高中英语语法复习课件 216页

帮你复习语法\n句　法词　法语法复习\n句子种类：简单句并列句复合句其他返回\n简单句陈述句:用来说明事实或说话人的看法疑问句:用来提出问题祈使句:用来表示请求、命令感叹句:用来表达强烈的感情返回\n简单句的六种基本句型：１、主＋系动词＋表。２、主＋不及物动词。３、主＋及物动词＋单宾语。４、主＋及物动词＋双宾语。５、主＋及物动词＋复合宾语。６、Thereis/are+某人／某物＋某地／某时.返回\n系动词1.Be：e.g.Thatcarisveryexpensive.Jackisanengineer.2.带有动词be含义的其他连系动词：e.g.Hestayed(continuedtobe)veryquiet.Thetemperaturehasstayedhotthisweek.3.表示感觉状态的连系动词：e.gThegirllooksfine.Theplansoundsperfect.4.表示状态转变的动词：e.g.Theboygrew/becametaller.It’sgettingcold.返回\n“双宾语”及物动词：ask、bring、buy、call、do、get、give、lend、offer、send、teach、telle.g.Igavetheoldmansomemoney.Shesentmeaparcelofclothes.HetoldmethenewsaboutPaul.Theyboughtmealotofbooks.双宾语顺序：“人”间直“物”“物”to/for“人”e.g.Igavesomemoneytotheoldman.Theyboughtalotofbooksforme.返回\n返回“复合宾语”及物动词：believe、call、choose、consider、find、make、prove、see、thinke.g.Allofusbelievedhimmistaken.Weconsiderhimverycapable.TheymadeSmiththeirspokesman.(代言人)Ithoughtitamostinterestingbook.试比较：Ifoundanovel.Ifoundhimanovel.Ifoundthenovelveryinteresting.{\n疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意/附加疑问句返回\n一般疑问句一般疑问句一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。其基本结构为：Be+主+表+……?Do/Does/Did+主+do+……?Have/Has/Had+主+done+……?Can+主+do+……?返回注意否定问句：—Haven’tyougotadictionary?—Yes,Ihave.（不，我有。）—No,Ihaven’t.（是的，我没有。）\n特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是以疑问词开始的疑问句。用陈述句来回答。其基本结构为：How/Wh-+一般疑问句？e.g.Howdoyougotoschool?Wheredoyouwork?注意混合疑问句：Whatdoyouthink/suppose+主+谓（+其他）?返回\n选择疑问句提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫做选择疑问句。它的结构是“一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句”，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。e.g.Isherbrotheradoctororateacher?Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?ShallwegotothecinemaonSaturdayoronSunday?返回\n反意/附加疑问句反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是对事物的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分用否定形式；前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式。两部分的人称和时态要一致。附加疑问句要注意的问题：1、陈述部分的have作“有”讲时；Youhaveanewbike,don’t/haven’tyou?2、陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句；转下页\n1).Youmust(必须)gonow,needn’tyou?2).Youmustn’t(不允许)smoke,mustyou?3).Youmusthaveheardaboutit,haven’tyou?Youmusthavegonetothecinemalastnight,didn’tyou?Youmustbetired,aren’tyou?3、usedto的反意疑问句；Theoldmanusedtosleeptenhoursaday,usedn’t/didn’the?4、oughtto的反意疑问句；Heoughttocome,oughtn’tshouldn’the?转下页\n5.Heseldomgoestothecinema,doeshe?6.Shedislikestheidea,doesn’tshe?7.Onecan’tbecarefulenough,canone/he?8.Thesearenotyourbooks,arethey?9.Everythinggoeswell,doesn’tit?10.Everybodyagreeswithhim,doesn’the/don’tthey?11.Shesaidshewouldbebacksoon,didn’tshe?Idon’tbelieve(that)hewillcome,willhe?12.LearningEnglishwelltakesalongtime,isn’tit?13.Givemeahand,won’t/willyou?Let’sgoforawalk,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?14.Therewon’tbeanytrouble,willthere?返回\n祈使句1、肯定祈使句；2、否定祈使句；3、以let开头的祈使句；4、带主语的祈使句返回Becareful!Stoptalking!Don’t/Neveropenthewindow.Let’sgonow.Letmehaveatry.1)Tom,youfeedthebird!2)You,boys,sweepthefloor,andyou,girls,cleanthewindows.3)Youmindyourownbusiness!Don’tyoubelate!(不高兴，厌烦)4)Bequiet,everyone.Somebodyanswerthephone!(…………,willyou?)\n感叹句基本构成方式：返回1.What+(a/an)+adj.+n.+S+V!2.How+adj.+a/an+n.(单)+S+V!3.How+adj./adv.+S+V!省略形式的感叹句：Whatgoodadvicehegaveus!Whatanicedayitis!Howcleveragirlsheis!Howniceadayitis!Howhardtheyworked!1).Howtheyworked!2).Whatalovelyday!Howwonderful!\n并列句两个或两个以上的单句，可以用并列连词连接，从而形成并列句。常用的并列连词，根据所连接的上下文的逻辑关系，可以分为以下几类：1、表示增补关系的并列连词：2、表示选择关系的并列连词：3、表示转折关系的并列连词：4、表示因果关系的并列连词：返回and,both…and,neither…nor,not…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas,etc.or,orelse,otherwise,either…or,whether…orbut,whilefor,soe.g.Theyweresurprisedthatachildshouldworkouttheproblemwhiletheythemselvescouldn’t.Wemusthurry,otherwisewe’llbelate.\n复合句名词性从句定语从句状语从句返回\n名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句返回引导词\n主语从句主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常用it作形式主语的句型有：1).Itbe+形(certain,likely,etc.)+that从句。2).Itbe+名词词组(nowonder,etc.)+that从句。3).Itbe+过去分词(said,thought,etc.)+that从句。4).Itseem/happen,etc.+that从句。5).Itdoesn’tmatter/makesnodifference+wh-从句。6).当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要用it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。返回e.g.Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.e.g.It’snosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.e.g.ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.e.g.IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.e.g.Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.e.g.Doesitmattermuchthattheywon’tcometomorrow?\n宾语从句1）、如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。2）、连词that引导的从句很少作介词宾语，只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。3）、某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,pleased,certain,happy,afraid,etc.连词that可省略。转下页e.g.Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.e.g.Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheiscareless.We’llseetoitthatshegetshomeearly.e.g.Motherwasverypleasedherdaughterhadpassedtheexam.I’mafraidyoudon’tunderstandwhatIsaid.\n4）、用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而要用whether来引导。试比较：Pleaseletmeknowifyouwanttogo.(宾从或状从)Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.5）、介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。e.g.Areyousorryforwhatyou’vedone?6）、宾语从句的否定转移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：e.g.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe?7）、suggest,order,demand等动词后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。返回\n表语从句同位语从句1）、能接表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。如：e.g.Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.2）、连词because可引导表语从句。如：e.g.Ithinkitisbecauseyouaredoingtoomuch.常见的后接同位语从句的抽象名词有fact,news,hope,truth,idea,suggestion,thought,question,order,problem,belief,doubt,fear等。如：e.g.Thereisnodoubtthattheywillwin.Hehadnoideawhenshewouldcomeback.返回\n引导词连　　词：that,whether/if连接代词：what,which,who,whom,whose,wh-ever连接副词：why,when,where,how,wh-ever,however转下页1.whether/if1）、引导主/表/同从时，一般只用whether，不用if。2）、引导宾从时一般可通用。但在下列三种情况下一般只用whether。A.在动词discuss之后。B.介词之后。C.宾语从句放主句前。\nWediscussedwhetherweshouldclosethestore.Justnowtheytalkedaboutwhethertheywouldhelpus.WhetherhehasstolenthemoneyIcan’tsay.3）、后面紧跟ornot时，一般只用whether。e.g.Hedidn’tsaywhetherornothewouldbestayinghere.注：后面跟不定式时，一般只用whether。e.g.Hedoesn’tknowwhethertogotoBeijingornot.2.that/what1）、that在从句中不作句子成分，what则须在从句中作主/表/宾等；2）、that从句一般不作介词的宾语，但有inthat(因为),exceptthat(除了，例外)。转下页\n3.whoever/who等二者均可引导名从，且都可在句中充当主/宾。所不同的是含义：whoever意为“凡是…的人”，而who则意为“谁”。e.g.Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whobrokethelawisstillunknown.4.doubt后的连接词肯定句中的doubt(v./n.)之后应该接wh-引导的从句；否定句或疑问句中的doubt(v./n.)之后的从句却该用that来引导。e.g.Canyoudoubtthatshelikesme?Idon’tdoubtthatherunsfast,butIdoubtwhether/ifhe’llwinthematch.IamindoubtwhatIshoulddo.转下页\n1、that引导主/表/同从时，多不省略。2、that引导宾从时，通常可省略。但and/but连接两个由that引导的宾从时，第一个that可省略，第二个that不可省略。如：Theysaid(that)theywerestrangersthereandthattheyhadlosttheirway.5.关于that在名从中的省略与保留6.表语从句的注意点1、Thereasonis/was后的表语从句一般用that引导，而不用because；2、引导表原因的表语从句时用because,不用as/since/for等e.g.Hefailed.That’sbecausehedidn’tworkhard.比较：Hedidn’tworkhard.That’swhyhefailed.转下页\n1、同位语从句阐明它前面的名词的内容；定语从句则是对先行词加以修饰限制。2、只有在内容方面可以进一步阐明的名词（一般为抽象名词），才能带同位语从句，而几乎任何名词都可以带定语从句。3、that引导同位语从句时，that在句中不作成分（不省，也不用which取代）；that引导定语从句时，that在句中须作主/表/宾，且常可用which来取代。e.g.Thenewsthathepassedtheexamwasagreatsurprise.(同位语从句)Thenews(that/which)hetoldmewasagreatsurprise.(定语从句)7。同位语从句与定语从句的区别：转下页\n1、名词性从句一律用陈述句语序。2、在Whatisthematter(with…)?结构里，what是主语，thematter(=wrong)是表语，也就是说其本身是陈述句语序。3、how引导名词性从句时，若修饰形容词或副词，该形容词或副词须紧置how之后。e.g.YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas!8.名词性从句的语序返回\n定语从句引导词关系代词：关系副词：{who,whom,whose,which,thatwhen,where,why,etc.一、引导词的选择问题：1.that/which1).下列情况下用that而不用which:A.先行词是all,anything,little等不定代词时；B.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时；C.