初中英语 名词 9页

第二讲名词Part1名词的分类名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念名称的词。名词有很多不同的分类，有自己的数、格等变化。分类定义说明例句补充说明普通名词可数名词个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体book书，apple苹果，boy男孩，dog狗可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或事物，有单、复数形式集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体people人们，police警察，group小组，team队不可数名词抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念love爱，happiness幸福，work工作，news新闻不可数名词没有复数形式。常用piece,pair等单位词来表示不可数名词的量物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物milk牛奶，rain雨，meat肉，ice冰专有名词表示人名ZhouJielun周杰伦JimGreen吉姆·格林专有名词的首字母要大写，有两个以上的普通名词构成的专有名词前，一般要加定冠词the。表示地名、国名China中国，Beijing北京表示书名、电影名HarryPotter《哈利·波特》,Hero《英雄》各种标语BusinessHours营业时间，Exit出口表示机构theUnitedNations联合国表示月份、星期等时间名Monday星期一，July七月表示节日theSpringFestival春节一、可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或事物，有单、复数形式。可数名词的单数形式前常用不定冠词a/an修饰，当它的单数形式在句中作主语时，句子的谓语要用单数形式；当可数名词复数在句子中作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。Thereisanorangeonthetable.桌上有个橘子。Somestudentsarestudyingmaths.一些学生正在学习数学。二、不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西。不可数名词一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。现把初中英语教材中出现的一些不可数名词归纳如下：drinks饮料：water水，milk牛奶，tea茶，coffee咖啡，orange橘子汁，juice果汁，wine酒,beer啤酒food食物：meat肉，pork猪肉，mutton羊肉，beef牛肉，chicken鸡肉，duck鸭肉，fish鱼肉,rice米饭，bread面包\n其他：paper纸，news新闻，information信息，money钱，music音乐，advice建议，traffic交通work工作，homework家庭作业，housework家务，time时间，weather天气，hair头发，wind风,snow雪，ice冰，glass玻璃1.不可数名词的特征只有单数形式，没有复数形式，不能在词尾加-s/-es，也不能与不定冠词a/an和数词直接连用，但可与some,any等连用。somewater一些水错误：somewaterssomebread一些面包错误：somebreads,orabread2.不可数名词量的表示方法一般借助可数名词piece,cup,glass,bottle,bag等单位词的of短语来表示，这类表达法作主语时其谓语动词的单复数通常与piece/pair等单位词的单复数保持一致。apieceofpaper一张纸somepiecesofpaper一些纸acupoftea一杯茶twoglassesofmilk两杯牛奶threebowlsofrice三碗米饭Thereisapieceofpaperonthedesk.书桌上有一张纸。Twocupsofteaareenough.两杯茶就够了。注意：对一些成双成对的可数名词进行计量时也可用类似的方法，常常用单位词pair来表示：apairofshoes/shorts/socks…【典例精析】（）1.Thestudentsdidn’tfindmuch___________aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.A.reportB.articleC.informationD.story（）2.I’msohungry.Pleasegiveme___________toeat.A.threebreadB.threepiecesofbreadC.threepiecesofbreads三、“身兼两职”的名词1.有些名词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，但含义不同，要根据其语境来确定。Iwanttowritesomethingdown.Givemesomepaper,please.我想写点东西。请给我一些纸。Mr.Lihasfinishedhisnewpapers.李先生已经完成他的新论文。2.初中阶段常见的“身兼两职”的名词有：例词作不可数名词的意义作可数名词的意义time时间：It’stimeforclass.What’sthetime?次数：Hegoesshoppingthreetimesaweek.一段时间：Wearehavingagoodtime.倍数：Thiscakeisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.paper纸：Heiswritingsomethingonapieceofpaper.报纸、文件、论文、试卷：TomisfinishinghisEnglishpapers.light光：Thereisenoughlightintheroom.It’sbright.灯：Wehavelotsoflightsonsale.work工作：Mymotherhassomeworktodo.著作：Hisnewworksaremoreusefulandinteresting.glass玻璃：It’smadeofglass.玻璃杯：Givemeaglassofmilk,please.眼镜：Hewearsapairofglasses.orange橘子汁：Abottleoforangeis5yuan.