《高中英语知识结构》PPT课件 368页

高中英语知识结构图\n词汇量：5500多单词简单句并列句复合句词类冠词和名词动词代词125和数词介词和连词形容词和副词345非谓语动词动词时态...情态0动词定语从句151名词性从句50状语从句160高中英语语言知识语言运用虚拟语气195听力口语阅读写作词法句法系动词助动词实义动词动词语态现象强调句型主谓一致倒装省略翻译\n词类分类重点、难点名词、冠词形容词、副词代词介词、数词1.抽象名词、物质名词具体化2.常见不可数名词3.专有名词口语交流中常见用法1.最高级的表达方式2.倍数表达3.多个形容词修饰一个名词4.加不加-ly均是副词意义有区别的词5.比较级、同级比较级固定搭配1.it引起的易混句式2.one,ones,that,those3.人称代词在短文改错中的考查4.不定代词的考查1.带介词to的短语2.序数词前的冠词使用\n动词时态语态分类重点、难点解题关键1.一般过去时和现在完成时2.将来时的表达及其用法3.“本打算，希望做却没有做”的六种表达方式4.说话之前刚刚结束的动作5.完成时态的考查动词时态动词语态1.根据语境，找时间点或时间段2.紧扣概念进行选择1.主动形式表被动含义的情况2.get+v-ed/-v-ing1.根据句意辨别词义2.主语与动词构成的主被动关系\n情态动词和虚拟语气分类重点、难点解题关键3.固定句式1.should+动词原形2.if引导的虚拟条件句理解句义结合记忆理解句义记忆3.情态动词+havedone情态动词虚拟语气2.表示对现在和过去的推测1.固定搭配考查:①canbut的用法②can’thelpbut,can’thelp的用法\n一般式被动式进行式完成式todo(not)todo(not)tobedone(not)tobedoing(not)tohavedoneV-ing(not)doing(not)beingdone(not)havingdonedone(not)done主语宾语状语定语补足语表语插入语todotomakemattersworse,toputitmildly,totellthetruth,generallyspeaking,considering,allowingfor,judgingfromV-ingdone形式作用非　谓　语　动　词\n非谓语动词重点、难点解题关键１非谓语动词作状语与独立主格结构、状语从句的区分。２非谓语动词作定语。３with复合结构和as引导的状语从句的区别。４既可以接不定式又接v-ing做宾语有区分的动词。５it做形式主语和形式宾语的句式。６使役性动词的过去分词和v-ing的理解。７不定式各种形式的考查。1.非谓语动作与主句动作发生的时间先后2.与逻辑主语之间的关系\n准确理解语意捕捉关键词结合基础知识解题简单句简单句并列句分类重点、难点解题关键并列句并列句中第一个句子是祈使句的考查,尤其是名词短语作祈使句并列句中的虚拟语气并列连词的考查句中出现三个或三个以上动词在改错中的考查一般疑问句的多种肯定回答Ithink、I’msure等引导宾语从句时,反意疑问句的考查带主语的祈使句的反意疑问句感叹句置于从句中时how与what的选用简单句中的虚拟语气\n语法一致原则意义一致原则就近一致原则分类记忆规则联系语意解题主谓一致重点难点解题方法分类单个名词作主语集体名词,以-s结尾的学科名词,常见不可数　　　　　　　名词,复数名词,不可数名词具体化并列主语And连接的名词表示一个人或物用单数，多个用复数；or,notonly…but,either…or,notsomuch…as..,neither…nor…,not…but;every/each/no/manya/morethanone…andevery量词做主语aquantityof,akindof,amountainof,apileof,aboxof,数词修饰主语much,anamountof,agreatdealof,lotsof,plentyof,therest,theremaining,themajorityof\n强调句句型（重难点）句中加语气词等词汇来强调强调助动词do+V．助动词do的形式随主语和时态而变化特殊疑问句式特殊疑问词＋be+it+that…?一般疑问句式（be动词放句首）反意疑问句式(必须和主句一致)强调句用在名词性从句中surely,really,certainly,definitely,utter,sheer,such,so等倒装句a.强调句子的主语时，要与强调句的谓语动词一致。b.表语一般不能用这一句型进行强调c.条件、让步状语从句不能强调d.强调because引导的原因状语从句，但强调的原因状语不能用as，since来引导e.可强调sothat引导的目的状语从句，但不能强调sothat引导的结果状语从句f.对由until引起的短语或从句，要注意否定前移注意陈述句句式Itis/was…that/who…\n名词性从句状语从句定语从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句as引导9种时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点状语从句复合句关系词介词+关系词介词+which/whom介词+where/whose+n.复合介词短语+which介词+which=关系副词as与which引导非限制性定语从句区别such…as/thesame…as限制性与非限制性关系副词关系代词陈述语序引导词从属接连词that/whether,在句中不成分作连接代词what/who/whom/whose/which/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语连接副词when/where/why/how/whenever/wherever/however在句中作状语分类\n主从复合句分类重点、难点解题关键状语从句名词性从句定语从句1.介词后的宾语2.引导词的选择3.it作形式主语、形式宾语的句式常考引导词细读题干划分句子成分不缺成分用that，”是否”用whether，缺什么成分补什么成分+语意记忆翻译1.关系词考查，尤其是as,which等，特别注意引导定语从句时与其他句式的转换2.介词+关系词3.position,case,situation,point,condition作先行词，关系词在定语从句中作状语用where\n冠词用法详解1.冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物.也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表：\n单数可数名词一定要用冠词复数可数名词和不可数名词a，an泛指单一，每一,任一事物a,an泛指单一，每一,任一事物被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物指类别指类别the特指:1.上文提到过的人或事物2.被限制性修饰语所限度的人或事物3.说话双方默认的人或事物4.世上独一无二的事物the特指:1.上文提到过的人或事物2.被限制性修饰语所限度的人或事3.说话双方默认的人或事物4.世上独一无二的事物指类别指类别\n不定冠词修饰可数名词.其意思为"一个"；定冠词既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，往往表特指.其意思相当于"这个"，单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中，一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词，或者加定冠词)。这时不妨可用"一个"或"这个(种)"来检验。\n（1）---Haveyouseen_____pen?Ileftitherethismorning.---Isit_____blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a（2）Mostanimalhavelittleconnectionwith_____animalsof_____differentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A.the;aB./;aC.the;theD./;/\n2.不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法（1）不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。ManypeopleagreedthataknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.许多人都持相同的看法，在当前国际贸易交往中，英语知识是必备的知识。（2）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。BeforeIgotoworkeverymorning,I'vealightbreakfast.我每天早晨上班前.吃点简单的早餐。\n（3）不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。ThetrafficaccidenthappenedonaSundaytowardstheendofJuly.车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。（4）不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前，表示一次，又一。Howimportantitistolearnasecondlanguage!再学一门语言是多么重要啊!\n（5）不定冠词a(n)表示"per"的意思。Hisincomeisonethousandyuanamonth.他的月收入是1000元。（6）不定冠词a(n)用于有good／greatmany修饰的名词复数前。I'vevisitedtheGreatWallagoodmanytimes.我参观过长城好多次。\n（7）不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数，但意义仍为单数的名词前。Athousandmilesisagooddistance.一千英里是相当远的距离。（8）不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。Let'shaveawalkaroundtheplaygroundaftersupper.晚饭后，让我们围着操场散步吧!\n（9）有一些抽象名词：advice(忠告)，behavior(行为)，fortune(运气)，fun(娱乐)，information(情报)，progress(进步)，damage(损害)，harm(伤害)等，即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词。KarlMarxgaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnforeignlanguagewell.卡尔•马克思就怎样学好外语，提出了许多建议。\n（10）用在某些固定词组中afew,alittle,alotof,abit,acoupleof,allofasudden(突然),asamatteroffact(实际上),inahurry(匆忙的),inaword(简言之),haveagoodtime(玩得愉快),dosb.afavor(帮忙),payavisitto(访问),asarule(惯例),asawhole(总之),inadayortwo(一两天),inaway(在某种程度上),ofasize(大小相同),haveawordwithsb.(与…交谈),makealiving(谋生),takeapridein(自豪),takeawalk(break,bath,seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)),agreatdealof(大量),beapity(遗憾),haveacold(headache,fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)),manya(许多),catchacold(感冒).\n3.用冠词与不用冠词的差异在某些习惯用语中，用还是不用冠词，意义不同，有时甚至差别很大，使用时要特别注意。\nattable进餐atthetable在桌子旁inhospital住院inthehospital在医院里bysea乘船（由海路）bythesea在海边gotosea当水手gotothesea去海边infuture从今以后，将来inthefuture未来\ntakeplace发生taketheplaceof代替twoofus我们当中的两人thetwoofus我们两人（共计两人）outofquestion毫无疑问，一定outofthequestion不可能onthewhole=ingeneral大体上，一般地asawhole=altogether全部地，整体amostimportantmeeting一个重要的会议themostimportantmeeting最重要的会议athirdtime又一次\nonearth究竟ontheearth在地球上，在世上gotoschool(church…)上学（做礼拜…）gototheschool(church…)到学校（教堂）去infrontof在…（外部的）前面inthefrontof在…（内部的）前面onhorseback骑着马onthehorseback在马背上\nthethirdtime第三次atadistance稍远一些inthedistance在远处Anumberof许多thenumberof…的数目foramoment一会儿forthemoment目前，暂时beinchargeof负责…beinthechargeof由…负责，在…掌管之下\nbyday在白天bytheday按日计算inpossessionof拥有inthepossessionof为…所有insightof能看见inthesightof据…的见解inplaceof代替intheplaceof在…的地方\nbeofage成年beofanage同龄takeadvice征求意见taketheadvice听从劝告Heisstillinoffice.他仍在执政。Heisstillintheoffice.他仍在办公室里。\n1.可数名词单、复数变化形式（1）规则变化。①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy-boys,pen-pens。②以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass-glasses,box-boxes,watch-watches,brush-brushes。特例：stomach-stomachs③以"辅音字母+y"结尾的变"y"为"i"再加"-es"。如：baby-babies,lady-ladies,fly-flies。\n④以"o"结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio-radios,zoo-zoos,photo-photos,piano-pianos,kilo-kilos,tobacco-tobaccos。 ⑤以"f"或"fe"结尾的名词复数形式变"f"或"fe"为"v"，之后再加-es。如：wife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,leaf-leaves等。特例：handkerchief-handkerchiefs,roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,gulf-gulfs,belief-beliefs,cliff-cliffs。\n⑥改变元音字母的。如：man-men,mouse-mice,foot-feet,woman-women,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,ox-oxen。特例：child-children。⑦复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair-armchairs,bookcase-bookcases,bookstore-bookstores。\n（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：mandoctor-mendoctors,womandriver-womendrivers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law-brothers-in-law,passer-by-passers-by。⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero-zeros、zeroes;penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。\n（2）不规则变化。①单、复数同形。如：means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works（工厂）cattle。②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend-boy-friends,go-between-go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up-grown-ups。\n③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富,surroundings环境，ashes灰尘,compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，havewordswithsb.同某人吵架，inhighspirits以很高热情地，giveone'sregardstosb.向某人问侯，inrags衣衫破烂，Itisgoodmannerstodosth.有礼貌做某事。\n④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery,furniture,mankind,jewelery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：Thecrewislarge.船员人数很多（指整体）；Thecrewarealltired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。\n2、不可数名词的数（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：\n①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数）  具体化（个体名词，可数名词）insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)isthemotherofsuccess失败是成功之母。afailure失败者byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历youth青春ayouth一个青年人havepityonsb.怜悯某人apity可惜的事情withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事\n②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?Itiswasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.\n(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，acoffee一杯咖啡，threecoffees三杯咖啡，somedrink一些饮料,adrink一杯饮料，threedrinks三杯饮料，hishair他的头发，afewgreyhairs几根白发，glass玻璃，aglass一只玻璃杯。\n②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。havebreakfast               Theroadiscoveredwithsnow.haveawonderfulbreakfast   Theyhaveaheavysnoweveryyear.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Wehadawonderfultimelastnight.\n(3)有复数形式的不可数名词①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：Useyourbrains,please.Theyhavesmoothedawaythedifficulties.Haveyoumadepreparationsfortomorrow'smeeting?Manythanksforyourkindness.Nopains,nogains.Aftermanyfailures,theyfinallysucceeded.\n②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.Thestonebridgebrokedowninheavyrains.\n3.名词所有格（1）"'s"所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today'snewspaper,fiveminutes'walk(drive),fivepounds'weight,tendollars'worthofcoffee②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：theearth'splanet,theword'spopulation,China'sindustry,NewYork'sparks。\n（2）"of"所有格的特殊表示方式有：①表示"部分"时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：SomestudentsofMisterZhang'shavegonetocollege.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。\n②表示"其中之一，其中一部分"的意思时，用：afriendofTom's汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/those+名词（单、复数）ofMary's/yours/his/hers。如：Thatinventionofhersbelongstotheworld.她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。\n4、名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。（1）分类意义。airpollution空气污染boyfriend男朋友coffeecup咖啡杯incometax所得税tennisball网球songwriter歌曲作家bodylanguage身体语言roadaccident交通事故NobelPrize诺贝尔奖\n（2）时间、地点、称呼等。DoctorJack杰克医生ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校wintersleep冬眠streetdance街舞countrymusic乡村音乐villagepeople村民schooleducation学校教育Chinaproblem中国问题\n（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。receptiondesk接待台sportsfield田径场stonetable石桌colorTV彩电weatherreport天气预报\n名词性从句NounClauses\n名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句主语从句在句中做------宾语从句在句中做------表语从句在句中做------同位语从句在句中-----主语宾语表语同位语1.Thathewillcomeiscertain.2.Iknowthathewillcome.3.ThetruthisthatIhavebeenthere.4.Thefactthatshewaslatesurprisedus.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句\n为什么叫名词性从句？_______________________整个从句相当于一个名词比较:Themanlookedaround.Thattheboyfailedagainintheexamdisappointedhismother.同样作主语，从句可以表示较复杂的含义,一般是个动作或性质Iknowhim.Iknowthatheiswritinghiscompositioninhisroom2.为什么要有名词性从句？那人看了看四周.(名词作主语)那孩子考试又不及格令他母亲很失望.(从句作主语)我知道他在房间里写作文.从句的特征:是一个句子,有一个引导词,引导词做从句的一个成分(that除外)名词能做的成分,从句都能做从句表达的意思比名词复杂得多\n主语从句thatwhetherwhowhomwhosewhatwhichwhenwherewhyhow从句引导词:1.ThatheknowsJapaneseisknowntoall.他懂英语,这一点大家都知道令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.3.Whenhewillcomeisunknown.4.Whetherheiscomingdoesn’tmattermuch.他来不来没什么要紧的他什么时候来不清楚.他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.5.Itremainsasecrethowtheyclimbedupthemountain.主语从句的位置1.在句首2.主语较长时通常放在后面,句首主语用It主语太长了!放到句尾DetailsDetailsDetailsDetailsThat无词义,不可省略What“什么”,“所….的”2.Whatsurprisedmewastoseehimhere.When“什么时候”主语从句不用if位于句首\nIt作主语的常用句型有:1.It+be+形容词+that从句2.It+be+名称词组(duty/pity..)+that从句3.It+be+过去分词(said/thought..)+that从句4.It+不及物动词(seem/happen..)+that从句Itisapitythatwecan’tgoswimming.Itissaidthathetoldhereverything.IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.Itiscertainthathewilldowellintheexam.真可惜我们不能去游泳.