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时；D.先行词被only,very,next,last等修饰时；转下页\nE.先行词是“人+物”时；F.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时；G.为了避免重复，当句中有which时。e.g.Whichisthecarthathittheboy?Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingthathadneverbeenseenbefore.2).下列情况下用which而不用that:关系代词前有介词时；引导非限制性定语从句时；为了避免重复，先行词是that或句中有一个由that引导的定语从句时。e.g.Hehasfoundthatwhichhewaslookingfor.转下页\n2.that/who(m)that和who(m)都可指人，通常可互换。但下列情况下一般不能互换：1).关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时，用that而不用who(m);2).先行词是“物+人”时，用that而不用who(m);3).引导非限制性定语从句时，只用who(m)而不用that;4).在“介词＋whom”引导的定语从句中不能用that;5).先行词是those时，多用who而一般不用that;6).为了避免重复，句中有who时，一般不用that.转下页\n3.as/which转下页1).as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，且都可指代整个主句或主句的一部分，一般可互换。2).但在下列情况下不可通用：A.放句首，用as而不用which;B.as意为“正如”，后边的谓语动词多为see,know,expect,say,mention,report等，另外as在限制性定语从句中常用于某些固定搭配，如thesame…as,such…as等，which意为“这一点”。C.定语从句是“主+谓+宾+宾补”结构时，一般用which.\ne.g.Sheisverycareful,as/whichherworkshows.Ashehadhoped,hesawtheplay.Johnstartedtellinglies,whichhiscousinfeltstrange.HewaswearingthesameshirtasI’dhadonthedaybefore.(同类)HewaswearingthesameshirtthatI’dhadonthedaybefore.(同一)比较：ItwassuchagoodfilmthatIsawityesterday.(结果状从)Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsasyoudon’tunderstand.(定从)4.作定语用的关系代词2).Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.=Lookatthehousetheroofofwhichisred.=Lookatthehouseofwhichtheroofisred.1).Itstormedallday,duringwhichtimetheshipbrokeup.转下页\n5.介词+whom/which1).根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择；e.g.Thisisnotthebookofwhichtheteacherspokeinclass.2).根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择；e.g.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.3).有时需要同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。e.g.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,throughwhichhecouldseewhatwashappeninginsidethehouse.转下页\n6.关系代词/关系副词Thisisthefactory(which)wevisitedlastmonth.Thisisthefactorywherewestayedlastmonth.{{Iwillneverforgetthetime(which)wespenttogether.Iwillneverforgetthetimewhenwestudiedtogether.Iadmiredtheway(that/inwhich)youansweredhisquestions.二、值得注意的问题：1、作宾语的关系代词的省略问题：1).介词+whom/which结构中的关系代词不可省略；2).非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词不省。转下页\n2、定语从句中的主谓一致问题：1).I,whoamyourfriend,willcertainlyhelpyou.2).HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowJapaneseinourschool.3).HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsJapaneseinourschool.3、介词的位置问题：1).Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.=Thisistheroom(which/that)welivedinlastyear.2).Isthisthebook(which/that)shewaslookingfor?4、要防止句子成分的重复：ThecompositionwhichIhandeditinaweekagohasnotbeenmarkedyet.\返回\n状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句地点状语从句让步状语从句条件状语从句目的和结果状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句返回\n时间状语从句常用连词有：when/while/as,before,after,since,once,till/until,hardly…when/nosooner…than,assoonas,themoment/minute/instant,each(every)time/thefirst(last)time,immediately/directly,etc.when:段/点；之前/之后；这时while:段（“趁”）；表对比（“而”）as:“一边……一边”；“随着”{e.g.Whenherealizedit,thechancehadbeenlost.(=before)I’llgohomewhenhecomesback.(=after)Iwasjustabouttogotobedwhenthephonerangasecondtime.(=andatthatmoment)转下页1.\nStrikewhiletheironishot.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,while,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.Shesanghappilyasshewalkedalongthestreet.Herhairgrewgrayastimewentby.注意：As/Whenaboy,helivedinJapan.When/Whilereading,hefellasleep.once:“条件”；可接分词assoonas:“时间”{Assoonasthebellrang,thepupilsranoutoftheclassroom.OnceyouseeMeiLanfangonthestage,you’llneverforgethim.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.转下页2.\nbefore的意义：Itwasanother5minutesbeforeMattheardhimcomingdownthestirs.(才)HeranoffbeforeIcouldstophim.(还没来得及…就)Shebecameamotherbeforeshehadreachedher18thyear.(不到……就)Putdownhertelephonenumberbeforeyouforgetit.(免得)Hewilldieofhungerbeforehewillsteal.(宁愿……不愿)4.since的翻译：Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehegottoBeijing.自从他到达北京以来，我一直未收到他的信。(终止性动词)Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehelivedinBeijing.自从他离开北京以来，我一直未收到他的信。(延续性动词)返回\n原因状语从句常用连词有:because,since,as,now(that),seeing(that),considering(that)etc.because:表直接的原因,语气强。since:表已知的原因(“既然”),语气较弱。as:表较明显的原因，语气最弱。{e.g.—Whywasthechildcryinginthestreet?—Becausehelosthisway.Asitissnowing,weshallnotgotothepark.Nowthatyou’vegotachance,youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.比较：Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.返回\n地点状语从句常用连词有:where(特指),wherever(泛指)返回e.g.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethingswhereyoucanfindthemagain.We’llgowhereverthePartywantsustogo.比较:Weshallgototheplacewhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.Weshallgowhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.\n常用连词有:although/though,as,evenif/though,however,wh-ever,nomatterwh-/how,etc.让步状语从句Cleverasheis,hedoesn’tstudywell.=Although/Thoughheisclever,hedoesn’tstudywell.=Cleverthoughheis,hedoesn’tstudywell.Wewillnevergiveinwhatevertheymightdoorsayaboutourplan.Howeverlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.比较：WhateverIsaidcouldn’tcausehisinterestinthetopic.(名从)返回\n条件状语从句常用连词有:if,unless,as/solongas,incase,onconditionthat,forfear(that),provided(that)等e.g.AslongasIlive,Ishallworkhard.IshallnotgotoschoolunlessIfinishmyhomework.Unlesshecomes,wewouldnotbeabletogo.=Ifhedoesn’tcome,wewouldnotbeabletogo.返回\n目的和结果状训从句目的状语从句常用连词有:sothat,inorderthat结果状语从句常用连词有:so,sothat,so/such…thate.g.Theystartedearlysothattheymightarriveintime.(目的)比较：Theystartedearlysothattheyarrivedintime.(结果)Heworkshardinorderthat/sothathecanservethecountrywell.比较：Inorderthathecanservethecountrywellheworkshard.Theboxissoheavythatnobodycanmoveit.=Itissoheavyaboxthatnobodycanmoveit.=Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.比较：Itissuchaheavyboxasnobodycanmove.返回\n方式状语从句常用连词有:as,justas,asif/though,theway,what等e.g.Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.Youmaydoasyouplease/like.Asbeeslovesweetness,sofliesloverottenness.PleasepronouncethewordthewayIdid.c.f.Idon’tlikethewayyouspoketoher.(定从)★Wingsaretoabirdwhatfeetaretoaman.返回\n比较状语从句常用连词有:as….as,notas/so…as,than,themore…themore等。e.g.Iknowyoubetterthanhedoes.Themorewecandoforyou,thehappierwewillbe.Johnplaysfootballaswellas,ifnotbetterthan,David.I’mnotsoeagerashe.附：在表“时间、条件、让步、方式、比较”等的状语从句中，如果从句谓语动词包含有be的某一形式，主语又和主句的主语相同，就可以把从句中的主语和be同时省略（要么都不省）。如：Badhabits,onceformed,aredifficulttogiveup.IfyougotoXi’an,you’llfindtheplacestheremoremagnificentthancommonlysupposed.返回\n其他主谓一致倒装省略替代常用句型返回\n主谓一致名词作主语由连词连接的名词作主语代词作主语分数、量词作主语名词化的形容词作主语从句等作主语返回\n名词作主语1.某些集体名词作主语，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。e.g.Hisfamilyisahappyone.ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.2.某些集体名词(people,police,cattle)只能当复数看待，谓语动词用复数。e.g.Thepolicearesearchingforthethief.3.单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。e.g.Asheepisoverthere.Somesheepareoverthere.转下页\n4.名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。表店铺的名词作主语时，一般用复数谓语。e.g.Thedoctor’sisacrossthestreet.Richardson’shavealotofgoodstosell.5.当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金钱、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。e.g.Threeyearshaspassedsincethen.6.不定代词each,every,no等修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。e.g.Eachboyandeachgirlwantstogotothecinema.转下页\n7.如果主语有morethanone,manya构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。e.g.Morethanonestudenthasreadthebook.Manyagirlhasbeenthere.但：Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.8.trousers,glasses,shoes等作主语时，通常用复数谓语。其前若带有pair时，谓语动词通常须与pair的数一致。e.g.Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.Mytrousersartewornout.9.thiskindof+n.用单数形式。e.g.Thiskindofmenisdangerous.但Menofthiskindaredangerous.转下页\n10.