高中英语必修四unit2语法课件 48页

The–ingformastheSubject,Object，Predictive,AttributiveandObjectComplementGrammar\nHaveyoueverseenthesesigns?parking,spitting,littering,smoking-ingforms\n1.动词-ing形式的构成:是在动词末尾加-ing形式构成,因此又叫动词的-ing形式。如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:not+-ing构成2.动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语和状语,还有时态和语态的变化。3.动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成,它同时具有名词和动词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语等。\n指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。Findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusic.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Themusicisexciting.Weheardhersinginginherroom.Beingill,shewentbackhome.主语宾语定语表语宾语补足语状语\n一、动词-ing形式作主语表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态,谓语动词通常用单数。如：1）Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.2）WatchingnewsonTVhasbecomearoutineforme.3）GoingtoHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.4）Askingawoman’sageisimpoliteinourcountry.\n2.-ing形式作主语时常后置,此时须用it作形式主语,用形容词或名词作表语。常见的名词或名词短语有:nouse,nogood,fun,hardwork,ahard/difficultjob,awasteoftime等;形容词有:dangerous,worthwhile,useless等。归纳:常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：It+be+awasteoftimedoingItis/wasnogood/usedoingItis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoingItis/wasworth/worthwhiledoingThereisnodoing...无法……;不允许……\n3.在therebeno...结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“Itisimpossibletodo…”。Thereisnosenseindoing做……没有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing做……无意义Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing没有比……更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing做……无意义\n1)Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit．若要人不知,除非己莫为。2)Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.这种事开不得玩笑。3)Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.无法知道他什么时候离开。Trytotellthemeaningofeachsentence.\n注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth没必要做某事,在此句式中todo不可换为doing.Thereisnoneedtotellher.提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。1）Mysister’sbeingillmademeworried.2）Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.\n动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个习惯性的长期进行的动作,不定式则通常表示动作的一次性或短暂性。e.g.1）TeachingEnglishismyjob.2）Findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.3）Toreachthereontimeismytask.\n二、动名词用作宾语动名词作宾语有两种情况。1.只能后接-ing作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand,excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk,insiston,lookforward,feellike等。e.g.1）Ican’tavoidgoing．2）Haveyouconsideredlookingforonespecialfriend?3）Peoplecouldn’thelplaughingfoolishman．\n2.既可接-ing和todo作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget，remember,hate等。A.在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,ing表示泛指的动作,todo表示具体的一次性动作。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义没有什么不同,尤其是当主语是人的时候。\nC.在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。-ing表示动作已经发生,-todo表示动作还没发生；Irememberpostingtheletter．I’llremembertoposttheletter．Ishallneverforgetseeingthefamouswriter．Don’tforgettowritetoyourmother．Iregretmissingthereport．IregrettosayIcan’ttakeyouradvice．\nD.意义各不相同trytodo(设法)meantodo(打算,有意要做)trydoing(试试)meandoing(意思是,意味着)beusedtodoing习惯于做某事beusedtodo被用来做某事can’thelpdoing禁不住做某事can'thelptodo不能帮助做某事E.goondoing继续做一直在做的事;goontodo接着做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。\n3.在介词后接动名词作宾语1)Iinsistontakingproperfoodforthistrip．2)Insteadofsmiling,eachofthemmadeaface．3)Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany．注：下列短语中的to都是介词,所以动词要接-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。\n三、-ing形式作定语1.单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面,既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能,也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。e.g.buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料\ndrinkingwater=waterfordrinkingawalkingstick=astickforwalkingareadingroom=aroomforreadingawritingdesk=adeskforwritingtiringmusic=musicthatistiringasurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising\n2.–ing形式短语作定语时,放在所修饰的名词之后,并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。1）Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.2）ThemanstandingthereisPeter’sfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPeter’sfather.3）Anybodyswimminginthisriverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthisriverwillbefined.\n3.-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,这时,它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。1)Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.2)Theappletree,swayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.=Theappletree,whichwasswayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.\n四、-ing形式作宾语补足语1)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面,表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作,强调一个过程或一种状态。如：(1)Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.(2)Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.\n2)当主句转换为被动结构时,原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。如：Theyfoundtheresultverysatisfying.=Theresultisfoundverysatisfying.Theyheardhimsinginginthenextroom.=Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom.\n2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:表示感觉和心理状态的动词,常见的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento等。a.Wesawalightburninginthewindow.b.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.c.Canyousmellanythingburning?d.Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.e.Ididn’tnoticehimwaiting.\n2)表示指使意义的动词,常见的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave等。如：Iwon’thaveyoudoingthat.Thissetmethinking.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.\n3.see,hear,feel,watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：①前者表示动作正在进行,而后者表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只在走过教室的刹那间,看见老师正在做实验)\n五、-ing形式作表语-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后,用来泛指某种动作或行为,以说明主语的身份、性质或情况。1)Herhobbyispainting.2)Myjobislookingafterthechildren.3)Hisconcernforhismotherismosttouching.4)Shewasverypleasinginherappearance.\n六.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系,否则不能用现在分词作状语。但要注意它的各种形式变化:主动形式被动形式V-ingbeingV-edhavingV-edhavingbeenV-ed一般式完成式\ne.g.1)Hearingthebell,thestudentsbegantoentertheclassroom.(听见和进入两个动作同时发生)2)Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisournewlibrary.(beingbuilt为现在分词的被动形式,表示动作正在进行之中)3)Havingdonethework,hewenthome.主动形式被动形式V-ingbeingV-edhavingV-edhavingbeenV-ed一般式完成式\n现在分词在句中作状语,修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随等。现在分词一般不用作表目的地状语(通常用不定式表目的地状语)。\n1）Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.1表时间状语\n2表原因状语1）Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.2）Beingastudent,youshouldstudyhard.=Sinceyouareastudent,youshouldstudyhard.\n3表方式、伴随情况的状语:作伴随状语的分词表示的动作,必须是主语的一个动作,或是与谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生,或是对谓语表示的动词(或状态)作进一步地补充说明。1)Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.=Hesatonthesofa,andwatchedTV.2)他们笑着谈着走进了教室。_____________________,theywentintotheclassroom.Laughingandtalking\n4表结果e.g.1)Hermotherdiedin1990,leavingherwithheryoungerbrother.=Hermotherdiedin1990,andleftherwithheryoungerbrother.2)Thesongissungalloverthecountry,________________________________.makingitthemostpopularsong\n5表条件1)Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.______________,youwillseeawhitehouse.2)Walkingahead\n6与逻辑主语构成独立主格:1)Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyheard．2)Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.3)Timepermitting,we'lldoanothertwoexercises.**有时也可用with(without)+名词(代词宾格)+分词形式。Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.7作独立成分:1)Judgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.\nThankyou!\nThe___boywaslastseen___nearthebankofthelake.A.missing;playingB.missing;playC.missed;playedD.missed;toplay解析:missing是形容词,作boy的定语,意思是“失踪的”。waslastseenplaying表示被看见时正在玩。真题解析A\n精析:根据句意“itmaynowbetoolateto…”和“already”可知“河流已经被严重污染”,应用完成时。答案A。高考链接____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(2004全国)A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.ThatD.SufferedA\n2.____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(全国2002)A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven解析:本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。分析题干,前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句,即Ifheisgiven…,因为主句是it,从句应含被动意义,这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义即含被动意义。答案A。A\n3.Thepicture____onthewallispaintedbymyniece.(2001上海)A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung解析:分析题目可知,谓语是ispainted,那么选项部分应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式,其一般不作定语,只作时间或原因状语;C项动词“第三人称单数”显然也不能作定语,只作谓语;分析thepicture与动作hang之间的关系,其不含被动意义,D项排除;B项是现在分词的一般式,相当于定语从句whichishanging。答案B。B\n4.—Let’shavearest．—Notnow.Idon’twanttostop__________yet．(MET1985)A.study         B.tostudyC.forstudying   D.studying解析:stopstudying意为“停止学习”。D\n5.—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists．—Don’tyouremember________methestoryyesterday?(1999上海高考)A.told      B.tellingC.totell  D.tohavetold解析:remembertellingme意为“记得曾经告诉过我”。B\n1.—Whatmadeyousoupset?—_____twoticketstothepopmusicconcert.A.LosingB.BecauseoflosingC.ToloseD.BecauseIhadlost2.Ican’timagine_______thatwiththem.A.do          B.todoC.beingdone  D.doingA考考你D\n3.Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglost4.___isforbiddeninsidethepark.A.TocycleB.WecycleC.AnyonecyclesD.CyclingBD\n5.Ican’tstand___withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses___talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.towork;tostop6.Theoldladyneeds____.A.lookafterB.tolookafterC.lookingafterD.beinglookedafterCC\n1.Ifyoucankeep________(read)Englishnewspapers,yourEnglishwillbeimproved.2.Hehaspromised__________(come)tomybirthdayparty.3.Ihate_________________(tell)lies!4.Iwillneverforget__________(go)toBeijingwithhimlastsummer.Iforgot________(tell)herthenews;sosheknewnothingaboutit.Completethesesentences:readingtocometelling/totellgoingtotell\n出国旅行是很激动人心的。Travellingabroadisveryexciting.2.在这儿等是没用的,我们走吧。It’snousewaitinghere.Let’sgo.3.我记得在哪里见过他。Irememberseeinghersomewhere.Translation\n4.我后悔没听你的劝告。Iregretnotfollowingyouradvice.5.帮助别人就是帮助你自己。Helpingothersmeanshelpingyourself.Formoreexercises,clickhere.\n谢谢！放映结束感谢各位观看！让我们共同进步