高中化学-必修二烷烃课件 61页

第三章有机化合物第一节第二课时烷烃北重三中化学组2011.4.20Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n知识技能教学目标过程方法感受烷烃的结构特点、有机物的成键特点从实物模型转化为学生头脑中的思维模型。通过学习同分异构体，培养学生分析问题的能力。情感态度1、从有机物种类繁多，体验物质世界的多样化；2、认识物质结构，理解本质结构与化学现象的内在关系。了解烃基、烷基、同系物、同分异构体等基本概念。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n1、甲烷的分子结构？五式：分子式、化学式、实验式（又叫最简式）、结构式、结构简式。（其中四式统一）二模：球棍模型、比例模型。2、甲烷的化学性质？（四性）3、取代反应？（有机物分子里的某些原子或原子团被其他原子或原子团所代替的反应叫做取代反应。)4、什么是烃？(碳和氢)温顾而知新Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n烃又叫碳氢化合物CxHy只含有碳、氢两种元素的有机物+=烃tīngq火气àn烃字的由来：Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n乙烷从石油炼制的产品中可以获得一系列和甲烷结构相似的化合物，如：丙烷丁烷∣∣－C－HHHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH单键结合∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHHEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n己烷戊烷每个碳原子的四键都已充分利用，都达到“饱和”。这样的烃叫做饱和烃，又叫烷烃，链状又叫链烃。以上分子结构有什么特点？观察思考∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHHEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n庚烷辛烷每个碳原子的四键都已充分利用，都达到“饱和”。这样的烃叫做饱和烃，又叫烷烃，链状又叫链烃。结构特点：“饱和”；链状！Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n二、烷烃碳原子都以碳碳单键相连，其余的价键均用于与氢原子结合，达到“饱和”的一系列化合物。结构特点：碳碳单键、链状、C原子剩余价键全部和氢结合1.烷烃的概念Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n(1)结构式：乙烷：HH　丙烷：　　HHH|||||H－C－C－H　　　　　　H－C－C－C－H|||||HHHHH丁烷：HHHH异丁烷：　H||||　|H－C－C－C－C－HH--C--H||||　HHHHHH||H－C——C——C－H|||HHH2、烷烃的结构Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n(2)结构简式：(省略与合并)例：HHHHH|||||H—C—C—C—C—C—H|||||HH—C—HHHH|H省略C—H键把同一C上的H合并省略横线上C—C键CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH3或者：CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3CH3—CH—CH2—CH2—CH3CH3Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n它们对应的结构简式：[CH3CH3][CH3CH2CH3][CH3CH2CH2CH3]乙烷：HH　丙烷：　　HHH|||||H－C－C－H　　　　　　H－C－C－C－H|||||HHHHH丁烷：HHHH异丁烷：　H||||　|H－C－C－C－C－HH--C--H||||　HHHHHH||H－C——C——C－H|||HHH[CH3CHCH3]CH3Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n3、烷烃的通式:分子式通式:CnH2n+2（n≥1）烃分子式:CxHy12345CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10C5H12678910C6H14C7H16C8H18C9H20C10H22Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n4、烷烃的名称碳原子数12345分子式CH4C2H6C3H8C4H10C5H12名称甲烷乙烷丙烷丁烷戊烷碳原子数678910分子式C6H14C7H16C8H18C9H20C10H22名称己烷庚烷辛烷壬烷癸烷Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n5、烷烃的性质：(1)物理性质名称结构简式常温时的状态熔点/℃沸点/℃相对密度水溶性甲烷CH4气-182-1640.466不溶乙烷CH3CH3气-183.3-88.60.572不溶丙烷CH3CH2CH3气-189.7-42.10.585不溶丁烷CH3(CH2)2CH3气-138.4-0.50.5788不溶戊烷CH3(CH2)3CH3液-13036.10.6262不溶十七烷CH3(CH2)15CH3固22301.80.7780不溶二十四烷CH3(CH2)22CH3固54391.30.7991不溶Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n规律：呈递变性CnH2n+2(n≥1)状态：气液固；n<5的烃常温下均为气态；随分子中碳原子数的增多熔沸点升高；n＞16的烃常温下均为固态；相对密度依次增大；均不溶于水。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n知识技能教学目标过程方法感受烷烃的结构特点、有机物的成键特点从实物模型转化为学生头脑中的思维模型。