单复数形式同形的名词须根据其意义的单、复数来确定用单、复数谓语动词。e.g.Everymeanshasbeentriedtostopit.Allmeanshavebeentriedtostopit.11.如果名词词组中心词是all,most,half,rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之，用单数。e.g.Allofmyclassmateslikemusic.Allofthewaterisgone.12.“a+n+ortwo”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，“oneortwo+复数名词”后一般用复数谓语。e.g.Adayortwohaspassed.Oneortwodayshavepassed.转下页\n13.以-ics结尾的学科名词作主语时，一般用单数谓语。e.g.Physicsisthemotherofsciences.14.population作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，但其前若有分数或百分数时，则一般用复数谓语。e.g.ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofanyothercountry.Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.15.数词或算术式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。e.g.Tenisaroundnumber.Fiveandtwoisseven.Thirtydividedbyfiveequalssix.转下页\n16.当“the+姓s”作主语时，一般用复数。e.g.TheSmithsgotochurcheverySunday.17.当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词一般用复数。e.g.Tenthousandstonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.18.在含有alargequantityof/largequantitiesof的短语作主语时，谓语动词一般须与quantity的数一致。e.g.Alargequantityofteachersisneeded.Largequantitiesoftimeareneeded.19.在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。e.g.Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.Thereisapenandtwopencil-boxesonthedesk.返回\n由连词连接的名词作主语1.用and或both…and连接的并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。e.g.Plasticsandrubberneverrot.Walkingandridingaregoodexercises.Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.2.由or,either…or,notonly…butalso,notonly…butalso等连接主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。e.g.Youorheismistaken.C.f.Areyouorhemistaken.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.转下页\n3.当主语后面有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,with,alongwith,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的数按主语的单、复数而定。e.g.Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasreadinginthelibrary.Nobodybutsomestudentsishere.4.由and连接的两个(或更多的)主语之前有each,every,manya,no等时，须用单数谓语动词。e.g.Eachminuteand(each)secondisvaluabletous.Nosoundand(no)voiceisheard.c.f.Nottheboysbutthegirlwasseenthere.I,notyou,amtoblame.返回\n代词作主语代词作主语时，往往根据其意义一致的原则来确定谓语动词的数。1.Ours(ourparty)isagreatparty.Yourshoesareblack,andminearebrown.2.Suchishisfate.Sucharethefacts.3.Thosewhowanttogopleaseputupyourhands.Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.4.Wholivesnextdoor?ItisXiaoLiu.Wholivenextdoor?ItisXiaoLiuandXiaoZhang.5.Nowallhasbeendone.Allarepresent.6.Iwantedsomepaper,buttherewasnoneinthehouse.c.f.Noneofthebooksis/aremine.返回\n分数、量词作主语1.“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及“alotof/lotsof/plentyof/halfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后的名词保持数的一致。e.g.Lotsofdamagewascausedbyfire.Anumberofstudentshavegonehome.c.f.Thenumberofstudentshereismorethan3,000.2.agreatdealof/alargeamountof修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词通常用单数；largeamountsof修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词通常用复数。e.g.Alargeamount/dealofdamagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.转下页\n3.表数量的oneandahalf后，名词要用复数形式，其短语作主语时，谓语动词却通常用单数。e.g.Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.4.halfof,(a)partof修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式；修饰复数可数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。e.g.Halfofthemoneyisyours.Partofhisstorywasnottrue.Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.Mostoftheorangesaresweet.Therestofthebooksareonthedeskandtherestofthemoneyisinthebag.返回\n名词化的形容词作主语“the+形容词/分词”作主语时，表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示抽象概念时，则常用单数谓语。这类词有：thebrave/poor/rich/blind/young/old/sick/dead/deafanddumb/injured/wounded/unemployed,etc.e.g.Thericharenotalwayshappy,andthepoorhavemanyproblems.Thegoodinhimisgreaterthanthebad.返回\n从句等作主语1.主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数。但what引出的主语从句，可根据其意义而用单复数谓语（多看表语）。e.g.Thatshelikescollectingstampsistrue.Whatweneedismoretime.Whatweneedaredoctors.2.动名词或不定式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但“不定式/动名词+and+不定式/动名词”作主语，谓语根据意义而定。e.g.Tolearntwolanguagesisnoteasy.Readingandwritingaretwodifficultskills.Speakingandwritinghasalottodowithreading.转下页\n3.oneof…之后用单数谓语；oneof…who/that之后用复数谓语；the(only)oneof…who/that之后用单数谓语。e.g.Oneoftheirchildrenhasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.IorderedoneofthenewcopiesthatwereadvertisedinBusinessWeekly.Thisisthe(only)oneofthebooksonthesubjectthathaseverbeenwritteninChinese.4.在“Itis+被强调部分（主语）+that/who…”结构中，that/who后的谓语动词须与that/who前的“主语”保持一致。e.g.ItisIwhoamtogoinsteadofhim.返回\n倒装1.疑问句一般用倒装语序；2.感叹句一般不倒装，但有时可采用疑问句形式；e.g.Isn’titbeautiful!3.so,neither/or放在句首，表“一致”关系时，用倒装；e.g.Ilikesportsandsodoesmybrother.c.f.—Johnwonfirstprizeinthecontest.—Sohedid.Ifyoudon’tgotheretoday,neitherwillI.4.only修饰副词、介词短语或从句放句首，用倒装；e.g.OnlyinthiswaycanyoumakeprogressinyourEnglish.Onlywhenthewarwasendedwasheabletoreturnhome.c.f.Onlyhisbrotherwasright.转下页\n5.否定意义的词(组)放在句首时，用倒装；常见的否定词(组)有：never,seldom,hardly,little,nowhere,bynomeans,atnotime,nosooner,notonce,notuntil,notasingle,etc.e.g.NeverwillforgetthedaywhenIdidsuchafoolishthing.Hardlyhadhefinishedtheworkwhenitbegantorain.Littledidhecareabouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.6.So+形容词/副词……that句型中，如果“so+形容词/副词”提到句首，则主句需部分倒装，从句不倒装。e.g.Sointerestedwasheintheprogramthathedidn’tnoticehismothercomein.Soshallowisthelakethatnofishcanliveinit.转下页\n7.省略if的虚拟条件句中，须将were,had,should移到主语前，构成倒装；e.g.Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.WereInotengagedinmypresentwork,Iwouldbequitewillingtodowhatyouaskmetodo.8.由as引出的让步状语从句需用倒装，其句型结构为：形容词/副词/名词/动词原形+主+谓；e.g.Cleverasheis,hedoesn’tstudywell.Childasheis,heknowsalot.8.以here,there,then,now,down,up,in,out,back,over,away,off等副词开头的句子要用倒装；e.g.Bequick!Herecomesthebus.转下页\nOutrushedthechildren.Awayflewtheplane.c.f.Hereweare.Hereitis/youare.Herehecomes.9.当句首为表地点的介词短语时，也常引起完全倒装；e.g.Southoftheriverliesasmallfactory.Onthewallhangtwolargeportraits.10.为避免头重脚轻，保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，有时也用倒装；e.g.GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.几个否定词提前的特殊句型：转下页\n1.notonly…butalso…句型中前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不倒装；e.g.Notonlydoeshehavetotypeouttheansweronacomputer,buthealsogetsthecomputertotranslatethisintosounds.2.NotUntil…句型中前面的从句不倒装，后面的主句应采用部分倒装；e.g.NotuntilIcamebackdidheleaveforwork.3.Nosooner…than…/Hardly…when…句型中后面的从句不倒装，前面主句用部分倒装；e.g.NosoonerhadBlackgothomethanthephonerang.4.Neither…nor…句型中的每个句子均需用倒装。e.g.NeitherdidIknowthisnordidIwantto.返回\n省略简单句中的省略复合句中的省略返回\n简单句中的省略1.省略主语:e.g.(You)Beseated,please.(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.(It)Doesn’tmatter.2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分:e.g.(Thereis)Nosmoking.(Youcome)Thisway,please.(Isthere)Anythingelse?(Willyou)Haveasmoke?What(doyouthink)aboutacupoftea?3.省略宾语:e.g.—DoyouknowMissCao?—Idon’tknow(her).—Whichofthemisthebetterchoice?—Well,it’shardtotell(it).转下页\n4.省略表语：e.g.—Areyouthirsty?—Yes,Iam(thirsty).Hisbrotherisnotlazy,norishissister(lazy).5.同时省略几个成分：e.g.—Areyoufeelingbetternow?—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now).—Haveyoufinishedyourwork?—(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.6.其他一些省略结构：1).名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确提出过的事物时，常常可以省略。转下页\ne.g.WespenttheweekendattheBlack’s.2).what和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词：e.g.Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forWilma!3).不定式中的省略：A.不定式中的动词通常省略，只保留不定式符号to,(否定式用notto);e.g.Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto.—ShallIgoinsteadofhim?—Iprefernotto.B.如果不定式中含有be,have(+过去分词),通常保留be,have;e.g.—Areyouasailor?—No,butIusedtobe.转下页\n—Hasn’thefinishedyet?—Well,heoughttohave.C.不定式符号to在“使让动词”、“感官动词”,help等后通常省略，但如果用的是被动词语态，则不能省略；e.g.Weheardhimplaytheguitarinhisroom.Hewasheardtoplaytheguitarinhisroom.D.