橘子：Anorange(橘子)isorange(橘黄色).room空间：There’snoroomforanything房间：Myroomisbiggerthanyours.\nexercise锻炼：Wedoalotofexerciseinthemorning.练习：Ithinkmathexercisesaredifficult.wood木头：Desksaremadeofwood.森林：Animalslikelivinginthewoods.知识拓展：work与job的区别1.work和job都可作名词“工作”，但二者的用法不同。work是不可数名词，前面不能用a/an修饰，也没有复数形式；job是可数名词，有单、复数形式。表示一份工作时可说”ajob”,但不能说”awork”。2.work还可作动词”工作”，在句子中作谓语；job则不能作动词。Hismotherworksinashop.Herworkisveryhard,butshelikesthisjobverymuch.It’saninterestingjob.他的妈妈在一个商店工作。她的工作很累，但她非常喜欢这份工作。这是一份有趣的工作。Part2名词的修饰语名词前常常有一个或多个修饰语，用来表示该名词的性质、状态、指代或数量等。冠词(a,an,the)、形容词、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、数词和不定代词(some,any,many,much,few,little,lotsof等)是最常用的修饰语。但很多同学在使用名词的修饰语时常常出错，现把常用的一些修饰语的用法归纳如下：1.既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词或词组主要有：some一些，any一些、任何，lotsof许多、大量，alotof许多、大量，plentyof许多、大量等。2.只能修饰可数名词的词或词组主要有：many很多，few几乎没有，afew一些，several几个，anumberof许多（修饰名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式），thenumberof……的数量（修饰名词作主语时谓语动词用单数形式）等。3.只能修饰不可数名词的词或词组主要有：much很多，little几乎没有，alittle一些，agreatdealof许多等。4.单位词修饰名词主要用来表达名词的量、体积、形状、动作状态、群体等。apairofshoes一双鞋子apieceofpaper一张纸agustofwind一阵风agrainofsand一粒沙子abasketofeggs一篮了鸡蛋agroupofchildren一群孩子Part3名词的数表示一个人或事物用可数名词的单数形式，表示两个或两个以上的人或事物用名词的复数形式；只有可数名词才有复数形式。不可数名词没有复数形式。一、名词复数的规则变化规则例句特例大部分名词一般直接加-sapple—apples苹果book—books书price—prices价格以s,x,ch,sh等结尾的名词加-eswatch—watches手表box—boxes盒子bus—buses公共汽车stomach—stomachs胃以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加-escity—cities城市baby—babies婴儿family—families家庭以辅音字母加o结尾的名词加-s或-espiano—pianos钢琴photo—photos照片tomato—tomatoes西红柿\npotato—potatoes土豆以f或fe结尾的名词一般把f/fe变v再加-esknife—knives小刀leaf—leaves叶子wife—wives妻子proof—proofs证据scarf—scarfs/scarves围巾【典例精析】（）1.Therearesome___________onthefloor.A.milkB.childC.boxes（）2.The___________ofmosttreeswillfallinautumn.A.leafB.leafsC.leaves（）3.Eatingmorevegetablesisgoodforourhealth.Iofteneatlettuce,broccoliand___________.A.tomatoB.tomatosC.tomatoesD.Potato二、名词复数的不规则变化1.变元音字母man—men男人tooth—teeth牙齿foot—feet脚goose—geese鹅mouse—mice老鼠2.词尾加-(r)enchild—children小孩ox—oxen公牛3.单数与复数同形sheep绵羊deer鹿Japanese日本人Swiss瑞士人4.表示各国人的名词单、复数变化不同，请看下表：各国人总称单数复数规则变化中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese单、复数同形日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese法国人theFrenchmenaFrenchmentwoFrenchmen改a为e英国人theEnglishmenaEnglishmantwoEnglishmen美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans加-s德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians【典例精析】（）1.The___________ofteneatgrassonthehill.A.chickenB.horseC.cowD.sheep（）2.Therearemany___________playingontheplayground.A.childB.childrenC.manteachersD.sheeps（）3.Isawsome___________and___________dancinginthestreetthedaybeforeyesterday.A.Germen;EnglishmenB.Germans;EnglishmansC.Germans;Englishmen三、特殊的复数形式1.一些集体名词形式上是单数但实际意义是复数，作主语时看成复数。如people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牛)等。Therearethreepeopleinmyfamily.我家里有3个人。Thepoliceareworkinghard.