初中英语讲义《名词》 12页

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  • 2022-08-10 发布

初中英语讲义《名词》

  • 12页
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第二讲名词Part1名词的分类名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念名称的词。名词有很多不同的分类,有自己的数、格等变化。分类定义说明例句补充说明普通名词可数名词个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体book书,apple苹果,boy男孩,dog狗可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或事物,有单、复数形式集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体people人们,police警察,group小组,team队不可数名词抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念love爱,happiness幸福,work工作,news新闻不可数名词没有复数形式。常用piece,pair等单位词来表示不可数名词的量物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物milk牛奶,rain雨,meat肉,ice冰专有名词表示人名ZhouJielun周杰伦JimGreen吉姆·格林专有名词的首字母要大写,有两个以上的普通名词构成的专有名词前,一般要加定冠词the。表示地名、国名China中国,Beijing北京表示书名、电影名HarryPotter《哈利·波特》,Hero《英雄》各种标语BusinessHours营业时间,Exit出口表示机构theUnitedNations联合国表示月份、星期等时间名Monday星期一,July七月表示节日theSpringFestival春节一、可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或事物,有单、复数形式。第12页共12页\n可数名词的单数形式前常用不定冠词a/an修饰,当它的单数形式在句中作主语时,句子的谓语要用单数形式;当可数名词复数在句子中作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。Thereisanorangeonthetable.桌上有个橘子。Somestudentsarestudyingmaths.一些学生正在学习数学。二、不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。现把初中英语教材中出现的一些不可数名词归纳如下:drinks饮料:water水,milk牛奶,tea茶,coffee咖啡,orange橘子汁,juice果汁,wine酒,beer啤酒food食物:meat肉,pork猪肉,mutton羊肉,beef牛肉,chicken鸡肉,duck鸭肉,fish鱼肉,rice米饭,bread面包其他:paper纸,news新闻,information信息,money钱,music音乐,advice建议,traffic交通work工作,homework家庭作业,housework家务,time时间,weather天气,hair头发,wind风,snow雪,ice冰,glass玻璃1.不可数名词的特征只有单数形式,没有复数形式,不能在词尾加-s/-es,也不能与不定冠词a/an和数词直接连用,但可与some,any等连用。somewater一些水错误:somewaterssomebread一些面包错误:somebreads,orabread2.不可数名词量的表示方法一般借助可数名词piece,cup,glass,bottle,bag等单位词的of短语来表示,这类表达法作主语时其谓语动词的单复数通常与piece/pair等单位词的单复数保持一致。apieceofpaper一张纸somepiecesofpaper一些纸acupoftea一杯茶twoglassesofmilk两杯牛奶threebowlsofrice三碗米饭Thereisapieceofpaperonthedesk.书桌上有一张纸。Twocupsofteaareenough.两杯茶就够了。注意:对一些成双成对的可数名词进行计量时也可用类似的方法,常常用单位词pair来表示:apairofshoes/shorts/socks…【典例精析】()1.Thestudentsdidn’tfindmuch___________aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.A.reportB.articleC.informationD.story第12页共12页\n()2.I’msohungry.Pleasegiveme___________toeat.A.threebreadB.threepiecesofbreadC.threepiecesofbreadsPart2名词的修饰语名词前常常有一个或多个修饰语,用来表示该名词的性质、状态、指代或数量等。冠词(a,an,the)、形容词、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、数词和不定代词(some,any,many,much,few,little,lotsof等)是最常用的修饰语。但很多同学在使用名词的修饰语时常常出错,现把常用的一些修饰语的用法归纳如下:1.既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词或词组主要有:some一些,any一些、任何,lotsof许多、大量,alotof许多、大量,plentyof许多、大量等。2.只能修饰可数名词的词或词组主要有:many很多,few几乎没有,afew一些,several几个,anumberof许多(修饰名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式),thenumberof……的数量(修饰名词作主语时谓语动词用单数形式)等。3.只能修饰不可数名词的词或词组主要有:much很多,little几乎没有,alittle一些,agreatdealof许多等。4.单位词修饰名词主要用来表达名词的量、体积、形状、动作状态、群体等。apairofshoes一双鞋子apieceofpaper一张纸agustofwind一阵风agrainofsand一粒沙子abasketofeggs一篮了鸡蛋agroupofchildren一群孩子Part3名词的数表示一个人或事物用可数名词的单数形式,表示两个或两个以上的人或事物用名词的复数形式;只有可数名词才有复数形式。不可数名词没有复数形式。