碰巧那天我外出了.他考试肯定会考好.据说他已告诉了她一切.注意:Itlookedthathewasright.(×)可以说:Itlooksasif….happen只有it句型Itissaid只有it句型More\nIsittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecture?()Isthatthescientistwillgiveusalecturetrue?()疑问句中应该用形式主语It句型1Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestofthepeople.()Itmustbeintheinterestofthepeoplewhateverwedo()2名词性关系代词whatever/whoever/whichever/wherever/what引导的主语从句一般放在句首√√×改错1.Itistruewhathesaid.Whathesaidistrue.放在句首2.Isthathewillcomecertain?Isittruethathewillcome?问句3.Hecanswimisknowntoall.Thathecanswimisknowntoall.从句必须有引导词\n表语从句从句同主语从句(11个),外加asif/引导词:asthough,1.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeentothecountryside.2.ThequestioniswhetherwcanfinishtheexperimentbyFriday.3.Itlooksasifitweregoingtorain.实际情况是他从未去过农村.that一般不省略问题在于我们能否在明天下午之前完成这项实验.表语从句不用if好象看上去要下雨似的.(其实不会)asif/asthough从句常表示不真实的情况Shetalksasif/asthoughshehadbeentherebefore.她说话的口气好象以前去过那儿似的.又比如:4.Thisschoolisnolongerwhatitwasbefore.这所学校已不再是从前的那个样子了.what=thethingthatMore系动词后面\n注意下列表语从句中where,how,why的译法ThisiswhereLuXunoncelived.Thatwashowtheywonthematch.Thisiswhyshegotupsoearlythismorning.这就是鲁迅曾经住过的地方.他们就是这样赢得这场比赛的.这就是她为什么今天早上起得这么早的原因.我们就是这样克服困难的.那就是他昨天缺席的原因.这就是我们上星期碰头的地方.Thisis/Thatwashowweovercamethedifficulties.Thatiswhyhewasabsentyesterday.ThisiswherewemetlastSunday.Thisis总是现在时Thatis表示性质Thatwas指过去动作固定句型:Thisiswhere…Thisiswhy…Thisishow….这就是…的地方这就是…的原因这就是…的方法\n宾语从句从句(同主语从句),增加if,可与whether引导词:互换,但不与ornot连用1.Theypretended(that)theyknewhowtodoit.他们假装知道怎么做这事。That从句做pretend的宾语我暗中想他讲的不是真话.谓语与从句之间有插入语时,that不可省略2.Ithoughttomyselfthathewasnottellingthetruth.3.Shesaid(that)shecouldn’ttellmeandthatIcouldn’tunderstand.宾语从句并列时,只省略第一个that4.Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.(if)if/whether表示“是否”可以互换,五种情况只用whether:1.在介词后面2.与ornot连用3.在主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句中5.Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.(if)6.Thequestioniswhetherhewillagree.(if)More\nIdoubtif/whetherhewillpasstheexam.Idon’tdoubtthatwewillwinthematch.Doyoudoubtthathediditonhisown?doubt问题肯定句中用if/whether否定句中用that疑定句中用thatIdoubt_________heistellingthetruth.Weneverdoubt_________theplanwillbecarriedout.Doeshedoubt_________youarefromAustria?I’mdoubtful_________hewillagreetothis.if/whetherthatthatif/whether\n宾语从句经常做介词的宾语TheSwedestoodstill,except_____hislipsmovedslightly.Sheisnotsatisfiedwith____shehasachieved.Maryalwaysthinksof____shecandomorefortheclass.Hewrotealetterofthanksto______helpedhim.(任何一个)5.Itdependsonifwehaveenoughtime.whetherwehaveenoughtime.介词后面不用ifthatwhathowwhoever6.Areyousorryforwhichyouhavedone?whatyouhavedone?介词后面不用which宾语从句经常作表语形容词的宾语I’mafraid(that)I’llbelate.Weweresurprisedthathelostthegame.我恐怕要迟到了.that可以省略我们对他在比赛中的失败感到惊异.此类表语形容词有:afraidpleasedhappysatisfiedanxioussuresurprisedcertaingladaware用它们造句that从句只跟在except,but,in,besides,save五个介词后面M\nWethinkthatmiddleschoolstudentsmasteroneforeignlanguagepossible.(改用形式宾语it)2.Wehavemadethataforeignlanguageisusefulweaponinthestruggleoflifeclear.(改用形式宾语it)我认为学好英语是必要的.IconsiderthatweshouldlearnEnglishwellnecessary.Weconsiderhersuitableforthejob.宾语宾补considerfindthinkfeelmake等动词常带宾语补足语,这时要用形式宾语it,宾语从句放到宾补之后Wethinkitpossiblethatmiddleschoolstudentsmasteroneforeignlanguage.Wehavemadeitclearthataforeignlanguageisusefulweaponinthestruggleoflife.MoreIconsideritnecessarythatweshouldlearnEnglishwellit不能漏从句后移\ncorrectionTheemperorwaspleasedbywhichtheministertoldhimaboutit.Areyousorryforthatyouhaveannoyedhim?Ifindthatthisshouldbekeptsecretforthetimebeingnecessary.Canyoudoubtifshewillsucceed?Iworriedaboutifmybrotherwillreturnintime.Shesaidthatshehasnevertoldalie.WillyoutellmewhenheleavesforParis?OurfootballteamwonthematchlastSundayexcitedallofus.Itlookedthathewaswellpreparedfortheunexpectedchallenge.Thathesaidmovedeveryonepresent.whatitnecessarythatthisshouldbekeptsecretforthetimebeingthatshewillsucceed?whethermybrotherwillreturnintime.hadwillleaveforParis?ThatourfootballteamwonthematchlastSundayexcitedallofusWhatItseemedwhich不做介词宾语that不做介词宾语从句缺少引导词that不做句子成分没有Itlookthat…表达式\n同位语从句被修饰词有:fact,news,hope,opinion,order,question,problem,belief,truth,theory,decision,discovery,conclusion,promise,rumor,fear,thought,suggestion,plan,idea…同位语从句说明它们的内容常见引导词:that,whether(if),how,wh-疑问词Thefactthatdeedsarebetterthanwordsisquiteclear.ThequestionhowIdiditishardtoanswer.Theyhadnoideawheretheyshouldgotofindsomefood.Thequestionwhetherhecomesornotisnotimportant.(if)Athoughtcametomethathemightbeinthelibrary.事实胜于雄辨这一道理非常清楚.我怎么做的这一问题难回答.他们根本不知去哪儿找食物他是否来这个问题不重要.我突然想到他可能在图书馆.被别的词隔开that无词义\nWewereexcitedatthenews.Ourfootballteamhadwonathirdmatch.Theyhavemadeanewplan.Anotherexperimentbuildingwillbeputupbesidethelibrary.Theyhadthequestion.Couldhepassthefinalexam?Whodidthedamagedcomputerbelongto?Noonehadanyidea.Theproblemhasbeensolved.Whyweresomanyareasfloodedduringtheheavystorm?合并成一句:Wewereexcitedatthenewsthatourfootballteamhadwonathirdmatch.Theyhavemadeanewplanthatanotherexperimentbuildingwillbeputupbesidethelibrary.Theyhadthequestionwhetherhecouldpassthefinalexam.Noonehadanyideawhothedamagedcomputerbelongedto.Theproblemwhysomanyareaswerefloodedduringtheheavystormhasbeensolved.\n同位语从句和定语从句的区别:Wewereexcitedaboutthenews(that)hehadtoldus.Wewereexcitedaboutthenewsthathehadpassedtheexam.Thefactthattheyoungmanhadbeenaprisonerastonishedher.Thefactthatwasunbelievableastonishedeveryone.Thequestionwhohelpedusoutofdifficultyremainstobeanswered.Thequestionwhichseemssostrangeremainstobeanswered.同位语从句:说明名词的内容,wh-表示疑问,that不做成分,不能省略定语从句:说明名词的性质特征,wh-不表示疑问,引导词做句子成分,做宾语可以省略\n用形式主语it的主语从句常见结构Itisclear(necessary,important,possible,remarkablethat…很清楚（必要,重要,可能,值得注意等)…Itisafact(agoodthing,goodnews…)that…事实是(好事是,好消息是…)…Itiswell-known(reported,recorded,estimated,said,believed)that…众所周知(据报道,,据记载,据说,据估计)…Itturnsout(seems,happens,appears…)that…结果是(似乎是,碰巧是,好象是…)…Ithasbeenfound(hasbeenproved,canbeseen,mustbepointedout)that…已发现(已证明,可以看出,需指出)…\n用it句型翻译:据说今年高一学生要学新教材.事实是他们靠自己完成了所有的任务.碰巧他们已经参加过军训了.众所周知,比尔·盖茨是世界上最富有的人.我们应该养成好的学习习惯这很重要.ItissaidthattheSeniorGradeonestudentswilllearnanewtextthisyear.Itisafactthattheyfinishedalltheworkbythemselves.Ithappenedthattheyhadhadtheirmilitarytraining.Itiswell-knownthatBillGatesistherichestpersonintheworld.→→→→→Itisimportantthatwe(should)formagoodhabitofstudying.Note:Itisimportant/necessary/natural/ourduty/essential/strangethatsb(should)dosth.固定句型,should可以省略翻译:真奇怪他今天竟然迟到了.Itisstrangethatheshouldbelatetoday.strange不省略should为好√√\nthat引导陈述句,在从句中没有词义,不可省略她会讲法语这一点大家都知道.ThatshecanspeakFrenchisknowntousall.她一声不响拿走了他的杂志,这使他很生气.__________________________________________________________五班输了比赛,这事令所有的人感到惊讶.__________________________________________________________他干了一上午的活,这使他感到很累.__________________________________________________________她不可能是美国人,这一点是很清楚的.__________________________________________________________她已经入团了,这件事很快会被宣布.__________________________________________________________Thathetookawayhismagazinewithoutawordmadehimangry.ThatClassFivelostthegamesurprisedeveryone.Thatheworkedallmorningmadehimfeelverytired.Thatshecan’tbeanAmericanisquiteclear.ThatshehasjoinedtheLeaguewillbeannouncedsoon.\nWhat在从句中表示“什么”或“所…..的”Whathewilldonextisunknown.What表示疑问“什么”比如：他下一步做什么我们不清楚。在那儿所看到的(事物)是无法描述的.我们怎么处理这些书与你无关.她会给我们带些什么食物来还不清楚.明天会发生什么事还是个谜.她所买的只是一些蔬菜.Whatwasseenthereisbeyonddescription.Whatwewilldowiththefoodhasnothingtodowithyou.Whatfoodhewillbringtousisnotclear.Whatwillhappentomorrowisstillamystery.WhatshehasboughtareonlysomevegetablesWhat只用于名词性从句中\nwhenwherewhyhowwhowhomwhose分别表示什么时候、什么地方、为什么、怎么、谁（主格/宾格）、谁的Whenwewillhaveameetingisunknown.Wherewewillhaveameetingisunknown.Whyweshouldhaveameetingisunknown.我们什么时候开会不清楚.我们在什么地方开会不清楚.我们为什么要开会不清楚.4.他们是怎么发现那个秘密的令大家很感兴趣.5.谁来当他们的班主任还没有决定Howtheydiscoveredthatsecretinterestedeveryone.Whowillbetheirclassteacherhasnotbeendecided.Wheredidtheygolastweekisofnoimportance.()错凡是从句都必须用陈述语序went\nwhether从句作主语时不能用if我们是否要重新做这个实验好没有决定.这本书是否林先生写的这一点很重要.他们是否能按时达到要看天气.她是否能考上大学要看她是否努力.是留在教室里上课还是去看电影要有老师来决定.Whetherweshoulddotheexperimentagainhasnotbeendecided.WhetherthebookwaswrittenbyMr.Linisveryimportant.Whethertheycanarriveintimedependsontheweather.Whethershecanpassthecollegeentranceexaminationdependsonwhethershewillworkhard.Whetherwewillstayintheclassroomtogoonwithourlessonorwewillgotoseeafilmhastobedecidedbyourteacher.Whetherthatshecancomeornotdoesn’tmatter.()错一个从句只能有一个引导词\n用表语从句合并Hewasabsentfromthemeeting.That’sthefact.Isheastudent?That’smyquestion.WhenwillweleavefortheIsland.?That’swhatIwanttoknow.Whommustoureducationserve?That’sthemostimportant.Thefactisthathewasabsentfromthemeeting.Myquestioniswhetherheisstudent.从句一律陈述语序WhatIwanttoknowiswhenwe’llleavefortheIslandThemostimportantiswhomoureducationmustserve.5.Myideais_______________________________________(我们应该每天练习讲英语)thatweshouldpracticespeakingEnglisheveryday.That无词义,是引导词,不要遗漏重要的是我们怎样提高英语成绩._________________________________________________________TheimportantthingishowwecouldimproveourEnglish.标点符号\n宾语从句常做动词的宾语我记不得他是怎么找到这个答案的.请告诉我林教授住在哪里.我不在乎这是谁的责任.他拿不定主意该去看哪场篮球比赛.我不知道为什么她对她的儿子这么以严厉.Idon’trememberhowhefoundtheanswer.PleasetellmewhereProfessorLinlives.Idon’tcarewhosedutyitis.Hecan’tdecidewhichbasketballmatchheshouldgoandwatch.Idon’tknowwhysheissohardonherson.\n做介词宾语他总是想到任何为人民多做事.除了下雨,他天天坚持锻炼.她一切很顺利只是工作较忙.我们对她女儿的遭遇感到震惊.这是一个谁来做这项手术的问题.Healwaysthinksofhowhecandomoreforthepeople.Hekeepsondoingexerciseeverydayexceptwhenitrains.EverythingdoesonwellexceptthatheisbusywithhisworkWewereshockedbywhatherdaughterhadsuffered.Itisamatterofwhowilldotheoperation.6.Didyouhearaboutthathewasfullyrecovered?()7.Italldependsonifthehumidweatherwillchangesoonenough.()8.Iamveryinterestedinhowhedidmorewithlessmoney.()××√whether\nWethinkthatMr.Lindidn’tcomeyesterdaystrange.(划出宾语/改用it)每人都要写一篇作文这一点她已经讲得很清楚了.我们觉得互相帮助是我们的责任.我们认为他们在渡船上吸烟是不对的.我们认为他们不可能的懂得怎么操作电脑.WethinkitstrangethatMr.Lindidn’tcomeyesterday.Shehasmadeitclearthateveryoneshouldwriteacomposition.Wefeelitourdutythatweshouldhelpeachother.Wedon’tthinkitrightthattheysmokeontheferry.Weconsideritimpossiblethattheycouldknowhowtooperateacomputer.\n一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处1、两种从句都可以译成定语e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。\n2、两种从句都可以用that引导e.g.Thesuggestionthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.（同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。Thesuggestionthatisworthconsideringisthatthestudentsshouldlearnsomethingpractical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。\n二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）\n2、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。e.g.1)DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.（that不充当任何成分）2)Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）\nwhether与if均为“是否”但下列情况下只用whether：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首Whetherhewillcomeisnotclear.2.whether引导表语从句Thequestioniswhetherhe’llcome.3.whether从句作介词宾语I’mnotsureaboutwhetherwe’llwin.4.从句后紧跟“ornot”或“to…”Whetheryoulikeitornot,you‘llhavetodoit.\nPracticeI.Tellthefunctionoftheclausesinthefollowingsentences说出下列从句的功能：A:Appositive（同位语）;B:Attributive（定语）Hisproposalthatwegothereonfootisacceptable.Manyteachersholdtheviewthatteenagersshouldnotspendtoomuchtimeonline.3.Thefirstrequestthathemadewastoaskforfreedom.4.Hemadeanexcusethathiscarbrokedownontheway.5.Isthisthecompanywhereyourfatherworks?6.Thisisthereasonthathegaveforhisabsence.3.5.6.\n考点之一:考查名词性从句中that与what的区别考例:_______wecan'tgetseemsbetterthan_______wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what分析:(注:划线的选项为最佳答案,下同.)在名词性从句中that与what的区别是:that在名词性从句中不作句子成分,只起连接作用;而what在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用,而且作句子成分.句子的意思是:我们不能得到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好.此题考查了两个名词性从句:主语从句和宾语从句,what在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语.\n考点之二:考查名词性从句中的it作形式主语或形式宾语考例1:_______isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It分析:在这种名词性从句中为了保持句子的平衡,往往用先行词it作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面,尤其是that引导的主语从句往往用先行词it作形式主语.此句也可以改写为:ThatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguageisafact.考例2:Ihate_______whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.thisD.them分析:此题考查的是用先行词it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放到后面.其他几个词均不能作形式宾语.