警察们正在努力工作。2.有些单词只以复数形式出现，不能被具体数字修饰。trousers裤子scissors剪刀3.复合名词的复数形式。girlfriend—girlfriends女朋友looker-on—lookers-on旁观者\n4.有两种复数形式的名词。（1）people意为”人们，人民”时是集体名词，作主语时看成复数；意为”民族”时是可数名词，有单、复数形式之分。Thereare56peopleinthehall.大厅里有56个人。Thereare56peoplesinChina.中国有56个民族。（2）fish指鱼的总称时属于集体名词，指菜名时是不可数名词，指不同种类的鱼时是可数名词，其复数有两种：fish—fish/fishes。Fishcan’tlivewithoutwater.鱼离不开水。（指鱼的总称，集体名词）Helikeseatingfishfordinner.他晚餐喜欢吃鱼。（鱼肉，不可数名词）Thereareallkindsoffishesintheriver.河里有各种各样的鱼。（指鱼的种类，可数名词）考点链接：（）---Whatwouldyouliketodrink.girls?---,please.A.TwoglassofwaterB.TwoglassofwatersC.TwocupsofteaD.TwocupsofteasPart4名词的所有格英语的名词所有格表示所属和拥有关系，分为’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。一、名词所有格的构成方法分类变化规则例句‘s所有格在单数名词词尾加’stheboy’shome男孩的家themoon’slight月光复数名词如果名词是以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在其后加‘Teachers’Day教师节fiveminutes’walk五分钟路程不以s结尾的复数名词，直接在其后加‘schildren’stoys孩子们的玩具men’sroom男厕所以s结尾的人名的所有格加’s或只加‘Thomas’/Thomas’sbike托马斯的单车表示各自的所有关系时在各个词的末尾加’s,后面的名词用复数Ben’sandJim’smothers本和吉姆各自的妈妈Mike’sandPeter’srooms迈克和彼得各自的房间表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末尾加’s,后面的名词用单数LilyandMark’sfather莉莉和马克的爸爸(共同的爸爸)表示”某人的家””某人的店铺”,所有格后的名词常省略thedoctor’s诊所myuncle’s我叔叔家of所有格“名词+of+名词”构成of所有格thewordsofthesong这首歌的歌词themapoftheworld世界地图双重所有格在同一个名词词组中同时具备’s以及of两种所有格(“of+名词所有格”或”of+名词性物主代词”)afriendofmyfather’s我爸爸的一个朋友asonofmine我的一个儿子二、名词所有格的用法分类用法例句‘s所有格表示有生命的物体Lily’smother莉莉的妈妈thedog’shouse狗屋\n表示自然现象themoon’slight月光表示国家、城市等地方的名词theworld’sproblem世界共同的问题Shanghai’sculture上海文化表示距离、价值twominutes’walk两分钟的路程fiveyuan’spen五元钱的钢笔表示时间tomorrow’splan明天的计划today’snews今日新闻of所有格表示无生命的东西thewordsofthesong这首歌的歌词themapofChina中国地图表示名词化的词thelifeofthepoor穷人的生活双重所有格表示特定人的不特定的所有关系aninventionofEdison’s爱迪生的一项发明(指多项发明中的一项)【典例精析】（）1.My___________skirtisonthechair.A.sisters’B.sisterC.sistersD.sister’s（）2.—Whoseroomisthis?—It’s___________.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLily’s（）3.___________fatherscan’tgototheclassmeetingbecausetheyhavegonetobusiness.A.JackandMike’sB.Jack’sandMike’sC.JackandMikeD.Jack’sandMike（）4.—Howfarisyourhomefromschool?—It’sabouttwo___________walk.A.hoursB.hours’C.hour’sD.hourPart5名词的句法功能名词在句中一般可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、宾语补足语、同位语和称呼语。功能例句作主语Myfatherisadoctor.我爸爸是一名医生。作宾语Ilovemyfamily.我爱我的家庭。作表语Mymotherisateacher.我妈妈是一名老师。作状语Waitaminute,please!请等一等！作定语Thisisabananatree.这是一棵香蕉树。作宾语补足语Wecallhimmonitor.我们叫他班长。作同位语MygoodfriendTomisagoodstudent.我的好朋友汤姆是一位好学生。作称呼语MissLiu,areyouOK?刘老师，你好吗？【典例精析】（）1.—Whatkindofporridgewouldyoulike,Alice?—Iwouldlike___________.A.eggporridgeB.eggsporridgeC.fishporridgesD.fishesporridge（）2.Ourhospitalneedstwodoctors,Mrs.LiYoucanaskyoursontohaveatry.A.WomenB.manC.men（）3.Sheisa___________girlwithtwobigeyes.A.six-years’oldB.six-year-oldC.sixyearsold学以致用：一、写出下列单词的复数形式1.brush2.class3.text4.monkey5.piano6.child7.sheep8.German\n9.country10.family11.toy12.foot二、根据汉语提示完成句子1.Isthis(你的好朋友的钢笔)?2.MissGuois(彼得和山姆的老师)?3.