分词短语。Thisnovelisthebestofitskindeverwritten.Heisamanlovedbyall.Ihaletoreadletterswrillcninpencil.请比较:YouTeinvitedtothepartytobegivennextSunday.3)用法说明:(1).过去分词作定语,作用相当于一个定语从句.如:What'sthelanguagespoken(=thatisspoken)inthatarea?那个地区讲的是什么语言?Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)fortonight?今晚安排了什么活动没有?⑵.过去分词短语还可以作非限制性定语,作用相当于一个非限制性左语从句.如:\nThebook,written(=whichwaswritten)in1957,tellsthestruggleoftheminers.(3).过去分词常表示动作发生的吋间早于谓语动词,或者没有吋I、可性,只表示被动关系.如:Thequestiondiscussedisveryimportant.讨论过的问题是很重要的.(既表被动又表完成)Idon*tliketoseeletterswritteninpencil.我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信.(没有一定的时间性,只表被动)⑷.注意过去分词与其它非谓语形式作定语的区别:现在分词(doing)作定语,表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作;现在分词的被动语态(beingdone)表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作;不定式(todo)作定语表示一个将要发生的动作.如:Themeetingbeingheld(whichisbeingheld)nowisveryimportant.Themeetingheld(whichwasheld)yesterdayisveiyimportant.Themeetingtobeheld(whichwillbeheld)tomoiTowisveryimportant.二、过去分词作状语:1.作原因状语.相当于as,since,because引导的从句,这类状语多放在句子前半部分.如:Givenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.(Since/Asshewasgivenadvicebythefamousdetective...)有了著名的侦探的指点,姑娘不再害怕了•Frightenedbythenoiseinthenight,thegirldidn'tdaretosleepinherroom.(Becauseshewasfrightenedbythenoise...)如i娘被枚里的响声吓坏了,不敢在自己的屋里睡觉了.Writtenverywell,thenovelisworthrcading.书写工整的小说值得_看.Doneinahurry,hishomeworkwasfullofmistakes.他匆忙做的作业错误百lL1.2.作吋I、可状语.相当于when引导的状语从句.如果两个动作同吋发生,可在分词前用when,while等使其吋间意义更明确.如:When/Ifheated,watercanbechangedintosteam.水加热后可以变成蒸汽.高中教育注意:作时I'可状语时,过去分词如果同时表被动和动作完成,常可换用现在分词的被动完成式;过去分词如果只表被动,不表完成,则不可与现在分词的被动完成式换用•如:Discussed(Havingbeendiscussed)manytimes,theproblemsweresettledatlast在讨论了多次之丿匸,问题终于解决了.(过去分词既表被动又表完成)Seenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.从山上看这个公园非常漂亮.(过去分词只表被动)3.作条件和假设状语.相当于if,unless引导的从句.如:Givenmoreattention(Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention),thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.女口果冉精心一些,这些大白菜还可以长得更好.Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.和伤Mfl比,我们还有很大的差距.4.作方式或伴随情况状语.Thehunterlefthishouse,followedbyhisdog.猎人离开了屋后面跟着他的狗.Shesatbythewindow,lostinthought.她坐在窗前,陷于沉思.作状语表示方式或伴随情况时,过去分词可用并列句代替.如:Thehunterlefthishouse,followedbyhisdog.(=andhewasfollowedbythedog.)5.用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致,否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示).这种结构称为独立主格结构Alloursavingsgone,westartedlookingforjobs.积蓄全部用完了,我们就开始找工作.Hemshedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.他满脸是汗地冲进屋内.6.分词作状语时,如果句子的主语不是分词的逻辑主语,则会出现分词的\“悬垂丫现彖°解决的办法是在分词前加上其逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。例如:Handsbehindhishead,Johnlayonthesandwithhiseyeslookingstraightupwaidintospace.A.crossingB.werecrossedC.crossedD.hadcrossed另外有些以过去分词形式出现的词,其词性和意思都已发生了变化,须引起同学们的注意。例如:thegenenilstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfinmtheoperation.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven\”Given\”在此处是介词,意思是\“在・・・・..的情况下;考虑到\“。\n三.过去分词作表语:-Fmverywithmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.(2002韵召)-Mm,itdoeshavesmell.A.pleasant;pleasedB.pleased;pleasedC.pleasant;pleasantD.pleased;pleasant过去分词作表语,表示主语的性质、特征或状态。用作表语的过去分词,被动意味很弱,主要表示动作的完成和状态。