\n考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序考例:Thephotographswillshowyou_______.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike分析:在名词性从句中,除了关联词要提到句首之外,一律要用陈述句语序。当关联词含疑问意义时,有的学生就会受习惯影响错误地使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的主语和谓语。本题句子的意思是:这些照片会告诉你我们村子是什么样。本题中根据引导词what要作介词like的宾语,而副词how不能作介词like的宾语,所以首先排除C、D,而A项是疑问句语序,故只能选B。\n考点之四:考查名词性从句中的whether,if以及that的区别考例1:_______we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where分析:句子的意思是:我们明天是否去野营要视天气而定.whether与if当"是否"讲时的区别是:在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换,但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟ornot时通常只能用whether,而不能用if.考例2:Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_______mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why分析:本题句子的意思是:医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从重病中恢复过来.whether引导的是表语从句.\n考例3:Itworriedherabit_______herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for分析:本题句子的意思是:头发变白使她有点儿不安。It作形式主语,that引导的是主语从句。whether,if以及that引导的名词性从句的区别是:whether与if(当"是否"讲时)引导的名词性从句含有疑问意义;而that引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义。\n考点之五:考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句及其与nomatter+疑问词引导的从句的区别考例1:Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_______heorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever分析:本题句子的意思是:一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不明智的.whatever引导的是宾语从句,A.however和D.whenever是不能作宾语的;而C.whichever表示"无论哪一个、无论哪些",表示在一定范围内的人或事物,此处并不涉及"一定范围内的人或事物",所以也不能选.\n考例2:Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof______sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho分析:本题句子的意思是:萨拉希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友.疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与nomatter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是:前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;后者只能引导让步状语从句.首先排除D.而选A.anyone则应在其后加who.从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever也不行.\n考点之六:考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题考例:Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent______atleastaforeignlanguage.A.mastersB.shouldmasterC.masteredD.willmaster分析:本题选B.句子的意思是:大学生至少应该掌握一门外语。It作形式主语,that引导的主语从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气。(1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等,谓语动词用虚拟语气"(should)+do",常用的句型有:I.Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that...II.Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)that...III.Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that...如:Itisstrangethatshe(should)thinkso.\n(2)表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,常用的这类动词有suggest,propose,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等。如:Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.(3)主语是suggestion,proposal,request,decision等表示"建议、请求、要求、决定等"意思的词时,表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should)+do"。如:Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)holdanothermeetingtodiscussthequestion.\n(4)表示"建议、请求、命令、要求、决定等"意思的名词后面的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should)+do"。如:Theyreceivedordersthatthework(should)bedoneatonce.\nII.Choosethebestanswer1.Theyexpressedthehope___theywouldcomeovertoChina.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.when2.Thefact___hedidn’tseeTomyesterdayistrue.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.what3.Ihavenoidea____hewillcomeback.A.whereB.whenC.whatD.that\nII.Choosethebestanswer4.Thenews___surprisedeverybodyyesterdaynowprovestobefalse.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.how5.Oneofthemenheldtheview___thebooksaidwasright.A.whatthatB.thatwhichC.thatwhatD.whichthat6.Wordhascome___someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisittoourcollegenextweek.A.whatB.whetherc.thatD.which\nII．语序问题1.Thephotographswillshowyou____．（MET89）A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike\n2.Heasked____foraviolin.（MET92）A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid\n典型错误及归纳\n找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：1.Canyoutellmehowmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?2.Idon'tknowwherehashegone.3.Theowneroftheshopcametoseewhatthematterwas.Canyoutellmehowmanystudentsthereareinyourclass?Idon'tknowwherehehasgone.Theowneroftheshopcametoseewhatwasthematter.规律一：名词从句中须使用陈述语序！\n找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：4.Wesuggestedthatwewouldgotothecinema.5.Myideaisthatwemustdoourhomeworkfirst.6.Hisproposalthatwewentthereonfootisacceptable.Wesuggestedthatwe(should)gotothecinema.Myideaisthatwe(should)doourhomeworkfirst.Hisproposalthatwe(should)gothereonfoot…...规律二：注意虚拟语气的使用！问题：此类虚拟语气有哪些关键词？\n找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：7.Ifwewillhaveameetinghasn'tbeendecidedyet.8.Itdependsoniftheweatherissuitableforustodoit.9.Thequestionisifhehimselfwillbepresentatthemeeting.10.HeaskedmeifIcouldgowithhimornot.Whetherwewillhaveameetinghasn’tbeendecidedyet.Itdependsonwhethertheweatheris…...Thequestioniswhetherhehimselfwillbepresent…...HeaskedmewhetherIcouldgowithhimornot.规律三：4种情况只能用whether：（1）位于句子开头；（2）前面有介词；（3）引导表语从句；（4）与ornot连用。\n找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：Ithinkthatworthwhilethatwespentsomuchmoneyonthesebooks.2.Thatishardtodecidewhenandwherewewillheldoursportsmeeting.3.Everybodyconsidersitimpossiblewhichhewantstofinishthejobinsuchashorttime.4.Itdoesn’tmatterthatyouwillcomeornot.ititthatwhether规律四：主语从句和宾语从句在适当的情况下可以借助“it”而后置。问题：想想看是什么“适当的情况”？\n名词从句与定语从句的主要区别\n成分上的区别：名词从句和定语从句分别在句中充当什么样的成分？1.Howtheprisonerescapedremainsamystery.2.Iwonderwhether/ifheisfitforthejob.3.Theproblemiswhowillbeequaltothetask.4.Hehadnoideawhetherwecouldovercomethepresentdifficultiesornot.主语宾语表语同位语\n5.Ivisitedthecountrywhich/thathadbeenbombedbytheUS-ledNATO(美国为首的北约)amonthbefore．6.IshallneverforgettheyearswhenIlivedinthecountrysidewiththefarmers,which hasagreateffectonmylife.7.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30pm.,bywhichtimemanypeoplehavegonehome.8.IhadneverseensuchagoodfilmasIwatchedlastnight.\n结论一：名词从句充当句子的主要成分；定于从句充当句子的修饰成分。\n2.引导词含义上的区别：引导词是否指向句中的某个成分？1.Thathecamebackmadeusveryhappy.2.I’msorry(that)I’vemadeamistake.3.Thefactisthathisbarkisworsethanhisbite.4.Wordcamethathewouldcometoseeusall.\n5.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkis ofgreatimportancetoscience.6.KennedyandJohnson,bothofwhomweremurderedintheirterms,onceco-workedaspresidentandvice-president．7.TheOscarisoneofthefilmprizesthathavenotbeenofferedtoanyChineseactororactressbyfar．8.TheOscaristheonlyoneofthefilmprizesthathasnotbeenofferedtoanyChineseactororactressbyfar．\n9.Thedaysaregoneforeverwhenweusedforeignoil.10.Asweallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.11.Thisisthevillagewheremyfatheroncelivedforseveralyears.12.1980,whenChinesegovernmentbeganitsreform,isanimportantyearforChina.\n结论二：定语从句的引导词在语义上具有指代先行词的作用。名词从句的引导词不具备此功能。\n3.关于that:that在名词从句和定语从句中各起什么作用？1.Hepretended(that)hedidn’tseeme.Thatshelosthernecklaceonthewayhomemadehersoworried.Itisnecessarythatweshouldlearnasecondlanguage.4.ItissaidthatheworkshardatEnglish.问题：that作何成分？\nTheschoolthatmysisterstudiesatisfarfromhere.Thefirstrequestthathemadewastoaskforfreedom.7.Itwassaidthatthatwasallthathesaid.8.Isthisthehousethatyouhaveboughtyourself?(which)(which)问题：that作何成分？\n结论三：名词从句中的that只起引导词的作用，无任何意义。定语从句中的that在从句中充当主语或宾语，有时可以与which互换。\n4.引导词的不同：不会出现在名词从句中的关系词：不会出现在定语从句中的关系词：as,且when,where等不能与in/on/atwhich互换。whether,if,what,how\n5、名词从句与定语从句的一些对应关系：1.Hehasdonewhathecantohelpme.--Hehasdone________hecantohelpme.WhatIwanttosayhasnothingtodowithit.--________Iwanttosayhasnothingtodowithit.allthatAllthat\n3.Whoeverbreaksthelawistobepunished._______________breaksthelawistobepunished.4.Hewillgivethedictionarytowhoeverneedsifmost.Hewillgivethedictionaryto___________needsitmost.5.We’llrememberwhomeverweturnedtoforhelp.We’llremember_______________weturnedtoforhelp.6.Theywilldowhateverhewantsthemtodo.Theywilldo______________hewantsthemtodo.7.I’llreadwhicheverbookyougiveme.I’llread____ofthe books_____ yougiveme.AnyonewhoanyonewhoAnyone(whom)anythingthatanythat\n6、其余问题：1.误：Idon'tknowifhecomesbackthismonth.2.误：IhavenoideawhathadhappenedwhenIwasaway.正：Idon'tknowifhewillcomebackthismonth.正：IhavenoideawhathappenedwhenIwasaway.\n3.误：Thereasonisbecauseheisill.4.误：Wholeaveslastturnsoffthelight.正：Thereasonisthatheisill.正：Whoeverleaveslastturnsoffthelight.\n名词性从句试题集锦1.Iaskher_______comewithme.A.ifshewillB.ifwillsheC.whetherwillsheD.willshe2._______hesaidistrue.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Whether3.Canyoutellme________?A.whoisthatgentlemanB.thatgentlemaniswhoC.whothatgentlemanisD.whomisthatgentleman4.Hedidn'tknowwhichroom_______.A.theylivedB.theylivedinC.didtheyliveD.didtheylivein5.Togetthejobstarted,_______Ineedissomemoney.A.onlywhatB.allwhatC.allthatD.onlythat6.Ihavenoidea_______fartherailwaystationisfromhere.A.whatB.howC.it'sD.that\n7.Canyoutellme_______therailwaystation?A.howIcangettoB.whatcanIgettoC.whereIcangottoD.wherecanIgetto8.Doyouknow_______?A.whatishisnameB.howishisnameC.whathisnameisD.howhisnameis9._______youhavedonemightdoharmtootherpeople.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.This10.Theyhavenoideaatall________.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone11.Theywanttoknow_________dotohelpus.A.whatcantheyB.whattheycanC.howtheycanD.howcanthey12.Thesephotographswillshowyou_______.A.whatourvillagelookslikeB.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike\n13.Canyoumakesure________thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput14.Noonecanbesure________inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikeD.whatlookmanlike15.________the2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That16.Goandgetyourcoat.It's________youleftit.A.thereB.whereC.therewhereD.wherethere17.Itworriedherabit_______herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for18._______hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThefactD.Thematter\n19.—Doyouremember________hecame?—Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.if20._________wecan'tgetseemsbetterthan_________wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what21.________we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where22.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild________heorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever23.—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthat_________youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where24.ThesewildflowersaresospecialthatIwoulddo________Icantosavethem.A.whateverB.thatC.whichD.whichever\n25.________youdon'tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether26.Youcan'timagine________whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited27.________causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where28.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella._________Igotwetthrough.A.It'sthereasonB.That'swhyC.There'swhyD.It'show\n29.Itwasamatterof________wouldtaketheposition.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomD.whomever30.________hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.A.WhoB.TheoneC.AnyoneD.Whoever31.Itwas_______hesaid_______disappointedme.A.what;thatB.that;thatC.what;whatD.that;what32.Eat________cakeyoulikeandleavetheothersfor________comesinlate.A.any;whoB.every;whoeverC.whichever;whoeverD.either;whoever\n1.Thequestionis____thefilmisworthseeing.A.ifB.whatC.whetherD.how2.Theyreceivedorders_____theworkbedoneatonce.A.whichB.whenC./D.that3.Thereason____Ihavetogois____mymotherisillinbed.A.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because4.___Ican’tunderstandis___shewantstochangehermind.A.What;whyB.Which;howC.That;whyD.What;because5.____hisdreamofgoingtocollegewillcometrueisuncertain.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Evenif6.Itisknowntous___wherethereispollution,thereisharm.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that7.Ihavetheinformation____.A.ofwhathe’llcomesoonB.thathe’llcomesoonC.ofthathe’llcomesoonD.hiscomingsoonCDCABDB单项填空\n8.---Isawyourneighborbreakyourwindowwithabasketball.---____itmademenearlymad.A.ThathebrokeB.WhathebrokeC.HebrokeD.Hisbreak9.Itremainsaquestion____wecangetsomuchmoneyinsuchashorttime.A.howB.thatC.whenD.what10.