初中英语要点汇总 19页

中学英语要点汇总1.宾语从句2.状语从句3定语从句4.wish和hope5.thanksfor和thanksto6.感官动词用法之一7.感官动词用法之二8.find和think部分用法9.wouldlike/want/feellike10.词序易错的短语11.对“评价”“天气”提问之区别12.take,cost,pay,spend区别13.双宾结构14.部分词作连词与介词15.动词ed/ing作形容词用法之一16.动词ed/ing作形容词用法之二17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语18.later/after/ago/before19.四季20.月21.星期22.“也”23.带to不定式用法之一24.(a)little/(a)few25.及物动词+副词26.as……as用法27.prefer用法28.some-,any-,every-用法29.动词时态和形式30.if/whether区别31.因为32.表推测33.so与such区别34.so的另两个用法35.neither/nor用法之一36.keep,make,get,have用法37.used短语38.through/past/across区别39.thenumberof/anumberof40.延续性动词41.all/each/both/none/either/neither42.计量表达法43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法44.hundred/thousand/million/billion45.反意疑问句46.puton,wear,dress,in47.虚拟语气部分用法48.other(s)/theother(s)/another49.howlong/often/soon/far50.分数表达51.到达52.感叹句53.because/instead/out(of)用法54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo55.alone/lonely56.belongto与be57.by常见用法58.部分用in的短语59.比较级与最高级部分要点60.talk,tell,say,speak61.sometime(s)/sometime(s)62.need的用法63.dowith与dealwith64.就近原则65.主谓一致66.quite/such/really用法之一67.部分用what提问的句型68.therebe部分用法69.常见表否定的词或短语70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语73.被动语态用法74.名词或所属格作定语75.win与beat区别76.代词it/that/this/one部分用法77.at/bytheendof,intheend区别78.havegoneto/havebeento/in79.all/whole用法80.abit/alittle区别81.“擅长/不擅长”“对…有利/有害”82.表数量的词与短语的部分用法83.易用错的副词84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语85.形容词与副词区别86.everyday与everyday87.everyone与everyone88.none与noone89.乘交通工具之表达90.kindof与kindsof91.rain/snow/wind的常见修饰词92.day的部分用法93.个别名词的部分用法94.leave的用法95.ill与sick的区别96.return用法97.favourite与own的类似结构98.stop/start(begin)/like/forget(remember)/goon等词或短语用法99.人称代词形式100.基数词和序数词101.room/space/place102.常见国籍、人及语言的对应103.易写错词形104.job与work105.with和in表示“用”106.时刻之表达107.be+形+ofsb与forsb的区别108.take,bring,fetch与carry109.条件与祈使110.in/on/at+时间111.oneday，someday/someday112.missing与lost113.常见部分名词及其修饰词114.个别疑问句的常见否定回答115.fun的用法116.except/exceptfor/besides117.常见带to为介词的短语118.because与why的部分用法119.no与not的区别120.That’sallright/Allright/That’sright.的区别121.on表方式的用法122.用yes与no回答时要注意的问题不规则动词表\n中学英语要点汇总1.宾语从句：怎样判断出一个从句是宾语从句？在动词后作宾语(动宾):Doyouknowwherehecomesfrom?划线部分是动词know的宾语..在有些接双宾结构的动词后作宾语:Heaskedmewhenwewouldleave.此句中me与从句when-分别是ask的宾语。在介词后作宾语(介宾)：Let’stalkabouthowwesolvethisproblem.在I’msorry…,I’mafraid…,I’msure…等结构后的句子也被认为是宾语从句.宾语从句需注意的时态问题:主句若是一般现在时，从句根据不同情况用不同时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.（soon指将来，从句用将来时）Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.（暗指目前谁最聪明，从句用现在时）Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.（今早已过去，从句用过去时）主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.宾语从句无论有何引导词，句子都要用陈述句语序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou）Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)2.状语从句：此处所说的状语从句用法仅包括条件(if和unless引导)状语从句和时间(when等引导,见下文)状语从句。状语从句需注意以下问题：主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果),unless(除非)，when(当…的时候),assoonas(一…就…)，before,after,until,till,as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.（主句有情态动词）CouldyoulookaftermysonafterIleavehome?（情态动词could是为了让语气委婉，并不指过去时，从句仍用一般现在时）—1—Iwillgooutassoonasitstopsrainingthisafternoon.（主句是将来时）Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.（主句是祈使句）而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用表过去时的适当时态，如：IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定语从句：定语从句是指修饰前面名词或代词的句子。从句前面的名词或代词叫先行词，从句中的引导词叫关系代词或关系副词。关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。（以下所给例子凡斜体字部分均作定语从句。）Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautifulandkind-hearted.Thegirlwho/thatistallismysister.（以上关系词作主语，不可省略。）Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.（关系词做know的宾语，可以省略。）Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.(关系词whose表所属，后需接名词。前句指人，译为“这个孩子的”；后句指物，译为“这个自行车的”。）Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物,作pay的宾语，可以省略。）Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.（关系词译为“这个地方”，主语，不可省）IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（关系词译为“在这个地方”，是地点副词。）Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.（“在这一天”，是时间副词）4.wish和hope:wish既可接todosth.也可接sb+todosth.也可接that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.（注：接that从句时，从句用虚拟语气。）hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell.（接从句时不用虚拟）5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.(此句表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。)Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.(此句表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)—2—6.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形或ing形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。\nIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(我入睡时有人正敲门)Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(此处有频率词often)若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式：Wesawhimgointotherestaurant.→Hewasseentogointotherestaurant.Iheartheboycryeveryday.→Theboyisheardtocryeveryday.7.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooksangry.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautiful.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.Theyalllookedtired.这些动词都不用于被动语态。如：Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsoundslikegreatfun.Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法:find/think+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)宾补有以下情况：.名词短语Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.形容词短语Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.有时宾补后可接带to不定式Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.find后也有v-ing形式作宾语补足语。Ifoundhimreadingabookjustnow.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:wouldlike，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◇都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.feellike:◇后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea?◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【注：feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】10.词序易错的短语：形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?—3—enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.Shedoesn’tlistencarefullyenough.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：Whatdoyouthinkof…?=Howdoyoulike…?=How/Whatdoyoufeelabout…?“你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。)What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like，是介词，“像”。而How…?