初中英语写作辅导 47页

初三英语写作辅导\nWhatdoestheword‘writing’makeyouthinkof?writing\nApossibleWRITINGPROCESSA.Pre-writingBrainstormingClusteringMakingListsAskingYourselfQuestionsOutliningB.PlanningTimeOrderSpaceOrderLogicalOrderC.DraftingD.Revising&Editing\nwriting在英语学习中，写是学生必须掌握的语言技能之一。写作体现了一个人的综合语言运用能力。要写好一篇文章，不仅要有扎实的语言基础知识包括语法、词汇、习惯用语等，还需要掌握必备的写作技巧。写作能力的培养不是一蹴而就的，它需要进行知识的积累和技能的训练。\n新的课程标准中关于五级水平（即初中毕业要求达到的水平）的要求是：A.能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材；B.能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改；C.能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系（即文章中用于表示并列，转折，举例，因果，递进，让步，总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词组）；D.能简单描述人物或事件；E.能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。1.新课程标准中关于写的要求\n上海市初中毕业生统一学业考试写作评分标准（09年要求）作文共18分，其中内容7分，语言8分，组织结构分3分。（08年评分标准）（一）内容：A内容切题，意思连贯，表达清楚、完整。B内容基本切题，意思大致连贯，表达基本清楚、但不够完整。C内容不够切题，意思不够连贯，表达不够清楚、离题目要求较远。D文不对题，表达不清。\n（二）语言：①拼写：每错扣0.5分，同一错误不重复计数。②语法：同①。③标点符号、大小写：每两处错误扣0.5分，但标点符号和大小写的扣分总和均不得超过一分。④语言分最多扣7分。（三）词数：①词数不足30词者，得分最多不得超过6分；②词数不足40词者，得分最多不得超过9分；③词数不足50词者，得分最多不得超过13分；④词数在50-59词之间者，每少5个词扣0.5分；⑤只写出个别单词、词不成句不给分。\n（四）组织结构：①内容充实、不写废话；上下文连贯；用语规范、表达准确、无或少见语法错误；词汇和句型句式运用恰当，多见好句型和习惯表追用语者，可给2分。②一般情况下，内容和语言累积得分在13分以上者(含)，方可得到1-2分组织结构分。③内容和语言在12分以下者，如文中有值得肯定的好的句型和表达，可酌情考虑给1分组织结构分。通篇句型、句式单一，词汇贫乏者，即使无语法错误，一般亦不予给组织结构分。\nApossibleWRITINGPROCESSA.Pre-writingBrainstormingClusteringMakingListsAskingYourselfQuestionsOutliningB.PlanningTimeOrderSpaceOrderLogicalOrderC.DraftingD.Revising&Editing\n\n\nThingsIhatetodoActionReason(s)gotothetutorstiring,boringgetupearlystayuplateatnight,haven’tenoughsleeptellliesDishonest,notbetrustedandrespected\nThingsIhatetodoMostofthetimeIdothingswhichIenjoy.However,therearestillthingsthatIhatetodo.Ihategoingtothetutorsbecauseitisboringandtiring.IalwaysstayuplateandIdon’tgetenoughsleep.SogettingupearlyisalsowhatIdon’tlike.ButthethingIhatemostistellinglies.Youwillfeelguiltyaftercheatingothers.Youwillneverbetrustedifyouoftentelllies,andnotrespectedaswell.Ihatebeingdishonest,andIhopethateveryonewillbehonesttoothers.\nKeeptheminmind:Who…Where…When…Why…What…How…\nAskyourselfmorequestions:Whooftengivesyoulove/whodoyouoftengetlovefrom?(parents,friends,strangers)Whendotheygivelovetoyou?(everyday,inneed,introuble)(08年中考）“Lovearoundme”Usethefollowingpointsasaguide.（短文须包含下列要点）·Isthereanylovearoundyou?(Giveoneortwoexamples.)·Howdoyoufeelwhenyougetlovefromhim/her/them?·Whatareyougoingtodotoshowyourlove?