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初中英语定语从句 定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。 关系副词有:when,where,why等。一.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如: Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)。例如: Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如: Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语) Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)二.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构 交替使用。例如: Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn. 北京是我的出生地。 Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介 +which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如: Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。三.判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用 关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwith\nyou. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错: (错)ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear. (错)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside. (对)Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear. (对)I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副 词。 例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago? A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone 例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld. A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone 答案:例1D,例2A。 例1变为肯定句:Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago. 例2变为肯定句:Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用,只有theone既做了主句的 表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因inthemuseum词组, 可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom, that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状 语,why原因状语)。四.限制性和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往 往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间 通常用逗号分开。例如: Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如: CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。 3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单 数。例如: HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 \n说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。五.介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互 换。例如: ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。 ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago. Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗? Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?六.as,which非限定性定语从句 由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。as一般放 在句首,which在句中。例如: Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。 典型例题 1)Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise. A.it B.that C.which D.he 答案C。此为非限定性从句,不能用that修饰,而用which。it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2)Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect. A.what B.which C.that D.it 答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不 为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3)Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark.. A.that B.which C.as D.it 答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从 句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: (1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 (2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中 的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。 as的用法 例1thesame…as;such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如: Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。 例2as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”。例如: Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。 Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth. as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。七.先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyonewho代替) 2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool. (what可以用allthat代替)八.what/whatever;that/what;\nwho/whoever 1)what=thethingwhich;whatever=anything。例如: Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了。 Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。 2)who=thepersonthat whoever=anyonewho。例如: (错)Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished. (错)Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear. (对)Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.王子犯法,与庶民同罪。 (对)Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。 3)that和what 当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接 词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的 具体成分,且不能省略。例如: Ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 Whatweneedismorepractice.我们需要的是更多的实践。九.关系代词that的用法 1)不用that的情况 a)引导非限定性定语从句时。例如: (错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere. b)介词后不能用。例如: Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。 Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom. 2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。 b)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词 时,只用that,不用which。 c)先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。 e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例如: Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。 Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 定语从句的概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行 词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格 whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作 用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先 行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明 作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 \n四、关系代词的用法1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。 例如: Marylikesmusicthatisquietandgentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) Thecoat(that)Iputonthedeskisblue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) Thefilm(which)wesawlastnightwaswonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如: ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Whoistheteacher(whom)LiMingistalkingto?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 注意: (1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时, 只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子。 PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。 (2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.这就是你要找的那个人。 (3)that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用that的情况: a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that,而不用which.例如: Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.他是第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代 词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等词修饰时,只能用 that,而不用wwhich.例如: ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是therebe结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5)关系词只能用which,而不用that的情况: a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如: What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: Thisistheroominwhichhelives.这是他居住的房间。