通过学习同系物、同分异构体，培养学生分析问题的能力。情感态度1、从有机物种类繁多，体验物质世界的多样化；2、认识物质结构，理解本质结构与化学现象的内在关系。了解烷烃的化学性质、烷烃的系统命名，了解同系物、同分异构体等基本概念。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n8.烷烃的化学性质与甲烷相似：通常状况下很稳定，跟_____________________________等不发生反应，能发生:①______________________________________，②______________________________________，③______________________________________。强酸、强碱、酸性KMnO4、溴水在空气中能点燃；较高温度下能分解光照下能与Cl2、Br2蒸气等反应Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n①氧化反应均不能使KMnO4褪色，不与强酸，强碱反应。②取代反应需光照，需纯卤素，产物复杂例如：会产生9种产物。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n四、环烷烃环烷烃的通式：CnH2n(n≥3)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n环烷烃的化学性质:是饱和烃，具有饱和烃的化学性质，如取代、热分解、可燃性。环烷烃有重要用途。其它多环烷烃:C8H8Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n课堂练习写出下列各烷烃的分子式。（1）烷烃C18Hm中，m的值烷烃CnH18中,n的值（2）相对分子质量为212的烷烃的分子式（3）同温同压下烷烃A蒸汽密度是H2的36倍（4）烷烃B分子中含有200个氢原子（5）1L烷烃D的蒸汽完全燃烧时，生成同温同压15L水蒸气（6）分子中含有22条共价键的烷烃Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n三、同系物：结构相似、分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质互相称为同系物。碳原子均饱和。链状碳原子数不同。烷烃同系物结构相似：分子组成：｛比较甲烷与乙烷，乙烷与丙烷，丙烷与丁烷，在分子组成上的差异思考分析碳原子数相邻的烷烃之间相差“CH2”原子团Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n特别提醒：同系物结构相似(即物质的种类要相同)、分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质互相称为同系物。①结构相似：同类物质②相差一个或n个CH2原子团--C原子数不同。③化性相似：一同两相似Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n下列是同系物的有()CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CH(CH3)CH3CH3CH3CH3CH=CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH3ABCDCH3CH(CH3)CH3CH2CH2CH2B课堂练习Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n随堂练习B下列哪组是同系物（　）A、CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3B、CH3CH3CH3CHCH3CH3Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n甲基：－CH3亚甲基：－CH2－次甲基：－CH－乙基：－CH2CH3或－C2H5丙基：2种丁基：4种烷基烷烃失去一个或几个氢原子所剩余的部分。烷烃的系统命名Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n根基存在制备状态电性实例电解质组成的部分非电解质组成的部分原子团“根”与有机物“基”区别电解质电离的产物有机物去H的产物能存在于溶液或熔化状态中可短时间自由存在，不能长存电中性带电OH¯–OH请你写出二者的电子式。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n四、烷烃的命名：系统命名法1.含1----10个碳原子用“天干”命名：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸。2.碳原子数超出10的依次用“十一、十二……命名[例如]CH4C2H6C5H12C9H20甲烷乙烷戊烷壬烷C12H26C20H42十二烷二十烷Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n口诀：选、编、取、名选：选主链（最长链），称某烷；编：编号位，定支链（位置和最小）；取：取代基，写在前，注位置，短线连；名：不同基，简到繁，相同基，合并算。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n3.步骤：(1).选定分子中的最长链(即含C原子数目最多的链)为主链，按主链上碳原子的数目称为某烷；(2).把主链中离支链最近的一端作为起点进行编号；(3).把支链作为取代基，将其写在烷烃名称的前边，并在其前边注明其位置，数字与取代基之间用一短线隔开；(4)如有相同取代基，可进行合并，用二、三等数字隔开；如有几个不同的取代基，则简单在前复杂在后。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n练习（1）：写出下面烷烃的名称2，3-二甲基戊烷取代基位置-取代基数目取代基名称主链阿拉伯数字中文（阿拉伯数字之间用“，”隔开；阿拉伯数字与文字之间用“—”隔开。）