此时的过去分词相当于一个形容词,其后常不跟by短语。如:Theglassisbroken.玻璃破了。Ourclassroomiscrowded.我们的教室很拥挤。Thegroundiscoveredwithsnow.地上覆盖着雪。注:被动语态的过去分词,动作意义很强,句子主语为动作的承受者,后常跟“by+施动者”。女山TheglasswasbrokenbyJack.玻璃是杰克打破的。ThewindowswereclosedbyLiMinglastnight.昨天夜III是李明关的窗。表示感觉的_些过去分词(surprised,disappointed,excited,pleased等)及其他一些过去分词(dressed,dmnk,devoted,lost,known,married,bent,recovered,separated等)常可用作表语,衣示状态。其中有些只表状态,毫无被动意义。女山Thedoorremainedlocked.Marryseemedworriedatthenews.AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgotseparatedfrommyfriends.IfoundthatIwaslost.我发现我迷路了。Thosedaysarepassedandgone那些H子一去不复返了。Heisdeaddrunk.他喝得烂醉。常用作表语的过去分词有:amused,annoyed,astonished,attmcted,bored,broken,closed,completed,connected,covered,crowded,decided,delighted,disappointed,discouniged,dressed,diunk,encouraged,embarrassed,excited,experienced,fascinated,finished,fiightened,gone,injured,interested,inspired,known,lined,lost,married,moved,pleased,pulled,高中教育satisfied,seated,shocked,shut,stationed,surprised,surrounded,tired,upset,worried等。许多过去分词作表语,其主语通常是人,表示主语所处的状态或表示主语对某事的感觉,意思是\”(某人)......的\“;而现在分词作表语时,其主语通常是物,表示主语的特征虑思是\“令人......的\“说明:“be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态,有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态,be是助动词,be后面的过去分词是主要动词,动作的对彖是主语;当“be+过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构,be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下:1.如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例如:Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)2.如果句中有地点、频率或吋间状语时,•般为被动语态。如:ThemagazineispublishedinShanghai.这家杂志111版于上海。(被动语态)Thedoorislocked.门锁着。(系表结构)Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked.I'J已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)Theshopisopened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)Theshopisopenedat8a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)3.被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成吋态。所以下列句子都是被动语态:Themachineisbeingrepaired.Anewschoolwillbebuilthere.四.过去分词作宾补:Thespeakerraisedhisvoicehutstillcouldn'tmakehimself.(MET1991)A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard作宾补的过去分词-般来自及物动词,表示被动和完成的状态。能接过去分词作宾补的动词有:\n1)表示感觉和心理活动的动词:see,hear,watch,feel,think等。Everyonethoughttliebattlelost.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.2)表示使役''的动词:make,get,have,keep等。Shemadeitknownthatshehadboughtanewcai*.JanegotherbadtoothpulledoutIhavemyhaircuteverymonth.KingLouisXTVhadhisheadcutoffintherevolution.Let'skeepthedcx)rclosed.3)表示希望,要求"的动词:like,wouldlike,want,wish等。Iwantthebook(tobe)returnedbeforeFriday.Hewon'tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.Thereaderswishedthestory(tobe)continued.Fdliketheeggwelldone.六、其他(-)It的用法小结1.It作主语的句子(1)It指前血已经提过的人或事物(有吋指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物)吋,It是真正的主语。如:Whafsthis?It'sahorse.这是什么?这是一匹马。Whoisit?It'sme.谁?是我。It'sthewindshakingthewindow.是风刮得窗户响。(2)It指吋间、季节如:Whattimeisit?It'snine.几点了?九点了。It'stimeforthemeeting.Let'sgo.开会的时间到了,我们走吧!Whatdayistoday?It\Saturday.今天星期几?天星期六。Whatisthedatetoday?It\Oct.(the)1st.今天是几号?天是十月一号。Whatseasonisit?Itissummer.现在是什么季节?是夏季。(3)It指气候。Isitcoldinthisroom?——No,itisn't.屋里冷吗?——不冷。What'stheweatherliketoday?It'sfine.今天天气怎么样?是晴天。