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  • 2022-08-09 发布

初中被动语态语法讲解——课堂教案

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初中被动语态语法讲解(一) 语 态 分 类英语动词有两种语态.,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:  Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.()Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.()英语用:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化        主要体现在be的变化上,动词的过去分词不变。列表如下:一般现在时:+done一般过去时:+done一般将来时:+done过去将来时:+done现在进行时:am/is/are+being+done过去进行时:was/were+being+done现在完成时:+done过去完成时:had+been+done将来完成时:shall/  will+havebeen+done过去将来完成时:should/would+havebeen+done  [注]被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。9\n(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态1.一般现在时:(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Rice  inthesouthofthecountry.(2)Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.We enterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时:(1)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessons 3.一般将来时:(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Cars .(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobs .4.现在完成时:(1)Someonehastoldme thesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.I  thesportsmeeting mightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.Hisbook here.(四) 含有情态动词的被动语态:     含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+ 9\n及物动词的过去分词”构成。  (1)You musthandin yourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositions  afterclass.(2)He canwrite agreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletters him.(五) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by 短语。  “Mr.White,thecup(break)afterclass.”2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by 短语。  TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用in+ 名词作状语,而代替by 短语。  ThesecarsweremadeinChina.bemadeof、bemadefrom(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法(1)  Myaunt invited   me   toherdinnerparty.主语   谓语  宾语→   I   toherdinnerparty.9\n主语  谓语         宾语(2) Theschool setupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→    intheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。(七)语态转换时所注意的问题1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。    Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputer.  2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多.V+sbsth=sbbeV-edsth    Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Ionmybirthday.    如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:  Apresentmeonmybirthday.9\n注意:1.一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词to,如:      bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell 等。      (1)Thebooktheclass.(show)(2)Mybikeher.(lend)      2.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for, 如:    build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing 等。     (1)Anewskirtme.(make)(2)Themeatus.(cook)(3)Somecountrymusicus.     (play)3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有:不及物动词+ 介词,如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout 等。  Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+ 副词:如:bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout 等。  Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather9\n4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如:    (1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroom.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→We.注意:在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。    Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heplaytheguitar.5. 当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如:    Nobodycananswerthisquestion.Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.(×)Thequestion.6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如:       Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.9\nAnythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.(×).7. 以who为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用bywhom放在句首:           Whowrotethestory?Whowasthestorywritten?(×)?8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook 等。如:  (1)Theclothwasheseasily.  这布很好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.  这新产品很畅销。对比:Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被动句)9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel,look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。  (1)—Doyoulikethematerial?   —Yes,it(feel)verysoft.9\n(2)Thefood(taste)delicious.(3)Thepopmusic(sound)beautiful.第二,谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等,不用被动语态。  Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.误:Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误:Herhandwashadburned.第三,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如:  Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误:Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。  Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.误:Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误:Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.第五,宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形式及抽象名词等,不能变为被动句子的主语,如:  ItaughtmyselfEnglish.误:MyselfwastaughtEnglish.9\nWeloveeachother.误:Eachotherisloved.10. 在汉语中,有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示,例如:    据说……              Itissaidthat…据报导……    Itisreportedthat…据推测……    Itissupposedthat…希望……              Itishopedthat…众所周知……       Itiswellknownthat…普遍认为……       Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人建议……       Itissuggestedthat…1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.9

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