在介词but,except等前若有实义动词，其后的不定式省略to;e.g.Hedidnothingbutwritealetterlastnight.c.f.Hedesirednothingbuttosucceed.E.在help后to可省可不省。e.g.CanIhelp(to)carryitforyou?c.f.ThedictionarycanhelpyoutoimproveyourEnglish.返回\n复合句中的省略1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略；当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where有时也可省略；e.g.Thisisthefirsttime(when)hehadtroublewiththeboss.2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时，可以省略重复的内容，而只保留wh-疑问词；e.g.Tomwassad,butIdon’tknowwhy(hewassad).3.在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件等状语从句中，如果主语与主句主语一致，或主语为it,则动词be及其主语通常可省略。e.g.Once(hewas)ateacher,henowworksinagovernmentoffice.Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou’llregret.转下页\nHelookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.Heopenedhislipsasis(hewere)tospeak.c.f.Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.(从句的主语和主句的宾语一致，但不会引起歧义。)4.有时我们可用so或not代替上文内容，这时可有if+so/not省略句式。e.g.Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot,you’llmissthefirstbus.Hemaynotbeathomethen,ifso,leavehimanote.返回\n替代1.so和not作替代词，代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，作beafraid,believe,become,call,do,expect,fear,hear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。not代替否定的句子，还可放在perhaps,probably等副词之后。e.g.Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecamesoafterawhile.—Ishethebeststudentintheclass?—Ithinkso./Ithinknot./Idon’tthinkso.2.替代的应用：1).so可以放在句首或句尾，但若动词为see,notice,hear等，则只能放在句首。e.g.—Heisabsenttoday.—SoIsee(notice,hear).转下页\nIbelieve(say,think,…)so.=SoIbelieve(say,think,…).2).在表示不肯定或怀疑意义的句子中不用so;如：误：Idoubtso.正：Idoubtit.3).在ask和know后也不用so;如：误：Whydoyouaskso?正：Whydoyouaskthat?4).doso一般只用来替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。e.g.Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.—Alicefeelsbettertoday.—Ithinkshedoes./Soshedoes.但不可说：Ithinkshedoesso.返回\n常用句型1.“It”句型：1).Itis+adj./n.+todo…/that….2).主+动+it+adj./n.+todo…/that….3).Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who….4).Itis/willbe/was(not)…before….5).Itis/hasbeen…since….6).Itisnouse/good+-ing….c.f.Thereisnoneedtodo/fordoing….转下页\n2.That’sbecause…….That’swhy……...That’show/wh-…….3.“一致”句型：1).So/Neither/Nor+be/do/have/can+主。2).Soitis(thesame)with…….4.祈使句+and/or+陈述句。5.“似乎、好像”句型：Itseems/appearsthat…….Itlooksasif/though…….返回\n十大词类：名词冠词代词动词形容词/副词数词连词介词感叹词返回\n名词意义与分类句法功能高考考点返回\n意义与分类一、意义：名词(noun./n.)：表示人或事物的名称。e.g.basket,mouth,year,Tom,etc.二、分类：个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词普通名词专有名词}基本专有名词由普通名词构成的专有名词}一般可数一般不可数返回\n句法功能1、主语：Theseideasmayseemstrangetoyou.2、表语：Bothofthemaredoctors.3、宾语：Weloveourgreatmotherland.4、宾语补足语：Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.5、同位语：ThisisMr.Black,ourdepartmentmanager.6、定语：1).名词所有格：Jack’spen2).of+名词短语：amapofChina3).双重所有格：afriendofmine/myfather’s4).名词通格作定语：a).papermoney/tigerb).coffeecupc).countrymusic/shoeshopwelcomeparty注意：sportsmeet/salesdepartment返回\n高考考点名词的数名词的格返回\n名词的数个体名词的数集体名词的数物质名词的数抽象名词的数专有名词的数返回\n个体名词的数1、个体名词的规则复数形式：1).book,bag,bee,place2).gas,box,church，dish3).party,ladyboy,play4).zoo,photopotato,tomato,hero5).serf,chief,handkerchief,belief,proof,roof,cliff,gulf,etc.thief,wife,life,knife,leaf,wolf,shelf,loaf,etc.2、不规则复数形式：1).foottoothmanwomanmouse2).childox3).sheepdeerfishChinese(-s)(-es)(y→ies)(-s)(-s)(-es)(-s)(f/fe→ves)feetteethmenwomenmicechildrenoxen（单复数同形）返回\n集体名词的数1.一些表示无生命物的集体名词通常做用；e.g.Newmachineryintroducedinthisfactory.2.某些表示有生命物的集体名词在句中通常作用；e.g.Hiscattlestilllean.Thepoliceinvestigatingthecrime.3.某些表示有生命物的集体名词，如被看作一个集体，就作单数用；如被看作组成该集体的成员，则作复数用。e.g.Theclasshasbeenreorganized.TheclassweretakingnotesinEnglish.☆4.某些球队、俱乐部、航空公司、企业等带有集体意义的专有名称，通常作复数用，e.g.Englandhavelostalltheirfootballmatchesthisseason.TheBritishAirwaysarebeingmodernized.单数was复数wereare返回\n物质名词的数1.物质名词一般是不可数名词，没有复数形式，也不可与冠词连用；2.有些物质名词有时也可用复数形式，但表示不同的意义：1).表示不同的种类e.g.teas,silks,foods,etc.2).表示比原义范围更加广阔的意义；有时甚至表示完全不同的意义e.g.Thechildrenareplayingonthesands.TheywerenotallowedtofishinIcelandicwaters.3).某些表示饮料名称的名词往往以复数形式代替单位词e.g.Sendtwocoffeesandthreelemonadestotheroom.3.某些物质名词可与不定冠词连用，表示“一阵、一场”等意义e.g.Whataheavyrain!返回\n抽象名词的数抽象名词有的是不可数的，没有复数形式；有的是可数的，有复数形式；有的既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。1.许多抽象名词是不可数的e.g.Hishonestyisnottobequestioned.I’mtakingsomeworkhometodothisevening.2.有一些抽象名词是可数名词，它们不仅有复数形式，而且可与不定冠词连用（meeting,opinion,mistake,talk,etc.）e.g.Therewasaknockatthedoor,thenasecond.Atmidnightheheardthreeknocksatthebackdoor.转下页\n3.有些抽象名词既可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词，当它们用作可数名词或以复数形式出现时往往意义不同。e.g.Heisateacherof5years’experience.（经验）Ourjourneybycamelwasquiteanexperience.（经历）注意下列词的复数形式的意义：papers,manners,goods,glasses,looks,conditions,times,sands,arms,forces,lines,etc.takepains,giveregardsto,makepreparations,beinhighspirits(情绪高涨),giverespectto(致以敬意),etc.返回\n专有名词的数一般说来，专有名词也是不可数的，没有复数形式，但有时可类似或接近普通名词，以复数形式出现。1.表示某姓的一家人或夫妇俩；e.g.AretheSmithscomingtoourpartytomorrownight?2.表示同姓或同名的若干人；e.g.TherearetwoMarysandthreeRobertsinhisclass.3.专有名词前有时可用不定冠词表示“某一”、“类似……的一个”，或某一件作品、产品。e.g.AMr.Blackisaskingforyou.YoursonisanEdison.Helikestoinventthings.4.专有名词前可用定冠词表示特指或强调。e.g.HeistheSmithIsawyesterday.theChinaofthepast返回\n名词的格一、’s格与of格：1.一般说来，’s格较多用于表示有生命物的名词，而of格则用于表示无生命物和低等动物的名词。2.’s格也用于下列表示无生命物的名词：1).用于表示地理、国家、城市、地域等名称的名词：e.g.theworld’spopulationEurope’sfuture2).用于表示天体名称的名词：e.g.theearth’ssurfacethemoon’sorbit3).用于表示时间的名词：e.g.today’s/yesterday’snewspaperanhour’sdrive4).用于表示度量及价值的名词：e.g.apound’sweightahundredmeters’distance转下页\n二、’s格后名词的省略：在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，’s格后面常常省略它所修饰的名词。e.g.thebarber’s/tailor’smyuncle’s三、名词的通格作定语：名词作定语可表示后一名词的处所、地点、用途、功能、材料、物质、类别、容器的功用、时间等。e.g.acoffeecupapapertigeraboyfriend但：menteachersmen’sshoeschildren’sstories四、双重属格：1.a+N+of+’s/mine=oneof+Nse.g.Heisafriendofmyfather’s.2.this/that+N+of+’s/mine(带有感情色彩)e.g.thatcleversonofhissister’s返回\n冠词不定冠词定冠词零冠词其他返回\n不定冠词基本用法1、泛指人、事或物的类别；ahorse2、泛指某人或某事物；anoldman3、表示one或every，但概念上没有它们那样强烈；如：Everyelephanthasalongnose.4、用于某些固定搭配中；afew,abit,alotof,inahurry,atatime,manya,allofasudden5、用在某些抽象名词前，表示“一种，一类，一份，一场，一阵……”Shewascaughtinaheavyrain.转下页\n6、在表示价格、速度、比率等名词前表示“每(个)”；e.g.Thetrainisrunningat50milesanhour.7、表示“相同尺寸、年龄”等；e.g.Theyareofanage.Thetworoomsareofasize.☆注意：atatimeatonetime{onestormynightonastormynight{返回\n定冠词1、特指用法；特指的几种情况有：1）.前指特指：用于表示上文提及的人或物；2）.后指特指：此特指取决于跟在名词中心词之后的限制性后置修饰语；3）.语境特指：此用法并不取决于上下文，而是完全取决于语境；Closethedoor,please.4）.逻辑特指：此用法主要用在形容词最高级之前，也可用于比较级之前，或与first,last,very,same,only等词连用；5）.对人体部位的特指：V+sb+by/in/on+the+部位名词转下页\n2、用在单数可数名词前，表示某一类人或物；如：Thehorseisausefulanimal.3、用于表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前；如：thesun/moon,etc.4、用于表示方位的名词前；如：theeast/south5、用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前，以及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前；如：thefirst,thetallest,thetallerofthetwo6、用于形容词或过去分词之前，使其名词化，表示一类人；如：therich,thesick,thewounded7、用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”；转下页\n8、用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前，表示国家、党派、组织机构、报刊、条约、朝代、江、湖、河、海、山川、群岛等；如：theYellowRiver,theTangDynasty9、用于演奏的乐器前；如：thepiano/violin10、用于世纪的某个年代前；如：inthe1990s11、用于发明物的单数名词前；如：thetelephone12、用于某些表示国家和民族的形容词前，泛指全体，这些词常以-sh,-ch,-ese结尾；如：theEnglish13、用于表示数量的名词前；如：bythehour/dozen14、用于某些习惯用语中。如：ontheotherhand,intheend,inthedaytime,etc.返回\n零冠词在下列情况下通常不用冠词：1、不可数名词(物质名词、抽象名词)前；如：Knowledgebeginswithpractice.但这些词被限定时，要用定冠词；当表示个体事物或“一种、一场、一份……”等意思时，前面加不定冠词；如：Themilkinthebottlehasgonebad.Doyouwantacoffee?2、表示总称的复数名词前；如：Childrenlovegames.3、表示语言的名词前；如：WestudyEnglish.(注意：theEnglishlanguage)4、可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等修饰限定时；如：Thisbookisverycheap.转下页\n5、不含普通名词的专有名词前；如：China,Mary但有限制性、描绘性定语修饰时，可用定冠词；当表示“像……那样的人或事物”、“一个名叫……的人”时，用不定冠词。如：HewishestobeanEdison.TheEnglandofthoseyearswasanEnglandinturmoil(动乱).6、季节、月份、星期、节假日前一般不用冠词；如：spring,June,Monday,NewYear’sDay但季节等限定性定语修饰时用定冠词；星期前加不定冠词表示“某一个……”；中国民间传统节日前常加定冠词。