(学生们的桌椅)areverynew.4.Pleaseopen(教室的门).5.(我父亲和她父亲的朋友)arefromBeijing.6.I’llgiveyou(两个星期的时间)tofinishthework,OK?7.(托尼的哥哥的电脑)isbroken.三、单项选择（）1.Jasonlikesthe___________ofthecake.—Itisaheart.A.colorB.sizeC.smellD.shape（）2.IamsureCindywillbeabletofindthehotel—shehasaprettygood_____ofdirection.A.ideaB.feelingC.experienceD.sense（）3.HewasborninItaly,buthehasmadeChinahis___________.A.familyB.addressC.houseD.home（）4.—Lookatmystamps.—Theyarebeautiful!You’vegotawonderful___________.A.instructionB.descriptionC.collectionD.Expression（）5.___________isthemostimportantfestivalinChina.A.ChristmasB.SpringFestivalC.Mid-autumnDayD.NationalDay课后家庭作业：一、单项选择（）1．Ithinkcomputersareveryuseful.Theycanhelpusgetmuch________ontheInternet.A．game　B．information　C．idea　D．message（）2．—Whydidn'tSallyplaytheviolinattheconcertlastnight?—Shesaidthatherhandhurt,butthatwasonlya(n)________.Isawherplaytennisjustnow.A．matter　B．excuse　C．result　D．expression　（）3．—Bill，what'syoursister'sfavorite______？—Shelikesvolleyballbest.A．foodB．colorC．sportD．movie（）4．—What'syourfavorite________？—Physics.It'sinterestinganduseful.A．jobB．vegetableC．fruitD．subject（）5．IfbyanychancePetercomestous,pleaseaskhimtoleavea________.A．letterB．sentenceC．messageD．notice　（）6．—WherecanIbuysomebooks，Simon?—Gotothe________intheshoppingmallinOldStreet.Youwillfindmanybooksthere.A．restaurant　B．bookshop　C．cinema　D．library（）7．—Themountaininourhometownisn'tvery______.—Iagreewithyou.Few______liketogosightseeingthere.A．touristy；touristsB．tourist；tourC．tourists；touristyD．tourist；tourists（）8．—Whatdoesyourfatherdo，Lily?—Heis________.Hisjobistomakesurethatdriversobeythetrafficrules.A．anactorB．apolicemanC．awaiterD．areporter（）9．Lookingafterchildrenisnotonly________work,menshouldalsodoit.A．woman's　B．women　C．womens'　D．women's（）10．I'dlikea________fordessert.Fruit,youknow,isgoodforhealth.\nA．potatoB．bananaC．candyD．pie（）11．—Ifeelverythirstyandhungryafteralongwalk.—Wouldyoulikesome________and________？A．applejuice；sandwichsB．applesjuice；sandwichesC．applejuice；sandwiches（）12．—Couldyoutellmehowtoremembernewwordsquickly?—Yes，Ithinka________treecanhelpyoualot.A．grammarB．equationC．punctuationD．vocabulary（）13．—Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?—It'sabouttwenty____walk.A．minute's　　B．minutes'　　C．minutes（）14．IfyougotovisitLondon,don'tforgetyour________becauseitrainsalot.A．passport　B．money　C．map　D．umbrella（）15．The________inthatrestaurantlooksdelicious,butittastesbad.A．cookB．tableC．foodDtool三、完型填空。IlikemyChineseteacherverymuch.Heisa16man,about25yearsold.Heistall17blackshorthair.Heisaveryhumorous(幽默的)person.Heoften18usjokes(笑话)and19tomakeourclassmore20.Inclass,heisavery21teacher.Ifwedon’tlistentohimcarefully,hewillgiveussomepunishment(惩罚)by22ussomequestions.Butafterclass,hebecomesaverygood23ofus.Heoftentalkswiththegirlsandplays24withtheboys.Allofusreallylikehim.Heisour25teacher.