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n(2)(3)2，2，4-三甲基戊烷2-甲基-3-乙基戊烷Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n(4)(5)2，3-二甲基-4-乙基己烷2，5-二甲基-3-乙基己烷Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n练习2：下列烷烃命名是否正确？1、4-甲基己烷2、3-甲基-2-乙基戊烷3、5-甲基-3-乙基己烷3-甲基己烷3，4-二甲基己烷2-甲基-4-乙基己烷Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nCH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3CH3CH3(CH3CH2)2CHCH3CH3CH3CH3－CH－CH－C－CH3C2H5CH3CH3－C－CH3CH3－CH－CH3CH3－CH－CH32,5-二甲基己烷3-甲基戊烷2,2,4–三甲基–3–乙基戊烷2,3,3,4–四甲基戊烷请用系统命名法给以下烷烃命名：Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n丁烷：HHHH异丁烷：　H||||　|H－C－C－C－C－HH--C--H||||　HHHHHH||H－C——C——C－H|||HHH烷烃是否为直线结构？键是否可以旋转？碳原子有没有其他连接方式？几个值得关注的问题：同分异构CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3C4H10名　称熔　点沸　点相对密度正丁烷-138.4-0.50.5788异丁烷-159.6-11.70.557Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nCH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CH3C4H10丁烷Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n性质不同的原因是结构不同Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n名　称熔　点沸　点相对密度正戊烷-129.736.10.626异戊烷--新戊烷--C5H12Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n五、同分异构现象与同分异构体1、同分异构现象化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同的结构现象，叫做同分异构现象。2、同分异构体：具有同分异构体现象的化合物互称为同分异构体。3、理解三个相同：分子组成相同、分子量相同、分子式相同二个不同：结构不同、物理性质不同Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n∣∣－C－∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣H－C－HHH∣∣H－C－HH∣∣－C－∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣H－C－HHH∣∣H－C－HH∣∣H－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－H∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHHH－C－H∣∣H∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－H∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HHH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH∣∣－C－HH丁烷：HHHH异丁烷：H||||　|H－C－C－C－C－HH--C--H||||HHHHHH||H－C——C——C－H|||HHH丁烷：HHHH异丁烷：　H||||　|H－C－C－C－C－HH--C--H||||　HHHHHH||H－C——C——C－H|||HHHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n2、同分异构体的书写例：写出C5H12的同分异构体。步骤：①写出碳原子依次相连（最长碳链）的分子结构简式。②逐一缩短碳链（支链数依次增加）支链位置由里向外变化。CH3-CH-CH2-CH3CH3CH3CH3-C-CH3CH3书写规则：主链由长到短，支链由繁到简；支链位置由里向外,由邻到间。CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n碳原子数同分异构体数112131425365798189351075111591235513802141858161035920366319Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n同位素、同素异形体、同系物、同分异构体四概念的比较概念内　涵比较对象实例同位素同素异形体同系物同分异构体质子数等，中子数不等，原子之间原子氕、氚同一元素形成的不同单质单质O2、O3结构相似，组成上差一个或n个CH2化合物C2H6、C4H10相同分子式，不同结构的化合物化合物CH3(CH2)3CH3、C(CH3)4Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n练习：1、下列五组物质中___互为同位素，___是同素异形体，___是同分异构体，___是同系物，___是同一物质。