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高中动词不定式\n不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/nevertodo”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。不定式\n结构:todo(否定)not/nevertodo二.时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式不定式todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendonetohavebeendoing--------------------\n\n\n\nIwanttogohome.Theworkersdemandedtogetbetterpay.Ifounditnecessarytotalktohimagain.(3)宾语think/consider/findit+adj.+todo常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:hope,refuse,learn,setoutchoose,decide,agree,manage,pretend,plan.\nTheteachertoldmetocleantheblackboard.Iexpectyoutogivemesomehelp.(4).宾补五看watchseelookatobservenotice三使letmakehave二听listentohear一感觉:feelwarn,tell,allow,help,ask,force等\ne.g.Imadehimdohiswork.Hewasmadetodohiswork(byme).注意1>help后面的“to”可省去e.g.Theyoftenhelpthegrandma(to)carrywater.2>see,hear,watch,feel,notice,lookat等表示感觉和let,make,have等表示使役的动词后面,不定式作宾语时要省“to”(注:被动语态不省to)\n3>不定式用在介词but,except,besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1).Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2).Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(3).Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep.\nIhavesomethingtosay.Hehasalotofhomeworktodo.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.(5).定语(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.)请给我一支写字的笔.Pleasegivemeapentowritewith.\n不定式作定语时,应放在被修饰词的后面,而且放在其他后置定语之后。1.不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系:(1)动宾关系Ihavealotofworktodo.我有很多工作要做。(2)主谓关系Heisalwaysthefirsttocome.他总是第一个来。(3)同位关系Weallhaveachancetogotocollege.我们都有上大学的机会。\n2.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。3.不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。e.g.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.他在找一个房间住。e.g.Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.他没钱没地方住。\n4.something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。e.g.Doyouhaveanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗\nIcameheretoseeyou.Hegotupearlytocatchthetrain.(6)状语(表示目的或结果)inorderto,soasto,enoughto,onlyto,too….to.,在一些短语中也有体现\n(7).独立结构tobefrank,tobehonest,Totellthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.类似的结构\n(8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.他不知道说什么。(宾语)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语)Myquestioniswhentostart.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Whynothavearest?