\nLovearoundmeLoveiseverywhereinmylife.Myparentslovemeandmyfriendscareaboutme.WhenIamindifficulty,theywillpullmeout.WhenIfeelsad,theywillcheermeup.IfeeldelightedandthankfulwhenIgetlovefromthem.Ialsowanttodosomethingtoshowmylovetoothers.Whentheyhavesomeproblems,Iwilltrymybesttohelpthem.Idobelieveifweallloveeachother,ourworldwillbecomemoreandmorebeautiful.\ne.g.Writeapassageaboutyourfriend.Para1:IntroductionIntroduceyourfriend.Howdoyouknowhim/her?Whatdoyouthinkofthefriendship?Para2:Physicaldescriptiondescribeyourfriendphysically:age,colorofhair,eyes,face,body,clothesetc.Para3:Descriptionofpersonality(giveoneortwoexamples)Para4:ConclusionConcludewithyourfriend’sfutureplans.Giveyourfeelingsaboutyourfriend’sfuture.Body\ne.g.Writeapassageaboutyourfutureplans.Para1:Introduction:presentandgoalWhatdoyoudonow?Thinkaboutyourfuture,whatjobdoyouwanttohave?Para2:ActivitiestoreachgoalTellabouthowyouwillprepareforthejob.Whatwillyoustudyordo?Para3:FeelingsaboutgoalTellhowyou(oryourfamily)willfeelwhenyouhavethejob.Tellhowyouwillfeel.Willyouberich?Happy?Famous?Para4:Conclusion:HowothersfeelaboutyourgoalTellhowyourfamilywillfeelaboutyourfuture.Body\ne.g.Writeapassageaboutapasttrip.Para1:IntroductionWheredidyougoonyourtrip?Whendidyougo?Whydidyougothere?Howdidyougo?Howlongdidthetriptake?Para2:ArrivaltellaboutyourarrivalPara3:ActivitiesWhatdidyoudoafteryouarrived?Para4:ReturnTellaboutyourreturnhomePara5:ConclusionTellyourfeelingsaboutthetripbody\nTimeorder:First,…Firstofall,…Second,…Third,…Next,…Afterthat,…Then…Finally,…\nSpaceorderOntheright,…Ontheleft,…Inthecenter,…Inthemiddle,…Nexttothe…,…Besidethe…,…Oppositethe______,…Nearthe______,…Underthe______,…Abovethe______,…Ononesideofthe______,…Ontheothersideofthe______,…\nTransitionsignals1、递进：besides,inaddition,what’smore2、转折和对比：but,however,ontheotherhand,3、总结：inshort,inbrief,forthesereasons4、因果和结论：asaresult,dueto,becauseof,thus,therefore5、强调：really,indeed,surely6、其它插入语：worsestill/what’sworse,afterall,ifpossible,\n培养英语思维---词的搭配大雨大桥大楼大错大写大病大地震heavyrainlongbridgehighrise/largebuildingbig/terrible/seriousmistakecapitalletterseriousillnessmajorearthquake\n句的表达注意汉英差异：一、状语e.g.她一周有三个下午在一家百货公司做兼职。Sheworksparttimeinadepartmentstorethreeafternoonsaweek.在我十岁那年我和家人经历了一次奇妙的旅行。ItookafantastictripwithmyfamilywhenIwastenyearsold.\n二、谓语动词汉语：无动词或多动词英语：单动词e.g.我妈妈很漂亮。Mymotherispretty.我们又唱又跳。Wesanganddanced.我们邀请他们到上海来玩。WeinvitedthemtocometoShanghaiforavisit.你上课常常缺席所以我想要提醒你。YouareoftenabsentfromclasssoIwanttoremindyou.\n三、主语e.g.活到老，学到老。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.很难说谁对谁错。It’shardtotellwhoisrightandwhoiswrong.昨天找到了丢失的钢笔。Thelostpenwasfoundyesterday.上饭店吃饭很贵。It’sexpensivetoeatout.乘飞机旅行更舒适、便捷。Travellingbyplaneisfasterandmoreconvenient.\n四、定语汉：常常是前置定语英：前置和后置定语e.g.