---CanIhelpyou?---Yes,doyouknow____?A.whencomesthebusB.whenwillcomethebusC.whendoesthebuscomeD.whenthebuscomes11.Hemadeapromise___anyonesethimfreehewouldmakehimveryrich.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.thatif12.Theylosttheirwayintheforestand____mademattersworsewas___nightbegantofall.A.what;thatB.it;thatC.what;whenD.which;whatAADDA\nPronounce代词1、人称代词2、物主代词3、反身代词4、指示代词5、相互代词6、不定代词7、疑问代词8、连接代词、关系代词\n单数复数主格I,you,he,she,itwe,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,itus,you，them人称代词\n1.Whoisgoingtohelpthem,_____?youormeB.IoryouC.youorID.meoryou2.__willattendthemeetingtobeheldnextThursday.I,heandyouB.You,heandIC.He,youandID.You,Iandhe3.Who_____atthedoor?It’s____.A.areyou,IB.ishe,himC.isit,meD.isit,I\n物主代词单数复数形容词性my,your,his,her,hisour,your,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,hisours,yours,theirs1.Arethesetrousersyours?No.Mine______overthere.2.Herhairismuchlongerthan____(我).3.Thisdogof____(你)neverbites.aremineyours\n反身代词单数myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself复数ourselves,yourselves,themselves反身代词所搭配的词组：1.byoneself独立地2.foroneself替/为自己3.ofoneself自动地，自行地4.cometooneself苏醒5.benotoneself身体不舒服\n6.congratulateoneselfon暗自庆幸7.enjoyoneself8.expressoneself表达9.devoteoneselfto致力于10.dressoneself穿衣11.findoneself发现在12.helponeselfto随便吃13.hideoneself躲藏14.hurtoneself受伤15.loseoneselfin陶醉于\n16.keepsth.tooneself保守秘密17.makeoneselfathome不要拘束18.seatoneself就坐19.leavesbbyoneself20.teachoneself,learnsthbyoneselfEachstudenthashimself’sopinion._______hisownone’sown/ofone’sown某人自己的Themoonhasnolightofitsown.\n指示代词单数复数近指thisthese远指thatthose1.a.Iwanttotellyou___:theEnglishpartywillbeheldonSaturday.b.Hehurthislegyesterday.____’swhyhedidn’tcome.thisthat2.a.TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthan_____ofNanjing.thatA.\nb.Theearsofarabbitarelongerthan_____ofafox.thoseB.such（这样、如此）same（同样）Suchwasthestory.Wehaveneverseensuchatallbuilding.Thesamecanbesaidoftheotherarticle.Whetherhecandoitornot,itisallthesametome.\n相互代词宾格所有格eachothereachother’soneanotheroneanother’sYouandIunderstand_____well.Theylookedinto_______eyesforasilentmoment.Weshouldlearnfromoneanother.eachothereachother’s\n疑问代词who,whom,which,what,whosewho/what_____ishe?Heismylawyer._____ishe?Heisalawyer.WhoWhat(2)who,whom_____areyouchattingwithonline?Usuallythosewhohavesomethingincommonwithme.Whom\n不定代词1、普通不定代词some,any,nosomebody,anybody,nobodysomeone,anyone,noonesomething,anything,nothingWewilladopt____________(一些有用的)andomit____________（无用的东西）.somethingusefulsomethinguseless\n(1)some与any及其合成词Hehas_____Chinesepaintings.Doyouhave____questionstoask?Askmeifyouhave____questions.Idon’tknow_____ofthestudents.Mum,couldyougiveme____money?Shallweget______interestingtoread?Iamthirsty,wouldyouget_____todrinkforme?8.Theproblemisquiteeasy._____cansolveit.someanyanyanysomesomethingsomethingAnybody\n2、个体代词(1)all,any,none,every,both,either,neither,each,(2)another,theother,others一、all与both的用法及在句中的位子That’sallfortoday.Alltheschoolswereflooded.AllofthemhavebeentoXi’an.\nMyparentsbothlikethismovie.Boththe/theseboysaretall.Thismathsproblemcanbeworkedoutinbothways.(二)all与both和not连用表部分否定Notalltheantsgooutforfood.Noneofthemhasfailed.（全否定）Anyofthemhasn’tfailed.Bothofusarenotadvisors.Neitherofusisanadvisor.（全否定）Eitherofthemisn’tanadvisor.\n（三）both,either,each---WillyoucomefortheinterviewonTuesdayoronFriday?---EitherisOK./EitherdayisOK.Therearemodernshopson_________ofthestreet.Therearetreeson______oftheplayground.eithersideeachsidebothsideseverysideanysideallsides\n（四）every与eachIseveryonehere?=Areweallhere?Eachstudenthas_____ownopinion.Everystudenthas____ownopinions.c.______ofushasgotanelectronicdictionary.d.Weeach_____gotanelectronicdictionary.histheirEachEveryonehave\n（五）one,ones,that,those,it____shouldtryone’sbesttoservepeople.2.Thesebooksaremoreinterestingthan_____ontheshelf.3.Herearetwopencils.Which____isyours,this____orthat____?4.ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan_____ofIndia.Oneonethoseoneonethat\n（六）noone与none_____ofushaveeversurfedinthesea.Noneb.Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?_____.Nonec.Isthereanyonewhocandotheexperiment?______.Noone.\nanotherotherotherstheothertheothertheothers1.Hegottwobooks,oneisatextbook,_________isanovel.2.Fiveofthepencilsarered,________areyellow.3.Somearesinging,______aredancing.4.Hewentonswimmingfor_______twohoursbeforehereachedthebeach.theothertheothersothersanother（七）泛指特指\n5.Thiscoatistoobig.Pleaseshowme________.6.Pleasegiveme______tenminutes.anotheranother注意：one…another(asecond)…athird…theother…一个……一个……Some…others…others…一些……一些\n3、数量代词many,much,agreatmany,agreatdealofalotof,（许多，大量）afew,few.alittle,littleafewfewalittlelittleEg.1.Hehasjustgraduatedfromthecollege.Hehas___experience,___he?2.Hisarticlewaswellwritten.Thereareonly______mistakesinit.littlehasafew\nIt的用法１．作人称代词JohnlikesplayingPingpong．/Healwaysdoesitintheafternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/It'stimewewenthome./Howfarisitfromheretoyourhome?/Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer．/It'sveryquietatthemoment．(可指时间、天气、环境等)\n２．引导词Ａ．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。It'simportantforustolearnasecondlanguage．/It'snousetalkingtohim．/It'sknowntoallthattheearthgoesroundthesun．B．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。Wefeelitourdutytohelpothers．/Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．\nC．强调结构：Itis(was)+被强调部分＋that(或who)…注意:在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when或where，而应用that。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。ItwasinShanghaithatIboughttheguitar．(that引起强调句)ItwasShanghaiwhereIboughttheguitar．(where引起定从)Itwastwelveo'clockwhenwearrivedthere．(when引起时间状语从句）Itwasattwelveo'clockthatwearrivedthere．（that引起强调句）\n3.it，one，that的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。---Whydon'twetakealittlebreak?---Didn'twejusthave__________?A．itB．ThatC．oneD．thisTheParkersboughtanewhousebut_________willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein．A．theyB．itC．oneD．whichone用以指代同类事物中的任一，that特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。\n（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导1、关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as2、关系副词：when,where,why关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。e.g.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestofall.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）ThecomradewithwhomIcameknowsFrench.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）\n3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。\n（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。e.g.Iwastheonlypersoninourofficewhowasinvited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。e.g.Tom’sfather,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）\n（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题1、that与which的区别。1）用that而不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all,anything,nothing,…；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only,very,any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。e.g.Thereisnothingthatcanpreventhimfromdoingit.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。MrSmithistheonlyforeignerthatheknows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。\n2）用which而不用that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；③介词+关系代词。e.g.Hehadfailedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。\n3）as引导定语从句时的用法①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于thesame…as,such…as结构中。e.g.Iwantthesameshirtasmyfriend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。SuchmachinesasareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asIexpect等。e.g.AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。\n3）as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g.Hemadealongspeech,asweexpected.Hemadealongspeech,whichwasunexpected.②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。e.g.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.\n2.关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g.ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishfluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。ThestudentswhoareinGradeThreearegoingtoclimbthehilltomorrow.3.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g.ThereisanexpressioninhiseyesthatIcan’tunderstand.4.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来代替。e.g.October1,1949wasthedayonwhich(=when)thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.\n5.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。e.g.Thesickmanwhomsheislookingafterisherfather.6.介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which,that,whom,口语中也可用who，且可省略。e.g.Theman(whom/who/that)youweretalkingabouthascometoschool.\n状语从句由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。\n（一）时间状语从句表示时间的状语从句可由when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等引导。e.g.WhenIcameintotheoffice,theteacherswerehavingameeting.Hestartedassoonashereceivedthenews.Onceyouseehim,youwillneverforgethim.NosoonerhadIgonetobedthanIwenttosleep.\n（二）原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because,since,as,nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。Heisdisappointedbecausehedidn'tgettheposition.Asitisraining,Iwillnotgoout.Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremember.\n（三）地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。e.g.Sitwhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.\n（四）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）等。Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.\n（五）结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that等引导。Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.\n（六）条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.SofarasIknow（据我所知）,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.\n（七）让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childasheis,heknowsalot.Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,I’llneverchangemymind.\n（八）方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等引导。YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.\n（九）比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等引导。Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.\n（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。\nWhen(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.\n3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.（地点状语从句）Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.（宾语从句）Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.（主语从句）Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.（表语从句）\n非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v+ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。\n动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，如：tostudy,toplay，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：tostudyhard,toplaytabletennis。\n1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动tobuildtohavebuilttobebuildingtohavebeenbuilding被动tobebuildtohavebeenbuild\n动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：Wedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.（其后），Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcamein.\n非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：\n动词语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeingmadegoing完成式havingmadehavingbeenmadehavinggone\n非谓语动词（三）——过去分词（三）过去分词：1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者.\n独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定.\n1.Thebellringing,weallstoppedtalking.2.Theworkhavingbeenfinished,shesatdowntohavearest.\n①独立结构中的being或havingbeen常可省去，如：Themeeting(being)over,alllefttheroom.②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：Shereadtheletter,tearsrollingdownhercheeks./Shereadtheletterwithtearsrollingdownhercheeks.\n强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：Itis/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其它部分。ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分？Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn?\n4、强调句例句：针对ImetLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：ItwasIthat(who)metLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.强调宾语：ItwasLiMingthatImetattherailwaystationyesterday.