初高中英语语法衔接ppt课件 81页

语法基础知识第一节词的分类及构成英语词汇按其造句功能分为十类：名词noun(n)、代词pronoun(pron)、数词numeral(num)、动词verb(v)、形容词adjective(adj)、副词adverb(adv)、冠词article(art)、介词preposition(prep)、连词conjunction(conj)、感叹词interjection(interj)。\n这十类词又分为两种。可以在句子中独立担任成分的，称为实词（前六类都是实词）；不能在句子中独立担任句子成分的，称为虚词（后四类都是虚词）\n英语词汇1名词Noun(n)2代词Pronoun(Pron)3数词Numeral(num)4动词Verb(v)5形容词Adjective(adj)6副词Adverb(adv)7冠词Article(art)8介词Preposition(prep)9连词Conjunction(conj)10感叹词Interjection(interj)实词(可以在句子中独立担任成分的词）虚词（不能在句子中独立担任成分的词）\n词类英语名称意义例词名词Noun表示人或事物的名称boy,pencil,book,tablebackpack,dog,tiger,fruit数词Numeral表示数量或顺序One,five.Thirteen,first.second,代词Pronoun用来代替名词、形容词或数词We,you,he,himselfherthat,what动词Verb表示动作或状态Look,go.Be(am,is,are)do,done,can,mustshould形容词Adjective用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Old,red,uglyfine,good副词Adverb修饰动词、形容词或其他副词not,too,here,often,actually冠词Article用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a(an),the介词Preposition表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系in,on,of,at,under,about连词Conjunction用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子and,or,but,therefore,meanwhile,besides感叹词Interjection表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等感情Oh,hello,hi\n第二节句子的成分（Membersofsentence）句子：由词按照一定的语法规则结合起来表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫句子成分：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分，即：主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语和同位语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。\n句子成份归纳一览表及巧记口诀\n成份词类主语谓语宾语表语宾补定语状语同位语名词√√√√√√动词√代词√√√√√数词√√√√√√形容词√√√√√√副词√√√√介词短语√√√√不定式√√√√√√V+ing形式√√√√√√V+ed形式√√√√从句√√√√√√√\n句子成分详解一览表及巧记口诀\n巧记句子成分口诀：句子成分八大类，谓居中、主在前，宾语与状语靠后站。主宾表补状同位。形代定语主宾前，短语作定语放后边。\n句子成分意义充当词例句主语TheSubject表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子1WestudyinNO.MiddleSchool.2Jimisaneducatedchild.3Toseeistobelieve.4Seeingisbelieving.5EightisaluckynumbertoChinese.6Whenandwherehewasbornisasecret.谓语ThePredicate说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”由动词或动词短语充当1Iexpecetyoutotakeme.2Lucyisdancingunderthetree.3Herparentshatetellinglies.4Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkontime.宾语TheObject表示动作、行为的对象同主语的充当词1BothofthegirlslikeSpanish.2Didshecallmejustnow.3Shemadeitherdutytolookafterthatbaby.\n表语ThePredicative说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质特征同主语的充当词，再加上介词短语和V+ed形式1Herfatherisachemist.2Thefilmisveryinteresting.2Thetwostateswereatwarthen.3Whathesaidsoundsreasonable.定语TheAttribute用来修饰名词或代词形、代、数、名、副，介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语1Theblacksweaterismine.2What’shisfather’sname?3Wehaveninelessonseveryday.\n状语TheAdverbial修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式程度等意义通常由副词，介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来充当1Theminersworkveryhard.2SheoftenhelpsMike3Theheldapartyinthecountryside.4Heusuallygetsupat6:00.宾语补足语TheObjectComplement补充说明宾语的情况。宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等充当1TheynamedthebabyLily.2Shealwayskeepsthehousecleaneveryday.\n句子成份归纳一览表及巧记口诀\n主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无\n（一）主语：主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不存在疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：\n1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）\n7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）\n（二）谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。\n（三）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：\n1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）\n6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）\n注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.\n宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.\n下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。\n（四）宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：\n1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）\n（五）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）\n5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句)\n（六）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）\n4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）\n10种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）\n6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）\n（七）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.（八）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.\n第三节句子分类句子分类一览表及巧记口诀(一按结构分)\n分类说明例句简单句TheSimpleSentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。即一套主谓结构1Shegoestoworkeveryday.2TomandIfoundherthere.3Weallbreathe,eatandwork并列句TheCompoundSentence由并列连词（如and,so,but,or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子1Ioftenhelpherandshehelpsmetoo.2Tomlikeseggs,buthedoesn’tlikechicken.