句中无like.)12.take,cost,pay,spend区别：It+take+sb+sometime+todosth：Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.物+cost+sb+钱：Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.人+pay+sb+钱+forsth：Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike..(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。切记for后接的是物，而不是人或钱。)人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter13.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb+sth.Passmethebook,please.Hegaveussomepens.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等也可接sth+tosb.如:lendthebooktome.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.Mybrotherboughtadictionaryforme.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Pleaseshowittome.而不说showmeit.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）Keepcarefulwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（斜体部分是句子，when是连词）Keepcarefulwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（斜体部分是名词短语，when是介词）类似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。如：I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词）I’llwaituntilhearingfromher.(介词)I’llwaituntilnextFriday/September/11:00.（接的都是表时间的短语，until是介词）15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。\n此处是后置定语，划线部分起修饰作用，下同。—4—He’seatingfriedchicken.“他在吃炸鸡。”做chicken的前置定语。Thereisnotimeleft.“没时间剩余了。”做time的后置定语。IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。做后置定语。下同。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.他住在一个二十年前被建造的房子里。一般来说，定语部分不只一个词时，常放在名词的后面。动词ing作形容词：表示正在进行或表示功能，常作定语。thecryingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboycryinginthecorner(以上表示正在进行)asittingroom,thebathingsuit,acuttingmachine,writingpaper……(本行表示功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：由一些及物动词派生而来，和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。以下词凡是译为“使…”的及物动词，其ed形式的形容词都译为“感到…的”，其ing形式的形容词都译为“令人(感到)…的”。以下带-ed形式的词的各个短语一般都译为“对…感到…”。excitingsurprisingamazingembarrassingencouragingfrustratinginterestingthrillingterrifyingpleasing,=pleasantsatisfyingfrighteningtiringboringrelaxingfascinatingannoyingmovingworryingconfusingexcited(be~dabout)surprised(be~dat)amazed(be~dat)embarrassed(be~edin)encouraged(be~edat/by)frustrated(be~dof)interested(be~edin)thrilled(be~edat)terrified(beterrifiedat/of/with)pleased(be~dwith)satisfied(besatisfiedwith)frightened(be~edat/of)tired(be~dof)bored(be~dwith)relaxed(无固定搭配)fascinated(be~dby)annoyed(be~edwith)moved(be~dby)worried(beworriedabout)confused(beconfusedabout)及物动词,后接人ed形式及常见短语ing形式excite（使兴奋，使激动）surprise（使惊讶，使吃惊）amaze（使吃惊）embarrass（使尴尬）encourage(使受鼓舞,鼓励)frustrate（使失望，使沮丧）interest（使感兴趣）thrill（使激动/紧张）terrify（使恐怖，使害怕）please（使高兴，使满意）satisfy(使满意)frighten（使害怕，使惊惧）tire（使厌烦）bore（使厌烦）relax（使放松）fascinate（使着迷）annoy（使烦恼）move（使感动）worry（使担忧）—5—confuse（使困惑）Hiswordsamazedme.Thenewsfrustratedusverymuch.(都是及物动词，后接人)Hiswordswereamazing.(修饰物)Iwasamazedathiswords.(修饰人)Howexcitingthefilmis!（修饰物）Hewasmovedbythemovie.(修饰人)17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(以上各句谓语都用单数，见黑体部分)Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(此句主语因指两件事，谓语用复数)18.later/after/ago/before:later“…时间后”结构：时间段+later常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.(later前无时间段，单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’llseeyoulater.)after“…时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.Thedogdiedafteraweek.(after也可加句子,但主句不一定用一般过去时：I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.Returnittomeafteryoufinishit.见2.)ago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.Isawittenminutesago.(若有since+时间段+ago，常用现在完成时：Mr.Lihasworkedheresince5yearsago.)before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.(若是时间段+before,常用过去完成时，“…前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。21.星期：Sunday,周日；Monday,周一；Tuesday,周二；Wednesday,周三；Thursday,周四；Friday,周五；Saturday,周六。Sunday是一周的第一天，Saturday是最后一天。22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾,前无逗号。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。\n—6—23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词；不及物时需跟介词。Theworkistoohardformetodo.（work做及物动词do的逻辑宾语）Ihavenothingtosay.（nothing做及物动词say的逻辑宾语）Ihavealettertowrite.（letter是及物动词write的逻辑宾语）而以下情况有介词：Ihaveapentowritealetterwith.（用钢笔写信，所以要有“用”字，故加with.）Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.（“住在动物园里”，zoo是livein的逻辑宾语，故不及物动词live加介词in.）Tomhasnofriendstotalkto.（friends是talkto的逻辑宾语，to不可少。）Herunstoofastforustocatchupwith.（he是catchupwith的逻辑宾语，带with.）Therearenoseatstositon.（坐在座位上，故sit后要加on.）24.(a)little/(a)few:few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。Thereislittlewaterinthebottle,isthere?(前否定，后肯定)Tomissoshythathehasfewfriends.afew“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;alittle“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。TomisnotanEnglishman,butheknowsalittleEnglish.另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle都译为“很多”，分别相当于many和much.（注：有时alittle…..并不是固定短语。如：alittlesheep译为“一只小羊”）25.及物动词+副词：puton(穿上)/putoff(推迟)/putaway(把…整理好)/putup(举起，搭起，挂起，张贴)/putdown(放下)/putout(扑灭);breakdown(损坏，倒塌);turnon(打开)/turnoff(关闭)/turnup(调大)/turndown(关小);getback(取回);useup(用光);cutup(切碎）eatup(吃光）sellout(卖完）cheerup(振作）giveaway(赠送)/giveout(发放)/giveup(放弃)/giveback(归还);pickup(捡起、拿起)tryout(验证)/tryon(试穿);ringup/callup(打电话);cleanup/out（打扫干净）;setup（成立）;thinkup（想出；想起）;handin(上交)/handout(分发；散发);fixup(修理);workout(算出)dressup(打扮);helpout(帮人解决);keepoff/keepout(阻止；挡住)；takeoff(脱下)/takeaway(拿走)/takeout(拿出);lookup(查找)/lookover(仔细查看);throwaway/off(抛弃)wakeup(叫醒);writedown(写下);letdown(使沮丧);makeup(编造、组成)；setoff(激起、触发)注：名词做以上短语的宾语，可放在它们中间或后边；而代词做宾语，只放在中间。26.as……as用法：中间加形容词和副词原级。和…一样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasIdo/me/I.Youshouldkeeptheroomascleanasyourbrother’s.as…aspossible/sbcan“尽可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.—7—Listentotheteacherascarefullyasyoucan.Hewentthereasquicklyashecould.有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和…一样快；一…就…；asmuchas和…一样多；多达；aslongas和…一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和…一样好；和…一样；asfaras远达；就…来说(as…as…在否定句中也可说so…as….)也可表示倍数：Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。27.prefer用法：prefersthtosth或preferdoingsthtodoingsth.“比起…更喜欢…”prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…若单独一个prefer，和like用法类似，后接todosth或doingsth“更喜欢做某事”28.some-,any-,every-用法：some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?Willyoubuymesomebooks?MayIgiveyousometea?Wouldyoulikesomemilk?在一些”dosome…”短语中,即使是疑问句中,some也不变为any.