初中英语-语法 17页

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  • 2022-08-10 发布

初中英语-语法

  • 17页
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1.宾语从句:1.主句若是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.  Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.  Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.  2.主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时。  HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.  ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.  3.无论主句是何时态,从句若表客观真理,要用一般现在时。  Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.  4宾语从句无论有何引导词,都要用陈述句语序。  CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)  Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)2.状语从句:1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等,则if(如果),unless(除非),when(当…的时候),assoonas(一…就…),before,after,until,till,as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。  Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.  IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.  Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.  2而主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时,如:  IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.  Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.  Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定语从句:关系代词who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词,既指人,也可指物。关系词作主语时,不可省略,作宾语时可省略。whom只指人,只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”,when指“在那时”。\n  Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted.  Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.  Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)  Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.  Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)  Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.  IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.(在这儿)  Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.  wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.  IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.  Iwishyoutojoinmy  Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.  hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.  Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.  Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.  thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.(表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢,后无补充的结果。)  Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.(表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事,出现了后面的结果。)  6.感官动词用法之一:see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词,后接宾语,再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。  IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)  Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)\n  Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)  若以上词用于被动语态,后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式:  Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→  Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.  7.感官动词用法之二:look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词,后接形容词。Helooks.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.  这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。  注意:如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词,而接名词或代词:  Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.  Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.  8.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)  宾补有以下情况:1.名词短语,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.  2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.  3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.  9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want类似:◇都可接名词短语:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◇都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.  2feellike:◇后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea?  ◇后若接动词,须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】  10.词序易错的短语:1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=2ml在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?  Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.  Iwanttogosomewherewarm.\n  2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词,也放在后面。  Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?  Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?  3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。  Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.  Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.  11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别:1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=  Howdoyoulike…?“你对…怎么看?”(How…?句中有like,是动词。)2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like,是介词“像”。)  12.take,cost,pay,spend区别:  1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.  Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.  2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)  若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”:Thebagcosts30Yuan.  3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)  4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.  Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.  Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.  spend有时可指“度过”:spendholiday/weekends/winter  13.双宾结构:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/  ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.  其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.\n  buy,build等可接sth+forsb.  另外,若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.  14.部分词作连词与介词:(连词接句子,介词接名词或代词)  Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(连词)  Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介词)  类似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。  如:I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.(连词)  I’llwaituntilnextFriday.(介词)  15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词:表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用,下同。  He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.  IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。  Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.  2.动词ing作形容词:表示正进行或功能,常作定语。  theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正进行)  asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)  16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:和心理感受有关,但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.  Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.  17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语:  Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.\n  Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.  Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(谓语用单数)  Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)  Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)  18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…时间后”结构:时间段+later  常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.  (later单独在句尾,常用于将来时:I’llseeyoulater.)  2after“…时间后”结构:after+时间段,常用于一般过去时,和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.  (after也可加句子:I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)  3ago“…时间前”结构:时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.  (since+时间段+ago,主句用现在完成时)  4before单独放在句尾,常用现在完成时:“以前”  IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.  (若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时,译为“…时间前”:  Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)  19.四季:spring春;summer夏;autumn秋;winter冬;season季  20.月:January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;  May,五月;June,六月;July,七月;August,八月;September,九  月;October,十月;November,十一月;December,十二月。  21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一;Tuesday,星期二;\n该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=43Wednesday,星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;  Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天,Saturday为最后一天。  22.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。  注意:后三个词都不用于否定句。  23.带to不定式用法之一:带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时,to后动词用及物动词,不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.  24.(a)little/(a)few:1few,little“几乎没有;少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些”肯定词,加可数名词复数;alittle“一些;一点”也是肯定词,加不可数名词。3另外,在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为“很多”  25.及物动词+副词:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;  turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;  keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);  takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off  宾语是名词时,可放在中间或后边,是代词时只放在中间。  26.as……as用法:1和…一样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.  HerunsasfastasI/me.2as…aspossible/sbcan“尽可能…”  Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思:assoonas和…一样快;一…就…;asmuchas和…一样多;多达;aslongas和…一样长;长达;只要;aswellas和…一样好;和…一样;asfaras远达;就…来说;  27.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…  prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…  prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事\n  28.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-“某~,一些~”,用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某~,一些~”Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何~”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthecl该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=5ass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每~”,强调所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.  29.动词时态和形式:八个时态:一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式:原形;过去式;过去分词;第三人称单数(加s/es);现在分词(v.ing);带to不定式。  30.if/whether区别:if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)  whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)  都译为“是否”时,whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。  if则不可。另外,if可接any-单词,常不接some-单词。  Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.  31.因为:because,常是对why的回答,语气最强。  since,位置:Since…,….Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.  for,位置:…,for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.  as有时也指“因为”,用法基本无限制。  32.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can’t  must“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。  Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.  may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。  Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.\n  can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。  Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.  Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.  