人教版新课标高中英语（选修）课件-unit reading 25页

Unit2KingLearPartOne:TeachingDesignPeriod1:Asamplelessonplanforreading(KingLear)AimsTohelpstudentsdeveloptheirreadingabilityTohelpstudentslearnaboutWilliamShakespeare’sProcedures■WarmingupbylearningaboutWilliamShakespeare\nWilliamShakespeare(baptisedApril26,1564–April23,1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright.ShakespearehasthereputationasoneofthegreatestofallwritersintheEnglishlanguageandinWesternliterature,aswellasoneoftheworld'spre-eminentdramatists.Indeed,somecriticshaveraisedtheirpraiseofhimtothelevelofbardolatry.Shakespearewrotehisworksbetween1586and1616,althoughtheexactdatesandchronologyoftheplaysattributedtohimareoftenuncertain.Shakespeareisamongtheveryfewplaywrightswhohaveexcelledinbothtragedyandcomedy,andhisplayscombinepopularappealwithcomplexcharacterization,poeticgrandeurandphilosophicaldepth.Shakespeare'sworkshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguage,andhisplaysarecontinuallyperformedallaroundtheworld.Inaddition,quotationsfromhisplayshavepassedintoeverydayusageinmanylanguages.Overtheyears,manypeoplehavespeculatedaboutShakespeare'slife,raisingquestionsabouthissexualityanddebatingwhethersomeoneelsewrotehisplaysandpoetry.■LookingandsayingabouttheeightmodelplaysHi,everyone!Weshallgotothetheatertonight.Butfirstlet’slookatthesephotosandlearnsomethingaboutthemodelplayswhichusedtobesopopularinChina.Theeightmodelplaysincluded:▲TheLegendoftheRedLantern▲Shajiabang▲TakingtheTigerMountainbyStrategy▲TheHarbor▲SweepingtheWhiteTigerRegiment▲TheAzaleaMountain▲SongoftheDragonRiver▲TheWarfareonthePlain▲Panshiwan▲RedDetachmentofWomen\nNowwegotopage11toreadamodelplaybyShakespeare■WarmingupbywatchingKingLear(1983)(TV)Ihavesomethingwonderfultoshowyou.ATVplaycalledKingLear(1983)(TV).Thewholeproductionwasbecloudedwithgrayness,assuitsthethemeofseeing/sight,yettheactingwaselegiac.DianaRiggandDorothyTutinwereasseemingkindlyastheywerebrutal.RobertLindsay'sEdmundwasaspoisonousashewasseeminglylovingandloyal.ButwhatItakeawaymostspeciallywasOlivier,asLear,liftingalockofhisdeadCordelia'shairinhisbowedhandstohisface,takingabreath,alastscent.Icried.Itwasamostelegantsummaryofaparent'sloss.I.Pre-reading—gettingtoknowaboutKingLearKingLearisgenerallyregardedasoneofWilliamShakespeare'sgreatesttragedies.Itisbelievedtohavebeenwrittenin1605andisbasedonthelegendofLeir,akingofpre-RomanBritain.Hisstoryhadalreadybeentoldinchronicles,poemsandsermons,aswellasonthestage,whenShakespeareundertookthetaskofretellingit.AftertheRestoration,theplaywasoftenmodifiedbytheatrepractitionerswhodislikeditsnihilisticflavour,but,sinceWorldWarII,ithascometoberegardedasoneofShakespeare'sgreatestachievements.ThepartofKingLearhasbeenplayedbymanygreatactors,butisgenerallyconsideredaroletobetakenononlybythosewhohavereachedanadvancedage.II.Reading\nOnpage12thereisaplaybyShakespeareentitled"KingLear"Youaregoingtoreaditaloudtotherecording.Nowreadthetextagainto:cut/thesentenceintothoughtgroups,blackenthepredicative,darkentheconnectivesandunderlinealltheusefulexpressions.Whatisaplay?Aplayisaformofliterature,usuallyconsistingchieflyofdialogbetweencharacters,andusuallyintendedforperformanceratherthanreading.However,manyscholarsstudyplaysinthismoreacademicmanner,particularlyclassicalplayssuchasthoseofShakespeare(rareauthors,notablyGeorgeBernardShaw,havehadlittlepreferencewhethertheirplayswereperformedorread).Thetermplayrefersbothtothewrittenworksofdramatistsandtothecompletetheatricalperformancesofsuch.Playsaregenerallyperformedinatheatrebyactors.Tobettercommunicateaunifiedinterpretationofthetextinquestion,productionsareusuallyoverseenbydirectors,whooftenputtheirownuniqueinterpretationontheproduction.