\n c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例如: Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 五、关系副词的用法 (1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如: Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如: Thisisplacewhereheworks.这是他工作的地点。 (3)why指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如: Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。单项填空。1.-Doyouknowtheman______istalkingwithyourfather? -Yes,he’sourheadmaster. A.heB.whoC.whichD.whom2.Isthistheriver_____Icanswim? A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD.theone3.Thisisthebesthotelinthecity_____Iknow. A.whereB.whichC.thatD.it4.Canyoulendmethedictionary______theotherday? A.thatyoubought B.youboughtit C.thatyouboughtit D.whichyouboughtit5.Anyone______withwhatIsaidmayputupyouhands. A.whichagrees B.whoagree C.whoagrees D.whichagree6.Mywatchisnottheonlything______ismissing. A.that B.it C.which D.who7.Theman______coatisblackiswaitingatthegate A.who’s Bwhose C.thatofwhich.8.Thegirl______isreadingunderthetree_____mysister. A.which;isB.whom;wasC.who;isD.who;was9.Iloveplaces______thepeoplearereallyfriendly. A.thatB.whichC.whereD.who10.Theworld______ismadeupofmatter. A.inthatwelive B.onwhichwelive C.wherewelivein D.weliveinⅡ.用适当的关系代词that,which,who,whom填空。1.Thefirstthing______youmustdoistohaveameal.2.April1stistheday_____iscalledAprilFool’sDayinthewest.3.Thefamily_____hadlosteverythinginabigfiregotmuchhelpfromtheirfriends.4.Thehouse_____weliveinisveryold.5.Didn’tyouseetheman______Italkedwithjustnow? 初中英语:定语从句专项练习题1.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsof__________youarenotsure. A.which B.what C.as D.those2.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedtheother\nday? A.that B.where C.inwhich D.theone3.Isthisfactory__________someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday? A.that B.where C.which D.theone4.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago? A.that B.where C.which D.theone5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound. A.that B.where C.inwhich D.inthat6.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature__________waterchangesintoice. A.atwhich B.onthat C.inwhich D.ofwhat7.Thisbookwillshowyou__________canbeusedinothercontexts.. A.howyouhaveobserved B.whatyouhaveobserved C.thatyouhaveobserved D.howthatyouhaveobserved8.Thereasonis__________heisunabletooperatethemachine. A.because B.why C.that D.whether9.I’lltellyou__________hetoldmelastweek. A.allwhich B.that C.allthat D.which10.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold. A.whose B.ofwhich C.inwhich D.onwhich11.Ihaveboughtthesamedress__________sheiswearing. A.as B.that C.which D.what12.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry. A.which B.it C.that D.what13.We’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist__________wereintheconcertweattended lastnight. A.which B.whom C.who D.that14.Thegirl__________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister. A.whoissingingB.issinging C.sang D.wassinging15.Those__________notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed. A.learn B.who C.thatlearnsD.wholearn16.Anyone__________thisopinionmayspeakout. A.thatagainst B.thatagainstC.whoisagainstD.whoareagainst17.Didn’tyouseetheman__________? A.Inoddedjustnow B.whomInoddedjustnow C.Inoddedtohimjustnow D.Inoddedtojustnow18.Canyoulendmethenovel__________theotherday? A.thatyoutalked B.youtalkedaboutit C.whichyoutalkedwith D.youtalkedabout19.Isthereanything__________toyou? A.thatisbelonged B.thatbelongs C.thatbelong D.whichbelongs20.----“Howdoyoulikethebook?” ----“It’squitedifferentfrom__________Ireadlastmonth.” A.that B.which C.theone D.theonewhat21.Mr.Zhanggavethetextbooktoallthepupilsexcept__________whohadalreadytakenthem. A.theonesB.ones C.some D.theothers22.Thetrain__________shewastravellingwas\nlate. A.whichB.where C.onwhich D.inthat23.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer__________thepapersarekept. A.where B.inwhich C.underwhichD.which24.Antarctic__________weknowverylittleiscoveredwiththickicealltheyearround. A.which B.where C.that D.aboutwhich25.It’sthethirdtime__________latethismonth. A.thatyouarrived B.whenyouarrived C.thatyou’vearrived D.whenyou’vearrived26.Itwasin1969__________theAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon. A.that B.which C.when D.inwhich27.Maythefourthistheday__________weChinesepeoplewillneverforget. A.which B.when C.onwhichD.aboutwhich28.WearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,__________livemygrandparents andsomerelatives. A.which B.that C.who D.where29.Thehotel__________duringourholidaysstandsbytheseaside. A.westayedat B.wherewestayedat C.westayed D.inthatwestayed30.Isitinthatfactory__________“RedFlag”carsareproduced? A.inwhich B.where C.which D.that31.ItistheSuezCanal__________separatesAsia__________Africa. A.which,to B.where,from C.that,from D.that,with32.Underthebridge,however,almostdirectlybelow,__________wasasmallcanoe,withaboy init. A.there B.where C.it D.which33.Heisnot__________afool__________. A.such,asheislooked B.such,ashelooks C.as,asheislooked D.so,ashelooks34.Isthatthereason__________youareinfavouroftheproposal? A.which B.what C.why D.forthat35.HemustbefromAfrica,__________canbeseenfromhisskin. A.that B.as C.who D.what36.Hehastwosons,__________workaschemists. A.twoofwhom B.bothofwhom C.bothofwhich D.allofwhom37.I,__________yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout. A.whois B.whoam C.thatis D.whatis38.Heisamanofgreatexperience,__________muchcanbelearned. A.who B.that C.fromwhichD.fromwhom39.----Doyouknowthetownatall? ---No,thisisthefirsttimeI__________here. A.was B.havebeen C.came D.amcoming40.Idon’tlike__________youspeaktoher. A.theway B.thewayinthat C.thewaywhich D.thewayofwhich41.Thetwothings__________theyfeltveryproudareJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair. A.aboutwhich B.ofwhich C.inwhich D.for\nwhich42.Thedinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe__________. A.wouldhave B.havehad C.hadneverhad D.hadeverhad43.Doyouknowwhichhotel__________?A.sheisstaying B.sheisstayingin C.isshestaying D.isshestayingin44.Thereisonlyonething__________Icando. A.what B.that C.all D.which45.Whocanthinkofasituation__________thisidiomcanbeused? A.which B.that C.whereD.inthat46.Ihavemanybooks,someof__________areonchemistry. A.them B.that C.whichD.those47.Theywereinterested__________youtoldthem. A.inwhich B.inthat C.allthat D.ineverything48.Theastronautdidmanyexperimentsinthespaceship,__________muchhelpforknowingspace. A.whichwethinkitis B.whichwethinkareof C.ofwhichwethinkis D.Ithinkwhichisof49.Thegreatdaywelookedforwardto__________atlast. A.come B.came C.coming D.comes50.Ilikethesecondfootballmatch__________washeldlastweek. A.which B.who C.that D./ 参考答案: I. 1-5BBCAC6-10ABCCDII.1.that2.which/that3.who/that4.that/which5.who/whom/that 参考答案:1—5AADBA6—10ABCCA11—15AADAD16—20CDDBC21—25ACBDC26—30AADAD31—35CABCB36—40BBDBA41—45BDBBC46—50CDBBC