复合句TheComplexSentence由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。1Ibelieveyouareright.2Ifhestudiesharder,hewillpasstheexam.3Whatpeopleareworriedaboutiswhetherwewillbeabletobuildabetterfuture.\n简单句的五个基本句型1主语＋不及物动词Shecame．.2主语＋及物动词＋宾语ShelikesEnglish.3主语＋系动词＋主语补语Sheishappy．4主语＋动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.5主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.（There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.\n并列句（CompoundSentences）：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句.Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。Let’shurry,orwewillbelate.咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦.Hestudiedhard,andhepassedtheexam.他努力学习并通过了考试.Hewassick,sotheywerequiet.他病了,所以他们很安静.\n复合句一直接引语和间接引语二定语从句（形容词性从句）1限定性定语从句2非限定性定语从句三名词性从句1主语从句2表语从句3宾语从句4同位语从句四状语从句（9种）\n句子种类（二按功能）\n1）陈述句（DeclarativeSentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声速度快。Thefilmisratherboring.这部电影很乏味。Ihaven’tgotacamera.我没有相机.Theyhavenevermetbefore.他们以前从没见过面.\n2）疑问句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（GeneralQuestions）：Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（WQuestions;HQuestions）Wheredoyoulive?你住那儿？Howdoyouknowthat?你怎么知道那件事\nc.选择疑问句（AlternativeQuestions）：Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：Heknowsher,doesn’the?他不认识她，对不对？=Doesheknowher?yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.\n3）祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sitdown,please.请坐。Don'tbenervous!别紧张！4）感叹句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：Whatgoodnewsitis!多好的消息啊！Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!多美丽的花啊!Whatalovelychildheis!whatacutechildheisHowbeautifultheflowersare!Howlovelythechildis!多可爱的小孩啊!Howgoodthenewsis!\n练习（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.主语.定语宾语谓语状语定语宾语状语\n6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.定语表语宾语谓语主语表语主语表语谓语宾语宾语形式宾语.真正宾语地点状语\n14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.宾语定语插入语宾语状语状语形式主语表语宾语补足语宾语补足语表语\n指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：Ontheleftofmyhouseisanoldchurch.Whycouldtheboilingpointofwaterbeloweratthetopofamountain?3.Iamnotgoingtoworktoday.4.Thisthingisforpeelingpotatoes.5.Whattimewillyouarrive?6.TheGeniepromisedthatifanyoneshouldcomeandsethimfree,hewouldmakehimveryrich.7.Whatnationalityareyou?主语.主语谓语介宾状语宾补.表语\n8.Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhehaddecidedtoretireat50.9.Iamterriblyconfusedbyallthisinformation.10.Wehadalreadyreached9000feetbythen.11.Sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights.12.I’llbeabletopassmydrivingtestafterIhavehadafewlessons.13.Iloveswimming.Itkeepsmefit.14.Itisobviousthatmoneydoesn’tgrowontrees.状语谓语宾补宾语宾补主语宾语\n(一)划分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.\n9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.April’Dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.\n17Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.18.HelivedinGuangZhou.19.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.20Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.21.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.22.Ilikepopularmusic.23.Sheknowswhattodonext.24.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.\n体验高考\n例1：(2011·福建卷)ItwasApril29,2011______PrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.before例2：(2011·江苏卷)Itwasneverclear______themanhadn'treportedtheaccidentsooner.A.whatB.howC.whenD.whyBD\n第四节划分句子成分在高考中的应用一名词性从句二定语从句三写作\n名词性从句和定语从句的解题方法\n名词性从句和定语从句的解题方法第一步：先分析出大的类别——定从？/名从？/状从？即分析所缺部分在主句中的成分从而确定从句大的类别第二步：口诀逐一解决：(I)名词性从句。——口诀——先成分后含义(II)定语从句。——口诀——先成分后先行词\n1______BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.A．WhichB．WhatC．ThatD．Whom2Wehaven'tdiscussedyet______wearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.A．that         BwhichC．what                 D．whereBD\n3Theprizewillgotothewriter______storyshowsthemostimagination.A．that      B．which    C．whoseD．what4MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers，______，ofcourse，madealltheothersupset.A．whoB．whichC．whatD．thatCB\n5Asachild，Jackstudiedinavillageschool，______isnamedafterhisgrandfather.A．which                B．whereC．what                 D．that6CouldIspeakto______isinchargeofInternationalSalesplease?A．whoB．whatC．whoeverD．whateverAC\n7Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown，______wasverykindofhim.A．whichB．thatC．whereD．