如：inthespringof1992aThursdayinSeptembertheSpringFestival7、一日三餐前通常不用冠词，但前面有描绘性形容词等修饰时，加不定冠词；如：转下页\nWhatdidyouhaveforbreakfast?Hehadawonderfulsupper.8、学科、球类和棋类运动的名称之前；Doyoulikemathematics?9、称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语及同位语等通常不用冠词；如：In1860,LincolnwaselectedpresidentofUSA.10、当bike,car等与介词by连用时，表示一种交通手段时；如：bybike/car/taxi11、turn后面的名词不用冠词；Laterheturnedwriter.12、man作“人类”讲时，同human,mankind一样，不用冠词；转下页\n13、在kindof或kindsof等结构中，后面的名词一般不用加冠词；如：Helikesthreekindsofbook(s).14、在以“普通名词或形容词最高级+as/though”开始的让步状语从句中，前面不用冠词；如：Childasheis,heknowsalot.Shortestthoughheis,herunsfastestinourclass.15、在某些独立主格结构中不用冠词；如：Hewentintotheforest,guninhand.ie.Hewentintotheforest,withaguninhishand.16、某些成双成对出现的名词词组里，一般不用冠词；如：arminarm,dayandnight,sidebyside17、某些固定词组中，不用冠词；如：atnight,infact,onfoot,intown返回\n冠词的位置冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，冠词放在形容词之前。但是，下列句型例外：1、冠词放在quite,what,such,many之后；如：suchabook,manyabook2、so/as/too/how+形容词+a(an)+名词；如：It’stoodifficultabookforus.3、all,both放在the之前；如：allthepictures4、half可放在冠词之前，也可放在冠词之后；如：halfanhour=ahalfhour5、rather可位于冠词前或后；如：arathernicecoat,ratherabusyafternoon转下页\n有无冠词含义不同gotoschoolgototheschoolinhospitalinthehospitalinchargeofinthechargeoftakeplacetaketheplaceofinfrontofinthefrontofoutofquestion(=noproblem)outofthequestion(=impossible){{{{{{gotoprisongototheprison{返回\n代词分类辩义选择Usageof“It”其他返回\n分类人称人称代词反身代词物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性一单数Imemyselfmymine复数weusourselvesourours二单数youyouyourselfyouryours复数youyouyourselvesyouryours三单数阳性hehimhimselfhishis阴性sheherherselfherhers中性itititselfits/复数theythemthemselvestheirtheirs转下页\n指示代词this/that,these/those,such相互代词eachother,oneanother关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which连接代词who,whom,whose,what,whichwhat,whatever,which,whichever,who,whoever不定代词some,any,every,no,(+-one/body/thing)all,both,each,either,another,other,neither,none,(a)few,(a)little,one,enough,half,etc.返回\n辨义选择:everyeach{adj.三者及三者以上，仅作定语，侧重整体。adj./pron.两者及两者以上，可作主、宾、同位语，侧重个体。e.g.Everyminuteisimportanttous.Eachpersonhasaseat./Eachofthemhasaseat.Theyeachhaveaseat.{someany否、问、条从；肯定句中表“任何一个”肯；问句中表“希望得到肯定答复”或表“建议、请求、邀请”等e.g.Aretheresomelettersforme?Wouldyoulikesomewater?—Doyouhaveanybrothers?—No,Ihaven’tany.转下页\n{nonenoone=nobodynothing+of;用来回答“Howmany/much……”用来回答“Who……”用来回答“What……”e.g.Noneofthismoneybelongstome.IhavetwoEnglish-Chinesedictionaries,butshehasnone.—Howmuchwaterleftisthereinthebottle?—None.—Whodidyouseeenterthelonelyhouse?—Nobody.—What’sonthetable?—Nothing.{onethatit=a/an+单数名词；表“同类但不同一”主要在比较时用来替代前面提到的名词；表“同一”的概念。=the/this+单数名词，用来指代前面所提到的具体的事物。e.g.Hisattitudetomewasthatofacomrade.I’mlookingforahouseandIlikeonewithagarden.IneedthebikebutIhaven’tmoneytobuyit.转下页\nmany+可数名词much+不可数名词{{little/alittle+不可数名词few/afew+可数名词返回other+复数名词another+单数名词{all指三者及三者以上both指两者{one…theother两者one…another三者及三者以上some…others/theothers{\nUsageof“it”1.指代前面出现过的单数名词本身；2.充当无人称主语（时间、地点、天气、距离等）；3.指代双方心目中都清楚的对象。e.g.Thereisaknockonthedoor.Whocanitbe?一、代词：二、引导词：1.充当形式宾语：1).S+V(think,find,feel,etc.)+it+adj./n.+todo….e.g.Wethinkitourdutytocleanourclassroomeveryday.2).S+V+it+adj./n.+that….e.g.Theyfounditdifficultthattheywouldfinishtheirworkintwodays.转下页\n2.充当形式主语：1).Itis+adj.+todo/that….★Itisimportant/necessary/strange,etc.that…(should)do….e.g.Itisnecessarythathe(should)rememberthesewords.2).Itissaid/reported/known,etcthat….e.g.ItissaidthatTomhascometoBeijingforChinesestudies.3).Itissuggested/ordered/advised,etc.that…(should)do…e.g.Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.4).Itisapity/shame/pleasure,etc.that…(should)do….e.g.Itisapitythatsuchathing(should)happeninyourclass.3.用于强调句型：Itis/was…that/who…….e.g.ItwasnotuntilhecamebackthatIleft.=NotuntilhecamebackdidIleave.Ididn’tleaveuntilhecameback.返回\n含反身代词的惯用语byoneself=alone“单独地，独自地”foroneself“独立地；为自己”ofoneself“自动地”tooneself“为……所独有”；“私自地”inoneself“本身”beoneself“处于正常状态；显得自然”enjoyoneselfseatoneselfdressoneselfdevoteoneselftohelponeselftocometooneself“苏醒”makeoneselfathome转下页\n否定1、部分否定与完全否定：both,all,each,every以及由every构成的不定代词出现在否定句中，不管否定词在前还是在后，都是部分否定；要表示完全否定，需要借助neither,none,nothing,noone,no,never,nowhere等词.如：Allofthemdon’tlikemusic.=Notallofthemlikemusic.=Someofthemlikemusic.Somedon’t.2、any所修饰的名词或复合词anybody等用作主语时，后面不能有否定词。如果需要表达否定的意思时，要把any改为相应的完全否定的词。如：不能说：Anybodycannotdoit.应说：Nobodycandoit.返回\n动词分　　类高考考点返回\n谓语动词非谓语动词实义动词助动词规则动词不规则动词动态动词状态动词｛单词动词多词动词｛｛｛｛返回\n实义动词连系动词：be,look,seem,become,etc.不及物动词：go,arrive,etc.及物动词：单宾及物动词：learn,study,etc.双宾及物动词：give,tell,show,etc.复宾及物动词：find,consider,etc.｛比较：返回Thechildislearningquickly.Thechildislearninghowtoplaythedrums.Thatclockgivestherighttime.Givemethebaby.Ican’tfindmyboots!Ifinditdifficulttobelieveyou.{{{\n助动词基本助动词：be,do,have情态助动词：can,may,will,shall,dare,need,must,oughtto半助动词：haveto,wouldrather,etc.(bedoing)(否；问)(havedone)返回\n动态动词持续动作：drink,eat,read,etc.状态改变／位置转移：get,become,grow,turn,etc.短暂动作：jump,knock,open,etc.比较：Someoneknockedatthedoor.(一次动作)Someonewasknockingatthedoor.(重复动作){Hewrotetheletter“e”ontheblackboard.(短暂)Hewaswritinganarticle.(持续){返回\n状态动词1.动词be和have2.含状态动词be或have意义的词：belongto,measure,weigh,etc.3.感觉动词：feel,taste,smell,etc.4.心理／情感动词：think,believe,find,etc.★　状态动词一般不用于进行时态。Thesouptastesgood.Heistastingthesoup.{比较：返回\n高考考点时态语态非谓语动词情态动词虚拟语气辩义选择返回\n时态一般式进行式完成体将来表达法返回\n一般式1、一般现在时：1）表示不受时间限制的客观存在；e.g.Practicemakesperfect.Thesunrisesintheeast.2）表示现在习惯动作(多用于动态动词)；e.g.Classbeginsateighteverymorning.Henevertakesabus;hewalkstowork.ThestudentsallspeakEnglishthesedays.3)表示现在时刻(多用于状态动词)；e.g.Helookstired.Iagreewithyoucompletely.转下页\n4）表示现在瞬间；e.g.Therecomesthebus.Ideclarethemeetingopen.5）表示过去时间；(以求描绘的生动性)e.g.Theriverriseshigherandhigher,breaksthebanksandfillsalllowplaces.6）表示将来时间。A、表固定不变或不易改变的动作或状态；e.g.TomorrowisSunday.Theyleaveforthecountrysidenextweek.B、用于时间/条件状语从句中。e.g.Whenhearrives,we’llgoouttomeethim.转下页\n2、一般过去时：1）表示确定的过去时间；e.g.HetravelledinEuropelastyear.Mr.Turnerisn’tin.Hewentout.2)表示过去的习惯动作或状态；e.g.WhenIwasatcollege,Iwrotehomeonceaweek.3）表示先后一连串动作；e.g.Hewenttotown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.4）表示现在或将来时间（虚拟）。e.g.It’stimewewent.Ifhearrivedtomorrow,Ishouldmeethimattheairport.返回\n进行式1、现在进行式：1）表示现在正进行的动作；A、表示此刻正进行或发生的动作；e.g.Heiswritingaletternow.B、表示现阶段正进行而此刻不一定在进行的动作；e.g.SheisvisitingBeijingthisweek.2）表示将来的动作；A、表示按计划安排将要发生的动作；e.g.We’regoingtoRomenextweek.B、用于时间或条件状语从句中；e.g.I’llthinkaboutitwhileyou’rewritingthereport.转下页\n3、表示婉转语气；(限于hope,wonder等)e.g.I’mhopingyou’llgiveussomeadvice.4、表示感情色彩。e.g.Theboyisalwaystalkinginclass.比较：Mywatchworksperfectly.(经常性)Mywatchisworkingperfectly.(暂时性)Johndoesfineworkatschool.(说明事实)Johnisdoingfineworkatschool.(表示赞扬)Thebusstops.(迅速地停住)Thebusisstopping.(渐渐地停住){{{转下页\n2、过去进行时；1）、表示过去某时正进行的动作；A表示过去某一时刻正进行的动作：e.g.WhenIgotupthismorning,itwasraining.B表示过去某阶段正进行的动作；e.g.Theywerebuildingadamlastwinter.C表过去将来（用于时/条从）；e.g.Hetoldmetowakehimupifhewassleeping.2）、叙述故事发生的背景；e.g.TheaccidenthappenedwhileIwasworkinginthegarden.Thewindwasblowinganditwasraininghard.转下页\n3）、表示按计划安排过去某时将发生的动作；e.g.Theywereleavingafewdayslater.4）、表感情色彩；e.g.Hewasalwayschanginghismind.5）、表示婉转语气；(hope,want,wonder,etc.)e.g.Iwashopingyoucouldhelpus.比较：Iwasreadingabookthatevening.(未完成)Ireadabookthatevening.(已完成)Itrainedlastnight.(陈述事实)Itwasrainingallnight.(强调时间长度)注意：状态动词一般不用于进行式。{{返回\n完成体1、现在完成体：1）“已完成”用法(现在时间前完成的动作留下的结果或影响)：A表目前结果(瞬间动词；状态改变或位移动词)；e.g.Hehasturnedoffthelight.IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.B表永久结果(持续动作动词)；e.g.He’shadagoodeducation.C一个动作先于另一动作；e.g.Iunderstandwhathehassaidtous.D表将来（时/条从）；e.g.I’llreturnthebooktoyouassoonasIhavefinishedit.转下页\n2）、“未完成”用法：表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束。(可用于持续动作动词、状态动词，但不适用于短暂动作或位移动词。)e.g.Hehaslivedheresince1980.He’sbeenillforthreeyears.注意：Hehasn’twrittentomefortwoyears.HehasoftenwrittentomesinceheleftShanghai.(反复)比较：HehasbeeninBeijing.(已完成)HehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.(未完成——现在还在北京)转下页\n比较：Hashelivedhereallhislife?(他还活着。)Didhelivehereallhislife?(他已死了。)I’veseenhimthisMarch.(现在还是三月。)