一、名词复数的规则变化规则例句特例大部分名词一般直接加-sapple—apples苹果book—books书price—prices价格以s,x,ch,sh等结尾的名词加-eswatch—watches手表box—boxes盒子stomach—stomachs胃第12页共12页\nbus—buses公共汽车以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加-escity—cities城市baby—babies婴儿family—families家庭以辅音字母加o结尾的名词加-s或-espiano—pianos钢琴photo—photos照片tomato—tomatoes西红柿potato—potatoes土豆以f或fe结尾的名词一般把f/fe变v再加-esknife—knives小刀leaf—leaves叶子wife—wives妻子proof—proofs证据scarf—scarfs/scarves围巾【典例精析】()1.Therearesome___________onthefloor.A.milkB.childC.boxes()2.The___________ofmosttreeswillfallinautumn.A.leafB.leafsC.leaves()3.Eatingmorevegetablesisgoodforourhealth.Iofteneatlettuce,broccoliand___________.A.tomatoB.tomatosC.tomatoesD.Potato二、名词复数的不规则变化1.变元音字母man—men男人tooth—teeth牙齿foot—feet脚goose—geese鹅mouse—mice老鼠2.词尾加-(r)enchild—children小孩ox—oxen公牛3.单数与复数同形sheep绵羊deer鹿Japanese日本人Swiss瑞士人4.表示各国人的名词单、复数变化不同,请看下表:各国人总称单数复数规则变化中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese单、复数同形日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese第12页共12页\n法国人theFrenchmenaFrenchmentwoFrenchmen改a为e英国人theEnglishmenaEnglishmantwoEnglishmen美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans加-s德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians【典例精析】()1.The___________ofteneatgrassonthehill.A.chickenB.horseC.cowD.sheep()2.Therearemany___________playingontheplayground.A.childB.childrenC.manteachersD.sheeps()3.Isawsome___________and___________dancinginthestreetthedaybeforeyesterday.A.Germen;EnglishmenB.Germans;EnglishmansC.Germans;Englishmen三、特殊的复数形式1.一些集体名词形式上是单数但实际意义是复数,作主语时看成复数。如people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牛)等。Therearethreepeopleinmyfamily.我家里有3个人。Thepoliceareworkinghard.警察们正在努力工作。2.有些单词只以复数形式出现,不能被具体数字修饰。trousers裤子scissors剪刀3.复合名词的复数形式。girlfriend—girlfriends女朋友looker-on—lookers-on旁观者4.有两种复数形式的名词。(1)people意为”人们,人民”时是集体名词,作主语时看成复数;意为”民族”时是可数名词,有单、复数形式之分。Thereare56peopleinthehall.大厅里有56个人。Thereare56peoplesinChina.中国有56个民族。(2)fish指鱼的总称时属于集体名词,指菜名时是不可数名词,指不同种类的鱼时是可数名词,其复数有两种:fish—fish/fishes。Fishcan’tlivewithoutwater.鱼离不开水。(指鱼的总称,集体名词)第12页共12页\nHelikeseatingfishfordinner.他晚餐喜欢吃鱼。(鱼肉,不可数名词)Thereareallkindsoffishesintheriver.河里有各种各样的鱼。(指鱼的种类,可数名词)考点链接:()---Whatwouldyouliketodrink.girls?---,please.A.TwoglassofwaterB.TwoglassofwatersC.TwocupsofteaD.TwocupsofteasPart4名词的所有格英语的名词所有格表示所属和拥有关系,分为’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。一、名词所有格的构成方法分类变化规则例句‘s所有格在单数名词词尾加’stheboy’shome男孩的家themoon’slight月光复数名词如果名词是以s或es结尾的复数名词,只在其后加‘Teachers’Day教师节fiveminutes’walk五分钟路程不以s结尾的复数名词,直接在其后加‘schildren’stoys孩子们的玩具men’sroom男厕所以s结尾的人名的所有格加’s或只加‘Thomas’/Thomas’sbike托马斯的单车表示各自的所有关系时在各个词的末尾加’s,后面的名词用复数Ben’sandJim’smothers本和吉姆各自的妈妈Mike’sandPeter’srooms迈克和彼得各自的房间表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末尾加’s,后面的名词用单数LilyandMark’sfather莉莉和马克的爸爸(共同的爸爸)表示”某人的家””某人的店铺”,所有格后的名词常省略thedoctor’s诊所myuncle’s我叔叔家of所有格“名词+of+名词”构成of所有格thewordsofthesong这首歌的歌词themapoftheworld世界地图双重所有格afriendofmyfather’s我爸爸的一个朋友asonofmine我的一个儿子第12页共12页\n在同一个名词词组中同时具备’s以及of两种所有格(“of+名词所有格”或”of+名词性物主代词”)二、名词所有格的用法分类用法例句‘s所有格表示有生命的物体Lily’smother莉莉的妈妈thedog’shouse狗屋表示自然现象themoon’slight月光表示国家、城市等地方的名词theworld’sproblem世界共同的问题Shanghai’sculture上海文化表示距离、价值twominutes’walk两分钟的路程fiveyuan’spen五元钱的钢笔表示时间tomorrow’splan明天的计划today’snews今日新闻of所有格表示无生命的东西thewordsofthesong这首歌的歌词themapofChina中国地图表示名词化的词thelifeofthepoor穷人的生活双重所有格表示特定人的不特定的所有关系aninventionofEdison’s爱迪生的一项发明(指多项发明中的一项)【典例精析】()1.My___________skirtisonthechair.A.sisters’B.sisterC.sistersD.sister’s()2.—Whoseroomisthis?—It’s___________.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLily’s()3.___________fatherscan’tgototheclassmeetingbecausetheyhavegonetobusiness.A.JackandMike’sB.Jack’sandMike’sC.JackandMikeD.Jack’sandMike()4.