高中教育Itoftenrainsinsummeranditoftensnowsinwinterinthiscity.这个城市夏天经常下雨,冬天经常下雪。(4)It指距离、情况等。如:Itisfivekilometresfiommyhometotheschool.从我家到学校有5公里。Itisverynearfromthisfactorytothatone.从这个工厂到那个工厂非常近。Itisalongwaytothesea.(这)离海很远。Isitwellwithyou?你身体好吗?2.It作形式主语动词不定式、动名词短语或从句在句中起主语作用,而这一部分用词较多时,可用it作为形式主语,放在句首代表其后所说的事实上的、真正的主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。(1)It+谓语+动词不定式。It作形式主语,动词不定式作真正主语。如:Itisdifficulttoclimbamountain.爬山是很艰难的。Itisagoodhabittodomorningexercises.做早操是个好习惯。Itisimportanttodopropermemoiyworkinthestudyofaforeignlanguage.在学习外语时适当地做一些有助于记忆的练习是很重要的。Itisrighttodoso.这样做是对的。(2)It+谓语+动名词短语。It作形式主语,动名词作真正的主语。如:Itisnouselearningwithoutthinking.学而不思则罔。\nIt'suselessarguingwithasillyboy.和笨孩子争论是没有用的。(3)It+谓语+名词性从句。It作形式主语,以that引导的名词性从句是真正的主语。女山Itisapitythatyoudidn'tseesuchagoodfilm.你没看这么好的电影,真可惜。Itiscertainthatweshallsucceed.我们一泄会成功。Itisstrangethatnobodyknowswherehelives真奇怪,谁也不知道他住在哪里。Itissaidthattheplanewilltakeoffattentomorrowmorning.据说飞机明天上午十点起飞。1.It作形式宾语It作形式宾语,代表其后所说的真正的宾语。真正的宾语是以that引导的名词性从句或不定式短语。如:IconsideritwrongthatyouChinesestudentslearnEnglishwithoutcomparingitwithyourownlanguage.我认为你们中国学生学习英语不和你们自己的语言比较是不对的。Ifinditnotsodifficulttolearnaforeignlangucige.我发现学习一门外语不那么困难。IrememberImadeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming.我记得向你明确表示过我不来。Theywanttomakeitcleartothepublicthattheyaredoinganimportantandnecessaryjob.他们要向公众表明,他们在做一件必需做的重要工作。2.It用于强调结构在表示强调的结构中it可用作先行代词,这种结构的句型如下:It+动词be+被强调的部分(词或词组)+that+其他部分。如果强调的部分是人,可用who,whom代替that。如:MissWangteachesusEnglisheveryMondayafternoon.王老师每周一下午教我们英语。强调主语:ItisMissWangwhoteachersusEnglisheveryMondayafternoon.强调间接宾语:ItisuswhomMissWangteachesEnglisheveryMondayafternoon.强调直接宾语:ItisEnglishthatMissWangteachesuseveryMondayafternoon.强调状语:ItiseveryMondayafternoonthatMissWangteachesusEnglish.ItwasherethatIfirstmethim.这就是我初次与他见面的地方。(强调状语)Itisthepeoplewho(或that)arereallypowerful.真正强大的是人民。(强调主语)(二)有关含有引导词the*的句子结构英语“There+be+(not)”结构表示“有(没有)某人或某物”时,there是无词义的引导词,be是谓语动词,它后面的名词是主语,两者在数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。1.肯定式(表示“有”)There+(助动词或情态动词)+be+主语+地点(吋间)状语。如:Thereisapictureonthewall.墙上有--张画儿。Thereare24hoursinaday.一天有二十四小吋。Therewasonlyoneschoolinthevillagebefore.以前这个村子里只有_所小学。Therewere1,500studentsinourschoollastyear.去年我校有一千五百名学生。高中教育注意:如果there+be之后是并列主语,第一个主语又是单数名词时,习惯上用Thereis••-如:Thereisaboyandagirlinthemom.屋里有一个男孩和一个女孩cThereisapenandsomebooksonherdesk.她的书桌上有一支钢笔和一些练习本。2.否定式(表示“没有”)There+be(助动词或情态动词)+not(any)(或+no)+主语如:TherewasnotanundergioundinBeijingbefore.北京从前没有地下铁道。Therearenotfairiesintheworld.|U:上没有神仙。Thereisnothingmoreformetodonow.现在没有别的什么事要我做了。Therearenotmanypeoplewhowanttoreadthisbook.没有多少人要看这本书。Therewon?tbeadancethisweekend.本周末没有舞会。3.疑问式(1)一般疑问句①Be+there+(any)+主语?②助动词或情态动词+there+be+(any)+主语?如:\nIsthereanythingIcandoforyou?我能为你做点什么吗?Isthereanywaterinyourbottle?你的瓶111有水吗?Willtherebeareportbythefamousscientistthisafternoon?今天下午有那位著名科学家做报告吗?(2)特殊疑问句:疑问词(+名词)+be+thew+状态?如:Howmanymonthsarethereinayear?一年有几个月?What'sthereinyourpocket?你口袋里装的是什么?Whenwilltherebelastingworldpeace?什么时候世界上能有持久的和平?1.含有引导词there的句子用seemtobe,happentobe,usedtodo或live等词作谓语的结构。女口:Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop.恰好在商店有我的一个老朋友。Thereusedtobeatemplehere.以前这儿有一座庙。