it8Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreatetheyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.A.which                B.thatC.what                D.whoAC\n9Thedaysaregone______physicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.A．when       B．that      C．whereD．Which10—Whatdoyouthinkofteaching，Bob?—Ifinditfunandchallenging.Itisajob______youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.A．whereB．whichC．whenD．thatAA\n11_______mattersmostinlearningEnglishisenoughpractice.A.What           B.WhyC.Where          D.Which12Wewentthroughaperiod______________communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas．A．which              B．whoseC．inwhich           D．withwhichAC\n13Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas______wedidthismorning.A.when         B.whichC.where         D.What14．Marywroteanarticleontheteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A．why             B．whatC．who              D．thatDA\n15.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisis______Idisagree.A.why    B.whereC.what        D.how16You'llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation______youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.A．which        B．whereC．when         D．asBA\n17Modernsciencehasgivenclearevidence______smokingcanleadtomanydiseases.A．what      B．which     C．thatD．where18Somepre-schoolchildrengotoadaycarecenter,__________theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.A.then         B.thereC.while        D.whereCD\n19Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval，______theaudiencecanbuyicecream.A．when     B．where     C．that         D．Which20_____BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.A．WhichB．WhatC．ThatD．WhomAB\n1．(2011年金华高一检测)________itwithmeandIwillseewhatIcandowithit.A．WhenleftB．LeavingC．IfyouleaveD．Leave2．(2011年开封高二检测)Hewasabouttotellmethesecret________someonepattedhimontheshoulder.A．asB．whileC．whenD．until并列句和状语从句BC\n3．(2011年宜春高二检测)Everytime________Igotoschool，Iamusuallyridingmybike，________Itakeabus.A．when；besidesB．/；exceptwhenC．when；exceptforD．/；exceptforB\n4.Rosecouldn'tconcentrate________whatshewasdoing________herfamilywerewatchingTV.A．to；whenB．on；whileC．for；whenD．in；while5．Thebikehitthetree________Icouldgetoff.A．whenB．beforeC．untilD．whileBB\n6．(2011年嘉兴高一检测)—DidJackcomebackearlylastnight?—Yes.Itwasnotyeteighto'clock________hegothome.A．beforeB．whenC．thatD．until7．(2011年杭州高一检测)Hemadeamistake，buthecorrectedthesituation________itgotworse.A．beforeB．whenC．untilD．asBA\n8．(2011年抚顺高二检测)Itwillbemanyyears___thedoctorsandmedicalscientistscanfindcuresforcancer.A．sinceB．whenC．beforeD．untilC\n9．Asweallknow,somepeoplewastefood________othershaven'tenough.A．whenB．asC．onceD．whileB\n10．Itisdifficultforustolearnalessoninlife________we'veactuallyhadthatlesson.A．untilB．afterC．sinceD．when11．(2011年北京高一检测)Annefeltnervous________shegaveaspeechinfrontofsomanystudents.A．forthefirsttimeB．atthefirsttimeC．thefirsttimeD．atfirstAC\n12．(2011年上海高一检测)Badhabits，________formed，aredifficult，andsometimesimpossibletoshakeoff.A．beforeB．onceC．untilD．unlessB\n13．Wewon'tgiveup________weshouldfail100times.A．sinceB．whetherC．eventhoughD．until14．Insomeplaceswomenareexpectedtoearnmoney________menworkathomeandraisetheirchildren.A．butB．whileC．becauseD．thoughCB\n15．________theyfindyouareafraid，theywillattackyou.A．IfB．OnceC．UnlessD．WhenB\n写作技能利用复合句提高句子档次复合句是使结构复杂化的一个方法，我们可以借助于它表达比较复杂的内容。在应试写作时，考生应尽可能地运用复合句以使文章更有逻辑性，同时也提高了文章的档次。要写好复合句就需要注意：千万不要将汉语一一对译成英语，一定要注意所写复合句符合英语句子结构的特点及复合句中句子成分的完整。\n二即时练习——把下列每组句子转换成复合句1.Inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.2.Ihavesparetime.Iwillgotoseeyou.3.Hegotupveryearlythismorning.Hecouldcatchthefirstbus.InthetowntherewasonlyoneschoolwhereIstudiedforsixyears.IfIhavesparetime,Iwillgotoseeyou.Hegotupveryearlythismorningsothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.\n4.Youstudyhard.Youwillpasstheexam.(onlyif)5.Stopblowing.Theglasswillbecomeclearagain.OnlyifyoustudyhardwillyoupasstheexamStopblowingandtheglasswillbecomeclearagain\n祝您学业有成\n第二节名词的分类专有名词:表示人、地方、组织机构或事物等专有的名称（例词America,China,UN,USA,NBA,CBA,Christmas,theGreatWall实词的首字母要大写。）名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词（表示若干人或事物的总称）物质名词（表示物质或材料的名称）抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名词）（表示个别人或事物的名称）名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词（表示若干人或事物的总称）物质名词（表示物质或材料的名称）抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名词）（表示个别人或事物的名称）名词个体名词集体名词（表示若干人或事物的总称）物质名词:表示物质或材料的名称(bread,cotton,furniture,ink,money,milk,rice,snow,rain,water)抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名词）（表示个别人或事物的名称例词student,person,girl,actor,brick,dictionary,eraser,family,garden,island）