IsawhimthisMarch.(现在已过三月。)注意:()Hehasjoinedthepartyfor2years.()Ihavemethimlastweek.2、过去完成体：1)“已完成”用法：表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束。这个用法既适用于动态动词，也适用于状态动词。如：Ihadwrittenthearticlewhentheycame.×{{转下页×HehasjoinedtheParty.HejoinedthePartytwoyearsago.It’s2yearssincehejoinedtheparty.Imethimlastweek.\n2）“未完成”用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一事件前已发生但未结束的动作。这一用法既适用于动态动词（主要为持续动作），也适用于状态动词。如：Bysixo’clocktheyhadworkedfortwelvehours.3）“想象性”用法：A表虚拟：Ifhehadworkedharder,hewouldhavesucceeded.B表过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这一用法适用于下列动词：hope,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose,want等。如：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldbeabletovisitus.Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn’tgethereintime.转下页\n比较：Ididtheworkatsixo’clock.(侧重结果“已完成”)Ihaddonetheworkatsixo’clock.(侧重工作时间)Helosthispenbutfounditafterwards.(动作接连发生)Hefoundthepenhehadlost.(动作不按时间顺序排列)WhenIgothome,thechildrenhadgonetobed.(睡觉在先)WhenIhadgothome,thechildrenwenttobed.(到家在先)3、用完成体的常用句型：1).This/Itisthefirst/second…time+that从句.e.g.Thisisthefirsttimehehascomehere.2).Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句.3).Hardlyhad…done…when….Nosoonerhad…done…than….返回\n将来表达法will/shall+不定式begoingto+不定式be+-ingbeto+不定式一般现在时返回\nwill/shall+不定式1、will/shalldo:一般要与表将来的时间状语连用，在许多情况下都带有情态色彩。e.g.Whenshallwe/Iseeyounext?Whenwilltheyarrive?Won’tyougotoBeijingnextweek?2、will/shallbedoing:一般只能用于动态动词。e.g.I’llbeworkinginGenevaduringMay.He’llbeleavingataboutfour.Whenwillyoubevisitingusagain?(婉转语气)转下页\n3、will/shallhavedone:既可表示将来某一时刻前业已完成的动作，也可表示说话人对业已完成的事态的推测(主要用于第二、三人称)。e.g.I’llhavefinishedmyworkbyfivethisafternoon.Thepupilswillhavereadthatbookalready.Therainwillhavekeptyouindoorstoday.返回\nbegoingto+不定式不定式动词既可是动态动词，也可是状态动词。1、表示现在的意图（往往是事先经过考虑），即打算在最近或将来进行某事。主语通常指人。e.g.Whatareyougoingtodotoday?c.f.Thewallisgoingtobepaintedgreen.比较：—Whereisthetelephonebook?—I’llgetitforyou.(临时的决定)2、表示现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种事态。主语可指人，也可指物。e.g.Ifeeldizzy.IthinkI’mgoingtofaint.Watchout!Thepileofboxesisgoingtofall.返回\nbe+-ing用现在进行体表示将来时间只适用于动态动词(主要是位移动词)，不能用于状态动词。表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，通常指最近即将发生的动作。通常与将来时间状语连用。He’swashingthedishes.(正在进行)He’swashingthedisheslater.(将来)bedoing与begoingtodo的用法比较：1、可通用；She’sgettingmarriedthisspring.=She’sgoingtogetmarriedthisspring.2、不可通用。不能说：Ifeeldizzy.IthinkI’mfainting.{返回\nbeto+不定式betodo也能表示按计划安排将要发生的动作;也常见于报纸和广播，用以宣布官方的计划或决定；也可用来表示命令、禁止或可能性等。动作必须受人们意志控制。e.g.IamtohaveteawithBettythisafternoon.ThePrimeMinisteristospeakontelevisiontonight.Youare(not)tostandhere.Doyouunderstand?Thedictionaryisnottobehadhere.不能说:Heistobefat./It’storain.返回\n一般现在时一般现在时表将来时间除了be动词以外，一般只适用于动态动词。表示的按计划安排将发生的将来动作是不可更改或不可随便更改的；更多地用于条件或时间状语从句中。e.g.I’mfreethisafternoon.Thetrainleavesat7:30thisevening.ThematchtakesplaceonWednesday.WaitheretillIcomeback.He’scomingtoseeusthedayhearrives.Lookout(that)youdon’tcatchcold.Supposeheloseshisway.返回\n语态一、当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。但不及物动词、状态动词、“动词+介词”等不能用于被动语态。e.g.Thestoryhappenedlastnight.Helacksconfidence.Theyarriveatadecision.二、下列结构作宾语，句子不能改为被动语态：1）宾语从句作宾语；e.g.Johnthought(that)shewasattractive.2）不定式、动名词作宾语；e.g.Johnhopedtoseethefilm.Johnenjoyedseeingthefilm.转下页\n3）反身代词作宾语；e.g.Johncouldseehimselfinthemirror.4）相互代词作宾语；e.g.Wecouldhardlyseeeachotherinthefog.5）宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词；e.g.Thewomanshookherhead.6）“及物动词+宾语”构成不容拆分的紧密整体。e.g.Ididnotloseheart.Thehousehaschangeshands(易手)severaltimes.Greatchangestookplace.转下页\n三、主动形式表被动含义：1、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义：1)表示状态特征的连系动词+形容词/名词构成的系表结构；e.g.Thesteelfeelscold.2)表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词，如：begin,start,open,finish,close,stop,end,shut,etc.e.g.Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning.Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday.3)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如：read,act,write,sell,wash,wear,lock,dry,etc.e.g.Thiscoatdrieseasily.Thepenwritessmoothly.转下页\n4)少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表被动含义，如：print,build,cook,fry,etc.e.g.Thebooksareprinting.2、用非谓语动词的主动形式表被动含义：1)want,need,require作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义；如：Thehouseneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.2)形容词worth后用动名词主动形式表被动含义；Thebookiswellworthreading.3)不定式在某些形容词(difficult,easy,pleasant,heavy,good,safe,dangerous,etc.)后作状语且和句子主语(或宾语)构成逻辑动宾关系时；如：转下页\nThebookisdifficult(forme)tounderstand.Heiseasy(forpeople)togetalongwith.4)不定式作名词的后置定语，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语或宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式表被动含义；如：Hehasalotofworktodo.I’llgivehimsomethingtoread.5)在therebe句型中修饰主语的不定式用主动形式和被动形式皆可，在口语中多用主动形式；如：Therearemanythingstodo/tobedone.6)不定式tolet,toblame等表示被动含义。如：Thecaristolet(出租).返回\n非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能：二、相同句法功能的非谓语动词形式的比较：三、其他要注意的问题：返回\n一、非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能：√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√返回\n√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√二、相同句法功能的非谓语动词形式的比较：返回（请点击“主、表、宾”等）\n二、相同句法功能的非谓语动词形式的比较：1、作主语：Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving.Lookingafterthebabyisherjob.(经常性)Tolookafterthebabyisherjob.(短暂性)√√返回\n2、作表语：Herjobislookingafterthebaby.(经常性)Herjobistolookafterthebaby.(短暂性)Thenewsisinspiring.Theglassisbroken.√√√√返回\n3、作宾语：1)基本可通用;(begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue，)e.g.Helikesreading/toread.下列情况下通常用不定式:A主语为物;如:Icebegantomelt.B谓语动词用进行式;如:√√转下页\nMotherisbeginningtocooksuper.C宾语为表“心理状态、精神活动”的动词。如：Theoldgrannybegantowonderwhohaddoneallthis.2）、表不同意义:(stop,goon)Thestudentsstoptohavearest.(不同动作)Thestudentsstopreading.(同一动作)Afterfinishingtheirhomework,thestudentswentontoreadthetext.(不同动作)Thestudentswentonreadingthetext.(同一动作)3）、搭配不同，意义不同:(remember,forget,regret)转下页\nHerememberedpostingtheletter.(动作已发生)Doremembertoposttheletter.(动作未发生)4）、含义不同，搭配不同；(try,mean)Pleasetrytofinishthejobintime.(努力)Pleasetrydoingthejobinanotherway.(尝试)Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.(意图)Thismeanswaitingforanother2hours.(意味着)5）、只接动名词(mepscafi“妹不吃咖啡”)：mind,miss,enjoy,practise,suggest,consider,avoid,finish,imagine,etc.e.g.Haveyoufinishedreadingthebook?转下页\n6）、其他:(allow,permit,forbid,advise,etc.)allowdoing/allowsbtodosth.advisedoing/advisesbtodosth.suggest(sb/sb’s)doing/suggestdoingTheclassroomneeds/wantscleaning.=Theclassroomneeds/wantstobecleaned.c.f.Weneedtofinishthejobintime.返回\n4、作定语：Ihavesomebooks(foryou)toread.(后置)aswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingafallingleaf=aleafwhichisfallingafallenleaf=aleafwhichhasfallen√√√√返回\n5、作状语：Icameheretoseeyou.(目的)Hehurriedthereonlytofindthestoreclosed.Wewereexcitedtohearthat.(原因)Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.(原因)Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbystudents.√√√返回☆\n6、作补足语：Iheardtheboysingasong.(动作的全过程)Iheartheboysingingasong.(动作正在进行)Ihearasongsungbytheboy.(被动)Ihavemyhaircutyesterday.√√√返回\n三、其他要注意的问题：1、非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语必须保持一致：Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?c.f.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.Givenmoreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.如果非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，须加上自己的逻辑主语。如：Timepermitting,we’llhaveatestnextweek.转下页\n2、不定式的形式与意义：Isawhimgoout.(与谓语动作同时或几乎同时)Hepretendedtobereadingabook.(正在进行)I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.(谓语动作之前)Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.3、不定式的省略：（见句法的省略部分）4、复合结构：1）不定式的复合结构：for/ofsbtodoe.g.Itiskindofyoutosayso.ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell.2）动名词的复合结构：sb’s(sb)/my(me)doingWouldyoumindmy/meopeningthewindow?Tom’sbeinglatemadehisbossangry.