()26.A.oldB.youngC.veryoldD.aged()27.A.andB.forC.withD.at()28.A.tellsB.saysC.speaksD.speak()29.A.astoryB.storysC.storyD.stories()30A.tiredB.difficultC.interestingD.boring()31.A.busyB.strictC.interestedD.well()32.A.askB.asksC.askingD.asked()33.A.teacherB.teachersC.friendD.friends()34.A.abasketballB.thebasketballC.basketballsD.basketball()35.A.favoriteB.thefavoriteC.favoriteD.afavorite四、阅读理解AThedaywaslikeanyotherdayinhislife,Tomwalkedpasttheshoponthestreetcomer.Hestoppedtolookatthefrontrowofshoes,andhefelthappytoseethatthepairofshoeshewantedverymuchwerestillthere.Lookingdown,hefeltsorryforhimself.Hereallywantedtohavethemforhisbirthday.Hesadlywalkedawayandthoughthowtotellhismotheraboutit.Heknewshewouldgivehimanythinghelikedifshecould.Buthealsoknewverywellshehadlittlemoney.Hedecidednottogohomeatonce,ashelookedworriedandhismotherwouldnotice(注意)it.Sohewenttotheparkandsatonthegrass.Thenhesawaboyinawheelchair(轮椅).Henoticedthattheboymovedthewheelwithhishands.Tomlookedathimcarefullyandwassurprisedtoseetheboyhavenofeet.Helookedathisownfeet.“It'smuchbettertobewithoutshoesthanwithoutfeet,”hethought.Therewasnoreason(理由)forhimtofeelsosorryandsad.Hesentawayandsmiled,thinkinghewashappier.(     )41.Tompassedtheshop______A．onfootB．bybusC．bybikeD．inacar(     )42.WhydidTomstopinfrontoftheshop?Becausehewanted______.\nA．tobuytheshoesB．tolookattheshoeshelikedC．tolookattheshoesintheshopwindowD．tolookattheshoesonthefrontrow(     )43.Thepairofshoeshelikedwas______.A．tooexpensiveB．quitecheapC．notthereD．notsoldyet(     )44.Tomwentintotheparkbecausehe______.A．wasthinkinghowtotellhismotheraboutitB．wantedtoseetheboyC．didn'twanttomakehismotherworriedD．hefeltsad(     )45.FromthestorywecanknowthatTom______.A．likednewshoesverymuchB．lovedhismotherbestC．didn'twanttogotoschoolD．didn'twanttostayathomeBOurteacherhasmanypictures.Everymorningsheshowsthosepicturestous.Shewantsustolearnsomethingfromherpictures.Inoneofherpictures,weseeaboyatwork.He’scleaningtheroom.Inanotherpicture,agirliswriting.Sheisdoingherhousework.Inotherpictures,weseeothersdoingdifferentthings.Oneisthinking,anotherismakingcakesandtheotherfourareplayingcards.Welookatourteacherandherpictures.WetalkinEnglishandourteacherlistentous.Welearnfromourteacherandherpictures.Ourteacherlikesus,becausewecantalkinEnglishfreely.Welikeherandherlessons,too.(     )41.Fromthepassage(短文),weknowourteacherteachesus         .A.Chinese    B.Japanese      C.English      D.Counting (     )42.Ourteachershowsuspicturesbecauseshewantsustolearn          .A.somethingaboutcleaning   B.somethingaboutmakingcakesC.somethingaboutwriting       D.somethingaboutEnglish(     )43.Inoneofthepictures,aboyis        .A.cleaningtheroom            B.runningwithakite C.writing                     D.makingcakes(     )44.Ourteacherlikesusbecause            .A.Welikedrawing            B.WecantalkinEnglishC.Welookattheblackboard          D.Wecanplaycards(     )45.Inotherpictureswesee        . A.somepeopleareplayingcards    B.agirlisflyingakite C.aboyiswriting            D.agirliscleaningtheroom