高中语法名词专题复习课件 42页

高中语法系列一名词\n名词专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)\nI.可数名词的复数变法情况加法例词一般情况以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词以辅音＋y结尾的词以辅音+o结尾的词以f或fe结尾的词加-s加-es去y加-ies多数加-es把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watches;dishesLadies;countriesHeroes;tomatoesHalves;leaves\n不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss（2）改变字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,phenomenon--phenomena另：penny（pence或pennies）（3）增加字母:child--children,ox--oxen\n（4）以o结尾的词：加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,zeros加es:tomato,potato,hero,negro,dingo（5）以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另外：handkerchief（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）\n(6)合成名词的复数形式：①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②无主体名词,即在词尾直接加-s：grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人），good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人）③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers④含man或woman的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：amandoctor,twomendoctors\nB>有些名词单复数形式含义特别常见woodsworkswatersclothescustomsmannerssandsspiritsfeelingsgoodspaperssurroundingsgamesforcestimeslooksarmsconditionsInstructions（森林)（工厂）(水域)(衣服)(海关)(礼貌)(沙滩)(精神,烈酒)(感情)(货物)(报纸,文件)(环境)(运动会)(军队)(时代)(外表)(武器)(形式,情况)(说明)\nII.不可数名词的”数”1.抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failureisthemotherofsuccess失败是成功之母。afailure失败者byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历youth青春ayouth一个青年人havepityonsb.怜悯某人apity可惜的事情withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事\n2.抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.\n3.物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfasthaveawonderfulbreakfastTheroadiscoveredwithsnow.Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.\n4.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.Thestonebridgebrokedowninheavyrains.\n常见的不可数名词progressadvicefuninformationfurnitureworkbaggageluggagenewsjewelryweatherpaper(纸张)equipmenttroubleknowledgehomework\nIII.名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources\n(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(镣铐,熨斗),compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),(7)姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:theGreens；theChengs\n(8)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：makefaces/aface（做鬼脸）Havetalks/atalkwithsb.(与某人交谈）Playjokes/ajokeon（拿…开玩笑）Makecontributions/acontributionto（为…做贡献）(9)名词单复数意义不同的短语：Haveawordwithsb.（与…某人说句话）Havewordswithsb.（与…某人吵架）Makecloth(织布）Makeclothes（制衣）\n名词的所有格\n一:’s型用法（有生命的所有格）１．有生命的所有格李平的自行车汤姆的作品TomandMary’sfatherTom’sandMary’sfathers2.表某人家，店铺名称，常省去所有格后的名词．AtGreen’s,atmyuncle’sAtthetailor’sLiping’sbikeTom’sworks共有各有\n３表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家，团体，机构等表示所有关系：+'S．today’snewspapertenminutes’walkthestation’swaitingroom\n4.somebody,someone,who+else所有格加在else后．如果这字典不是你的，会是谁的？Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,whoelse’scanitbe?\n二：of型１.Of型（无生命名词所有格）我们学校的学生房间的窗户Thestudentsofourschoolthewindowoftheroom2.双重所有格：既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s3.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.\n1.作主语2.作宾语3.作表语Heisanartist.Heplayedfootballyesterday.TomoftenwatchesTVeverySunday.三：名词在句子中充当的成分\n4.作定语5.作宾语补足语HenamedthebabyTonny.MrYangisacomputerteacher.\n6.作状语1)表示次数,距离,方向,程度,价值,状态的名词可用作副词.Itoldyoumanytimes.Ican’tmoveevenaninch.2)在比较级的形容词或副词,以及too…之前,是副词性的名词.Igotupanhourearlier/tooearlythismorning.\n3)表示时间的名词前有one,some,this,that,last,next,every,all等词修饰时,该词组用作状语.Onedayshehappenedtomeetmeonherwayhomefromschool.Hismotherkeptwashingallday.\n名词的单复数\n问题1：---Howmanydoesacowhave?---Four.A．stomachesB．stomachC．stomachsD．stomachies以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的名词变复数时加–es；但如果以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时，只加–s。另外，以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，需将y变成i，再加-es；以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加-s。以辅音字母加y结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加-s。\n问题2：The______ofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof______.A．roofs;leavesB．rooves;leafsC．roof;leafD．roofs;leafs以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：serf---serfsbelief---beliefsroof---roofschief---chiefssafe---safesgulf---gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves；c.均可,如：handkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieves\n问题3：Whenthefarmerreturnedhomehefoundthree______missing.A．sheepsB．sheepesC．sheepD．sheepies当sheep;deer;fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加–s或–es。单复数同形的名词有：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese,Swissworks,means,head\n问题4：Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．GermanB．GermenC．GermansD．Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans详见下表。\n1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称　　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes\n问题5：_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’sBThePalmers’CThePalmersDThePalmer’s\n问题6：MrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-lawB．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-lawsD．brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。\n名词的可数与不可数\n问题1：Hegainedhis_____byprinting_____offamouswriters.(NMET95)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中wealth为不可数名词，works作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。\n问题2：Canyougiveussome______aboutthewriter?A．informationsB．informationC．pieceofinformationsD．piecesinformation大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：information;news;advice;progress;fun……如：Thisisnotamatch.We’replayingchessfor_____.AhabitBhobbyCfunDgame(2001上海春季)\n问题3：Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.(NMET96)A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledge有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。aknowledgeof…表示“对……有所了解“。又如：Thismeetingisagreatsuccess.请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：\n名词作定语\n名词作定语当名词没有相应的形容词时，直接用名词修饰名词作定语abookstore一家书店ateacup一个茶杯papernote纸币\n问题1The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.(01北京春季)A.bicycle’sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycles’shop名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。　　如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。　　如：goodstrain(货车)armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷\n问题2Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas________journey.（05北京春季）A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehours“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：aten-milewalk；afive-yearplan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s_____walk.（04上海春季）A.afourhourB.afourhour'sC.afour-hoursD.afourhours'\n问题3：Thereareonlytwelve_____inthehospital.A．womandoctorsB．womendoctorsC．womendoctorD．womandoctorman,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：amanworker→menworkersawomanteacher→womenteachersagentlemanofficial→gentlemenofficials\nGood-bye!