33.so与such区别:so是副词,后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly…  such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews…;  suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;  suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;  若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时,不用such,而用so.  somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…  也常有“so/such…that…”句型,译为“如此…以致于…”。  34.so的另两个用法:1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语,“…也”  上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.  Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.  以及对话形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.  2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=6Soyoudo.  又如:A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.  35.neither/nor用法之一:neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语  “…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.  或对话形式:A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.  36.keep,make,get,have用法:  1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.\nkeep+doingsth“坚持做某事”  2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.  3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.  4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词  Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.  我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器(让那台机器被修理了)。  5也都可接形容词:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,  makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.  37.used短语:usedto+动原,“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.  beusedto译为“被用来…”,后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.  beusedto译为“习惯于…”,后接动词ing或名词/代词.  如:He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.  beusedfor+目的(名词或动词ing)如:  Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.  38.through/past/across:都可作介词,“穿过”前常有位移动词。  Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.  Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.  Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】  位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.  39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”;后者“许多的”  都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数;后者作主语,谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.\n  Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.  40.延续性动词:Howlong,since,for,(以上见84)until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。  HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.  Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词:  Ihaven’tseenyoufor该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=7alongtime.  41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:  1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数,谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数,谓语用单数。  2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数,后谓语都用单数。  3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。  4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.  none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88  5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?  -EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。  6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?  -Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。  all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”  42.计量表达法:数量+单位+形容词。  Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.  Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.\n  若计量表达的后面跟有名词,则要用连字符,单位不用复数。  Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.  It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.  It’satwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)  43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法:1MustI…?我必须…吗?  A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.  2MayI…?我可以…吗?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?  B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.  3NeedI…?我有必要…吗?  A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.  44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字,不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.  ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of:severalmillionpounds  45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语,QT主语用it.  Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?  2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=8Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?  QT要结合think后的从句而定。  3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe?  Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?  Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?\n  Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?  4Therebe句型,QT主语用there.  Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?  ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?  Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?  46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为,是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.  2wear,“穿,穿着”后接物,表状态,是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.  3dress,“给…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.  Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.  bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。  Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。  4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物,表状态,是介词,不可作谓语,可作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.  Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I’veseentheboyinyellow.  47.虚拟语气部分用法:在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气,即if从句中用一般过去时,而主句动词用would/should+动词原形,表示与现在相反的主观设想,也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。(注意:虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.)  Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)  IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)  48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:  1如果不特定指出哪一个,是泛指,“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(没特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是单数。)\n  another也可+数字+可数复数:Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.  2如果只有两个或只有两部分,就给出了范围,其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.),有如下用法:  第一种,所说内容只有两个:  Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个,用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如:Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪,一只蓝色,而另一只绿色。  第二种,只有两部分:此种该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=9情况下theother后接可数名词复数,或不接名词而只在theother后加s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。)  3如果没有显示出只有两部分,未给出范围,则是泛指,不加the.  LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.  Haveyouanyotherquestions?  Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.  4other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。  Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy用单数)=  Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数)  他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。  49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-It’s5,000kilometerslong.  Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.  2howoften是对频率提问,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。  HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.\n  【若只有次数,则用howmanytimes提问:  HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】  3howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问:  HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.  4howfar是对时间段’s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。  -Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?  -Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.  或者说:It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.(问和回答不同。)  50.分数表达:二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:  halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)  以下情况中,分子(基数词)若超过一,分母(序数词)需加s:  三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds  四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter  四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.  五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。  若分数所在of短语作主语,谓语依of后的名词而定:  Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时,谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可数时,谓用单)  51.到达:1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=10China  接地点副词时,不带to.getthere/home/here.  2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.  reach只作及物动词,后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England\n  但常不说reachhome/there/here.  52.感叹句:What+名词短语+主语+谓语!  Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!  Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!  How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!  Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!  Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!  53.because/instead/out等与加of的区别:  1because后接句子,becauseof接名词或代词。  Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.  2instead是副词,单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。  Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.  3out副词,可单独用,但若接地点,先加of.(也可作介词,  “向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)  Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.  54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:  muchtoo“过于”,加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。  toomuch“太多的”,加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。  toomany“太多的”,加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。  55.alone/lonely:1alone,“独自一人;单独”不含感情色彩。  可当形容词,但只在系动词后作表语:Jackisalone.杰克是单身。  Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。\n  可当副词,修饰动词:Shelivesalone.她独居。  Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?  Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。  (注意:不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例)  2lonely,“孤独的;寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。  可在系动词后作表语:Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。  Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。(lonely和心理感受有关,而alone和心理感受无关。)  也可在名词前作定语:alonelyperson一位孤独的人  alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄(alone不可作定语)  56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)  Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.(某物是某人的)该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=11BR>  57.by常见用法:1“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.  2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?  Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.  3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.  4“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.  5“在……旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.该文章转载自无忧考网:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1177669&Page=12

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