初中英语语法 9页

如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流初中英语语法【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语：every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表示格言或警句中.Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败.注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.Idon’twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.2.一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等.Wheredidyougojustnow?2）表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……时间了""该……了"Itistimesb.didsth."时间已迟了""早该……了"Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了.Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了.would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示’宁愿某人做某事’I’dratheryoucametomorrow.4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等.Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些.比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义：她已不在人间.)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意：用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等.Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2）情态动词could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?3.usedto/beusedtousedto+do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在.Motherusednottobesoforgetful.Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(过去常常散步)beusedto+doing：对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词.Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It’s69568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时.4.一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替.will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称.WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来.a.主语的意图,即将做某事.Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划,安排要发生的事.Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事.HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.5.begoingto/will用于条件句时,begoingto表将来will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you’dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流6.beto和begoingtobeto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事.begoingto表示主观的打算或计划.Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)I’mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)7.一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来.这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2）倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在时间或条件句中.WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后.Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.11.用于现在完成时的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisisthe…that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I’veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌.典型例题(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it’sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时.注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.（错）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（对）Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.12.比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn..Myaunthasworkedinaclinicsince1949.Somenewoilfieldshavebeenopenedupsince1976.IhaveknownXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.Ihavenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.(我现在已不在这里工作.)Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.(现在我仍在这里工作.)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使.1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.13.since的四种用法1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix).Ihavebeenheresince1989.2)since+一段时间+agoIhavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.3)since+从句Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.4)Itis+一段时间+since从句ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.被动语态的几种类型1）主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如：Hesawherintheshopyesterday.Shewasseenintheshopyesterday.2)主语有两个宾语的被动语态LiLeigavemeachemistrybook.IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.3）主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to".此类动词为感官动词：feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.若宾语补足语是带to的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留to:MothertoldmenottobelateIwastoldnottobelatebymother.5）情态动词+be+过去分词,构成被动语态.Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.6）表示"据说"或"相信"的词组nbelieve,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understandItissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家认为Itissuggestedthat…据建议Itistakengrantedthat…被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhanonTuesday.14.延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用.Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作.(表结果)I’veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了.(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……"瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"Hedidn’tcomebackuntilteno’clock.他到10点才回来.Hesleptuntilteno’clock.他一直睡到10点.典型例题1.Youdon’tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述.再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时.2.---I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现.不定式作宾语1)动词+不定式【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake举例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车.Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案.2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish…Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁.Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁.IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话.IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话.3）动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做.Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种.注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数.Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施.2.不定式作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句：a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的.Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式.find后也可带一个从句.此类动词还有get,have.Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典型例题:【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用.现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动.2)to+be的不定式结构,作补语的动词.Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一.典型例题CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered___thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth.排除B、D..此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可.而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C.3)tobe+形容词Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思.4)therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里.注意：有些动词需用as短语做补语,如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师.Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲..不定式作主语1）It’seasy(forme)todothat.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt’ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴.It’snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的.2)It’sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们,他真好.Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他.Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了.注意：1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型【精品文档】第9页\n如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式.3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型(对)Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见.(错)Itistobelievetosee.4.It’sforsb.和It’sofsb.1）forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：It’sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的.2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right.It’sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了.for与of的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子.如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for.如：Youarenice.(通顺,所以应用of).Heishard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for.)3)祁使句（ImperativeSentence）祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议,等等.祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you".当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语.祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用Don't+动词原形,或是Notto+动词原形.例如：Bequiet,please!（大家）请安静.Standup!起立!Don'tsmokeintheoffice.请不要在办公室吸烟.Don'tbestandingintherain.别站在雨里.Nottobecarelesswhenyou'redrivingacar.开车时不要粗心大意.4)感叹句（ExclamatorySentence）感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪.这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的.What用来强调名词,How则强调形容词、副词或动词.这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首；句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序.当然,如果不用这种句型,而句子（无论是那种句子）本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也就成了感叹句.例如：Whatafinedayitistoday!今天天气多好啊!Howfineitistoday!今天天气多好啊!Whatalovelysonyouhave!你有个多可爱的儿子啊!Howlovelyyoursonis!你的儿子多可爱【精品文档】第9页