高中英语 定语从句课件上课 32页

高考英语定语从句复习\n什么是定语？定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定于通常由什么成分构成？充当定语的有：主要由形容词担任。此外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。\n例如：Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.(形容词)HisnameisTom.(代词)Thetwoboysarestudents.(数词)Thereisonlyonepeninthepencilbox.(名词)TheboyinblueisTom.(介词短语)Theboythereneedsapen.(副词)Thereisnothingtodotoday.(不定式)ThesleepingboyisTom.(现在分词)ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina（过去分词）\n什么是从句？从句是指用于复合句中担当某个句子成分的主谓结构。虽说从句自身的句子结构是完整的，但是它不能视为独立的句子，因为它离开了主语就无法独立、完整地表达意思。Whathesaidwasright.(主语从句)WhenIwenttothezoo,Isawtheelephantforthefirsttime.(时间状语从句)Thesportsmeetingwillbeputoffifitrainstomorrow.(条件状语从句)\n什么是定语从句？定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。引导定语从句的关联词是关系代/副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as。关系副词有where,when,why等。定语从句的修饰对象被称作先行词。\n关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Themanissmoking.Heismyfather.=Themanwhoissmokingismyfather.先行词=关系代词（作从句主语）Beijingistheplace.HewasborninBeijing.=Beijingistheplacewherehewasborn.先行词=关系副词（作从句地点状语）Where=inwhich\n关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语Theboysareplayingfootball.TheyarefromClass1.=TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClass1.YesterdayIhelpedanoldman.Helosthisway.=YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.\n2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略Mr.Liuistheperson.Youtalkedabouthimonthebus.=Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Themanismyteacher.Ioftentalkabouthim.=Theman(whom)Ioftentalkaboutismyteacher.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.\n3.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语Hehasafriend.Hisfatherisadoctor.=Hehasafriendwhosefather(thefatherofwhom)isadoctor.Ioncelivedinahouse.Thehouse’sroof(Theroofofthehouse)hasfallenin.=Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroof（theroofofwhich）hasfallenin.\n4.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略Footballisagame.Boyslikeitmost.=Footballisagame(which)boyslikemost.Thebikewasstolen.Itwasboughtyesterday.Thebikewhichwasboughtyesterdaywasstolen.\n5.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。Thenumberofthepeoplerisesonemillion.Theycometovisitthecityeachyear.=Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.Whereistheman?Isawthemanthismorning.=Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?\n关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语Istillremembertheday.Ifirstcametotheschoolontheday.=Istillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)Ifirstcametotheschool.Thetimefinallycame.Wesaidgood-byeatthetime.Thetimewhen(atwhich)wesaidgood-byefinallycame.\n2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Shanghaiisthecity.Iwasborninthecity.=Shanghaiisthecitywhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.Thehousehasbeenpulleddown.Ilivedinthehousetenyearsago.=Thehousewhere(inwhich)Ilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.\n3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.\n介词+关系代词引导的定语从句1．在定语从句中,当关系代词作介词的宾语时,可以把介词移到关系代词的前面;但为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面.Thisistheroominwhich(where)welivedlastyear．或：Thisistheroomwhichwelivedinlastyear.Who’sthecomradewithwhomyoujustshookhands？或：Who'sthecomradewhomyoujustshookhandswith？\n注意：1.“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词只能用whom或which，不可用that。2.当介词跟在动词之后不前移时,关系代词可以用that.Thepencilwithwhichhewaswritingbroke.＝Thepencilwhich／thathewaswritingwithbroke.\n2．