(Seetheatreandrelatedtopicsformoredetailedinformationontheprocessofproducingplaysforperformance.)\nKingLearPart1Theking’sthroneroom.EnterKingLear;theking’sdaughters:Goneril,Regan/andCordelia;theDukesofAlbany/andCornwall,Goneril’s/andRegan’shusbands;andtheDukeofKent,aloyalfriendoftheking.LEAR:Mydeardaughters,Iamgrowingold/andtired.Theburdenofgovernmentsitsheavily/onmyshoulders.Ihavedecidedtoretire/andhandovertheheavyloadofresponsibility/toyouthree.See,hereisamapofmykingdom/withalltheboundaries/drawnonit.Ihavedividedthekingdomintothreeparts,and/allocatedonepart/toeachofyou.Now/tellme,mydears,whichofyoulovesme/themost?Forwhicheverofyouhasforme/themostdevotion/Iwillgivetoher/thebestpartofeverything/Iown.Goneril,whatdoyousay?GONERIL:Sir,Idonothavethewords/toexpressthedepthofmydevotion.Iloveyou/morethanalltheriches/intheworld,morethanmyfreedom,moreeventhanmyowneyesight.Infact,Iloveyou/morethanlifeitself.LEAR:(showinghisdaughterthemap)/Mydarlinggirl.You/andyourhusbandAlbanyshallhavethispartofmykingdom/withallitsrivers/andforests/andmountains.And/yourchildrenshallownit/afteryou.Now/Regan,itisyourturn.Whathaveyougottosaytome?REGAN:Inexpressingherloveforyou,mysisterhasalsoexpressedmine.Yet/Iloveyou/evenmorethanwordscansay.Iadoreyou/morethananythingelse/inthewholeworld.Mygreatesthappinessisinlovingyou.\nLEAR:Toyou/andyourhusbandCornwall/andtoyourfuturechildren,Igivethispartofmykingdom/(showingthem/onthemap).Thispartisequalinvalue/towhatIgivetoGoneril.Now/mydarling,myfavourite,myCordelia.Whathaveyoutosay/todelightanoldman/andearnthebestpartofhiskingdom?CORDELIA:Nothing,myfather.LEAR:Nothing?CIRDEKUA:Nothing.LEAR:You’llgetnothing/fornothing.Iprayyou,speak.CORDELIA:I’msorry/but/I’mnotascleverasmysisters.Icannotdescribemyfeelings/withsuchfancywords.Iloveyou/asitisright/andproper/foradaughter/toloveherfather,neitherless/normore.LEAR:Tryharder,Cordelia,oryoumayloseyourshareofthekingdom.CORDELIA:Mydearfather,youbroughtmeintothisworld,youcaredforme/andlovedme.Inreturn/Ilove,honour/andobeyyou.Idonotunderstandwhy/mysistersspokeastheydid.Iftheydoindeedloveyou/thatmuch,then/Idon’tunderstandwhy/theyevergotmarried.Yousee,whenImarry,itwillbemyduty/togivehalfmylove/tomyhusband.LEAR:Youtrulymeanwhatyousay?CORDELIA:Yes,YourMajesty.LEAR:Soyoung/andsohard-hearted.CORDELIA:Soyoung/andsotruthful,myLord.LEAR:Well,then.Lettruthbeyourreward.Youarenolongermydaughter/buta\nstranger/tomyheart.KENT:Butsir…LEAR:Bequiet,Kent.Donotcomebetweenme/andmyanger.Shewasmyfavouritedaughter.Withher/Ihopedtospendmyoldage.But/thatisnevergoingtohappennow.You,servant!Go/andfindthekingofFrance/andtheDukeofBurgundy.We’llseeif/eitherwantstobeabridegroom/whenshehasnoriches/tobringtothemarriage.Goneril,Regan,Ishalldistributemykingdom/betweenthetwoofyou.Ishalltakenothing/formyself/exceptatroopofonehundred/ofmymostloyalsoldiers/tocarefor/andprotectme.And/asIhavenothird-borndaughter