如：WillyoudosomewashingnextSunday?这些短语有：dosomeshopping/cleaning/cooking/sweeping/washing等。any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？Haveyouseenitanywhere?在if引导的句中，常用any.如：Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wewon’thaveanythingtoeatnow.every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式(规则的加ed)；\n过去分词(规则的加ed)；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。30.if/whether区别：if如果(引导条件状语从句)/是否(引导宾语从句)—8—Doyouknowifhewillgotothepostoffice?Ifhegoesthere,Iwillaskhimtobuymesomestamps.两个if,前者“是否”；后者“如果”，观察其后时态的不同。(各见语法1、2)whether“无论”引导让步状语从句/“是否”引导宾语从句（相当于if）都译为“是否”时，whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。而if则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。(见语法28.)31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。位置：Because…,…或…,because….since,表显然的或已知的理由Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置：…，for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。AsIamill,Iwon’tgo.32.表推测：must,may,might,could,can,can’tmust“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.门铃响了，一定是汤姆(来了)。may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly/carefully/young…such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews/beautifulmusic…;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone/aninterestinglesson…;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies/cleverchildren…;若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…也常有“so/such…that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。34.so的另两个用法：so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“…也”上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillleavetonight,andsowillPeter.Ifyougothere,sowillI.(最后一句参见语法2)又如：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.又如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.（注意以上黑体字的照应）35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.—9—Timisn’tgoingtodohiswork,neitherisJohn.又如：A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.（注意以上黑体字的照应）36.keep,make,get,have用法：keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.(区别：keep+doingsth“坚持做某事，一直做某事”)make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事(接动原）I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.make若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带to不定式(另见语法6的类似说法)：Imadehimwaitforlong.→Hewasmadetowaitforlong.get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。（him和do逻辑上形成主谓关系，do用原形。）Wehadthemachineworking.我们让机器一直工作着。（让某物一直在进行着某事。）Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动。）也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.getherearspierced.37.used短语：usedto+动原，“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.beusedto译为“被用于…”，后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.（主语是物）beusedto译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.（主语常是人）如：He’susedtoworkinglate.Weareusedtothecountrylife.Areyouusedtoit?beusedfor“被用于…”，后接名词或动词ing（主语也是物）如：Englishisusedforbusiness.Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.38.through/past/across区别:都可作介词，“穿过”，前常有位移动词(以下黑体部分)。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.（从窗户内部经过）Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.（从我旁边经过）Heswamacrosstheriver.（从河的表面经过）【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面】位移动词+past有时相当于动词pass;位移动词+across有时相当于动词cross.\n39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的”都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.（用单数谓语.另注意trees前有限定词）Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.（用复数谓语.另注意trees前无限定词）—10—40.延续性动词：howlong，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词(以下划线部分)：WehavebeeninZhengzhoufortenyears.HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词，如下面的see与leave：Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.Theywon’tleaveuntilitstopsraining.另外，请观察以下短暂性动词转换成延续性动词的常见表达：lose→belost.start/begintodo→dogooff→beoffstart,begin→beonturnon→beonmoveto→liveinend→beoverget,buy→have,ownborrow→keepdie→bedeadgoout→beoutfallasleep→beasleepget/become+adj→be+adj.open(动词，“打开”)→beopen(形容词，表状态)arrivein,getto,reach→bein,stayinleave,goaway(from)→beaway(from)如以下例子的划线部分(并注意黑体部分的变化)：Thedogdiedfivehoursago.→Thedoghasbeendeadforfivehours.Ilostmydictionarytwoweeksago.→Mydictionaryhasbeenlostsincetwoweeksago.HebegantoteachEnglishlastyear.→.HehastaughtEnglishforoneyear.LucyarrivedinBeijingthedaybeforeyesterday.→LucyhasbeeninBeijingfortwodays.Iboughtthisbikesixmonthsago.→Ihaveownedthisbooksincesixmonthsago.Myfriendborrowedthebooklastmonth.→Myfriendhaskeptthebookforamonth.HeleftBeijingin1990.→HehasbeenawayfromBeijingsince1990.(注意以上的“for+时间段”与“since+时间段+ago”或“since+时间点”可互换)41.all/each/both/none/either/neither不定代词或形容词的用法：Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.（all若接可数复数，谓语也用复数。）Allofthewaterispolluted.（若接不可数，谓语用单数。）Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，其后谓语都用单数。Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88.-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?—11—-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。【all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither分别指两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”】42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。Thestreetistwokilometerslong.Thatboycanjumpfourmetersaway.（此处不用far,见49）Thefishisfivekilosheavy.Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It’satwo-monthholiday.Sheisathree-childmother.(最后两句计量中省略了形容词)43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法：MustI…?“我必须…吗？”A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.NeedI…?“我有必要…吗？”或“我需要…吗？”A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.MayI…?“我可以…吗？”表示请求。A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，这些词不加s及of.如：ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。这些词前若无具体数字，后加s和of.如：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople;hundredsofcars;billionsofstars但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds45.反意疑问句(此处用QT表示反意疑问句后一部分内容)的部分用法:something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?当主句中think的主语是第一人称时，QT要结合think后的从句而定：\nIthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?祈使句的QT一般用willyou?（包括letus…..）,而Let’s…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?Don’ttalkinclass,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?Let’ssingasong,shallwe?Therebe句型，QT主语用there.—12—Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter.Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.dress,“给…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。也可直接加表示颜色的词。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt.Thestudentsarealldressedinyellow.getdressed“穿好衣服”，常不接宾语:Hewentoutassoonashegotdressed.dressup(as)...“装扮（成）......”Hedressedupasaclown.他装扮成小丑。in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。也可以直接加表示颜色的词。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?（你认识那个穿着红外套的姑娘吗？）Iwanttotalktotheboyinblack.(我想找那个穿着黑衣服的男孩谈谈。)47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）another也可+数字+可数复数：Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours.（再持续两小时）Weneedanothersixdesks.(此处两句分别相当于：twomorehours;sixmoredesks.)如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：第一种，所说内容只有两个：—13—Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个，用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如：Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.“这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。”第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下theother后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在theother后加s.Twochildrenwentthere,buttheotherchildren/theothersstayed.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudents/theothersaregirls.如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.Doyouhaveanyotherquestions?Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy常用单数)=Heistallerthanall(of)theotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数)他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-It’s5,000kilometerslong.(对长度提问)Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.(对时间段提问)howoften是对频率提问，如：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday/year/month/week等。HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek./Sometimes.【若只有次数，则用howmanytimes提问：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问：HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.howfar是对以下三种表达法的提问：\n—Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?有以下三种回答：▲—It’sfiveminutes’walk/anhour’sride/thirteenminutes’drive.▲—It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.(注意回答时不再用far,而用away,或faraway)▲—It’s15minutesbybus/onfoot/bytrain/bybike.50.分数表达：二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如：halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter—14—四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：Athirdoftheboyshavepassedthetest.Athirdoftheworkhasbeenover.Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(of后是可数名词复数时，谓语用复数；of后是不可数名词时，谓语用单数。)51.到达：getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China接地点副词时，不带to.getthere/home/here.arrivein+大地点(如Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arriveat+小地点(如school/hospital)arrive只作不及物动词，所以也可单独用：Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reachBeijing/England但常不说reachhome/there/here.52.感叹句：What+名词短语+主语+谓语！此情况下主、谓常可省略。Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork(itis)!Whatgoodnews(itis)!Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatclevergirls(youare)!How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!53.because/instead/out等与加of的区别：because后接句子，becauseof接名词或代词。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.instead是副词，单独在句尾。insteadof后要接名词或代词。Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.out副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向…外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:muchtoo“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”，加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”，加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。（以上每个短语可依第二个词来决定其后要接什么词。）55.alone/lonely:alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jackisalone.杰克是单身。—15—Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。可当副词，修饰动词：Shelivesalone.她独居。Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。（注意：不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.）lonely,“孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。可在系动词后作表语：Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）也可在名词前作定语：alonelyperson一位孤独的人alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄（而alone不可作定语）56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(直接加人)Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/myson’s/hers.(某物是某人的，所以用名词性物主代词。)57.by常见用法：“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.“在……旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.58.部分用in的短语：inagoodway（用一个好方法）,intheopenair（在露天场所）\ninahurry（匆忙）,inpen/ink（用钢笔/墨水）(见105),instyle（时新的）intheday（在白天）(见92),indifferentsizes(以不同的大小),inred（穿着红衣服）indifferentshapes（以不同的形状）inadifficultsituation（在困难情况下）ingoodhealth（身体健康）inaredcoat（穿着红外套）(见46),inEnglish（用英语）intheway(挡道)inalowvoice(用低的声音)inorderto(为了，后接动词原形)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：不规则形式或易错形式：much/many→more→mostbad/badly/ill→worse→worstfar→farther/further→farthest/furthestlittle→less→leastfew→fewer→fewestold→older/elder→oldest/eldest常见比较级/最高级句型：Herunsfasterthanme.(有than,用比较级)Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(用比较级。另见48的other用法，)—16—Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某个范围内，用最高级)Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(两者，用比较级。)（注意：此句型中比较级前加the。而一般情况下比较级前不加the.最高级前才加the.)Heisthetallestofthethree(boys)/ofall.Hejumped(the)farthestofthefour.(以上两句都指三者或更多，用最高级。前句因the在形容词最高级前，不可省略；而后句因the在副词前，可以省略。)Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(两者选择，用比较级。)Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者或更多中选择，用最高级。)It’sthesecondlongestriverinChina.（序数词后的形容词或副词用最高级形式。）“越来越…”结构：“比较级+and+比较级”Hecriedharderandharder.他哭得越来越厉害了。Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.类似：biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse…多音节词或部分双音节词：moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/interesting…“越…,越…”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，作为倒装成份。ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.英语越困难，你就要越努力。Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.我们越年轻，我们就越有活力。Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.你吃得越多，你就变得越胖。“越来越多的…”moreandmore+名词(既有可数名词，也有不可数名词。)Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water….（与所接形/副不同）“…得多”much+形容词/副词比较级Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.类似：muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better…注意多音节词或部分双音节词：muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/mysterious…“另外的…(个)…”结构：数量+more+名词，如twomorestudents“另两个学生”以下类似：onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.