我们学校的所有学生allthestudentsinourschool左边数第五个男孩thefifthboyfromtheleft英国人的日常生活everydaylivesoftheBritish在中国骑车的人数thenumberofcyclistsinChina几种气体的混合物amixtureofseveralgases介词短语作后置定语\n三到六岁的孩子Childrenfrom3to6yearsofage隔壁的音像店themusicstorenextdoor用英语写的信theletter(s)inEnglish晚上最晚一班返回的公交车thelastbusbackintheevening城市生活的嘈杂、脏乱thenoiseanddirtofcitylife\n玩/放松的时间timetoplay/relax当一个音乐家的计划planstobeamusician出国学习的机会thechancetostudyabroad供人坐着休息的安静场所aquietplaceforpeopletositin/rest找到任何一个可以询问的人findanyonetoask动词不定式作后置定语\n城市用水waterusedbycities不乱扔垃圾的习惯thehabitofnotthrowingawayrubbish我曾经生活的村庄thevillagewhereIstayed/lived我昨晚吃的某样东西somethingIatelastnight到月球去的宇航员astronautswhotraveledtothemoon孩子们喜欢吃的食物food(which)childrenlike分词、定语从句等作后置定语\nWritingtips:时态一致必须注意所用时态符合上下文。如果用过去时叙述一个故事，就要保证通篇都用过去时，不要在作文中间变成现在时。同样，如果是在谈论普遍问题、现状或日常习惯，就要用现在时，而不要用过去时。e.g.YesterdayIdidmyhomework.Ittakesmethreehours.Hisfatherthoughtheisgoodatmath.Shestartedhernewjoblastweek.Shelikedit.Wedidn’tgototheparty.Wearen’tinvited.tookwaslikesweren’t\nWritingtips:2.主语一致应该保持全文人称一致，这样读者才能跟随一个逻辑思维顺序。否则读者会感到困惑。e.g.Althoughyoumayfailtheexam,hecanstillbeusefultothecountry.Itnotonlyprovidesyouwithlotsofknowledgebutalsodevelopshisinterests.youyour\nWritingtips:3.主谓一致/人称一致确保语法正确。e.g.ThingsIhatetodoisdoinghomework.WhatIhatetodois…EverypeoplestarttolearnEnglish.EverypersonstartstolearnEnglish.Theactivitiescanrelaxourselves.Theactivitiescanhelpusrelaxourselves./Wecanrelaxourselvesbytakingpartintheactivities.\nWritingtips:4.词序/语序它能够帮助准确表达作者本意并并避免意义含糊不清。注意要让句子尽量保持英语的表达习惯。e.g.Ialreadyhavehadlunch.ShewithhermumtraveledtoItaly.Ialwaysbethewinnerofthepianocontest.InChina,heknewtherewerebigfloods.IjustwonderwhatdoesmyfuturelikeandwhatshouldIdo.havealreadyShetraveledtoItalywithhermum.amalwaysHeknewtherewerebigfloodsinChina.IjustwonderwhatmyfatherlikesandwhatIshoulddo.\nWritingtips:5.并列句用并列句能使文章更生动流畅，它包含两个独立分句和一个连词，如：and,but,or,so等。e.g.Theyknowwhatisbetterandtheyarealwaysright.Itwascrowded.Wewereabletoseehim.Itwascrowdedbutwewereabletoseehim.Sheisatopstudent.Sheisatalentedmusician.Sheisatopstudentandatalentedmusician.Thoughhedoesn’thavemuchmoney,buthisheartisfulloflove.两个分句不要重复同一个单词。每个分句都必须有一个动词；每两个分句组成的句子只能使用一个连词。\nWritingtips:6.复合句。它包含一个主句和一个从句，由when,after,if等连词或who,which等关系代词引导。e.g.She was very old. She couldn't stand on the bus easily.Shewassooldthatshecouldn’tstandonthebuseasily.Theresultwasnotthemostimportantthingforme.Theresultwouldbeknownawholemonthlater.Theresult,whichwouldbeknownawholemonthlater,wasnotthemostimportantthingforme.\nWritingtips:7.避免词的重复。e.g.Allinall,wehadawonderfultrip.WetravelledacrossSydney,CanberraandMelbourne.WesawthebeautifulcoastofQueensland.WetouredallofPerth.WehadagreatvisitwithDan.Perhapswewillgoagainnextwinter.