含有介词的短语动词(两个或者两个以上的单词合起来构成一个短语，表示一个动作，例如：lookfor)一般不拆开，即不能转化成“介词＋关系代词”结构，介词仍放在动词的后面。Isthisthebookwhichshewaslookingfor？不能说forwhichshewaslookingThisisthegirlwhomhewilltakecareof．不能说ofwhomhewilltakecare\n3．“介词＋关系代词”结构在定语从句中可以作状语；并可以修饰别的名词一同作状语，此时的关系代词在定语从句中作定语。Icalledhimbythewrongname,forwhichmistakeIapologized．=Iapologizedforwhichmistake（原因状语）Hespentfouryearsincollege，duringwhichtimehestudiedmedicine.=hestudiedmedicineduringwhichtime(时间状语)Heworksinamiddleschool，infrontofwhichthereisariver.\n4.“介词＋关系代词”后接不定式短语作后置定语,相当于一个定语从句.(省略是定语从句)Hehasaknifewithwhichtodefendhimself.＝Hehasaknifewithwhichhecandefendhimself.withwhich在这里作方式状语，不能用关系副词代替Allowmehalfanhourinwhichtowashtheclothes.AllowmehalfanhourinwhichIcanwashtheclothes.\n5.关系副词when，where，why有时可以转化为“介词＋关系代词which”结构.Istillrememberthedaywhen（＝onwhich）IfirstcametoBeijing．Thefactorywhere（＝inwhich）hisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity．Thereasonwhy（＝forwhich）heisalwayslateforclassisrathersimple．\n6.fromwhere有时也被用来引导定语从句，此时的where理解为关系代词。Hisheadsoonappearedoutofoneofthesecondstoreywindow，fromwherehecouldseenothingbuttrees.Heclimbedupthetopofthetemple，fromwherehecouldseesomethingsinthedistance.Thebookwaswrittenin1946,______theeducationsystemhaswitnessedgreatchanges.A.whenB.duringwhichC.sincethenD.sincethensincewhen也可以用来引导定语从句D\n7.介词=关系代词前有same,any,none,all,both,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词时Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Therearemanystudentsinourclass,noneofwhomisaboy.\n限制性定语从句中that和which的比较。注意：在下列情况中只用which，其他的用that1.在非限制性定语从句中China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.2.关系代词前有介词时（介词+which）3.先行词本身是that时Whatisthatwhichflashedinthesky?4.先行词后有插入语时Thebike,Ithink,whichwasstolenmustbeTom’s.\n限制性定语从句中只用that的几种情况1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.\n2. 当先行词被序数词，形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词和形容词最高级时ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.\n3. 当形容词被thevery(正是),theonly(仅有的,唯一的)修饰时ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时，也可以用whoWangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting\n4. 当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?5.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?\nas和which的差别1.as和which都可以用来引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，which只指代物，as即可指代物，也可指代人。2.as和which在从句中作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语；而这时as只可以做系动词be的主语。例如：Hemarriedher,whichwasnatural.（可用as代替which）HewontheNobelPrizeinchemistry,whichmadehimfamous.(不可用as代替which)\n3.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用asSheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.    她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（类似）注意：当先行次由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的那条裙子。（两次穿的是同一条裙子）\nsuch…as…和such…that…Heissuchacleverboy___wealllikehim.Heissuchacleverboy___wealllike.Heissuchaman___heusedtobe.Suchpeople___havegreatcontributiontoourcountryshouldbegreatlyrespected.thatasasas\n其他几个应注意的问题1.先行词是way时，关系词用that，inwhich，常被省略Theway（inwhich/that）heansweredthequestionwassurprising.2.thereason后面除了跟why,forwhich,也可以用that作状语3.定语从句中的主谓一致Heisoneoftheteacherswho_____Englishwell.(speak)Heistheonlyoneoftheteacherswho_____Englishwell.(speak)speakspeaks\n4.Icanstillrememberthetime___________wespenttogether.Icanstillrememberthetime_____weworktogether.5.WhatIdislikemostwashisbadmanners.All(that)Idislikemostwashisbadmanners.6.Hewaslateforschool,_____madehisfatherangry.Hewaslateforschooland____madehisfatherangry.(that/which)whenwhichit