上述结构有时也可用another+数字+名词替代：fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(记住词的位置)（另见48，another）60.talk,tell,say,speak:talk只作不及物动词。Don’ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?—17—Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talkwith/tosb;talkaboutsth)tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构（tellsbsth.）Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。（所接内容见以下划线部分）PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.Pleaseshowmewhattosay..“Idisagreewithyou.”saidTom.Whatwillyousay?Doyouhaveanythingtosay?say若接sb,则需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.“Ioversleptthismorning.”hesaidtome.speak●“说话”不及物动词。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.●接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?●可表说话的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.这个婴儿现在能说话。Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan’tspeak.他的喉咙有病，说不成话。●也可译为“演讲，发言”Whowillspeakinthemeeting?●也可译为“说”，作及物动词，后接语言。DoyouspeakEnglish/Chinese?61.sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:sometimes:“有时”=attimes.Heissometimeslateforschool.（sometimes在be后）Isometimesforgotmyhomework.（sometimes在实义动词前）Sometimeshebecomesveryangry.（sometimes也可放在句首或句尾）\nsometimes:“几次”IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.sometime:“某一时刻”Iboughtitsometimelastspring.我去年春天某个时候买的它。We’llmeetagainsometimenextweek.我们下星期某个时候会再见面的。sometime:“一段时间”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.62.need的用法：need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：NeedIgonow?(need放在一般疑问句的开头)Ineedn’ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】need可当行为动词（和want等用法类似）：Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名词)Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后可接带to不定式)Doyouneedtohavearest?（一般疑问句中do,does,did在句首）Wedon’tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)—18—【注：need后接表被动的内容时，可表达为：TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.】63.dowith与dealwith:都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提问。Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提问。下面两句由此而来：Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?64.就近原则：常见的有：EitheryouorLucyiswrong.Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.(therebe句型)Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.65.主谓一致：One/Neitherofyouisright.（单数谓语）Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主语是Tom,单数谓语)Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.（主语是pair,谓语用单数）Theshoeslookbeautiful.（此句主语无pair,谓语用复数）Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.（此结构中用单数谓语）Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.(the加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)Mr.andMrs.GreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家,一个人，单数谓语。BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.（both…..and…做主语，谓语用复数）thenumberof与anumberof参见39.（分数表达见50,其它见74之）66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，不定冠词常放在后面。It’squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.It’ssuchanimportantlesson.(另见33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.67.部分用what提问的句型：Whatsizedoyouwant?你想要多大尺寸的？Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?你将怎样处理这个问题？What’sthepopulationofChina?中国的人口是多少？Whatdayisittoday?今天星期几？What’sthedatetoday?今天几月几号？What’sthepriceofthisone?这个价钱是多少？What’syouraddress?你的地址是什么？—19—What’syourphonenumber?你的电话号码是多少？68.therebe部分用法：●therebe后跟的是名词。如：Therewillberaintomorrow.此处名词rain不能用rainy,raining等形式。●常有以下结构:theremay/will/must/isgoingto/usedto/…be.…●therebe中不可再出现have/has/had(译为“有”)的词。●therebe后接的是表示泛指的名词，即不加the.Thereisadogunderthedesk.Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Therearesomebooksontheshelf.●Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.(划线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing)Thereisnoneedtoopenthebox.Thereare20treestobeplanted.Thereisnothingtodo.（划线部分逻辑上不是主谓关系，动词常用带to不定式。）●反意疑问句用法见45。69.常见表否定的词或短语:no,not,hardly,few,little,neither,nor,nothing,nobody,none,nowhere,never等.(但前缀如dis--,un--,in--,im--,mis--或后缀如—less等词并不表否定。)有些词或短语有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without,too…to…withoutanything,tootiredtogoanyfurther70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语:whynot/hadbetter/please/wouldyouplease/let/make\n/情态动词，等等。（have“使、让”，可接动词原形，其它用法，另见36）【注意否定形式：hadbetter/wouldyouplease/let直接加not+动原；而please加don’t+动原】71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish/enjoy/practice/giveup/endup/putoff/consider/keep/feellike/prefer…to…/can’thelp（禁不住）/bebusy/beworth（值得）/taketurns（轮流）/miss(错过)/spend/havefun/介词等。72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want/hope/wish/allow/encourage(鼓励)/ask/tell/pretend(假装)/decide/plan/invite/urge/advise/warn/seem/inorder(为了)等等。疑问词后也可跟带to不定式,如howtodoit。it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。【否定形式：以上大多词+not+todosth】73.被动语态(be+动词过去分词)用法：主动语态为下列情况时被动语态的变化：一般情况：Isawtheaccident.→Theaccidentwasseenbyme.Weoftendohomeworkatnight.→Homeworkisoftendoneatnight.双宾情况:Hetoldusastory.→Weweretoldastory.(无to)→Astorywastoldtous.(有to)Shepassedmeapen.→Iwaspassedapen.（无to）→Apenwaspassedtome.(有to)情态动词:Wecanmakeaplan.→Aplancanbemade.—20—进行时态:Tomiswritingaletter.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyTom.(bebeingdone)完成时态：Ihavefinishedthework.→Theworkhasbeenfinished.(havebeendone)被动语态其它用法分别见6和36.被动语态常跟的介词：（以下面短语为例）bemadein+地点ThesewatchesaremadeinShanghai.bemadeof+眼睛可以看出的原材料Thisdeskismadeofwood.（仍能看出木头）bemadefrom+眼睛看不出的原材料Thepaperismadefromwood.（看不出木头）beusedfor+目的Englishisoftenusedforbusiness.（用于商业目的）Thismachineisusedforcuttingthings.（用于切割东西）beusedas…被用来当作……EnglishisusedasaforeignlanguageinChina.bemadeby+人ThemodelshipwasmadebyLily.befilledwith/becoveredwith是固定短语，分别译为“被充满了…”和“被覆盖着…”Theroomisfilledwithsmoke.Thisbagisfilledwithrice.Thegroundiscoveredwithsnow.Thehilliscoveredwithtrees.74.名词或所属格作定语：强调性别时amandoctor/twomendoctors；awomanteacher/sixwomenteachersamancleaner/somemencleaners被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。agirlactor/fourgirlactorsaboyplayer/twoboyplayersabusstation/somebusstations复数只变被修饰的词,定语不再变复数。aboys’team/agentlemen’sholiday/Teachers’Day/Children’sDay/Nurses’Day……“复数+’s”作定语，译为“…的…”Father’sDay/Mother’sDay此处“单数+’s”作定语。and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’sandAnn’sfathersareworkers.