—Howfarisyourhomefromschool?—It’sabouttwo___________walk.A.hoursB.hours’C.hour’sD.hour【典例精析】()1.—Whatkindofporridgewouldyoulike,Alice?—Iwouldlike___________.A.eggporridgeB.eggsporridgeC.fishporridgesD.fishesporridge()2.Ourhospitalneedstwodoctors,Mrs.LiYoucanaskyoursontohaveatry.A.WomenB.manC.men第12页共12页\n()3.Sheisa___________girlwithtwobigeyes.A.six-years’oldB.six-year-oldC.sixyearsold学以致用:一、写出下列单词的复数形式1.brush2.class3.text4.monkey5.piano6.child7.sheep8.German9.country10.family11.toy12.foot二、根据汉语提示完成句子1.Isthis(你的好朋友的钢笔)?2.MissGuois(彼得和山姆的老师)?3.(学生们的桌椅)areverynew.4.Pleaseopen(教室的门).5.(我父亲和她父亲的朋友)arefromBeijing.6.I’llgiveyou(两个星期的时间)tofinishthework,OK?7.(托尼的哥哥的电脑)isbroken.三、单项选择()1.Jasonlikesthe___________ofthecake.—Itisaheart.A.colorB.sizeC.smellD.shape()2.IamsureCindywillbeabletofindthehotel—shehasaprettygood_____ofdirection.A.ideaB.feelingC.experienceD.sense()3.HewasborninItaly,buthehasmadeChinahis___________.A.familyB.addressC.houseD.home()4.—Lookatmystamps.—Theyarebeautiful!You’vegotawonderful___________.A.instructionB.descriptionC.collectionD.Expression()5.___________isthemostimportantfestivalinChina.A.ChristmasB.SpringFestivalC.Mid-autumnDayD.NationalDay第12页共12页\n家庭作业一:一、单项选择()1.Ithinkcomputersareveryuseful.Theycanhelpusgetmuch________ontheInternet.A.game B.information C.idea D.message()2.—Whydidn'tSallyplaytheviolinattheconcertlastnight?—Shesaidthatherhandhurt,butthatwasonlya(n)________.Isawherplaytennisjustnow.A.matter B.excuse C.result D.expression ()3.—What'syourfavorite________?—Physics.It'sinterestinganduseful.A.jobB.vegetableC.fruitD.subject()4.Lookingafterchildrenisnotonly________work,menshouldalsodoit.A.woman's B.women C.womens' D.women's()5.I'dlikea________fordessert.Fruit,youknow,isgoodforhealth.A.potatoB.bananaC.candyD.pie()6.—Ifeelverythirstyandhungryafteralongwalk.—Wouldyoulikesome________and________?A.applejuice;sandwichsB.applesjuice;sandwichesC.applejuice;sandwiches()7.—Couldyoutellmehowtoremembernewwordsquickly?—Yes,Ithinka________treecanhelpyoualot.A.grammarB.equationC.punctuationD.vocabulary()8.—Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?—It'sabouttwenty____walk.A.minute's  B.minutes'  C.minutes()9.IfyougotovisitLondon,don'tforgetyour________becauseitrainsalot.A.passport B.money C.map D.umbrella()10.The________inthatrestaurantlooksdelicious,butittastesbad.A.cookB.tableC.foodDtool()11.—Goodmorning,madam.CanIhelpyou?—Sure,I'dlike____,please.A.twocupsofcoffeesB.twocupofcoffeesC.twocupsofcoffeeD.twocupofcoffee()12.—Doyouknowtheyoungladyoverthere?第12页共12页\n—Yes.She's________mother.A.LilyandLucyB.Lily'sandLucy'sC.Lily'sandLucyD.LilyandLucy's()13.Dearfriends,pleasereadeverysentencecarefully.Detailsdecide________ornot.Ifyoutakeitseriously,you'llachieveyourgoal!A.success  B.successful  C.succeed()14.Thiscutekoalasleepsduringtheday,butatnightitgetsupandeats________.A.leafB.leafsC.leavesD.leavies()15.“Whatdoyouneedforthesalad?”“Weneedtwoapplesandthree________.”A.orangeB.tomatoesC.Broccoli二、完型填空。