\nUsefulsentences:Sayingsandproverbs:Onself-help:Pridegoesbeforeafall骄者必败.Agoodbeginningishalfdone.良好的开端是成功的一半。Confidenceinyourselfisthefirststepontheroadtosuccess.自信是走向成功的第一步。Custommakesallthingseasy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。Greathopesmakegreatman.伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。\nUsefulsentences:Honestyisthebestpolicy.做人诚信为本。Hopeforthebest,butpreparefortheworst.抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。Nothingisdifficulttothemanwhowilltry.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。Ifathingisworthdoing,it’sworthdoingwell.值得做的是就值得做好。Wherethereislife,thereishope.生活充满了希望。/留得青山在，不怕没柴烧\nUsefulsentences:Onhealth:Aclosemouthcatchesnoflies.病从口入。Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.一天一苹果，不用请医生。Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早睡早起身体好。Onmotherhood:Amother'sloveneverchanges.母爱永恒。\nUsefulsentences:Onfriendship:Afriendiseasierlostthanfound.得朋友难，失朋友易。Afriendisneverknowntillamanhasneed.需要之时方知友。Onreading:Agoodbookisthebestoffriends,thesametodayandforever.一本好书，相伴一生。Byreadingweenrichthemind,byconversationwepolishit.读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。Chooseanauthorasyouchooseafriend.择书如择友。\nUsefulsentences:Onentertainment:AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。Onlife:Weknownotwhatisgooduntilwehavelostit.好东西，失去了才明白。Varietyisthespiceoflife.丰富多彩是生活的调味品。Lifeisjustlikeabowlofcherries.生活犹如一盘樱桃。Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.生活没有目标等于航行没有指南针。Pleasanthoursflypast.快乐时光去如飞。\n注意点：一、仔细审题，明确要求。二、主题明确，语言表达完整正确。三、重视字词运用和句子组织结构。四、避免无谓失分。（书写不规范，字迹潦草，忽视大小写等）\nRomewasn’tbuiltinaday!Practicemakesperfect!\n预祝同学们成功！Wishyougoodluckandsuccess!\nUsefulsentencepatterns:在各种…之中…Amongvariouskindsof…,e.g.Amongvariouskindsofsports,Ilikejogginginparticular.就我的看法…；我认为…Inmyopinion,…=Tomymind,….=AsfarasIamconcerned,…e.g.Inmyopinion,playingcomputergamesnotonlytakesmuchtimebutisalsoharmfultohealth.根据我个人经验…Accordingtomypersonalexperience,…=Basedonmypersonalexperience,…e.g.Accordingtomypersonalexperience,smilehasdonemealotofgood.\n俗语说得好：「…」。Wellgoesanoldsaying,"…"=Asanoldsayinggoes(runs,says),"…“e.g.Asanoldsayinggoes,“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway."(A)…用下列方法…inthefollowingways.(B)…有三个主要理由。…forthreemajorreasons.e.g.Ibuildmyconfidenceinthefollowingways.Peoplelearnaforeignlanguageforthreemajorreasons.换言之…inotherwords,…e.g.Inotherwords,Iwilltrymybesttoliveuptomygoal.曾经…最…的…最高级+现在完成时Mr.ChangisthekindestteacherthatIhaveeverhad.