分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加’s，做主语时谓语用复数。而下一句：LucyandAnn’sfatherisveryinteresting.两人共有的爸爸，两人后只加一个’s.做主语时谓语用单数。75.win与beat区别：都有“赢”的意思。win后加物：I’msureJimwillwinthematch.Wewonthefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.我们赢了第一名。而beat后加的是人，也可译为“打败”：I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.Ihopewecanbeattheboys’team.(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/this/one当代词时的部分用法：it指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。Thisbookisveryuseful.Iwilltakegoodcareofit.it也可指上文所说的事：Mysonhaslosthimselfinthecomputergames.I’mworriedaboutit.—21—that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。ThefoodinChinaisquitedifferentfromthatinAmerica.TheweatherofHainanisbetterthanthatofGansu.that也可指上文所说的事：A:Ihadanaccidentandbrokemylegs.B:I’msorrytohearthat.this更多指下文所说的事：Thereasonisthis:………..one指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，指同一类物但不是同一个。Thissweateristooexpensive,doyouhaveanotherone?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/bytheendof,intheend的区别：attheendof+时间点或地点，“在…的尽头，在…的末尾”TheywillhaveasportsmeetingattheendofMarch.(时间)Heputsomebooksattheendofthebed.(地点)bytheendof+时间点，“截止到…末”若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：Wehadbuilttenbuildingsbytheendof2002\n.Theyhadplantedsixthousandtreesbytheendoflastmonth.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：Weshallfinishtheworkbytheendofnextmonth.intheend“最后”，后不加of短语：Theywantedtofindaplacetorestin,intheend,theysawavillage.78.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:havegoneto+地点“已去了…（还未回来）”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?-Theyhavegonetothefarm.(去了农场，不在这儿)havebeento+地点“去过…（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever,never等。ShehasbeentoQingdaothreetimes.Ihavebeentotwobigcities.HaveyoubeentoDalianbefore?Ihavenever/everbeentoDalian.Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪儿了？(此行省略了to)havebeenin+地点，“已在…（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since+时间点/一般过去时的句子。PeterhasbeeninChinaforalongtime.I’vebeenherefor2hours/since2hoursago.(此短语省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)theland/all(of)theclass/all(of)thestudents…【all在定冠词the前】thewholeschool/thewholecountry/thewholeday…【whole在定冠词the后】—22—80.abit/alittle区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词或副词。I’mabit/alittlehungry.Shefeelsabit/alittletired.也都可作代词（或形容词），后接不可数名词，但有所不同：Ihaveonlyalittledrink.Sheatealittlebreadandwentout.(alittle直接加名词)而下文：Ihaveonlyabitofdrink.Sheateabitofbread.（abit先加of，再跟名词）81.“擅长”与“不擅长”：“对…有利”与“对…有害”：“擅长”：begoodat/dowellinHeisgoodatmath.=Hedoeswellinmath.“不擅长”：bebadin/bepoorin/beweakin/dobadlyin“对…有利”：begoodfor“对…有害”：bebadfor82.表数量的词与短语的部分用法：none/all/some/most/more/plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。many/(a)few/anumberof/several只接可数名词复数。much/(a)little/abitof只接不可数名词。83.易用错的副词：really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。Ireallylovereading.Ireallymissyou.(修饰动词)Tomspeaksreallyquickly.汤姆说得非常快。（修饰副词）It’sreallykindofyou.你真好。(修饰形容词)verymuch常修饰动词want,miss,hate,love,like,dislike,enjoy,takeafter(长得像…),move(使…感动),excite(使…激动)等等。常在句尾。Jackwantstogothereverymuch.杰克很想去那儿。Ihaterecitingthewordsverymuch.我很讨厌背单词。Heenjoyedthefilmverymuch.他很喜欢这部电影。Hetakesafterhismotherverymuch.他长得很像他妈妈。(verymuch不可修饰形容词和副词：I’mhappyverymuch.是错误的。)very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：Sheisverykind.Iamveryhappy.Peterspeaksveryslowly.(very不可修饰动词：IverylikeEnglish.Heverymissesyou.等类似结构都是错误的。)84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）；since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）；Howlong（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词）in/allone’slife（在某人一生）；in/duringthepast/last+时间段(在最近的…时间内)；sofar（“到目前为止”）；ever；never；just；before(参见18之)；recently；.—23—yet（用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)其中ever,just,never,already在句中时常放在动词过去分词前面。如：Hehasjustgone.85.形容词与副词区别：形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）：Sheisakindgirl.Whatbadweather!Iboughtanewbike.形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：Thegirliskind.Hisfaceturnedred.Ittastessweet.也可放在不定代词或不定副词后面作定语：somewherewarm;anythingnew(另见10)副词(以下划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子，如以下黑体字。Heranquickly.Pleasespeakintheclassaloud.Timlivesalone.修饰动词Sheisveryangry.Hefelttootired.I’msolucky.修饰形容词Hegotupquiteearly.Shediditverywell.修饰副词\nUnluckily,IfailedtheEnglishexam.修饰整个句子86.everyday与everyday:everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。HeispracticingeverydayEnglish.everyday是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。WespeakEnglisheveryday.87.everyone与everyone:everyone“每个人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短语。EveryoneishereexceptTom.everyone“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后常接of短语。Everyoneofushasadictionary.Everyoneofthetreesistall.88.none与noone:noone“没有一人”只指人,后不接of短语。NoonehasbeentoBeihaiPark.Noonetoldusaboutit.(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)none“没有人；没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。Noneofthechildrenhas/havebeentoBeihaiPark.（此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用noone）A:Howmanyelephantsdidyouseethere?B:None.（对话中none单独用，不指人，故不用noone.另见114）89.乘交通工具之表达:bybike/car/sea(ship)/air(plane)(前无冠词，且不用复数)onahorseback/hisbike/theplane/aship(有冠词或限定词)—24—inhis/acar(car前用in)onfoot动词短语:rideabike/ahorse;driveacar;walk;takeaplane/taxi/bus;fly等。90.kindof与kindsof:kindof单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词：Heiskindofthin.”他有点瘦”Ifeelkindofhungry.”我有点饿”UncleWangspeakskindofquickly.王叔叔说得有点快。若kindof前有a,this,that,what等，译为“种，种类”后加名词。Thatkindofquestionisdifficulttoanswer.那类问题难回答。Whatkindofsportdoyoulikebest?你最喜欢何种运动？熟记一些短语：allkindsof...“各种各样的...”manykindsof“很多种类的”differentkindsof“不同种类的”后都加名词。91.rain/snow/wind的常见修饰词：astrongwind“一阵强风”aheavyrain“一场大雨”heavysnow“大雪”（以上修饰词与后面名词组成了名词短语）blowhard“猛烈地吹”snowheavily“下大雪”rainhard/heavily“下大雨”（以上修饰词与前面动词组成了动词短语）92.day的部分用法：ineightdays“8天后”（in+时间段“….时间后”.）intheday/daytime“在白天”（前加“in”）onTeachers’Day/MayDayonMonday（表节日或星期几，前用”on”.另见110）(in)those/thesedays“在过去/现在”=intheolddays（用”in”）today,next/last/this/that/every/allday等前面常不加介词。93.个别名词的部分用法：family“家庭；家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式；指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.Myfamilyislarge.（以上指整体，谓语用单数）Myfamilyareverywell.我全家人很健康。