\n关于不定式中的小品词to(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词.eg:Wouldyouliketogowithme?I’dliketo.(2).不定式是tobe结构,be不可省.eg:Wouldyouliketobeateacher?I’dliketobe.\nexercise\nMyteacherwasmade_____histeachingbecauseofpoorhealth.givingupB.togiveupC.giveupD.givenup2.Thesentencewants____oncemore.explainedB.toexplainC.beingexplainedD.explaining3.TheArcticisconsidered____thenorthernpartoftheAtlantic.havingbeenB.tohavebeenC.tobeD.being\n4.TheEmperororderedthewonderfulcloth_____forhimwithoutdelay.tohavewovenB.tobewovenC.tobeweavingD.toweave5.IfoundtheGermanlanguagehard____.learnedB.learningC.tobelearnedD.tolearn6.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.---Oh,Iforgot______.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff\n几对易混淆的词组:stoptodosth.停止去做某事doingsth.停止正在做...forgettodosth.忘记去做...doingsth.忘记已做了...remembertodosth.记得去做...doingsth.记得曾经做...\n7.---Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?---Thekey____theproblemistomeetthedemand____bythecustomers.tosolving,makingB.tosolving,madeC.tosolve,makingD.tosolve,made8.---Whatdoyouthinkoftheschool?----Itisaverygood_____.schooltostudyinB.schoolforchildrentostudyC.studyingschoolD.schooltostudy\n9.---Didyougetajob?---No,I___,butit’snouse.expectedB.triedtoC.managedtoD.planned10.Wefinditimpossibleforthework___aheadoftime.tofinishB.finishingC.beingfinishedD.tobefinished11.---IusuallygotoShanghaibytrain.----Whynot___therebyboatforachange?totrytogoB.trygoingC.totrygoingD.trytogo\n12.___aliving,shehadtoworkfrommorningtillnight.TomakeB.MadeC.MakingD.Tohavemade13.Iwouldratherstarvetodeaththan___forfood.begB.beggingC.beggedD.tobeg14.Theboypretended____whenhismotherentered.readingB.toreadC.tobereadingD.beingread\nExercise\n1.Robertissaid____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.don’tmake3.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat____inmynewjob.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects\n4.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains____whethertheywillenjoyit.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.see5.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows____.itwhattodowithB.whattodowithitC.whattodoitwithD.todowhatwithit6.Themotherdidn’tknow____toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.A.whoB.whenC.howD.why\n7.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning8.Weagreed____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet9.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto\n10.Thepatientwaswarned____oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating11.Iwouldlove____tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone12.