Thereseemedtobenopointinrefusing.看来没理由拒绝。Thereoncelivedanoldfishermaninavillagebythesea.从前,在海边的一个村庄里住着一个老渔民。1)、作主语Readingistinart.读书是一种艺术。Climbingmountainsisreallyfun.爬山是真有趣。Itisnouse/gocxicryingoverspiltmilk.洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。Itisawasteoftimepersuadingsuchapersontojoinus.劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.对这种爭情不是开玩笑。Thereisnosayingwhenhe'llcome.很难说他何时回来。(5).动名词的复合结构作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(一这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.动名词作主语与动词不泄式作主语的比较动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较:Smokingisnotgcxxlforhealth.Itisnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.注意:1)在口语中,用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。2)在“Itisnouse...”,Ttisnogood...”,Ttisfun...”,“Itisawasteoftime...”等句型中,通常用动名词作真实主语:Itisnouse/gcxxl/awasteoftimetalkingaboutthat.3)在疑问句中,通常用动名词的复合结构,而不用不定式的复合结构作主语:Doesyoursayingthatmeantinythingtohim?4)在“Thewbe”句型中,只能用动名词,而不能用不定式作主语:Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时,要遵循前后一致的原则,主语和表语在形式上要求统一:Seeingisbelieving.*loseeistobelieve.2)、作宾语(1)作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词吋只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,giveup,cannothelp,imagine,include,keep,keepon,mind,miss,putoff,delay,practise,resist,高中教育suggest,dependon,thinkabout,setabout,succeedin,worryabout,burstout,insiston,can'tstand,beusedto,getusedto,devote---to*-•»lookforwaidto,payattentionto,getdownto等。女廿:Theywentonwalkingandneverstoppedtalking.他们继续走,说个不停。Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheseashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。(1)作介词的宾语Wearethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenexttenn.我们正考虑为下学期制泄新的讣划。Shallwehavearestorgetdowntodoingourwork?我们休息呢还是开始干活?(2)作形容词的宾语Themusiciswellworthlisteningtomorethanonce.这种曲了很值得多听几遍。Wearebusypreparingforthecomingspoilsmeet.我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3)、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的爭物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对\n等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。Yourtaskiscleaningthewindows.你的任务就是擦窗丿。(Cleaningthewindowsisyourtask.)WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(BeinglaughedatiswhatIhatemost.)3)、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:awalkingstick=astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalkingawashingmachine=amachineforvvashing=amachinewhichisused(orwashingareadingr(x)m=aroom(orreading=aroomwhichisusedforreadinsleepingpills=pillsforsleeping=pillswhichisusedforsleeping动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。女口:Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus.他来帮忙鼓舞了我。(二Thatshecametohelpencouragedallofus.)在口语中,如果动名词复合结构作宾语,其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替,但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替<=如:Wouldyoumindmy/meusingyourcomputer?用下你的电脑介意吗?Maiy\(不可用Mary)beingillmadehermotherupset.玛丽病了,使她妈妈很着急。动名词的时态和语态动名词的吋态和语态如下:吋态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如I:Ihatetalkingwithsuchpeople.我讨厌与这样的人说话。Beingcarelessisnotagcxxlhabit粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如:Idon,trememberhavingmethimbefore.