2017高中英语语法-名词课件 53页

名词专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)\nProperNouns:专有名词指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYear’sDay注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写\nCommonNouns：专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词集体名词army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public1.Hisfamily________large.2.Hisfamily_______allmusiclovers.他的家不是个大家庭。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。isn’tare\n在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。Theaudience_____________excitedbytheshow.was/were集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。\nMaterialNouns(物质名词):指无法分为个体的东西。beer;cloth;cotton;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：\n1)表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”时,物质名词可用作可数名词。Twostrongblackcoffees,please.Threebeers,please.Itwasaspecialtea.2)个别物质名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。rainssnowswaters(两份）(三杯）(一种）（雨季）(积雪）(海域)\nAbstractNouns(抽象名词):表示一些抽象的概念。education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。1.He’slearningFrenchforfun.2.Iwishyougoodluck.\n当这类词具体化时，可以加冠词。1.Heworkshardforthewelfare(福利)ofthepoor.2.Afterabriefpeace,warbrokeoutagain.\n有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）aglass(玻璃杯)acopper(铜板)atin(罐头)apaper(报纸，证件，论文)aniron(熨斗)awood(树林)agold(金牌)ayouth(年青人)apower(大国)abeauty(美人，美的东西)apleasure(使人感到愉快的事)arelation(亲戚）\n英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。apoem(一首诗)amachine(一台机器)ajob(一件工作)alaugh(一个笑声)apermit(许可证)agarment(一件衣裳)abag(case)(一件行李)aloaf(一只面包)ahair(一根头发)poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发)\n1.一般情况加-s1)清辅音后读/s/mapsbooks2)浊辅音和元音后读/z/bagscars名词复数的规则变化及读音重点名词复数\n2.以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加–es,读/iz/busesdisheswatchesboxes特例：以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时，只加–s，读/s/。stomachs3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加–s,es读/iz/casesbridgesexerciseschanges名词复数的规则变化及读音\n5.以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s变复数：读/z/twoMarystheHenrysmonkeysholidays4.以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加es,ies读/iz/party-partiesbaby---babies名词复数的规则变化及读音\n6.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加-s读/s/roofsgulfschiefssafescliffsbeliefsb.去f,fe加-ves,读/vz/half-halvesknife-knivesself-selvesleaf-leaveswolf-wolvesshelf-shelveslife-livesthief-thieveswife-wivesc.均可handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieveshoof(蹄)-hoofs/hooves名词复数的规则变化及读音妻子(wife)在书架(shelf)上拿了一片叶子(leaf)当做小刀(knife)把小偷(thief)当做狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)后自己(self)逃命(life)了。一个首领(chief)带着一个信念(belief)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。\n7.字母o结尾，有生命的加es，无生命的加s，读/z/。tomatoespotatoesheroespianosphotoskilostobaccosradioszoosbamboos名词复数的规则变化及读音\nfoot-feettooth-teeth名词复数的不规则变化(1)goose-geeseooee\nchild-childrenmouse-miceox-oxen+enouseice\nman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachers只要是含man的,复数为men,如名词有man或woman修饰的，变成复数时两个词都要变成复数。\n单数复数basisanalysisbacteriumdatummediumphenomenonbasesanalysesbacteriadatamediaphenomena\n名词复数的不规则变化(2):单复数形式相同sheepdeermeans（方法）series(系列)speciesworks（著作，工厂）ChineseJapanese国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans中日不变英法变，其余S加后面。\n1.6不同国家的人的单复数名称　　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes\n_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.A.TheEvensB.TheEvens’C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。\nMrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-lawB．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-lawsD．brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。\n以s结尾的复数名词后只加撇号不加s。如：teachers’office。2.表示两个或多人共有的，在最后一个名词后加’s。如：TomandJohn’sroom。3.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：thebarber's理发店。名词的所有格名词的所有格有两种形式：’s式和of式。一般说来，表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用’s，但还须注意以下几点：\n1.MissSmithisafriendof________.A.Mary'smother's   B.Mary'smotherC.Mother'sofMary   D.Marymother's2.－Where’syourbrother?－At_____.A.Mr.Green’s      B.Mr.GreenC.theMr.Green’s D.theMr.Green3.—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.—Itmightbemy________A.neighbour's    B.neighbourC.neighbours\n1.Tomisaworker.()2.TheChildren’sPalaceisnearJane’shome.()3.Shegavemesomegoodadvice.()主语，介词宾语动词宾语名词在句中所做的成分主语，表语\n4.Hedidn’tgotherebecauseofhisillness.()5.WemadeTomourmonitor.()6.Westudentsshouldstudyhard.()介词宾语宾语补足语同位语\n7.Theauthor’snameisonthecoverofthebook.()8.Thisbookisofgreatuse.()主语，介词宾语主语，介词宾语\n可数与不可数名词的修饰语只修饰可数名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。2.只修饰不可数的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。3.修饰可数和不可数名词的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。\n名词在高考中的运用\nDivorcedmenmustpaymoneyfortheirchildrenandsometimespayalimonytotheirwives.moneyB.dressesC.attentionD.visits2.Pleaseanswerthequestionsinthequestionnaireandwritedowntheadviceifyou’vegotany.bookB.pictureC.examD.awrittenlistofquestions__________名词在阅读中的猜词上下文词根________\n名词在完型填空中的运用：1.We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.wayB.choiceC.possibilityD.selection2.IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood_______ofdirection.A．ideaB．feelingC．experienceD．sense\n3.Whenthebellrangandtheteacherclosedhisbook,itwasa___foreveryonetostandup.chanceB.markC.wayD.signal4.Carelessnessistheusual_____offire.A.reasonB.causeC.excuseD.origin意思?