（指成员，谓语用复数）类似的还有：staff(职员)，class,team,public(公众)，government等.有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people,police,cattle等：Thepolicearesearchingforamanwithabignose.Thecattlehavebeenkilled.deer,fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同：adeer(一只鹿)/twodeer(两只鹿)afish(一条鱼)/twofish(两条鱼)asheep(一只羊)/somesheep(一些羊)另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es:twofishes(两种鱼)有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：—25—man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛)有些名词通常只有复数形式(左右对称的)：scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜)有些名词只是不可数名词：It’ssuchgreatfun.Whatfun!Whatgoodnews!Iwon’tdoanythinginsuchbadweather.Canyoutellmesomeinformation?Ilikemusicwhichispopular.类似：apieceofchalkmuchknowledge94.leave的用法：leave可指“离开”leaveZhengzhou离开郑州leaveZhengzhouforWuhan离开郑州到武汉\nleaveforWuhan动身到武汉(for后接目的地，而不是出发地)leave留下；忘记Ileftmybackpackathome.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。如：Sorry,Iforgotthemoney.95.ill与sick的区别：都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语：Hermotherwasillinbed.Shefeelsilltoday.但sick既可作表语：Hermotherwassick/illinbed.（作表语常是美国英语用法）也可作定语（即后接名词）：Janeistakingcareofhersickmother.(此处是定语，不可用ill.原因见下文ill用法)若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”anillperson一个坏人sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的”。Theboyalwaysfeelssickwhenhetravelsbycar.96.return用法：“返回”，相当于“goback/getback/comeback..如：AnnwillvisityouwhenhereturnstoLondon.（当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.）“归还”，相当于“giveback”如：Ihavereturnedthedictionary.（当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，不加to.同样不可再跟back.）YoushouldreturnthepianotoDickontime.（后接有人时，方可加to）97.favourite与own的类似结构:形容词性物主代词+favorite+名词“某人最喜欢的...”。同样，形容词性物主代词+own+名词“某人自己的...”如：Myfavoriteanimalisdog.Hefoundhisownbike.—26—98.stop/start(begin)/forget(remember)/like/goon等动词：stopdoingsth.停止正在做的某事。Hewastired,sohestoppedworking.stoptodosth.停下来做某事（stop后是将要做的事）。Hewastired,sohestoppedtohavearest.有时两种形式会同时出现：Hewastired,sohestoppedworkingtohavearest.start/begindoing/todo含义基本相同，但以下情况下start/begin后只接todo:★若start/begin已用进行时态时：Heisjustbeginning/startingtowritetheletter.★主语是物而不是人时：Theicebegan/startedtomelt.冰开始融化。★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：Hebegan/startedtounderstandit.forget/remembertodosth.忘记/想起将要做的事。forget/rememberdoingsth.忘记/想起已经做过的事。◆likedoingsth.(因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)Jacklikessleepingintheclass.(在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。表习惯。)Jimdoesn’tlikehelpingothers.（无助人的习惯或爱好）◆liketodosth(因明智或正确而喜欢)Shelikestohelpothers.（助人正确，所以喜欢。）Idon’tliketoplayinthestreet.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)大多情况下区别不明显，接两形式都可。Helikeswatching/towatchTV.goondoingsth.继续做某事（上文所做的事）goontodosth接下来做另一件事.99.人称代词形式：主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词作主语作宾语后要再接名词后不再接名词主宾一致Imemy(pen/house...)minemyselfyou(你)youyour(bag/car...)yoursyourselfhehimhis(desk/coat...)hishimselfsheherher(hair/books...)hersherselfititits(tail/face...)itsitselfweusour(teachers/room...)oursourselvesyou(你们)youyour(class/city...)yoursyourselvestheythemtheir(school/seats...)theirsthemselves（如果动词的施动者，即主语，和动词或介词后相应的宾格代词是相同的人或物时，其宾格代词要用反身代词：IteachmyselfEnglish.Wesolvedtheproblemsourselves.—27—Lucyhurtherselfbyaccident.Youhavetotakecareofyourself.）100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→firsttwo→secondthree→thirdfive→fiftheight→eighthnine→ninthtwelve→twelfthtwenty→twentieth(thirty,forty,fifty…..都变y为i加eth.)另外，“四十”forty;无字母u.“第九”ninth无字母e.101.room/space/place:room“房间”（可数）aroom/tworooms“空间”（不可数）：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。Couldyoumakeroomforme?你能为我让一下空间吗？\nIsthereroomformeinthecar?车里有我的位子吗？space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”（time）为相对概念。inthedarkspace在黑暗的宇宙空间（太空）timeandspace时间和空间Isthereanyspaceformeinthecar?车里有给我留的空间吗？(此处和room的含义相当)place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。Iwanttoliveinaplacewhichiswarminwinter.我想住在冬季温暖的一个地方。MountChayaisawonderfulplace.嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：China“中国”Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/中文（的）/中国的”aChinese/twoChinese“一个/两个中国人”Japan,Japanese和此类似。England“英国（原义：英格兰）”(=Britain)English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/英语（的）/英国的”HeisEnglish.(前无冠词)=HeisanEnglishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”注意复数：TheyareEnglish.=TheyareEnglishmen.(变为men)France“法国”French(无复数形式)“法国人(的)/法语(的)/法国的”TheladyisFrench.(前无冠词)=TheladyisaFrenchwoman.(前有冠词)注意复数：TheladiesareFrench.=TheladiesareFrenchwomen.Germany“德国”German“德国人(的)/德语(的)/德国的”TheboyisaGerman.(前有冠词)TheboysareGermans.(复数加s.）America“美国”American“美国人（的）/美国的”HeisAmerican.(前常无冠词）TheyareAmericans.(复数加s)103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”;noisy(形容词);noisily(副词)—28—◆health(名词)“健康”;healthy(形容词);healthily(副词)◆luck(名词)“运气”;lucky(形容词)“幸运的”;luckily(副词)◆succeed(动词)“成功”;success(名词);successful(形容词);successfully(副词)◆save(动)“救”;safe(形)“安全的”;safety(名)“安全，安全场所”safely(副)“安全地”◆true（形）“真的，对的”;truly(副)“真正地”;truth(名)“真理,事实”◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”;terribly(副词)“可怕地”104.job与work:job,可数：Ihaveajobasateacher.Jobsarenoteasytoget.work,不可数：Icannotfindworkinthistown.Haveyoufinishedyourwork?105.with和in表示“用”：with用工具：writewithapen/apencil/apieceofchalkin用写字材料：writeinink/pen(材料前无冠词)106.时刻之表达：分钟未过半点如7:20→seventwenty→twentypastseven;2:02→twoohtwo→twopasttwo以上情况不可用带to的表达，但可用past。分钟已过半点如5:45→fiveforty-five→aquartertosix→fifteentosix1:58→onefifty-eight→twototwo以上情况不可用past,但可用to.刚好半点，如9:30→ninethirty→halfpastnine刚好整点，如11:00→eleveno’clock15:00→fifteeno’clock107.be+形+ofsb与forsb的区别：It’skindofyoutohelpme.你帮助我真好。解释：kind,nice,good,clever,foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说Youarekindtohelpme.形容词在描述人而不是事，此情况下介词用的是of.又如：It’sverycleverofyoutodoitinsuchaway.你用那种方法做它可真太聪明了。（指人聪明）It’seasyforyoutodothework.对你来说做这事是容易的。解释：easy，difficult,necessary,important,dangerous,interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说Youareeasy.而是”Todotheworkiseasy”。不是说人，而是说事。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’sdangerousforustoclimbthemountain.不是说“我们”是危险的，而是说“爬山”这件事是危险的。故用for.108.take,bring,fetch与carry:都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处。Couldyoutaketherubbishoutwhenyouleave?◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。Don’tforgettobringyourhomeworkheretomorrow.◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。如：Whenyougobacktotheclassroom,pleasefetchmemypen.—29—◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向。Timiscarryingabox.109.条件与祈使:有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换。注意以下句子结构有何不同。Ifyouworkhard,youwillachieveyourdream.含条件句，相当于：Workhard,andyouwillachieveyourdream.含祈使句，根据句意，用and连接后一句子。Ifyoudon’tlistencarefully,youwon’tunderstandit.相当于：Listentomecarefully,oryouwon’tunderstandit.根据句意，用or(否则）连接后一句子。\n110.in/on/at+时间：inthreedays(“…时间后”，常用一般将来时。另见92)inSeptember（in跟“月”）in1998（in跟“年”）inthe1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)inthemorning/afternoon/evening/night（morning/afternoon/evening/night若无前置或后置修饰词时，用inthe…短语。）（in其它用法见58）onChristmasEve;onOctober1st;（on跟“日”）onSundayevenings;onacoldmorning;onawindynight.onthemorning/afternoon/evening/nightofSeptember10th.(morning/afternoon/evening/night若有前置或后置修饰词时，如以上划线词，前面用的是on.而若是early/late修饰时，仍用介词in.如：inanearlymorning)onFridays;onNewYear’sDay;(另见92)at6:00;atChristmas;atnoon;atnight111.oneday与someday/someday的区别：oneday“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。Oneday,astrangercametomyhouse.（指过去的一天，用过去时。）Iwillachievemydreamoneday.某天我会实现梦想的。（指将来，用将来时）someday=someday“（将来的）某一天”用一般将来时。可以和oneday互换。We’llbeatthemsomeday.有朝一日我们会打败他们的。I’msureIcanwinsomeday.我确信某天我会嬴。112.missing与lost:都可译为“丢失的，失踪的”但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。Mypenislost/missing.(表语)I’vefoundthemissing/lostbook.（定语）113.常见部分名词及其修饰词：price(价格)常用high与low修饰。sellsthatahigh/lowprice以高/低价出售.Thepriceoftheshoesishigh/low.number(数量)常用big/large和small修饰：Thenumberofthestudentsisbig.quality(质量，品质)常用low/poor和high/good修饰。—30—population(人口)常用big/large和small修饰：Chinahasalargepopulation.(以上词都不用many,much修饰。)114.个别疑问句的常见否定回答：Whatisonthedesk?→Nothing.(不用none)Whoisintheclassroom?→Nobody.(不用none)Howmuchwaterisinthebottle?→None.(不用nothing)Howmanypeopleareintheroom?→None.(不用nobody)(howmany/much都是对数量提问，所以用相应表数量的词none回答，而what/who不表数量，故不用none回答)115.fun的用法：fun虽然有时有形容词的含义，但大多情况下仍然是不可数名词。所以大多仍具备名词的用法。识记以下句型或短语，也基本掌握了其用法。Whatfun!多么有趣啊！（what跟名词）It’ssuchgreatfun.这可真有趣。（such加名词）Skatingisgreatfun.滑冰太有意思了。（begood/greatfun）havefun(in)doingsth做某事很快乐makefunof取笑Itsoundslikefun.这听起来有趣。（like，“像”，加名词）116.except/exceptfor/besides:都译为“除了…之外”except后面的人或物不包括在前面对象当中。Weallfailedexcepthim.“我们都失败了，除了他。”此话意味着他没有失败。“我们”不包括“他”。exceptfor说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正。Thebookisgoodexceptforitsprice.书很好，就是太贵。Heisanablemanexceptforbadmemory.他是个有才能的人，就是记忆力差了点。（这一短语有时也可等同于except以及besides.但暂不要求掌握。）besides和except正好相反，后面的人或物包含在前面对象当中。Weallsucceededbesideshim.除了他成功外，我们也都成功了。“我们”当中包括“他”。117.常见带to为介词而不是不定式的短语：prefer…to…(见27)；lookforwardto…(期待；渴望)；payattentionto…(注意)；beusedto…(习惯于，见37)；(以上短语可接名词或代词，若接动词，需用ing形式)thekeyto…(…的钥匙,…的答案,后者等于theanswerto)；theticketto…(…的票)；thesolutionto…(…的解决办法)replyto(….的答复)；leadto…(引起…)118.because与why的部分用法：若分别引导从句，即在It’s/That’s等之后，则because后表原因，why后表结果。如：Icamelatetoday.It’sbecausethebusbrokedownontheway.和下文比较：Thebusbrokedownontheway.That’swhyIcamelate.—31—又如：Hebrokemywindow,that’swhyIwasangry.和下文比较：Iwasangrywithhim,that’sbecausehebrokemywindow.119.no与not的区别：◇no表“无，没有”接名词，等于notone,nota,notany:\nThereisnowaterintheriver.（=notanywater）Ihavenobooktoread.(=Idon’thaveabooktoread.)◇no表“不许”，不可用not.如：Noparking.禁止停车Nophotos.不许拍照◇no表“不”，后接形容词或副词，相当于not(any).Hefeelsnoworse.他不再感觉难受了。=Hedoesn’tfeelanyworse.类似，nomore=notanymore.◇在对问题的否定回答时，要用no，与yes对应。不用not.见122.120.That’sallright/Allright/That’sright.的区别：That’sallright.=That’sOK.“没什么，别客气”，是对对方道谢或道歉时的回答。Allright.=OK.“行，好，可以”，表示同意。That’sright.=Youareright.“你说的对；对”，表示认同对方的观点。121.on表方式的用法（常译为“靠，借助”）：Ihearmusicontheradio.HelearnsEnglishonTV.HefoundouttheinformationontheInternet.Tomlearnedthenewsonthenewspaper.JohnsawEffelToweronthefilm.Hetoldmethenewsonthephone.(注意：TV前无the.)122.用yes与no回答时要注意的问题：说话人用yes或no回答对方时，并不表示对对方的观点的赞同或反对，而是在表达自己的看法。如下文几种情况：Heisn’tTom./HeisTom.IsheTom?/Isn’theTom?HeisTom,isn’the?/Heisn’tTom,ishe?对以上各句的回答，若是：Yes,heis.则都指“他是Tom.”而若用No,heisn’t.回答，则都指“他不是Tom.”同样，以下所有句子：Lucylikesmusic,doesn’tshe?/Lucydoesn’tlikemusic,doesshe?Lucylikesmusic./Lucydoesn’tlikemusic.DoesLucylikemusic?/Doesn’tLucylikemusic?回答人若用yes，都表示Lucy喜欢音乐；若用no,都表示Lucy不喜欢音乐。—32—\nring（鸣响）run（跑）say（说）see（看、看到）seek(寻找)sell（卖）send(送，派遣)set(安置)shake(摇动)shall（将要）shine(照耀)shoot(射击)show（显示）shut(关)sing（唱）sit（坐）sleep（睡）slide(滑)smell(闻，嗅)speak（说、演讲）speed(加速)spell（拼写）spend（度过、花费）spread(延伸、展开)stand(站，忍受)steal(偷)stick(刺、插）sweep（扫）swim（游泳）take（拿、花费）teach（教）tell（告诉、讲）think（思考、想）throw(扔)understand(理解)wake(醒，叫醒)wear（穿、穿着）will（将要）win(获胜，赢)write（写）rangransaidsawsoughtsoldsentsetshookshouldshone/shinedshotshowedshutsangsatsleptslidsmelt,smelledspokespeeded/spedspelt,spelledspentspreadstoodstolestucksweptswamtooktaughttoldthoughtthrewunderstoodwoke,wakedworewouldwonwroterungrunsaidseensoughtsoldsentsetshakenshouldshone/shinedshotshown,showedshutsungsatsleptslidsmelt,smelledspokenspeeded/spedspelt,spelledspentspreadstoodstolenstucksweptswumtooktaughttoldthoughtthrownunderstoodwoken,wakedworn---------wonwrittenfellfedfeltfoughtfoundflewforgotgotgavewentgrewhunghadheardhidhitheldhurtkeptknewledlearnt/learnedleftlentletlaylostmademightmeantmetmistookmustpaidputreadrodefallenfedfeltfoughtfoundflownforgot/forgottengotgivengonegrownhunghadheardhiddenhitheldhurtkeptknownledlearnt/learnedleftlentletlainlostmade------meantmetmistaken---------paidputreadriddenfall(跌，落)feed(喂)feel(感觉，摸)fight(战斗,打架)find（找到、发现）fly（飞）forget（忘记）get（得到）give（给）go(去)grow(种，生长)hang(悬挂)have/hashear(听到)hide(隐藏)hit(打击)hold(握住，举行)hurt(损伤)keep（保持）know（知道）lead(领导)learn（学、学会）leave(离开，留下)lend(借出)let（让）lie(躺)lose(失去，丢)make（做、制造）may（也许、可能）mean(意味，指)meet（遇到、迎接）mistake(误会)must（必须、一定）pay(付)put（放）read（读）ride(骑)不规则动词表awake[(使)醒来]be(am/is/are)beat(打败)become（变得）begin（开始）blow(吹)break(打破)bring(带来)build(建造)burn(燃烧)buy（买）can（能、可能）catch(捉住)choose(选择)come（来）cost(值，花费)cut(切，割)deal(对待)dig(挖)dodraw(绘画)dream(梦想)drink(喝)drive(驾驶)eat（吃）fall(跌，落)feed(喂)feel(感觉，摸)fight(战斗,打架)find（找到、发现）fly（飞）forget（忘记）get（得到）give（给）go(去)awaked/awokewas/werebeatbecamebeganblewbrokebroughtbuiltburned/burntboughtcouldcaughtchosecamecostcutdealtdugdiddrewdreamt/dreameddrankdroveatefellfedfeltfoughtfoundflewforgotgotgavewentawokenbeenbeatenbecomebegunblownbrokenbroughtbuiltburned/burntbought-------caughtchosencomecostcutdealtdugdonedrawndreamt/dreameddrunkdriveneatenfallenfedfeltfoughtfoundflownforgot,forgottengot,gottengivengone原形过去式过去分词—35——34——33—