强调地点状语：ItwasattherailwaystationthatImetLiMingyesterday.强调时间状语：ItwasyesterdaythatImetLiMingattherailwaystation.\n5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that,who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that,who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用Itwas…，其余的时态用Itis…。\nnot…until…句型的强调句1、句型为：Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其它部分普通句：Hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.强调句：Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till,until可通用；因为句型中Itis/wasnot…已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。\n谓语动词的强调1、Itis/was…that…结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does或did。Dositdown.务必请坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。\n为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I)seeyoutomorrow.(It)Doesn’tmatter.\n英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so,neither,nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。\n倒装的使用情况1、在“therebe”结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。Thereisaboxonthetable.2、在疑问句中。Isshesingingintheclassroom?Whatdoesyourmotherdo?3、在here,there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）Theregoesthebell.Hereisanappleforyou.Thereshecomes.\n4、重复倒装句型，用在以so,nor,neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”；nor,neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。IamwatchingTV.Soisshe.Myparentsdidn’twatchTVlastnight.Neither(Nor)didI.5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）“Verywell,”saidtheFrenchstudent.“Bringmetwoeggsandacupoftea,please.”saidhe.\n6、在以never,little,hardly,notonly,few,not,seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。Littledidhesayatthemeeting.NevershallIforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheArmy.比较：IshallneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheArmy.\n7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork.OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。OnlyWangLiliknowsthis.\n8、为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如up,down,out,away,in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）Awayhurriedtheboy.Outrushedthegirl.\n9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were,had和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。HadItime(=IfIhadtime),Iwouldgoandhelpyou.WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldgoabroad.Shouldhecome(=Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.\n10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/副词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语）。Proudastheyare,theyareafraidtoseeme.Childasheis,heseemstoknoweverything.（child前不加冠词）Hardasheworded,hemadelittleprogress.\n11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。Mayyousucceed!LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!12、So+形容词、副词及such置于句首时要倒装。Sohappydidhefeel.Suchwasme.\n一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：Wearenotready.我们没准备好。Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Openthedoor,please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.如果我是你，我就学英语了。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功！\n二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如:Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:\n从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式，should+动词原形，wereto+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形\n注:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifmybrotherwerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice，youwouldn't(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。\n3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Ishould(would，could，might)gotoseemygrandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)\n5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如:Shouldhecome(Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.我要是你，就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如:Withoutair(Iftherewerenotair),therewouldbenolivingthings.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。Butforyourhelp(Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。\n假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(IfIhadn’tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.)我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；Iwouldhavefinishedthework,butIhavebeenill.(IfIhadn’tbeenill,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.)我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)\n6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如:Youcouldhavewashedyourclothesyourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"Ifyouhadwantedto")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:Ifmygrandmotherwerewithme!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；Ifonlyshehadnotleft!如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)\n三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"Itisimportant(strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如:Itisimportantthateverymember(should)informhimselfoftheserules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。\n2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如:IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；\n2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如:Iwish(wished)Ihadn’tspentsomuchmoney.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；\n3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止；Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.但愿你立刻来。\n(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如:Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.我要求他立刻答复我。\n3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonethisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。(2)由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。\n(3)在inorderthat或sothat引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could或might（有时也用should）+动词原形”。如:Mrgreenspokeslowlysothathisstudentscould(might)hearclearly.格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4.虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"Itistime(that)…"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如:It’s(high)timewedidourhomework.我们该做作业了。\n（1）用butfor,without等介词短语表达条件。例如：Butforyou,wecouldn’thavecarriedouttheplan.要不是你的话我们（当时）无法实行那项计划。（2）It’stimethat…+动词过去式should+动词原形“该做……的时候了”Itistimewegotup.该是起床的时间了．Itis(high)timeweshouldgetup.该是我起床的时间了．（3）wouldrather(that)…动词过去式（与现在或将来相反）/haddone(“宁愿……（而不）……”（与过去事实相反）\n例如：Iwouldratherhestayedathomenow.我宁愿他现在在家里．hestayedathometomorrow.我宁愿他明天在家里.hehadstayedathomeyesterday.我宁愿他昨天在家里(4)wish=ifonly+从句（从句谓语动词有三种形式）①would(could,might)+动词原形（与过去事实相反）②动词过去式（与现在事实相反）③had+过去分词或用couldhave+过去分词（与过去事实相反）\n例如：Iwish(ed)Icould(would,might)gotothemooninaspaceshiponeday.我希望有一天我能乘坐宇宙飞船登上月球.Iwish(=Ifonly)hevisitedusnow.要是他现在能来看望我.Iwish(Ifonly)hehadvisiteduslastnight.=Iwish(Ifonly)hecouldhavevisiteduslastnight.要是他昨晚能来看望我们就好了.(5)asif(thought)（方式）“好像，仿佛”+①动词过去式（与现在事实相反）②过去进行式（与现在正在进行相反）③had+done（与过去事实相反）④could/might/would+动词原形（与将来事实相反）\n例如：Itlooksasif/though①someonewererunning.好象有人在跑步.②shehadn’tdonethat.她好象没有做那样的事③sheweretwoyearsyoungertoday.她今天看起来好象年轻了两岁.④shewouldliveanother100years.她好象还能活100岁.（6）有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的），这这时动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。\n例如：IfIhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,Iwouldbebetternow.如果我听了医生的建议,我现在可能就好多了.Ifyouhadworkedhardthen,youwouldbeintheuniversitynow.如果那时你努力一些,你现在就上大学了.Ifthedoctorhadcomesoonerlastnight,thepatientwouldbealivenow.如果医生昨晚能早来一会儿,病人现在可能就活下来了.（7）evenif/though引导让步状语从句，从句中用may/might+动词原形，may或might可省略，表示与现在情况相反；从句用过去时，表示与过去情况相反；类似的词还有：though/asthough/solongas/nomatterwh-/\nwhatever/whenever/whoever等。Howeverdangerousitmightbe,hewouldhaveatry.无论多危险，他都要试一试。EventhoughIhadbeenverybusythen,Iwouldhavehelpedyou.即使我当时很忙，我还是会帮助你的。（8）表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句Mayyousucceed!祝你成功！Godblessyou!愿上帝保佑你！（9）过去分词短语表示条件Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.倘若给我们会把它做得更好。（10）通过上下文表示条件Suchmistakencouldhavebeenavoided.这种错误本来是可以避免的。\n5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如:Iwouldrathernottellyou.我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may+动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐！Maygoodluckbeyours.祝你顺利。\n1.—Excuseme,butIwanttouseyourcomputertotypeareport.—You_____havemycomputerifyoudon’ttakecareofit.A.shan’tB.mightnotC.needn’tD.shouldn’t2.—Excuseme.IsthistherightwaytotheSummerPalace?—Sorry,Iamnotsure.Butit_____be.A.mightB.willC.mustD.can3.—I’lltellMaryabouthernewjobtomorrow.—You____herlastweek.A.oughttotellB.wouldhavetoldC.musttellD.shouldhavetold高三英语学生学习课件\n4.—Iheardtheywentskiinginthemountainslastwinter.—It_____truebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.A.maynotbeB.won’tbeC.couldn’tbeD.mustn’tbe5.Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball,otherwisehe_____agoal.A.hadscoredB.scoredC.wouldscoredD.wouldhavescored6.—Writetomewhenyougethome.—_________.A.ImustB.IshouldC.IwillD.Ican高三英语学生学习课件\n7.—Ihearyou’vegotasetofvaluableAustraliancoins.—_____Ihavealook?Yes,certainly.A.DoB.MayC.ShallD.Should8.Whatwouldhavehappened_____,asfarastheriverbank?A.BobhadwalkedfartherB.ifBobshouldwalkfartherC.hadBobwalkedfartherD.ifBobwalkedfarther9.Sorry,I’mlate.I_____haveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.A.mightB.shouldC.canD.will高三英语学生学习课件\n10._____besenttoworkthere?A.WhodoyousuggestB.WhodoyousuggestthatshouldC.DoyousuggestwhoshouldD.Doyousuggestwhomshould11.Withbetterequipment,we_____thejobevensooner.A.wouldfinishB.mightfinishC.couldhavefinishedD.hadfinished12._____thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor高三英语学生学习课件\n13.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe_____nothingwrongand_____free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbeset14.Theymusthaveherethedaybeforeyesterday,_____?A.mustn’ttheyB.weren’ttheyC.haven’ttheyD.hadthey15.—DoyoustillrememberthedaywhenwewenttotheGreatWall?—Ican’trememberitwell,but_____sometimelastautumn?A.mightitbeB.couldithavebeenC.coulditbeD.mustithavebeen高三英语学生学习课件\n16.Ifyou_____waitamoment,I’llgoandfindourmanager.A.canB.shouldC.willD.must17.IfonlyI_____mymotorbike!A.haven’tlostB.didn’tloseC.wouldnothavelostD.hadn’tlost18.Ipromisedtogettherebefore5o’clock,butnowtherainispouringdown.They_____formeimpatiently.A.maywaitB.oughttowaitC.couldwaitD.mustbewaiting高三英语学生学习课件\n19.Withhishelp,I_____theexperimentwell.A.haddoneB.woulddoC.didD.havedone20.You_____writedownyourtranslation.You_____doitorally.A.shouldn’t;canB.need;maynotC.can’t;needD.needn’t;may21._____heweretryingtoteachthemallheknew.A.ItseemedthatB.TheyhadhopedC.ItseemedasifD.Theythought高三英语学生学习课件\n22.Idon’tthinkthatIshallfail.ButifI_____,Iwouldtryagain.A.shouldfailB.wouldfailC.failD.havefailed23.Doyouknowtheorderthatyou____watch?A.wouldhavekeptB.couldhavekeptC.hadkeptC.shouldkeep24.Thereusedtobeastationinthewestofthecity,______?A.didn’tthereB.usedthereC.usedn’ttothereD.didthere高三英语学生学习课件\n25.I’dratherthatyou_____rightaway.A.leaveB.leftC.shouldleaveD.willleave26.Allparents_____knowwhattodowhentheirchildrenhavehadanaccident.A.canB.mayC.shouldD.areableto27.WithouttheCommunistPartyofChina,_____NewChina.A.therewerenotB.therewouldbenoC.therewillbeD.therehadn’tbeen\n28.Inthosedays,theoldwoman_____sitatthegateforhours,waitingforhersontoreturnfromthefront.A.willB.shouldC.weregoingtoD.would29.—Heshouldhavecometothethoroughcleaning.—_____,Ithink.A.Heneedn’tB.Heneedn’thavetoC.Heneedn’thaveD.Hedidn’tneedto30.—IwonderwhyI’msotiredtonight.—Well,itistimethatyou_____.A.wenttosleepB.gotosleepC.wenttobedD.gotobed\n参考答案：1-5AADCD6-10CBCAA11-15CDBBB16-20CDDBD21-25CADAD26-30CBDDC\n为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I)seeyoutomorrow.(It)Doesn’tmatter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。(Thereis)Nosmoking.(Isthere)Anythingwrong?Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?\n3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。----Areyougoingthere?----I’dliketo(gothere).Hedidnotgivemethechance,thoughhehadpromisedto(givemethechance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。e.g.----Areyouanengineer?----No,butIwanttobe.----Hehasn’tfinishedthetaskyet.----Well,heoughttohave.4、省略表语。e.g.----Areyouthirsty?