转下页\n5、独立成分：Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.Strictlyspeaking,thisresultisnotright.Judgingfromhisaccent,heisfromAmerican.6、独立主格结构：Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.Theweather(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting.Thegirllayonherback,herhandscrossedunderherhead.Thefloorwet,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.转下页\nThemeetingover,weallwenthome.Theteachercamein,abookinhishand.=Theteachercamein,bookinhand.Somanypeopletohelphim,heissuretosucceed.Therebeingnomorethingstobediscussed,themeetingcametoanend.Itbeingtoocold,peoplegotupquitelateinthemorning.返回\n情态动词基本意义与用法辩义选择情态动词+havedone否定式与附加问句返回\n基本意义与用法1、may/might:1)表许可：Youmaycomeifyouwish.—May/MightIuseyourbike?—Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t.2)表示可能：Itmayraintomorrow.Hemaynotbeserious.c.f.Canitbetrue?3)用于祈便句中表示祝愿：Mayyousucceed!2、can/could:1)表示能力：Canyoufinishtheworktonight?Marycanspeak5languages.转下页\n2)表示客观可能性：Mancannotlivewithoutair.3)表示许可：Youcansmokeinthisroom.4)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度(否、问、惊叹句)：ThiscannotbedonebyMary.Howcanyoubesorude!3、must:1)表示“必须”：Imustgonow,orI’llbelate.—Musttheygowithyou?—Yes,theymust./No,theyneedn’t.2)表示推测：Theremustbeamistake.Youmustbejoking!转下页\n4、shall/should:1)用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意思：Whatshallwedothisevening?2)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示：Shallwebeginourlesson?Whenshallhebeabletoleavethehospital?3)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁：Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkharder.HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.4)should表示劝告、建议等：Youshouldgotoclassrightaway.转下页\n5、will/would:1)表示请求、建议等，用would语气更委婉：Wouldyou(please)passmethebook?2)表示意志、愿望和决心：Iwillneverdothat.3)用“willbe”和“will+havedone”表推测，主要用于第二、三人称：Thiswillbethebookyouwant.Hewillhavearrivedbynow.4)would表过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向：Duringthevacation,hewouldvisitmeeveryweek.5)表示料想或猜想：Ithoughthewouldhavetoldyouallaboutit.转下页\n6、oughtto:1）表示应该：Yououghttotakecareofhim.2)表示推测：Heoughttobehomebynow.7、need:表示“需要、必须”，作情态动词，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。Youneedn’tbuythebook.—NeedIfinishtheworktoday?—Yes,youmust.8、dare：作情态动词，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。HowdareyousayI’munfair?Hedaren’tspeakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,darehe?返回\n辩义选择1、表可能性或猜测的can,may,must:Mr.Reedlookspale.Hemaybeill.(事实上可能)Mr.Reedisinpoorhealth.Hecanbeillatanytime.(逻辑上可能)Mr.Reedlookspale.Hemustbeill.(语气肯定)—Canthisbetrue?—Thismay/mustbetrue./Itcan’tbetrue.2、表示能力的can,could,beableto:Althoughhislegwashurt,hewasabletoswimtothebank.(通过努力克服困难做成某事)Canyouskate?(由体力、知识、技能等产生的能力)Icandothatforyou.(有时带有“愿意”的含义)转下页\n3、表“必须”的must,haveto:Ireallymustgonow.(主观看法)IhadtoworkwhenIwasatyourage.(客观需要)Youmustn’tgo.(禁止，不允许)Youdon’thavetogo.(不必)４、表“应该”的should,oughtto:Youshouldstartatonce.(语气一般)Yououghttostartatonce.(接近于must)ShouldIgo?(疑问句中常用should)５、表过去经常的would,usedto:Heusedtogetupat6:30,butnowhegetsupat6o’clock.Hewouldtakeawalkintheparkaftersupper.返回\n情态动词+havedone１、musthavedone:对过去情况肯定的推测e.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadwasquitemuddy.２、can’t/couldn’thavedone:过去不可能做了某事e.g.Hecan’thavebeentoBeijing,forheknowstoolittleaboutit.３、can/couldhavedone:(否、问)“可能已经”、“本来可以(可能)”e.g.Youcouldhavedonebetter,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.Tomdidn’tarriveyet.Hecouldhavebeencaughtinthetrafficjam.转下页\n４、may/mighthavedone:“也许已经”、“本来应该或可以做但没有做某事”e.g.Hemay/mighthavegonehome.Youmighthavegivenhimmorehelpthoughyouwerebusy.５、needn’thavedone:过去本不必做而实际上已做e.g.Youneedn’thavetoldherthenews,forIhadtoldherearlier.６、should/oughttohavedone:过去本该做但没做shouldn’thavedone:本不该做但已做e.g.Youshould/oughttohavecometothemeetingearlier.I’mnotfeelingwellinthestomach.Ishouldn’thaveeatensomuchfriedchickenjustnow.返回\n否定式与附加问句1.Hemustfinishtheworktoday,mustn’the?2.—Musthefinishtheworktoday?—Yes,hemust./No,heneedn’t.3.Hemustbehungrynow,isn’the?4.Hemusthavefinishedthework,hasn’t/didn’the?5.—MayIsmokehere?—Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.6.—Canitbetrue?—Itmaynotbetrue./Itcan’tbetrue.返回\n虚拟语气１、三种基本情况的谓语动词形式：2、含蓄虚拟条件句：1)用介词短语替代条件句:Wecouldn’thavesucceededwithoutyourhelp.转下页\nButfortherain,wewouldhavefinishedthework.2)用一个副词或连词表示虚拟条件句:e.g.Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.3、混合虚拟条件句：e.g.Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.IfChinahadnotbeenliberated,theworkingpeoplewouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife.4、虚拟条件句的省略：e.g.WereIyou,Iwoulddomorepracticeafterclass.If(only)sheweremysister!转下页\n5、虚拟语气表示委婉语气的句型：e.g.Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.Wouldyoubesokindastoshowmetheway?6、常用虚拟语气的句型：1)在表“命令、要求、建议”等的名词性从句中用(should+)do;e.g.Thedoctorsuggestedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewsays.Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)giveuptheplan.2）在Itis+形容词(necessary,natural,strange,etc.)+that从句中用(should+)do;e.g.It’snecessarythatwe(should)cleantheroomeveryday.转下页\n3)在Itis/wasapity/shame/nowonder,etc.+that从句中，用should+do;e.g.Itisapitythatourteamshouldlosethegame.4）Itis(high/about)time(that)从句中，常用动词的过去式；e.g.Itishightimewestartedout.5)wish后的宾语从句中，用虚拟；e.g.IwishIwereascleverasyou.Iwishhewouldtryagain.6）asis/though引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中；e.g.Helooksasifhewereanartist.7)wouldrather后的宾语从句中；e.g.Iwouldratheryoudidn’tgothere.转下页\n8）Ifonly引导的感叹句中；e.g.IfonlyIwereabird!9)在含有Ifitwerenotfor或Ifithadnotbeenfor条件句的虚拟语气中；e.g.Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropswould/shoulddie.10)谓语动词用动词原形表示强烈的“愿望、祝愿”；e.g.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!11)用“may+动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”.e.g.Mayyousucceed!返回\n辩义选择1、wear,dress,puton,haveon,bein2、rise,raise3、arrive,reach,get4、wish,hope5、allow,permit,let,etc.6、cutup/down/offetc.7、lookup/for/at/round/into/down,etc.……………………………返回\n形容词/副词基本用法比较等级辩义其他返回\n基本用法一、句法功能：1、形容词的句法功能：1）作定语：e.g.Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellyou.2）作表语：e.g.Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.3）作宾语补足语：e.g.Thenewsmadeeveryonehappy.4）作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果等：e.g.Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.Mr.Whitestaredintothedistance,speechlessforamoment.转下页\n5）与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中作主、宾。e.g.Therichandthepoorliveverydifferentlives.2、副词的句法功能：1）作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子：e.g.Hehadworkedhardallhislife.LuckilyshewasinwhenIcalled.2）作表语：e.g.Heisnotin/out.3）作定语(后置)：e.g.Thepopulationhereisgettingsmaller.4）有时也构成复合宾语。e.g.IsawyououtwithMr.Wangyesterday.转下页\n1、定语后置：1）形容词短语作定语；2）同表示数量的词组连用时；3）修饰不定代词；4）enough可前置，也可后置；5）表语形容词作定语；6）“as+形容词+as”结构作定语；7）副词作定语。8）由and/or连接的并列形容词；2、多个形容词的顺序：“美小圆旧黄、法国木书房”限定词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低+形状+年龄、新旧+颜色+国家、地区、出处+物质、材料+用途、类别+名词中心词一张小圆桌一栋高大的灰色建筑一辆昂贵的日本跑车一家有名的德国医学学校二、位置与顺序：asmallroundtableatallgraybuildinganexpensiveJapanesesportscarafamousGermanmedicalschool转下页\n3、as…as中名词的位置以及倍数、分数等词的位置：1).as+adj.+a(n)+n(单数)+asasmany/much+n(复数)+as2).倍数+as+adj.+ase.g.Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan.Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.4、副词的位置：1）频率副词通常在实义动词前，be/助动词之后；2）enough后置；3）多个副词连用，一般顺序为“方式状语+地点状语+时间状语”。返回\n比较等级一、比较级和最高级的不规则变化形式：bad/badlygood/wellmany/muchlittleoldfarworse;worstbetter;bestmore;mostless;leastolder/elder;oldest/eldestfarther/further;farthest/furthest二、比较级的结构形式：1).(倍数)as……as/notas(so)……as2).(倍数)more……than3).倍数+the+N(size,length,age,etc.)+ofe.g.Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.Thisroomistwicelargerthanthatone.Thisroomistwicethesizeofthatone.转下页\n三、比较级使用时要注意的问题：1).要注意比较对象一致；2).要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则；3).要注意冠词的使用，后有名词时前面才有可能有冠词。Correctthemistakesinthefollowingsentences:a.ChinaislargerthananycountryinAsia.b.Tomisthetallestofthreebrothers.c.ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanBeijing.d.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthancarryingitout.other∧the∧∧thatof()tocarryWhichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.{{比较转下页\n四、比较级的修饰词有：abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,alot,agreatdeal,even,still,etc.五、最高级的修饰词有：first,byfar,nearly,bynomeans,etc.六、常考的含有比较级的句型：1.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”；如：e.g.It’sgettingcolderandcolder.2.“the+比较级……the+比较级……”.如：e.g.Thesooneryoufinishthejob,thebetter.返回\n辩义muchtoo:toomuch:{adv.（+adj./adv.）adj./pron.(+N)e.g.Theseshoesaremuchtoosmallforme.Acyclingholidaywouldbetoomuchforanunfitpersonlikeme.specially:especially:{+todo“为了一个特别目的”+介词短语/连词e.g.Icameherespeciallytoseeyou.Ilovethecountryespeciallyinspring.Weareverybusyespeciallywhenwehavevisitors.Thisisespecially/speciallyforyou.转下页\nvery:much:verymuch:{一般用来修饰形/副词的原级一般用来修饰形/副词的比较级用来修饰动词，位于句末e.g.Ifeelveryhappy.Heismuchclevererthanhisbrother.Thankyouverymuch.★Thisistheverybest.★Thisismuchthebest.moreandmore:themore…themore:{越来越……越……就越……e.g.Hespeaksmoreandmoreopenlyabouthisproblem.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou’llmake.转下页\nmore…than…:morethan:{与其说……不如说……=very(不只是，非常)e.g.Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.Sheismorethankindtousall.notmorethan:nomorethan:{atmost;notso…as…only;neither…nor…e.g.Therearenotmorethantenstudentsintheclassroom.Therearenomorethantenstudentsintheclassroom.Tomdoesn’tplayfootballbetterthanPeter.TomplaysfootballnobetterthanPeter.返回\n其他1.表语形容词：well,ill,faint,asleep,afraid,alike,alive,alone,awake,etc.2.–ly形容词：friendly,lovely,likely,lonely,brotherly,comradely,etc.3.-ly形容词/副词：daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early,etc.4.有两种形式的副词：一般来说：与形容词同形的副词用于比较具体的概念；加-ly的副词用于比较抽象的场合。但有时两者含义相差甚远。e.g.Hespokehighlyofher.Hecanjumpveryhigh.☆Heworksveryhard.☆Hehardlyknewtheanswerstothequestions.转下页\n5.无比较等级的形容词：impossible,right,wrong,perfect,favorite,mistaken,etc.6.倍数表示法：1).Ais3times/half/onethirdthesize(height,length,etc.)ofB.2).Ais3times/half/onethirdasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.3).Ais3times/half/onethirdbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.返回\n数词一基数词、序数词：\n二分数、小数、百分数：转下页\n三其他：1、倍数：两倍三倍四倍一、两倍二、三倍2、时间表示法：1949年10月1日：twicethreetimesfourtimesonceortwicetwoorthreetimesOctober1,1949October(the)firstnineteenforty-nine1905年：公元前105年：公元后860年：20世纪90年代：nineteenhundredandfiveonehundredandfiveB.C.eightsixtyA.D.inthe1990s/1990’s/nineties转下页\n3:055:207:3011:503、年龄表达法：Heisten(yearsold).Sheisstillinhertwenties.一个七岁的男孩：aboyofseven(yearsold)aboyofsevenyearsofageaseven-year-oldboy4、整数词用法：三百人数以百计的人fivepastthreetwentypastfivehalfpastsevententotwelvethreehundredpeoplehundredsofpeople转下页\nadozenpeopletwodozenpeople(several/some)dozensofpeopleadozenofusadozenofthoseapplesscoresofyearsagotwoscore(of)peoplethreescoreandtenpeople5、序数词与寇词：Iliketheredone,thefirstontheleft.CanIhaveasecondtry?Firstcome,firstserved.Thegirlcameoutfirst/secondinthecontest.返回\n连词并列连词从属连词返回\n并列连词1、and型表示添加意义的词：and,both…and…,aswellas,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…2、or型表示选择意义的词：or,either…or…,orelse,otherwise,whether…or…,ratherthan3、but型表示转折意义的连词:but,yet,while,still,however,whereas,nevertheless4、so型表示原因和结果的连词：so,for,therefore返回\n从属连词1、引导名词性从句的连词：连词：that,whether,if连接代词：what,which,who,whom,whose,etc.连接副词：when,where,why,how,etc.2、引导定语从句的连词：关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose,etc.关系副词：when,where,why,etc.3、引导状语从句的连词：1)when,while,as,after,before,since,etc.2)because,since,as,nowthat,etc.3)where,wherever,etc.4)if,unless,as/solongas,incase,etc.转下页\n4、特殊的从属连词：1)分词转化为连词：considering(考虑到),given(考虑到),provided/providing(只要，如果),seeing(既然，考虑到),supposing(假如)。e.g.Consideringhe’sonlybeenlearningEnglishayear,hespeaksitverywell.Supposingwhitewereblack,youwouldberight.2)动词转化为连词：suppose(假定),savethat(只是).e.g.Supposetheydidn’tbelievehimwhatwouldtheydotohim?转下页\n3)副词转化为连词：directly,immediately,once,nowthat,instantly,etc.e.g.Onceyoubegin,youmustn’tstop.Ileft,immediatelytheclockstrucktwelve.4)名词短语作连词：theminute/moment,theday,anymoment,each/everytime,nexttime,etc.e.g.Comeandseeusanymomentyoucan.Eachtimewecallhim,heisreading.5)thefirsttime作连词：e.g.ThatwasthefirsttimeIhadgonetowork.IthoughtherniceandhonestthefirsttimeImether.Doyourememberthefirsttimewemet?返回\n介词常见介词的意义和用法介词和其他词类的搭配其他注意点返回\n常见介词的意义和用法一、表示时间的介词：1.at,on,inat6o’clock,thattime,noon,night,dawn,dark,sunrise,sunset,Christmas,weekend,etc.onMonday(morning),July1,1921,ChristmasDay,afinemorning,etc.inthemorning,aweek,July,spring,2005,the21stcentury,etc.2.in,during表示“一段时间”，凡是能用in的地方，一般都可用during。但during更强调时间的延续，强调“在……的过程中”。因此，如果句中谓语动词表示一种状态或习惯性的动作，或在此期间多种事情连续发生，通常用during。转下页\ne.g.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.3.in,after,sincein+一段时间“(从现在开始)一段时间后”、“过……”，谓语动词用一般将来时；after+点时间“在某时之后”，谓语动词可根据句子要求用各种时态；after+一段时间“(从过去某时开始)一段时间后”，谓语动词用一般过去时；since表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到说话时间止，谓语动词一般用现在或过去完成时。e.g.Abighospitalwillbebuiltinthecityinafewyears.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.转下页\n4.till,until,to三个词都可表示“一个动作的终结”，常用from…to…,和from…till/until…;但在用“倒读法”表示“钟点”时总用to,而单独表示“直到几点”又只用till。e.g.SoeverydayIworkfromdawntill/until/todark.—Shallwegoataquarterpastthree?—No,let’sgoataquartertothree.Heworkedtilleight.5.in,within两个词都可与“一段时间”连用，表“在……之内”(beforetheendof),但within较正式；在口语中，in+一段时间，还表示“(从现在开始)一段时间后”(attheendof)。e.g.I’llfinishthebookinafewdays.转下页\n二、表地点的介词：1.at,on,inat一般指比较小的地点和某种活动场所，或把一个地方看做一个点(不涉及大小)；on某东西在一个平面上，或某东西接触或接近一条线或类似一条线的东西；in指大地点或表示在某一区域或某一立体空间。2.at型:for,to,from等,通常表示去向、到达、离开、在或不在某点；on型：across,along,off,onto,over等，通常表示离开，沿着，在或不在某一条线或某个平面上；in型：into,outof,through等，通常表示进入、走出、穿过某个地区、城市或立体物，以及坐落在它们之内或之外。转下页\n三、表示方位的介词：1.in,on,toin表“在内”，to表“在外”，on表“相连”。e.g.LondonisinthesoutheastofEngland.U.S.istothewestofChina.MexicoisonthesouthofU.S..2.before,behind,infrontof,inthefrontofe.g.Yournamecomesbeforemine.PeopleneveruseMr,MrsorMissbeforetheirnames.Thereisacarparkedrightinfrontofourgate,andwecan’tgoout.Helikessittinginthefrontofthecar.3.over,above,onunder,below,(beneath)转下页\n四、表示手段的介词：1.by,with,inby后常接动名词，表示以某种方法做某事；with后接名词，表示以某种工具或某物做某事；in后接名词way、语言、风格等。e.g.Learntoswimbyswimming.Truefriendshipcan’tbeboughtwithmoney.AnEnglishteachershouldtrytoteachinEnglish.It’simpolitetowritealetterinred.Youshouldn’thavetreatedthematterinthewrongway.返回\n介词和其他词类的搭配一、介词与动词的搭配：laughat,lookforwardto,dependon,lookfor/after,worryabout,agreewith/to/on,askfor,belongto,hearof/from,listento,carefor,waitfor,answerfor,leavefor,operateon,aimat,callat/on,comeacross,dealwith,consistof,engagein,liveon,dieof/from,insiston,preparefor,objectto,putupwith,prevent…from,sendfor,referto,sufferfrom,standfor,etc.转下页\n二、介词与名词的搭配：1.key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,etc.+to2.interest,expert,satisfaction,etc.+in3.mercy,congratulation,etc.+on4.prize,respect,etc.+for5.victoryover,strugglewith,6.表“的”的介词：afriendofmineaticketfortonightastoryaboutLeiFengakeytothedooralectureonAmericahistory转下页\n三、介词与形容词的搭配：1.afraid,angry,good,bad,clever,terrified,surprised,etc.+at2.sure,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy,certain,etc.+of3.angry,strict,careful,busy,popular,+with4.weak,strict,rich,interested,+in5.next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,near,similar,due,+to6.sorry,good,famous,fit,eager,anxious,hungry,etc.+for7.far,different,free,safe,absent,tired,etc.+from8.sorry,worried,certain,sure,etc.+about返回\n其他注意点一、介词的省略：1.表示时间的介词在next,last,this,these,yesterday,tomorrow,one,any,every,each,some,等词之前省略；2.在某些动词之后的介词可以省略：spend(in),stop(from),prevent(from),etc.二、不要漏掉必要的介词：1.带有介词的短语动词在变为被动语态时，不要漏掉介词。e.g.Goodcareshouldbetakenofthem.2.不及物动词作定语时，如果其与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系，其后要加相应的介词。e.g.Yearsofhardwork,verylittlefood,onlyasmallroomtolivein.返回