定语从句学习课件(高中英语) 38页

AttributiveClause定语从句\nWhatisAttribute?①Heisanhonestboy.②Weloveourcountry.③What’syourtelephonenumber?④MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.honestourtelephoneinRussia定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。\n句子可以做定语吗？☞昨天来参观我们学校的外宾来自加拿大。__________________☞TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.Theforeignervisitedourschoolyesterday.☞TheforeignerisfromCanada.在句子中担任定语功能的句子是定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词。\n定语从句的概念☞定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。_____________________什么是先行词？什么是关系词？定语从句的分类\n☞定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。先行词通常为人、物或者是事情。什么是先行词？Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。_______________________\n定语从句的分类☞限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词间的关系紧密程度，定语从句分别分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。用来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词见的关系非常紧密，如果去掉则意思含混不清。eg.Adoctorisapersonwholooksafterpeople’shealth.——————————————医生就是照顾病人的人。\n☞非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而是根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系那样紧密。非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。eg.LastmonthImetHolly,whowasthenpreparingforatest.上个月我碰到了霍利，她当时正在准备进行一项测验。————————————————\n什么是关系词？☞引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。如果定语从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语等成分，则应该选择关系代词。Thisisbook__________Iwant.Ishetheman_______wantstoseeyou?如果定语从句中缺少状语，则应该选择关系副词。Istillrememberthetime_____wefirstmetafewyearsago.Icamearoundtoexplainthereason____Iwasabsentthismorning.which/thatwho/thatwhenwhy\nRevision1relativepronoun关系代词指代在定语从句中所充当的成分人物句子主语宾语定语whowhomwhichthatwhose\nrelativeadverb关系副词指代所充当的句子成分whenwherewhytimeplacereason时间状语地点状语原因状语\n先行词人事物人+事物主语/主格who/thatwhich/thatthat宾语/宾格whom/who/thatwhich/thatthat表语thatthatthat定语/所有格whosewhose/ofwhich/关系代词\nwho的用法☞先行词必须是人，作主语和宾语e.g.Themanwhospokeatthemeetingthismorningisafamouslawyer.ThegirlwhoyousawjustnowisJane.whom的用法作宾语时，可用whom,that替换,可以省略Thegirl(whom/who/that)yousawjustnowisJane.\nwhich的用法☞先行词必须是事物，作主语和宾语eg.Thisisthebookwhich/thatwaswrittenineasyEnglishbyourEnglishteacher.eg.Thepictures(which/that)hedrewinthe1980sareonshow.作宾语时，关系词可以省略作主语时，关系词不可省略。\n注意(whom&which)：☞whom&which做介词宾语时，介词常可提前，即介词+whom/which+从句，此时whom&which不能由who或that代替，不能省略。e.g.Thisisthemanfromwhomyoursonalwaysbegsmoney.Thechaironwhichsheissittingismadeofwood.☞但当介词置于从句末尾时，whom可以由who或that代替，which可由that代替，都能省略。e.g.Thisistheman(whom/that/who)yoursonalwaysbegsmoneyfrom.\n☞有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可拆开，一般还是放在动词之后，不提前。eg.Heisthestudentwhotheteachersarelookingfor.Thenumberofthechildrenwhoshetakescareofis30.☞动词短语是否可以拆分，关键看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不变，可以拆分，否则不行。\nthat的用法①that可作定语从句中的主语（取代who或which），宾语（取代who或whom或which）②关系代词作表语，必须使用that，指代人或物，可以省略。e.g.Myfatherisnolongertheman(that)hewas.Myhometownisnotthesmalltownthatitusedtobetwentyyearsago.③that的特殊用法(必须使用that的情况或不能使用that情况).\n必须使用that的情况①当先行词是人+事物时e.g.Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.Thepolicehadgreattroubleindivertingthemenandthecarsthathadblockedtheway.②当先行词跟在系动词be后作表语，或关系词本身作定语从句的表语时，关系代词必须用that，但也可以省略e.g.Myfatherisnolongertheman(that)hewas.Hethoughthisdaughterwouldbethedancer(that)shealwayswantedtobe.It’sabook(that)willhelpyouagreatdeal.\n③当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词如thefirst,thelast等词修饰时。e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisthefirstchoicethatIhavemade.SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatIhaveeverknown.ThisisthelastletterthatIreceivedfromhim.④当先行词前面有theonly,thevery,oneof,any,no,every,few,little等词修饰时。e.g.TheonlypersonthatseemstoknowthetruthisDoctorBrown.Anypersonthatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.Thereisnodifficultythatwecannotovercome.Ihavereadallthebooksthatcanbeborrowedhere.\n⑤当先行词本身为不定代词如anything,something,nothing,everything,all,much,few,little,none,theone时。e.g.AllthatIwantispeaceandstability.ThereislittlethatIcando.ThereisnothingthatIcantellyou.IhavetriedeverythingthatIcanthinkof.Idonotmeanthisone.Imeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.注意：anybody,nobody,everybody等不在此列。\n不能使用that的情况①当定语从句前有介词时，关系代词不能用that。②that不能用于非限制性定于从句。③当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those,指人时，用who。e.g.Thosewholearnnotonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.④当先行词是he时，用who。(多谚语)e.g.Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburnt.Hewholaughsatlastlaughsbest.⑤当先行词本身是that时，用which或who避免重复不能用于非限制性定于从句。e.g.What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?