----Yes,Iam(thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。e.g.Let’smeetatthesameplaceas(wemet)yesterday.----Haveyoufinishedyourwork?----(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.\n（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g.Myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.Istudyatcollegeandmysister(studies)athighschool.\n（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。(I’m)Sorrytohearthatyouareill.(Itisa)Pitythathemissedsuchagoodchance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。----Ishecomingbacktonight?----Ithinkso.----Ishefeelingbettertoday?----I’mafraidnot.这种用法常见的有：Howso?Whyso?Isthatso?Ihopeso.Hesaidso及Isupposenot.Ibelievednot.Ihopenot等。（但Idon’tthinkso比Ithinknot更常用）。\n（四）其它省略1、连词that的省略：①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。e.g.Itoldhimtositdownandwaitforamoment.②、某些使役动词（如let,make,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,hear,feel,lookat和listento等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。e.g.----Isawtheboyfallfromthetree.----Theboywasseentofallfromthetree.③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g.Theboydidnothingbutplay.\n3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。Thesooner(youdoit),thebetter(itwillbe).\n一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!\n2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.\n（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。\n句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）\n（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）\n（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.\n（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）\n（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）\n（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）\n状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）\n（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.\n\n一、一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees.\n3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。\n知识扩展：一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在时间或条件句中。WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.\n二、一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?IsawTominthestreetyesterday.IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.Heusedtoactlikethat.\n3）用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。（1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwantedtoaskyouaboutthat.Didyouwanttospeaktomenow?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.（2）情态动词could,would，例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。IfIwereabird,IwouldflytoBeijing.Ifhewereherenow,wecouldturntohimforhelp.\n注意比较下列句型：◎Itistimeforsb.todosth“到……时间了；该……了”，例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。◎Itistimesb.didsth.“时间已迟了；早该……了”，例如：Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。◎would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”，例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义：她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)\n三、一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.\n4)beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。☆begoingto/will的用法之比较：用于条件句时，begoingto表将来，will表意愿。例如：Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.☆beto和begoingto的用法之比较：beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoingto则表示主观的打算或计划。例如：Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)\n四、现在进行时1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.2.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith.3.表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.4.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.\n知识扩展：不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如：have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysister.2)心理状态的动词。如：know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateIneedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.3)瞬间动词。如：accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.Iacceptyouradvice.4)系动词。如：seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired.\n五、过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有：thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while例句：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.\n典型例题1)Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read;wasfallingB.wasreading;fellC.wasreading;wasfallingD.read;fell答案B.句中的as=when,while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的fell(fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fallsick。\n1.—Look!Howwonderfulmycaris!Oh,Jack.Whatareyouthinkingabout?Don’tyoulikeit?—I’msorryI______anyremarkaboutitintime.Icertainlythinkit’ssmart.A.wasn’tmaking    B.don’tmakeC.won’tmake        D.didn’tmake2.TofindthestreetwhereIlivedinmychildhoodisnoeasytaskbecausethecity______sorapidlyalltheseyears.A.ischanging        B.haschangedC.willhavechanged        D.willchange3.He______quitewell,buthehasn’thadtimetoswimsincethissummer.A.willswim      B.haveswum   C.swam           D.swims4.Jimmysaidthathewouldcometopickmeup,buthe____bynow.A.hasn’tturnedup    B.doesn’tturnupC.won’tturnup        D.hadn’tturnedup\n5.I’mterriblysorryforbeinglate,butI_____thewrongbus.A.catch         B.hadcaught      C.caught             D.catching7.Thetruth,sir,isthattheoldman_______acrosstheroadwhenmycarhithim.A.wastowalk        B.hadbeenwalkingC.walked          D.waswalking8.Ireallydon’tthinkRosewillbeupset,butIwillgoandseeherincaseshe_____.A.is                  B.does          C.willbe              D.hasbeen9.Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedtheroleinthemarketsthatthey_________.A.wereplaying          B.weretoplayC.hadplayed            D.played\n10.—Kateisinhospital.—Oh,really?I_______.________visither.A.didn’tknow;I’llgoand      B.don’tknow;I’llgoandC.don’tknow;I’mgoingto        D.didn’tknow;I’mgoingto11.—Where_______theguidebook?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I_______itrighthere,butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveput            B.hadyouput;haveputC.haveyouput;put                  D.wereyouputting;put14.—Doyouliveinthiscity?—No,we______itforholidays.A.justvisit    B.justvisited  C.arejustvisiting  D.havevisited15.—Howistheoldmannow?—Sorry,he______thoughtheydidalltheycouldtosavehim.A.wasdead        B.haddied      C.hasbeendead      D.died\n16.Thelakewillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures______.A.willbetaken    B.aretaken     C.weretaken  D.hadbeentaken17.I’mafraiditwillbetwomonths______.A.whenIcomeback  B.whenI’llcomebackC.beforeIcomeback  D.beforeI’llcomeback18.Theworkers_____busilywhenthebosscametolookforsomethinghe______intheoffice.A.hadworked,hadleft  B.wereworking;hadleftC.working;hadleft  D.hadworked;left21.Thenotice______“Nosmoking”.A.istold    B.reads          C.tells      D.isread\n六、现在完成时1．现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词注：has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他所有人称。2．现在完成时的用法：（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如：①Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.②Haveyoueverriddenahorse?③Shehasalreadyfinishedthework.④Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.⑤I’vejustlostmysciencebook.有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。\n（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。如：for和since，以及sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等。①Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.②ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.③Theyhavelivedheresince1990.④WhathashappenedtotheUSAinthelast350years?注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。\n（3）现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作，例如：I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.（4）havebeen(to)和havegone(to)的区别：★have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。★have/hasgone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。试比较：HehasbeentoBeijing.他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在这儿）HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去了北京。（人已走，不在这儿）。\n一般过去时与现在完成时之比较1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。◎一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。◎共同的时间状语有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately等。◎现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,等不确定的时间状语。\n请大家认真分析比较下列各例句：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）ShehasreturnedfromParis.（她已从巴黎回来了。）Shereturnedyesterday.（她是昨天回来了。）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,lastweek,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.\n延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……”；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。Hedidn'tcomebackuntilteno'clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno'clock.他一直睡到10点。\n典型例题：1.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmet　B.havemet　C.met　D.meet答案B；首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.---I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeen　B.hadbeen　C.was　D.willbe答案A；等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。\n七、过去完成时的用法1、概念：表示过去的过去。-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->那时以前　那时　现在其结构是：had+过去分词2、过去完成时的用法：（1）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.（2）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.\n（3）在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.（4）在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.（5）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.（6）过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.\n用一般过去时代替完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.2)两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.\n时间现在过去那时所预见的情况八、过去将来时一、基本概念：过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。1)Hesaidhismotherwouldbuyabikeforhim2)Mybrothertoldmehewouldn’tbelieveJackanymore.3)Woulditbeallrightifheknewhisillness?\n二、基本形式：would／should＋动词原形（其中would用于各种人称，should常用于第一人称）。例如：Theyweresuretheywouldwinthefinalvictory．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。Hedidn'texpectthatweshould（would）allbethere．他没想到我们都在那里。上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语wouldwin和should（would）be分别与其主句谓语weresure和didn'texpect相对应。\n三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：1．was／were＋goingto＋动词原形Hesaidhewasgoingtotry．他说他准备试试。2．was／were＋to＋动词原形TheysaidtherailwaywastobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay．他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。3．was／wereabout＋动词原形Wewereabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain．我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。4．过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如go，come，leave，start，open，begin等）也可用于表示将来。Ididn'tknowwhentheywerecomingagain．我不知道他们什么时候再来。\n四、用法注意点：1．在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如：Hesaidhewouldcometoseeyouwhenhehadtime．他说他有时间就来看望你。2．“would＋动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，都可用would。Whenhewasachildhewouldgetupearly．他年幼时，总是很早起床。考例精练：1．Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe____officesoon．（MET93）A．leavesB．wouldleaveC．leftD．hadleft2．—Alice,whydidn'tyoucomeyesterday？—I____，butIhadanunexpectedvisitor．（NMET97）A．hadB．wouldC．wasgoingtoD．did\n1.Theoldman_____twodaysafterhehadbeensenttohospital.A.diedB.woulddieC.haddiedD.hasdied2.OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,butsoon______tohisoldways.A.returnedB.returnsC.wasreturningD.hadreturned3.I_____myson_____adoctor,buthewasn’tgoodenoughatscience.A.hoped;wouldbecomeB.hadhoped;wouldbecomeC.hadhoped;willbecomeD.hope;willbecome4.I_____totakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn’tabletogetaway.A.hopeB.havehopedC.hadhopedD.hoped5.Helen_____herkeyintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband_____home.A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome\n九、将来进行时（1）将来进行时概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。She'llbecomingsoon.I'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.（2）将来进行时的用法：a)表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。如：ThistimetomorrowIshallbeflyingtoGuangzhou.明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。Whatwillyoubedoingateighttomorrowmorning?明天上午八点钟你将做什么?Ihopeyouwon'tbefeelingtootired.我希望你不要太累。We'llbewatchingtelevisionallevening.