我记不得以前见过他。Thcinkyouforhavingtakensomuchtroubletohelp.谢谢你费力帮忙。3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者,动名词用被动语态。(1)它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同吋发生,或在其前发生。如:Idon'tlikebeinglaughedatinpublic.在公共场合下,我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。(2)它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如I:Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenhonouredwithamedal.我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。(3)在某些动词,我们常用动名词的•般式表示完成式,尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如:Excusemeforbeinglate.我来晚了请你原谅。Idon'trememberevermeetingsomewhere.我记不得原来在什么地方见过。Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。(4)在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式,而用-般式代替,以免句子显得累赘,尤其是在口语中。如:Iforgetoncebeingtaken(havingbeentaken)tothecityzoo.我曾被带到过这个动物园,可我忘了。(5)动名词被动语态-般式与现在分词被动语态-般式同形,但无进行意义,being不可省略。如:Sheisafraidofbeingtakentothepublic.她怕被领至U大众面前。用法归纳:1)动名词做主语吋,谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名高中教育\n词的否泄直接在其前加否左词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语例:Iwouldappreciatebackthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.youcallingD・you'recalling(Key:C;换成yourcalling也对)4)有些词后只能接动名词:admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;flincy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...5)有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可remember,foi^et,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面均可用不泄式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。例:remembertodo/doing:①Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)②]rememberedposting/havingpostedthelettei's.(我记得做过这个动作)forget与remember的用法类似。*regi*et的用法:①Iregrettoinformyouthat••-(我很遗憾地通知你)②Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyeans.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)tryto(努力)与try+-ing(试验):①Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.②Trypracticingfivehoursaday.动名词与现在分词的同与不同动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为”-ing形式“。这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如:Speakinginthepublic,hewillsurelybeverycheerful.(现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。Shehatesspeakinginthepublic.(动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。区别:1、动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:①^表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变例如:Myhobbyisswimming.可改为Swimmingismyhobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:Thestoryisinteresting.不可改为[Interestingisthestory.2、动名词和现在分词都可以用作泄语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:①aswimmingboy和aswimmingsuit前者的意思是'"一个正在游泳的男孩”,即aboywhoisswimming,现在分词swiinining表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”asuitforswimming,动名词swimming表示suit的用途。(2)asleepingchild和asleepingcar前者的意思是个正在睡觉的孩子”,即achildwhoissleeping,现在分词sleeping表示被修饰名词child正处于的状态;而后者的意思是"卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)",即acarwhichisusedforsleeping名词sleeping表示car的用途。Itwashardgettingonthecrowdedstreetcar.上这种拥挤的车真难。Itisfunplayingwithchildren.和孩子们一起玩真好。Itisimpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.His(不可用Him)smokingmadehisfamilyangry.他抽烟使他-家人卜常牛气。