\nwhose的用法☞whose作定语从句中的定语，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”或“某物的”。e.g.TheboywhosenameisTomisthetopstudentinmyclass.Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.注意：当whose指代物时，whose+从句结构=…ofwhich+从句=ofwhichthe…+从句e.g.Lookatthehousewhoseroofisred.Lookatthehouse,theroofofwhichisred.Lookatthehouse,ofwhichtheroofisred.\n这就是那位成绩卓越的科学家。Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.=Thisisthescientist,theachievementsofwhomarewellknown.=Thisisthescientistofwhomtheachievementsarewellknown.\nas的用法1)as用于限制性定语从句so…as；such…as；thesame…as；Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。Heisnotthesamemanashewas.他和过去不同了。\n2)as用于非限制性定语从句中as可以替代整个句子，而不是主句中的某一个词；which既可以替代整个句子，也可以替代主句中的某一个词。as既可以在主句前，又可在主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在主句之后。Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearth.=Themoontravelsroundtheearth,as/whichisknowntoeverybody.=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearth.=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearth.\n3)as的习惯用语asweallknow众所周知asiswell-known众所周知ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述aswehadexpected正如人们所预料的那样asanybodycansee正如人人都看到的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样asismentionedabove正如上面提到的asisoftenthecase这是常有的事\n难点：ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatIcanreadit.ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasIcanread.ThisbookiswrittenineasyEnglish______Icanread.\n关系副词指代对象先行词关系副词及相应的介词结构时间day,year,date,timewhen=in/on/at/during…which地点theplace,thecity,occasion,pointwhere=in/on/atwhich原因thereasonwhy=forwhich\n☞when,where,why等跟在先行词的后面，指代先行词，引出定语从句分别表示时间、地点和原因。在从句中充当状语的作用。1)when在定语从句中作时间状语Hecameatatimewhen/atwhichweneededhelp.2)where在定语从句中作地点状语Canyoutellmetheofficewhere/inwhichheworks?3)why在定语从句中作原因状语Hedidn’ttellherthereasonwhy/forwhichhewassohappy.\n易错点一：Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichwespenttheholidaytogether.Iwillneverforgettheday(that/which)wespenthappilytogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichwewenttotheGreatWall.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichIworkedlastyear.Thisisthefactory(which/that)Ivisitedlastyear.Thisisthefactorythat/whichproducesallkindsofTVsets.Hedidn’ttellusthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslateagain.Noonebelievesthereason(that/which)hetoldusyesterday.\nIsthislibrarytheonethat/---_youoftenreadin?Isthisthelibrary___which/that/---youoftenreadin?Thisisthereason_why/forwhichhewasabsent.Thisisthereason_that/which__canexplainhisabsence.Iwillneverforgettheday__that/which/---wespenttogether.Iwillneverforgettheday__when/onwhichweworkedtogether.\n易错点二：Thisisthehero(that/who/whom)weareproudof.Thisisthepen(that/which)Iwrotetheletterwith.ThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson(whom/who/that)shecouldturntoforhelp.\n高考对关系副词where和when的考查一、抽象的地点1、先行词：situation,case,point,stage,sport,family,atmosphere,position,condition,scene…2、定语从句缺地点状语Bungeejumpingisanadventuroussportwherecouragemattersmorethanstrength.Ifyouwereinasituationwherefiveofusonlyhadonelifejacket,whatwouldhappen?Wehavereachedastagewherewehavealmostnorights.Today,we’lldiscussanumberofcaseswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.Wearejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.\n1、先行词：occasion,period2、定语从句却时间状语OccasionsarequiterarewhenIhavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.Wewentthroughaperiodwhencommunicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.\ntheway方式thewaythat/inwhich/---Wedon’tliketheway_______youtalktoyourparents.\nas和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1、which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be,seem,become等，一般不用其他行为动词。Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.Hedidn’tsayanythingatthemeeting,as/whichwas/seemedverystrange.2、从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。HecanwritealetterinEnglish,whichIcannot.Metalwillbearbeatingwithahammer,whichastonewillnot\n3、as常用“正如”含义，常用的结构有asweknow（众所周知）；asoftenhappens（正如常发生的那样）；asisoftenthecase（情况常常如此）;asweallcansee（正如我们看到的）这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Katewaslateforschool,as/whichoftenhappened.TaiWan,asweknow,isaninseparablepartofChina.4、在非限制性定语从句中which指代主句中某一个单词时，as不可以。Mybrotherenjoyedplayingbasketball,whichhereallyplayswell.Beijing,whichhewasbornin,isourcapital.\n5、as可以替代整个句子，而不是主句中的某一个词；which既可以替代整个句子，也可以替代主句中的某一个词。6、as既可以在主句前，又可在主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在主句之后。Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearth.=Themoontravelsroundtheearth,as/whichisknowntoeverybody.\n