搭配?内涵区别?\n1.(16.全国I)Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareits___________(attract).2.(16.全国I)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed.3.(16.全国II)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof________________(achieve).attractiondaysachievement名词在语法填空中的运用：\n4.(16.全国II)Recent__________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreakregularly.5.(16.四川)Anysmellmightattractnatural___________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.6.(16.浙江)Itisimportanttopayyourelectricitybillontime,aslate_________(pay)mayaffectyourcredit.studiesenemiespayments\n7.(16.浙江)Wecanachievealotwhenwelearntoletour_________(different)unite,ratherthandivideus.8.(15.全国I)I'dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefor...theLiRiverthatarepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinese_________(painting)inwhichyoulaughather.differencespaintings可数，不可数？单数，复数？所有格？看句中的相关冠词和谓语的单复数和句意来判断。\n1.(16.全国I)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.2.(16.全国II)Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.3.(16.四川)Momhasafull-timejob,butshehastodomostofthehouseworks.名词在改错中的运用honestyknowledgehousework\n4.(15.全国I)Theairswebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.5.(15.全国II)Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparent...heturnedaroundandfoundthathisparentsweremissing.6.(14.全国I)...sincethen--foralltheseyear--wehavebeenallowingtomatoestoselfseedwheretheyplease.airparentsyears\n1.HereIwillgiveyousomeadvicesonhowtobuildupfriendship.2.Teacherandparentexpresstheircongratulationsandexpectation.3.Ihopeallthepersonhavegoodtablemanners.名词在写作中的运用peopleadvice1.可数\不可数?2.单数\复数?3.复数形式?ss\n看一轮，二轮复习练习\n一、完成句子根据汉语提示,完成下列句子。1.Two__________(月)ago，three__________(英雄)caughtfour___________(小偷).Theymadethemplantsome____________(土豆)and____________(竹子)intwo_______(动物园).Theyalsomadetheir________(妻子们)returnthefourbig___________(箱子)withsomeprecious___________(照片)and_________(刷子)inthem.monthsheroesthievespotatoesbambooszooswivesboxesphotosrevisionbrushes\n2.Two_____________________(主编)，three__________________(男教师)andfive____________________(女医生),togetherwiththeir______________(孩子们)，wenttothemarket.Theydecidedtobuytwo__________(绵羊),three________(鹿)，four_________(公牛)，five__________(鹅)andsixwhite_________(老鼠)withthree________(脚)andsix_________(牙齿).teetheditors-in-chiefmenteacherswomendoctorschildrensheepdeeroxengeesemicefeet\n1.Alltheteacherandstudentattendedthegrown-upceremony.2.AStudentmadeaspeakingforus.3.Goodlistencanshowrespectandpromoteunderstanding.改一改slisteningspeechs\n\n名词所有格的一些俚语：I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.Shewasatherwit’send.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.(为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（不受损害）（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）\n主谓一致１。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）２。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg:news;economics)3.就近原则：either…or;neither…nor;notonly…butalso4.单复数视情况而定。１）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数２）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species３）中心词是all,most,half,rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。\n４）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg:Aknifeandforkisonthetable.5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg:ours,yours;such,thesame;who,that,which;any,either,neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数）none,all,some,more,６）分数，量词，halfof,partof作主语，于中心词保持一致。７）what引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。８）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。\n５。　谓语用单数的情况。１）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg:Thedoctor’s,myuncle’s,thebaker’s2)中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg:threeyears;TheselectedpoemsofLiBai;3)each,every,no所修饰名词，即使以and或逗号连接。Eg:eachboyandeachgirl;everymanandwoman4)主语有morethanone…;manya5)akindof;apairof;aseriesof…\n6)Thiskindof…7)Thenumberof…8)Agreatdealof…;alargeamountof…+un9)Oneandahalf+可数名词复数eg:Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.10)Thedeparted(死者）意义上指个体11)theonlyoneof+可数名词复数＋定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。\n６。谓语用复数的情况。１）police,;people;cattle;militia(民兵）作主语。２）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg:glasses;chopsticks…3)thesekindofmen（口语);menofthiskind作主语４）both…and….修饰主语5)Anumberof;largequantitiesof;largeamountsof修饰主语６）the+形容词作主语，一般情况下７）oneofthe+可数名词复数＋定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。\nAssignment:1.Trytolearnthesewordsbyheart:(通常用于复数形式的词）scissors剪刀;pants裤子;contents目录compasses两脚规;cords灯心絨裤;arms武器earphones耳机;pyjamas睡衣裤;ashes灰烬scales天平;overalls工装裤;tropics热带spectacles眼镜;braces背带;stairs楼梯nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤;brains头脑belongings所有物；savings积蓄；tidings消息doings行为；writings作品；findings调查结果Addthewordsinyournotepaper.\nSome______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．GermanB．GermenC．GermansD．Germens\n1.Here’smycard.Let’skeepin______.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship2.Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof___.A.fareB.chargeC.moneyD.pay3.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren’s______.AreachBhandCholdDplace