我们整个晚上都将看电视。\nb)表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。如：We'llbehavingteaafterdinnerasusual.像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。Theleaveswillbefallingsoon.树叶很快就会脱落。Weshallbehavingameetingtomorrowmorning.我们明天要开一个会。I’llbetakingmyholidayssoon.我不久即将度假。注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说I'llbehavingatalkwithher.（3）将来进行时常用的时间状语:soon,tomorrow,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.\n十、将来完成时将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或bythetime引导的现在时的从句连用。例如：Bytheendofthisweek,Ishallhavefinishedthebook.到本周末，我将读完这本书。Bythistimetomorrowtheywillhaverepairedthemachine.明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。Thechildrenwillhavegonetosleepbythetimewegethome.到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。Whenyoucometonightateighto'clock，Ishallhavewrittenmypaper.你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了。BynextyearourteacherwillhavetaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。\n注意：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后；叙述前面的动作或状态，动词要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。Wewillhavecompletedtheworkbeforeyoucome.Wewillhaveplayedballwhenyoucome.（或whenyoucome,wewillhaveplayedball.）Hesaysthathewillhavegraduatedfromauniversitybeforeyoureturnhome.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A.havefoundB.willbefoundC.willhavefoundD.arefindingTheconference____afullweekbythetimeitends.A.musthavelastedB.willhavelastedC.wouldlastD.haslasted\n十一、现在完成进行时的用法1)表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在。现在这个动作可能已经终止，也可能仍然在进行着。如：Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwohours.我等了你两个小时。(动作不再延续下去)Ithasbeenrainingforthreehours.雨已经下了三个小时了。(动作可能延续)“HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?”“IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortwoyears.”你英语学多久了?----我学了两年了。(动作可能延续)“Whyareyousodirty?”“I'vebeenplayingfootball.”你身上怎么这样脏?----我刚才踢足球了。(动作不再延续下去)2)有些不能用现在进行时态的动词，如be，havelike，love，know，see，hear等，同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而只能用现在完成时。如：Shehasbeenillforalongtime.她已经病了好久了。Ihavenotseenyouforages.我好久没有见到你了。\n怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：\n（1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如：Wehavebeencleaningtheclassroom．（a）Wehavecleanedtheclassroom．（b）（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。Becareful!Johnhasbeenpaintingthedoor．（a）Johnhaspaintedthedoor．（b）（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。\n（2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：Theyhavebeenwideningtheroad．（a）Theyhavewidenedtheroad．（b）（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：Mr.SmithhasbeenlivinginLondonsince1978．（a）Mr.SmithhaslivedinLondonsince1979．（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。（3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfortwentyyears．（a）MymotherhastaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.（b）（a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。\n（4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：Haveyoubeenmeetingherlately？（a）Haveyoumetherlately？（b）（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，everyday等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。（5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如：Whathaveyoubeendoing？（a）Whathaveyoudone？（b）（a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。Ihavebeenwantingtomeetyouforlong．（a）Ihavelongwantedtomeetyou．（b）（a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。RecentlyMaryhasbeendoingherworkregularly．（a）RecentlyMaryhasdoneherworkregularly．（b）（a）句显然是在表扬玛丽。（b）只说明一个事实。\n下面还有一例，颇为有趣:Who'sbeeneatingmyapples？（a）Who'seatenmyapples？（b）（a）句有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满，（b）句只是希望回答的一个问题。又，（a）句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，（b）句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。\n1.Hesteppedintotheoffice,_____downandbegantofillintheforms.A.sittingB.tositC.satD.havingit2.Shesaidshewouldtelephonebutwe_____fromhersofar.A.haven’theardB.didn’thearC.hadn’theardD.won’thear3.WhenIgottothecinema,thefilm____fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hadbeenonD.was4.I’llgowithyouassoonasI____myhomework.A.willfinishB.finishC.amfinishingD.finished5.Ifit_____tomorrow,Iwon’tgotothecinema.A.willrainB.rainsC.israiningD.rained6.Sheisgoingtobeanursewhenshe_____up.A.isgoingtogrowB.growsC.growingD.grew\n7.“这本书我已经买了三个月了。”，下列哪一句不对？A.Ihavehadthisbookforthreemonths.B.Ihaveboughtthisbookforthreemonths.C.Iboughtthisbookthreemonthsago.D.ItisthreemonthssinceIboughtthisbook.8.—Comein,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.—Oh,howniceofyou!I_____you_____tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoingC.didn’tthink;weregoingD.had’tthought;weregoing9.WhenIwasatcollegeI_____threeforeignlanguages,butI_____allexceptforafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgotten10.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse_____andalotofthings____.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen\n11.Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit____.A.willrainB.rainsC.rainedD.israining12.Mary_____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes13.Thestudents_____busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe_____intheoffice.A.hadwritten;leftB.werewriting;hasleftC.hadwritten;hadleftD.werewriting;hadleft14.—Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?—Noyet,therooms_____,A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting15.—Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose____toher?A.washappeningB.tohappenC.hashappenedD.havinghappened\n16.—Doyouknowourtownatall?—No,thisisthefirsttimeI_____here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming17.—Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation.Itwassonear.—Yes,Ataxi_____atallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeD.won’tbe18.Ifcitynoises_____fromincreasing,people_____shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto19.Tom_____intothehousewhennoone_____.A.slipped;waslookingB.hadslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslippping;looked20.ThelasttimeI_____Janeshe____cottoninthefields.A.hadseen;waspickingB.saw;pickingC.hadseen;pickedD.saw;waspicking\n被动语态的构成形式1.被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1)am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2）has/havebeendone现在完成时例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompleted,andwe'rereadytostart.3）am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere．\n4）was/weredone一般过去时例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.5）hadbeendone过去完成时例Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing.6）was/werebeingdone过去进行时例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.7）shall/willbedone一般将来时\n例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.8）should/wouldbedone过去将来时例Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.9)shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时（少用）例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.10）should/wouldhavebeendone过去将来完成时（少用）例Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.\n2.被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改为Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.\n3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4）在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.\n5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.\n二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。例Mybikewasstolenlastnight.2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldaccepttheoffer.\n3.为了更好地安排句子。例Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.（一个主语就够了）\n三、Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.”。有：Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…众所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家认为，Itissuggestedthat…据建议。例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.（＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.）\n高考英语中主动表被动现象\n一.主动形式表被动的含义:1、Need,want,require（要求，需要）,deserve(应得，值得),beworth(值得），notbear(经不住)后面接doing主动表被动。Thebookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。Theoldbuildingrequiresrepairing.这座古建筑需要修了。Theseyoungseedlingswillrequire/needlookingafter(=needtobelookedafter)carefully.这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。Yourhairwants/needscutting(needstobecut).你的头发该剪了。\n2、不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。Ihavemuchworktodo.我有许多要做的事情。（与work有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）Tomislookingforaroomtolivein.Tom在找一间住的房间。（与room有动宾关系，与Tom有主谓关系）Hehasafamilytosupport.他要维持一个家庭。（与family有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系）\n3.在too…to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.\n4、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，结构：主语+系动词+形容词+不定式；动词+宾语+形容词+不定式。如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义，如difficult,easy,comfortable,convenient,hard,cheap,expensive等，不定式用主动表被动。Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.这个问题很难回答。Theworkiseasytodo.这项工作很好做。Ifoundthecarcomfortabletoridein.我觉得这种车很好坐。Thatmakespoetrydifficulttowrite.那就使得诗很难写。\n5、在betodosth结构中,这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。下列动词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?这场火灾应由谁负责?Youaretoblamefortheaccident.你应为这事受动责备。Thehouseistolet.此房出租。Alotremainstodo.还剩下许多事情要做。\n6、系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来),sound(听起来),prove(证明是),feel(摸上去感到),look(看起来)，smell(闻起来)等,例如:Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.你的理由听起来很合理。Goodmedicinetastesbittertothemouth.良药苦口。\n7.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？\n8、一些与can’t(不能)或won’t(不会)连用的动词。常用的有:lock(锁住),shut(关上),open(打开),act(上演),write(写)，cut(砍，切)，wear(穿，戴)等,用作不及物动词时，用主动表被动。例如:Thedoorwon’topen.这门打不开。Itcan'tmove.它不能动。\n9、英语中有很多动词如sell(销售),wash(洗),clean(打扫),burn(燃烧),cook(煮)break，catch，drive，lock，open，read，write，等与副词如well(好),easily(容易地),perfectly(十分地)等连用,描会事物的特性，用主动表被动，结构是主语+动词+加副词。主语通常是物。ThiskindofclothwasheswellThebooksellswell.这种书很畅销。Theseclotheswasheasily.这些衣服很易洗。Thepenwriteswell.这笔很好写。\n10、在“therebe”句型中作主语的定语如果现在分词时，所用的现在分词要用主动表被动意义。Thereisnothingdoingtheseday.这些天没事干。Iseethere’sagoodideaplanning.我知道又在打好主意。\n介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1.“under+名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：undercontrol（受控制）,undertreatment（在治疗中）,underrepair（在修理中）,underdiscussion（在讨论中）,underconstruction（在施工中）。例Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed).2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyondbelief(令人难以置信)，beyondone’sreach（鞭长莫及），beyondone’scontrol（无法控制），beyondourhope．我们的成功始料不及。例Therumorisbeyondbelief（=can’tbebelieved）．\n3.“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。例Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise．=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough．4．“for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：forsale(出售),forrent（出租）等。例Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).5．“in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：inprint（在印刷中），insight(在视野范围内)，等。例Thebookisnotyetinprint．(=isnotyetprinted)\n6．“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事……中”。常见的有：onsale(出售)，onshow（展出）,ontrial（受审）。例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).7．“outof+名词”结构；表示“超出……之外“，常见的有：outofcontrol(控制不了)，outofsight（超出视线之外），outofone’sreach(够不着),outoffashion(不流行)等。例Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled)．8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。例Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacher'spermission．\n注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：Thedoorwon'tlock．（指门本身有毛病）Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）\n被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例Theglassisbroken．（系表结构）Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy．（被动语态）2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例Thedoorislocked．（系表结构）Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked．（被动语态）\nExercises:choosethebestchoice.1.TherearemanygoodfilmsplayedbyChengLongthatareworth_____.A.tobeseenB.beingseenC.seeingD.tosee2.Thefood_____easilyandsells_____.A.cooks;wellB.iscooking;goodC.iscooked;wellD.cooked;good3.Thewindowsofthebuildingcan’t_____.,A.beclosedB.closeC.beclosingD.closedCAB\n二、主动形式表被动含义：一)、不及物动词的过去分词只表完成不表被动，因此在be+p.p.