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered____thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented\n13.LittleJimshouldlove____tothetheatrethisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking14.____lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingsleep15.Theteacheraskedus____somuchnoise.A.don’tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake\n1爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。_______________arebothgreathappiness.2中国人民决不会征服。TheChinesepeoplerefuse_________________3据说他已经完成了他的工作。Heissaid__________________________.4根据报道他们已安全到达。Theyarereported____________________Toloveandtobelovedtogivein/beconqueredtohavefinished/completedhisworktohavearrivedsafely\n5我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。Iwantthisbike___________________________.6玛利仿佛已经告诉这件事了。Maryseemed_____________________________.7众所周知,奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。Heisknown________________agoldmedalattheOlympic.toberepairedatonce/immediatelytohavebeentoldaboutittohavebeengiven\nHewasoverheardtosaythathehopedJohnwouldresign.Peterwasmadetowaitoutside.Hewasheardtounlockthedoorandgoout.Themanwasseentoshootthewomanonthestreet.Theoldladywasnoticedtowipeherfacewithahandkerchief.\nIforgottoaskyoutogotothebank.Itisveryimportanttoturnofftheelectricitybeforeyoucheckthemachine.Iknowhowtomakeamouseoutofmyhandkerchief.Luckily,wedon’thavemuchmoreworktodo.Shewasverypleasedtohavetheopportunitytotravelwhileshewasyoung.Shehasbeenverysuccessfulinherwork,andnowhergreatestwishistogetmarriedandhaveachild.\n…startedpushing/topush……promisedtogo……adviseyoutoeat……beganshouting/toshout……avoidfalling……forgettocall……feltlikethrowing……letthemstay…a.totellb.spendinga.puttingb.tochecka.talkingb.tomakec.todrinka.togetb.thinking\n太阳病本证一中风表虚证及兼证\n(一)桂枝汤证[原文]太阳中风,阳浮而阴弱,阳浮者,热自发,阴弱者,汗自出,啬啬恶寒,淅淅恶风,翕翕发热,鼻呜干呕者,桂枝汤主之。(12)提要:太阳中风证的病机及证治。分析:论述了桂枝汤证的主要症状与基本病机及《伤寒论》第一方桂枝汤。\n太阳中风(包括1、2条脉证)脉阳浮-轻取浮阴弱-重按弱病机阳浮:热自发-卫强,抗邪于外而发热阴弱:汗自出-营弱,不能内守而汗出。主证嗇嗇恶寒-汗出窍开,遇寒则恶淅淅恶风-自汗营弱,遇风则恶翕翕发热-正气抗邪,体温不高辅证鼻鸣-肺气不利而鼻塞干呕-胃气不降治疗桂枝汤-调和营卫,解肌祛风\n服法:①药后啜粥② 温覆微汗③ 获效停服④ 未效守方⑤ 药后禁口\n进一步讨论桂枝汤证的主证(原文13/P14)[原文]太阳病,头痛,发热,汗出,恶风,桂枝汤主之。(13)提要:桂枝汤的证治。太阳病-泛指一切表证头痛、发热、恶风-表证共有证象汗出-为桂枝汤独具之证。\n本条与第2条相似,所不同处妙在未点“中风“二字”。说明桂枝汤的应用不单仅限于“中风”,亦有人云:本条应有脉缓。若文中有脉缓,本条则无存在的必要。因脉浮缓为中风证之主脉。本条意在说明桂枝汤的应用范围。\n[原文]太阳病,发热,汗出者,此为荣弱卫强,故使汗出。欲救邪风者,宜桂枝汤。(95)提要:论太阳中风证的病因病理。补述太阳中风的病因病机及证治\n太阳病证-发热汗出病机营弱卫强病因-风邪偏盛治疗-桂枝汤-解肌祛风,调和营卫卫气浮盛于外营阴不能内守汗出\n太阳中风证,邪气较重,当针药并用的治法[原文]太阳病,初服桂枝汤,反烦不解者,先刺风池,风府,却与桂枝汤则愈。