1、　　　2、白磷、红磷3、HH4、CH3CH3、CH3CHCH3||　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　|H－C－Cl、Cl－C－ClCH3|　　　　　　|ClH5、CH3CH（CH3）CH2CH3C（CH3）412543Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n[课堂练习]甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构，而不是正方形的平面结构，理由是（）CH3Cl只存在一种结构CH2Cl2只存在一种结构CHCl3只存在一种结构CCl4中四个价键的键角和键长都相等返回甲烷的结构Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n一、几个重要概念1、烷烃碳原子之间以碳碳单键结合成链状,碳原子的剩余的价键全部与氢原子结合，这样的烃叫饱和烃，也称为烷烃。通式：CnH2n+2(n≥1)2、烃基烃分子失去一个或几个氢原子所剩余的部分。3、烷基烷烃失去一个或几个氢原子所剩余的部分。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n4、同系物5、同分异构现象与同分异构体6、结构式与结构简式戊基有几种不同结构？己烷的同分异构体Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n题1：某气体碳的质量分数为82.7%，氢的质量分数为17.3%，在标准状况下，它的密度是2.59g/L。求这种气体的分子式。解：气体的摩尔质量=2.5922.4=58(g/mol)所以,该气体的分子式是C4H101mol气体中含C的物质的量=1mol气体中含H的物质的量=Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nBD讨论1、某有机物在空气中充分燃烧，生成CO2和水的物质的量之比为1︰1，由此可知（）A、该有机物一定为烃B、该有机物分子组成中，碳氢原子数之比一定为1︰2C、该有机物分子组成中，碳氢原子数之比为1︰1D、无法判断该有机物组成中是否含氧无素2、标准状况下，某有机物蒸气密度为2.59g/L，空气中该有机物完全燃烧，产物仅为CO2和H2O，若该有机物分子组成中含氧原子，则分子式中所含氧原子数一定不大于（    ）A、4         B、3         C、2           D、1CEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n3、取0.1mo1某气态烃在足量氧气中燃烧，生成1.8g水和4.48LCO2(标准状况)，求该烃的化学式。4、某有机物组成元素的质量分数分别为：氧占50%，碳占37.5%，氢占12.5%，该有机物蒸气密度与相同条件下氧气密度相同。试确定该有机的分子式。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n补充：一卤代物的同分异构体1方法：找等位氢（1）同碳上的H等位置（2）同C上甲基上的H（3）对称的C原子上的H等位CH3—CH2—CH3CH3—CH2—CH2—CH31种1种2种2种2种4种2一卤代物的同分异构体数即等位H数111222Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n练习2：1mol乙烷在光照条件下，最多可以与多少摩尔Cl2发生取代？（　）A、4molB、8molC、2molD、6molD从理论上分析，碳原子数为10或小于10的烷烃分子中，其一卤代烷不存在同分异构体的烷烃分子共有的种数是（）（A）3种（B）4种（C）5种（D）6种C练习3：Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nCH2CCH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH3CH2CH3CH2CH3CH2CHCCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCCH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CCH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH3CH2CH3CH2Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nCCCCHHHHHHHHHHCH3CH2CHCCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CHCHCH3CHCH3CH3CH3CH3CHCHEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n∣－C－∣∣－C－∣∣－C－∣∣∣－C－∣∣－C－∣∣－C－∣∣－C－HHHHEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n题2：在光照条件下，将等物质的量的甲烷和氯气混和充分反应后，得到的产物物质的量最多的是（）A、CH3ClB、CHCl3C、CCl4D、HCl解析：甲烷分子里的H原子是逐步被Cl原子取代的，虽然是等物质的量的甲烷和氯气混和，不一定只生成CH3Cl，但不管生成哪种氯代甲烷，同时都生成HCl，因此生成的HCl的物质的量最大。选项为DEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n课后反思:1、充分信任学生，提供良好课堂环境，发挥学生的主体性。2、充分挖掘教材素材。3、感受是接受新事物的有效途径。4、课堂要“为学生的未来发展打下良好的基础”。5、新老师需要不断的学习，向书籍学习，向实践学习，向老教师学习，向我们的学生学习。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n教学流程图提出问题，引入新课回忆旧知识，为新知识寻求理论依据实验前引导分组实验，记录现象讨论后得实验现象的成熟说法启发学生思考，进行讨论层层设问，逐步揭示规律练习巩固实验观察，归纳总结分组实验，记录现象教师讲解，学生参与讨论练习巩固，小结，布置作业Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n谢谢您的倾听！再见Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.