“Whowouldyouliketochangeyourlifewithifpossible?”Lastweek,weaskedmanymiddleschoolstudentsthisquestion.Thefollowingaresomeoftheir 1    .ZhangYike,12Iwanttochangemylifewithmyfriend,WangXiaohui.SheisstudyinginEnglandnow.Shehas  2    tomanycountries,suchastheUSandFrance.TheyaretheplacesIwishtovisit.What’smore,she   3    muchbetterEnglishthanme.IfIchangemylifewithher,Icanvisitmanybeautifulcountries,eatdelicious   4    andmeetdifferentkindsofpeoplethere.QiuHaoran,14I’dliketochangemylifewithmyChineseteacherMissZhao.MissZhaoisaverykindlady.She    5    alot,soshealwayshassomany    6    storiestotellus.Wealllikeherclasses.Ialsowanttobesuchanexcellentteacherandbe  7    withmystudents.TanBo,13Iwillchangemylifewithmyelderbrother.Mybrotherisacollegestudentnow.Hedoeshavetogotoclassallthetime.Hecanstudy   8   heisinterestedin.Andheevenhasapart-timejobtomakemoney.To   9    ,allofthesesoundveryinteresting.Ireallywantalife  10    this.()1.A.answers        B.problems               C.questions       D.changes()2.A.gone           B.come                  C.been          D.moved()3.A.says            B.speaks                C.talks           D.tells()4.A.drink           B.air                   C.food           D.water()5.A.teaches          B.knows                C.thinks           D.asks()6.A.long             B.short                 C.terrible          D.interesting()7.A.busy             B.angry                C.popular          D.serious()8.A.that              B.which               C.who             D.what()9.A.me              B.him                  C.you             D.them()10.A.at               B.on                   C.for              D.Like三、阅读理解。第12页共12页\nInmylifeIhavetraveledtomanybeautifulplaces.Mostoftheminmymindareblurriness,butoneplaceIhaveneverforgotten.Itismyhometown'sGreenWaterLake.Actually,GreenWaterLakeisGreenWaterRiver;thisrivercrossestwoprovinces.Somecompanymadeadamontheriver,sothedamtop'sriverseemslikealake.Thewaterisverycleanandsmooth,andtherearehundredsofislandsinthelake.Therearesomeislandsthathavethousandsofbirds;therearesomeislandswithalotofbamboo,pines,andwithmanykindsofplantsIdon'tknowthenames.Theflowersarewhite,red,pinkandpurpleeverywhere.Therearebeautifulsmellsandbeautifulsights.IlivedinmyhometownfromthetimeIwastenyearsoldtothetimeIwaseighteenyearsold.Inthoseeightyears,everysummerIswamintheGreenWaterLake.Ilikedtoswiminthelake.Ilikedtodiveinthewaterandwatchthefish.Ilikedswimmingintherainandfloatingonthewaterwhilelisteningtotherain.Itwaslikebeautifulmusic.SometimesIswamtoanislandtopickupwildflowers.WhattodorightnoweveryyeartherearethousandsoftouristswhotraveltoGreenWaterLake.Iamveryhappythatpeoplelikethelake,butIworrythatpeoplewillpollutethelakebecauseGreenWaterLakeinmyheartisveryimportanthopeGreenWaterLakewillbebeautifulforeverandever!()1.Theunderlinedword“blurriness”means________?A.impressB.clearlyC.importantD.forgettable()2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingthepassage?A.ThewriterhaslivedintheGreenWaterLakefortenyears.B.InfacttheGreenWaterLakeisn'talake.C.Thewriterenjoyedlisteningthesoundoftherain.D.Manycolorfulflowersareontheislands.()3.WhatsightofGreenWaterLakeisn'tmentionedinthepassage?A.Therearemanykindsofunknownplants.B.Therearealotofbeautifulislands.C.Youcanseemanypandaseatingthebamboo.D.Itsbeautifulsightsattractmanyvisitors.()4.What'sthethirdparagraph'smainidea?A.Thewriterenjoyedhischildhood.B.Thelakebroughtthewriterawonderfultime.C.Thelakeisabeautifulplace.D.Thelake'sweatherishumidinsummer.()5.WhatdoesthewriterworryabouttheGreenWaterLake?A.Thebirdswillreduce.B.Morecompanieswillcomehere.C.Hewon'tvisititfreely.D.Thevisitorswillpolluteit.☆☆☆☆☆温馨提示:请认真复习以上知识点,完成课后作业,下次课检查。第12页共12页\n第12页共12页

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