(24)提要:反烦不解者-邪气较重,初服桂枝汤,正气得药力之助,正邪搏击治-针药并用。\n[原文]太阳病,外证未解,脉浮弱者,当以汗解,宜桂枝汤。(42)提要:脉浮弱者,宜用桂枝汤。太阳病脉象浮弱者,宜用桂枝汤\n太阳病证:外证未解-头痛发热恶风寒等证犹在脉浮弱浮缓-阳浮而阴弱浮弱-体弱不任峻汗治:当以汗解-解肌祛风方:宜桂枝汤\n太阳病宜汗忌下的治疗原则[原文]太阳病,外证未解,不可下也,下之为逆。欲解外者,宜桂枝汤。(44)提要:表里合病的治疗原则表里同病先表后里表里同治,不可单用攻下法\n[原文]太阳病,先发汗不解,而复下之,脉浮者不愈,浮为在外,而反下之,故令不愈。今脉浮,故在外,当须解外则愈,宜桂枝汤。(45)提要:汗下后,表不解者,仍当解表。太阳病汗下后,病仍在表,未成变证,仍当解表\n太阳病误治先发汗不解-汗不如法而复下之-误用攻下目前情况:脉浮,病不愈原因:浮为在外,而反下之,故令不愈诊断:今脉浮,故在外-表证仍在治疗-当须解外-宜桂枝汤(轻汗)\n太阳病误治-下转归其气上冲-正未伤,抗邪于外,表证仍在-桂枝汤若不上冲-正已伤,外邪内陷,变生他病-不可与桂枝汤[原文](15)太阳病,下之后,其气上冲者,可与桂枝汤,方用前法;若不上冲者,不得与之。太阳病误下后,其气上冲的治法\n[原文](57)“伤寒发汗已解,半日许复烦,脉浮数者,可更发汗,宜桂枝汤。浮数之脉多见于风温证,但风寒证亦可见到,临证时不可不辨。太阳伤寒发汗后,余邪未尽仍宜汗解的治法\n病人原发病-太阳伤寒证治疗经过-发汗已解服麻黄汤伤寒脉证已愈目前表现-半日许复烦余邪未尽,移时复发汗出肌疏,复感风寒脉浮数-发热使然治疗-可更发汗-再次发汗,但改变其手段方-宜桂枝汤-轻汗\n病常自汗出的病理和治疗[原文]病常处汗出者,此为荣气和,荣气和者,外不谐,以卫气不共荣气谐和故,以荣行脉中,卫行脉外,复发其汗,荣卫和则愈,宜桂枝汤。(53)病人证-常自汗出因-营气自和,卫气不谐-即营卫失调治-使营卫协调-宜桂枝汤\n时发热自汗出的病理和证治病人证脏无他病----在内之脏腑无病时发热、自汗出而不愈----病系在外因:卫气不和----营卫不协调治:先其时发汗----在发热自汗出之前---服药方:宜桂枝汤[原文](54)病人脏无他病。时发热,自汗出,而不愈者,此卫气不和也,先其时发汗则愈,宜桂枝汤。\n主症病理病证特点病机区别53条54条自汗营卫不和,关键在卫气常自汗出,无他症时发热自汗出卫气虚弱不能固外(开而不阖)卫虚,发散阳热功能降低阳郁肌表(阖而不开)\n卫阳不足自汗症,服药有二种情况:无发热,但常自汗出者:表阳虚不能外固-----温复卫阳,其汗自止(不拘时)时发热,自汗出者卫阳虚郁,郁久生热,营阴受迫-----应在未发热之前服桂枝汤------温通卫阳,其汗自止。\n桂枝汤的服法:用于卫阳不足的自汗,在于扶正,无须喝热粥以助汗用于太阳中风证,宜喝热粥助胃气,发汗祛邪\n桂枝汤调营卫-调气血-调阴阳(适应证共13条)1.太阳中风证2.表证或汗或下,而外证未解,需再汗者3.太阳病,六七日不大便,小便清者4.杂病中,脏无他病,常自汗出,或时发热汗出者。5.霍乱病里和而表未解,身痛不休者\n(二)桂枝汤禁例[原文]桂枝本为解肌,若其人脉浮紧,发热汗不出者,不可与之也。常须识此,勿令误也。(16下)[原文]若酒客病,不可与桂枝汤,得之则呕,以酒客不喜甘故也。(17)[原文]凡服桂枝汤吐者,其后必吐脓血也。(19)\n湿热、阳热、脓毒内伏者(17、19)伤寒表实证(16)(二)桂枝汤禁例\n(三)桂枝汤证兼证1.桂枝加葛根汤证太阳中风兼经气不舒的证治[原文]太阳病,项背强几几,反汗出恶风者,桂枝加葛根汤主之。(14)太阳病因:风寒之邪侵入太阳经输证:项背强几几(体征)-----邪犯经输津液受阻,经脉失养反汗出-------经气受阻,无般无汗,今有汗,故言“反”恶风------腠理开,毛窍松治:桂枝加葛根汤-解肌祛风兼通经脉之津气\n2.桂枝加厚朴杏子汤证太阳病误治----下之证-----表未解,微喘-外邪迫肺治-----桂枝加厚朴杏子汤主之解肌祛风,降逆平喘。\n外感风寒引发宿疾喘息的证治喘家患太阳病喘家----素有喘疾作桂枝汤---解肌祛风以治新感加厚朴杏子佳-----降气宣喘[原文]喘家,作桂枝汤,加厚朴、杏子佳。(18)\n3.桂枝加附子汤证[原文]太阳病,发汗,遂漏不止,其人恶风,小便难,四肢微急,难以屈伸者,桂枝加附子汤主之。(20)太阳病兼阳虚漏汗的证治\n阳虚不能温煦阴伤失于濡养太阳病因:发汗-汗不如法,太过证遂漏不止-----卫阳受伤,营阴渗泄恶风-----卫伤,表邪未解小便难(量少不畅)-----汗多于外,阴亏于内四肢微急(轻度拘急)难以屈伸治:桂枝加附子汤----扶阳解表。\n[原文]太阳病,下之后,脉促胸满者,桂枝去芍药汤主之。(21)太阳病误下致表邪不解兼胸阳不振的证治4.桂枝去芍药汤证\n脉:促-表邪内陷,郁而不伸,正邪相争太阳病(原发病)病因:误下证表证仍在----恶寒发热汗出或无汗胸满(胸闷不适)-----邪陷胸中胸阳被遏治:桂枝去芍药汤-解肌祛风,宣通阳气\n若微寒者,桂枝去芍药加附子汤主之。(22)太阳病误下,胸阳受损表邪未解的证治5.桂枝去芍药加附子汤证\n太阳病病因:误下证(体质较弱者)脉微----阳虚较甚,无力鼓动血脉恶寒甚----表证未罢,加之阳虚胸满----胸阳不足,外邪欲陷正邪相争表证仍在----头项强痛等治:桂枝去芍药加附子汤----解肌祛风温经复阳\n6.桂枝新加汤证[原文]发汗后,身疼痛,脉沉迟者,桂枝加芍药生姜各一两,人参三两新加汤主之(62)汗后气营不足身痛的证治病人病因:发汗后----汗不如法,大汗伤津证:身疼痛----营气不足,筋脉失养脉:沉迟----里气内虚,营血不足治:桂枝加芍药生姜各一两人参三两新加汤