的句型中看似被动实际是主动。例如：begoneThedaysaregonewhenChinawasbothpoorandbackward.二）、很多时候过去分词都变成了形容词,因此也是看似被动实际表主动,尤其是后边加介词更为多见。例如：beinterested(in…)类似的动词有：besurprised,beexcited,bepleased,besatisfied,bedisappointed,beshocked,bemoved,beamazed,befrightened,bedelighted,beashamed等。\n三）、某些特殊动词：beseated=sitdown,takeone’sseat就座Pleasebeseated,ladiesandgentlemen.女士们、先生们,请就座.Thewomanseatedbythewindowishismother.=Thewomansittingbythewindowishismother.这样的动词本来就是及物动词，而且后面可跟反身代词做宾语．Sheseatedherselfonthesofa.\n2.beprepared(for…)=prepare(for…);beready(for…)）（为…)准备好Shewaspreparedforanythingtohappen.她已准备好应付一切.Well-preparedfortheexam,allthestudentstookitconfidently.3.beworried(about…)=worry(about…)对…担心Shewasworriedabouthermissingson.=Sheworriedherselfabouthermissingson.\n4.bedressed(in…)=wear…穿着…Sheisdressedinredtoday.Hurryupandgetdressed!快点穿上衣服!5.beconcerned(about/with…)=careabout…/berelevantto…/beabout…关心…;与…有关联Weareallconcernedabouthishealth.We'reallconcernedforhersafety.Thisbookisconcernedwiththeadolescentcrime.\n5.besupposed(to…)=should应该AmIsupposedtocleanalltheroomsorjustthisone?=ShouldIcleanalltheroomsorjustthisone?6.bedevotedto=belovingorloyal热爱的;忠实的Sheisdevotedtoherchildren.她深爱她的孩子.Herlifewasdevotedtocaringforthesickandneedy.她一生都致力于关心照顾贫病交迫的人。\n7.beaddicted(to…)=bestronglyinterested(in…)对…上瘾Hewasaddictedtosmoking.8.beused(to…)习惯于…Afterthreeweeksshehadgotusedtotheextremeheat.9.beaccustomed(to…)=beused(to…)习惯（于….)Isoongotaccustomedtohisstrangeways.我不久就习惯了他那些奇怪的做法.\nFillintheblankswiththeproperformofthegivenverbs:1.________(dress)inwhite,helookslikeadoctor.2.After_______(stay)herefor1year,he________________(accustom)tothehotweather.3.You_____________(suppose)toarriveherebefore8o’clock.4.Youcanpasstheexamaslongasyou________________(prepare,well)forit.5.Afterallthepeople____________(seat),thechairmanannouncedthestartofthemeeting.Dressedstayingisaccustomedaresupposedarewell-preparedwereseated\n一、情态动词的特点:1.没有人称和数的变化。2.有些情态动词有过去式的变化:e.g.will→would,can→could,may→might, dare→dared二、情态动词的否定式:情态动词+not+动词原形cannot:can't,mustnot:mustn't,neednot:needn't\n三、情态动词的用法及相互区别,是考试的内容之一。1.can,beableto   beableto表示经过努力后,能够做到;beableto有多种形式的变化。can1).表示体力或脑力方面的能力;2).表示允许、可能性。could是can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去存在的可能性;用于疑问句表示委婉地提出问题。1)Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone____getout. (NMET97)A.hadto B.would  C.could   D.wasableto2)-Willyoustayforlunch?-Sorry,__.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.(NMET99)A.Imustn't   B.Ican't C.Ineedn't D.Iwon't\n2.may表示询问或说明一件事可不可做;表示某事有可能发生。might是may的过去式;用在疑问中比may委婉、客气。1)-MayItakethisbookoutofthereading-room?-No,youmustn't.  (Yes,youmay.)2)-MightImakeasuggestion?   -Yes,youmay.\n3.must1).表示必须要做的事:必须2)表示很有把握的推断:一定,准是。have(has)to:have(has)gotto必须,不得不。过去式:hadto3)-MustIgettothestationbeforethreeo'clock?-Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn't.)4)I'mafraidyouwillhavetowaitawhile.5)Shemustbeintheclassroomnow.6)Mary____beinParis,Isawherintownonlyafewminutesago.(NMET94)A.mustn't      B.shouldn'tC.can't     D.maynot\n（1）must表示“必要”“必须”时，附加部分用mustn’t…?或者说needn’t…?（2）must用于否定形式mustn’t时，附加问句部分用may或must。（3）must表示“推测”意义时，要根据具体情况而确定。例如：Hemustknowthesecret,doesn’the?他一定知道这个秘密，不是吗？Hemustbeateacher,isn’the?他一定是个老师，不是吗？Youmusthaveseenhimoffyesterday,didn’tyou?你昨天一定是看见他离开了，不是吗?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishbefore,haven’tyou?你以前一定是学过英语，不是吗？\nmust表示说话人的主观看法，而haveto表示客观的需要；mustn’t表示为“决不能”“禁止”“一定不要”，而don’thaveto表示“不必要”。（英国英语中常用needn’t）\n4.shall1)在疑问句中,用于第一、三人称表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求。2)用于二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺等概念。1)-ShallIplaceanorderwithyounow?-No,youneedn’t.-Shallheturndowntheradioabit? -Yes,please.(No,pleasedon't.)2)YoushallhavetheEnglishbookassoonasIfinishit.3)Everythingthatheownsshallbetakenawayfromhim.4)Yourbrotherseldomcomestoseeyou,____?A.doeshe  B.doesn'the  C.willhe D.isn'the5)It'safineday.Let'sgofishing,____?A.won'twe      B.willweC.don'twe      D.shallwe\n5.should应该;应当1)Youshouldlistentothedoctor'sadvice.2)Youshouldstudythearticlecarefully.6.will,would1)在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问。用would语气更加婉转。2)will表示现在的习惯性动作或状态;would表示过去的习惯性动作或状态。3)will用于各种人称,表示意志、意愿、决心、允诺;would表示过去时间的意志、意愿、......。(1)Don'tsmokeinthemeetingroom,___you?A.doyouB.willyou   C.canyou D.couldyou-Willyoucomewithme?  -Yes,Iwill.(Iamsorry,Ican't.)(2)-Wouldyoutellussomethingaboutyourself? -Yes,Iwill.(3)-It'smybirthdaytomorrow.Don'tforgettocometomyparty.-_____.A.Idon't       B.Iwon't       C.Ican't      D.Ihaven't\n7.oughtto应该;应当1)Yououghtn'ttosmoketoomuch.2)She____forwhatshehasdone.A.oughttopraise    B.oughtbepraisedC.oughttohavepraised  D.oughttobepraised8.dare  1.daretocome     2.darecome1)Hedarenottellthetruth.2)Hedoesn'tdaretocomeoutatnight.3)Idon'tknowwhetherhe____try.A.dare B.needs  C.wants  D.isallowed\n9.need1).作为情态动词:必须2).作为实义动词:需要A.主语是人need(todosomething;tobedonebysomebody)B.主语是事物need(doing;tobedone)1)-Dotheyneedtotakeanybookswiththem?-No,theydon'tneedto.2)-Needwebuyanynewequipment?    -No,weneedn't.3)Thisfarmtoolneedsrepairing.Thisfarmtoolneedstoberepaired.4)-ShallItellJohnaboutit?-No,you___.I'vetoldhimalready.A.needn't    B.wouldn'tC.mustn't     D.shouldn't5)It'safineday.You____takearaincoatwithyou.A.can't       B.mustn'tC.needn't      D.maynot\ndare和need作情态动词时不用于肯定句；作实义动词时不受限制。usedto表示“过去常干……”，但现在不干了，常与like,be等状态动词连用。would(do)表示“过去常干……”，但不强调现在如何，并带有赞扬、厌恶等感情色彩。\n(1)NeedI…?Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t.(2)MustI…?Yes,youmust.No,youneedn’t.(3)MayI…?Yes,youmay.(=Yes,certainly/ofcourse.)No,youmaynot.(=No,youcan’t/mustn’t.)\n(4)ShallI..?Yes,please.No,thanks.No,youneedn’t.（委婉）No,youcan’t.（反对）No,youmustn’t.（禁止）(5)MightI…?Yes,youcan.No,youcan’t.\n(1)musthavedone（语气肯定）“过去一定……”表示对过去情况极大把握的推测。Ididn’thearthetelephone,Imusthavebeenasleep.我没有听到电话铃声，我一定是睡着了。(2)should/oughttohavedone“本来应该……”“按理该……”表示责备，惋惜。Theplantisdead,Ishouldhavegivenitmorewater.植物死掉了，我本应该给它浇更多的水的。(3)may/mighthavedone（语气不肯定）“过去可能……”表推测。\nHemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.他本应可以给你更多帮助，即使他非常忙。(4)can’t/couldn’thavedone（语气肯定）（否定句和疑问句）“过去不可能……”对过去发生的事的不肯定或怀疑。Hecan’thavestudiedEnglishbefore.他以前没有学过英语。(5)couldhavedone本来能做却未做，表责备。mighthavedone本来可以做却未做，表责备。\nHecouldhavewalkedtothestation,itwassofar.我们本应走着去火车站，这么近。(6)needn’thavedone已做了某事，但没有必要。shouldn’thavedoneoughtn’ttohavedone本来不该做却做了，表责备，惋惜。Ineedn’thaveboughtthebook.我没有必要买这本书。Tomoughtnottohavetoldmeyoursecret.汤姆本不该把你的秘密告诉我。\n“情态动词+bedoing”表推测，“应当正在……可能正在……”。Theymustbewaitingforyou.他们一定在等你。（1）间或此结构可表示“即得，将要”这类意思。Imustbeleavingnow.我得立刻离开了。（2）间或表示老是在做某事。Whymustyoualwaysbefindingfaultwiththatgirl?你为什么总是和这姑娘过不去？\n“情态动词+havebeendoing”表推测有“应当一直在……”等含义。例:Theycan’thavebeenworkingforthatlonglastnight.昨晚他们不可能工作那么久。Yourmothermusthavebeenlookingforyou.你妈妈一定一直在找你。\n形容词副词\n1.掌握形容词、副词的句法功能。2.掌握形容词、副词在句中的位置。3.掌握多个形容词的排列顺序。4.掌握形容词、副词的比较等级。5.掌握形容词、副词近义词辨析。考纲要求\n形容词和副词的比较等级1.原级句型2.比较级句型3.最高级句型4.比较级表达最高级意义的句型5.使用比较级、最高级的注意事项6.形容词和副词比较等级前面使用冠词的情况\n1.原级句型：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用______________________结构.表示双方不相等时,用_______________________结构.表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用__________________________结构as+原级+asnotso/as+原级+as倍数+as+原级+as(1)as+形容词+a/an+单数名词+as(2)asmuch+不可数名词+as(3)asmany+复数名词+as\n真题再现1.Johnplaysfootball________,ifnotbetterthan,David.(1994全国)A.aswellB.aswellasC.sowellD.sowellas2.HespeaksEnglishwellindeed,butofcoursenot______anativespeaker.(2004上海)A.asfluentasB.morefluentthanC.sofluentlyasD.muchfluentlythan3.Ourneighbourhas______ours.(2003北京)A.asabighouseasB.asbigahouseasC.thesamebighouseasD.ahousethesamebigas\n4.WiththehelpoftheGermanexperts,thefactoryproduced______carsin1993astheyearbefore.(1994上海)A.astwicemanyB.asmanyastwiceC.astwiceasmanyD.twiceasmany５.ItisreportedthattheUnitedStatesuses_____energyasthewholeofEurope.(2004广西)A.astwiceB.twicemuchC.twicemuchasD.twiceasmuch\n2.比较级句型：1.)双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用_____________结构.2.)表示一方不及另一方时,用__________________结构.3.)表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用________________________________结构.4.)不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用_________________________结构.5.)表示两者“都不”时,用________________结构.6.)表示两者中“较/更……的那一个”时,用__________________________结构.比较级+thanless+原级+thanthe+比较级，the+比较级比较级+and+比较级no+比较级+thanthe+比较级+ofthetwo…\n真题再现1.It’sbelievedthat______youwork,_____resultyou’llget.(1993上海)A.theharder;thebetterB.themorehard;themorebetterC.theharder;abetterD.morehard;morebetter2.Whichis______country,CanadaorAustralia?(1992全国)A.alargeB.largerC.alargerD.thelarger3.Whichdoyouthinktastes________,thechickenorthefish?(1986全国)A.wellB.goodC.betterD.best\n4.Ofthetwoshirts,I'dliketochoose______one.(1994上海)A.thelessexpensiveB.themostexpensiveC.lessexpensiveD.mostexpensive5.AlthoughLindatriedhardintheexam,shedid______thanherbrother.(2000上海春)A.morebadlyB.muchbetterC.muchbadlyD.muchworse\n3.最高级句型：1.)三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用_______________结构.这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语.2.)表示“最不”时,用___________________the+最高级+(of/in)theleast+原级\n1.Hemadethe________mistakesinthedictationexercise.(1985全国)A.lessB.leastC.fewerD.fewest2.Thesalesmanshowedherseveralbagsandshechose______oneasshedidn’twanttospendtoomuchmoneyonit.(1991上海)A.thelessexpensiveB.lessexpensiveC.theleastexpensiveD.leastexpensive真题再现牛刀小试（见学案）\n4．比较级表达最高级意义的句型（1）比较级+than+anyother+单数名词(同一范围）alltheothersanyoftheothersanyone(anybody，anything）else（2）比较级+than+any+单数名词(不同范围）allthe+复数名词anyofthe+复数名词anyone(anybody,anything)\n真题再现1.---Areyousatisfiedwithheranswer?---Notatall.Itcouldn’thavebeen______.(1997上海)A.worseB.sobadC.betterD.theworst2.---ShallIgiveyouarideasyoulivesofaraway?---Thankyou._____.A.Itcouldn’tbebetterB.OfcourseyoucanC.IfyoulikeD.It’suptoyou3.Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard________.(1996全国)A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoice\n5.使用比较级、最高级的注意事项注意１．比较级前可用修饰语even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar.千万不能用very,more,so,fairly,quite.\n1.It’smorewarmertoday.2.Thisproblemisalotofmoredifficultthanthatone.3.Hesaysthatskiingismuchexcitingthanskating.4.Asaresult,peopleinthemodernworldgenerallylivemuchmorelongerthanpeopleinthepast.______much/———more单句改错/\n真题再现1.You’restandingtoonearthecamera.Canyoumove_______?(2000上海）abitfarB.alittlefartherC.abitoffartherD.alittlefar2.---Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum?---Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.Itwas_______thanIexpected.（1991全国）A.farmoreinterestingB.evenmuchinterestingC.somoreinterestingD.alotmuchinteresting\n注意２．隐含式比较级1.Idon’tthinkthisfilmisbyfarthemostboring.Ihaveseen______.(2006江西)A.betterB.worseC.thebestD.theworst2.―Isyourheadachegetting_____?―No,it’sworse.(2005全国卷III)A.betterB.badC.lessD.well3.Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave________atschool.(1994全国)A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime牛刀小试（见学案）\n注意３.比较对象要一致单句改错：Hervoiceisassweetasabird.Myhometownismorebeautifulthanyou.Thereatthedoorstoodagirlaboutthesameheightas____.A.IB.meC.myD.mine真题再现∧thatof_____yours\n注意４．避免自我比较EveryoneknowsthatCanadaislargerthan____countryinAsia.2.Chinaislargerthan______countryinAsia.A.anyB.anyotherC.otherD.anotherAB\n６．形容词和副词等级前面使用冠词的情况⑴形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。amost与themost⑵表示“一个更……的人或物”a+比较级⑶表示两者中“更……的那一个”时，the+比较级⑷“a+比较级＋名词”用在否定句中往往表示最高级含义．⑸The+比较级,the+比较级\n陈振，我们班一位非常帅的男生，与我们相处的很融洽。他喜欢唱歌，但更因为打篮球而为我们所熟知。他擅长英语，令我们惊讶的是，他说英语和外国人一样流利。然而，他对数学不太感兴趣。我们希望他更加努力地学习。毕竟，越努力，结果就越好！我坚信，你们一定会有一个更加美好的未来。writing\nChenZhen,amosthandsomeboyinourclass,getsonwellwithothers.Heisfondofsinging,butheisbetter-knownforplayingbasketball.HeisgoodatEnglish.Tooursurprise,hecanspeakEnglishasfluenlyasforeigners.However,heisnotinterestedinmaths.Wehopehecanworkharder.Afterall,theharderyouwork,thebetterresultyouwillget.Ibelieve,youwillhaveabetter/brighterfuture.\n命题导向1.形容词、副词比较等级的考查依然会是高考考查重点。但对此点的考查具有“淡化结构，注重深层语义”的特点。近年来趋向于考查隐含式比较级。2.形容词、副词近义词辨析的考查将是高考考查热点。强调在语境中，选择恰当形容词或副词。包括形容词、副词惯用法和固定搭配。3.名词前形容词排列顺序、副词的位置、enough的位置、形容词作状语也是高考考查常考点。\nGood-bye!