,Iwillspendmydays/withyoutwo----amonth/withone/andthen/amonth/withtheother.KENT:Butsir,Ibegyou…LEAR:Donotcontradictme.Itisdone.KENT:Butsir,pleasehearmeout.IspeakonbehalfofCordelia.Ihaveservedyou/formanyyears/andyouknowthat/Ihavealwayshonouredyou/asmyking/andlovedyou/asafather,but/Ibelieve/youarebeinginfluenced/byfalseflattery.Cordelia’sdevotiontoYourMajestyisbeyondquestion.LEAR:Kent,ifyouvalueyourlife,saynomore.KENT:Ihavetospeakout,myLord.Iwouldratherlosemylife/thanseeyoumakesuchamistake.Youdowrongtocausefrictionbetweenyourselfandyourdaughter.Iforecastthat/suchactionswillcausegreatconflict/throughoutyourkingdom.\nLEAR:Howdareyouopposeme.Getoutofmysight.Packupyourthings/andbegonefrommykingdom.Ifyouhavenotpassed/beyondmyfrontiers/withinfivedays.Iwillhaveyoukilled.III.Copyingexpressionsandmakingsentencesking’sthroneroom,aloyalfriendoftheking,growoldandtired,theburdenofgovernment,sitheavilyonone’sshoulders,decidetodo,handover,theheavyloadofresponsibilityto…,amapofone’skingdom,withalltheboundaries,drawon…,divide…into…,allocate…to…,givetosb.sth.,havethewordstoexpressthedepthofone’sdevotion,morethanalltheriches,intheworld,morethanone’sfreedom,moreeventhanone’sowneyesight,infact,lovesb.morethanlifeitself,showsb.sth.,ownsth.aftersb.,itisone’sturn,havegottosaytosb.,inexpressingone’sloveforsb.,lovesb.evenmorethanwordscansay,adoresb.morethananythingelseinthewholeworld,beinlovingsb.,showsb.onthemap,beequalinvalueto…,delightsb.,earnthebestpartofhiskingdom,getnothingfornothing,praysb.,ascleverassb.,describeone’sfeelingswithsuchfancywords,neitherlessnormore,loseone’sshareof…,bringsb.intothisworld,careforsb.,inreturn,lovesb.thatmuch,gotmarried,givesth.tosb.,YourMajesty,lettruthbeone’sreward,nolonger,astrangertoone’sheart,bequiet,comebetween…and…,hopetospendone’soldage,distribute…between…,nothingexcept…,atroopofonehundredofone’smostloyalsoldiers,havenothird-borndaughter,spendone’sdayswithsb.,amonthwithone,amonthwiththeother,Ibegyou…,hearsb.out,speakonbehalfofsb.,honoursb.asaking,lovesb.asafather,beinfluencedbyfalseflattery,one’sdevotiontoYourMajesty,beyondquestion,valueone’slife,saynomore,speakout,wouldratherloseone’slifethando…,seesb.dosth.,makesuchamistake,dowrong,causefriction\nbetween…and…,causegreatconflict,throughoutone’skingdom,howdareyou…,opposeme,getoutofone’ssight,packupone’sthings,begonefrom…,passedbeyondone’sfrontiers,withinfivedays,havesb.killedIV.MakingalistofcharactersofKingLearCharactersofKingLearKingLearisrulerofBritain.He'sapatriarchalfigurewhosemisjudgementofhisdaughtersbringsabouthisdownfall.GonerilisLear'streacherouseldestdaughterandwifetotheDukeofAlbany.ReganisLear'streacherousseconddaughter,andwifetotheDukeofCornwall.CordeliaisLear'syoungestdaughter.TheDukeofAlbanyisGoneril'shusband.Gonerilscornshimforhis"milkygentleness".Heturnsagainsthiswifelaterintheplay.TheDukeofCornwallisRegan'shusband.HehastheEarlofKentputinthestocks,leavesLearoutontheheathduringastorm,andgougesoutGloucester'seyes.AfterhisattackonGloucester,oneofhisservantsattacksandmortallywoundshim.TheEarlofGloucesterisEdgar'sfather,andthefatheroftheillegitimateson,Edmund.EdmunddeceiveshimagainstEdgar,andEdgarflees,takingonthedisguiseofTomofBedlam.TheEarlofKentisalwaysfaithfultoLear,butheisbanishedbythekingafterheprotestsagainstLear'streatmentofCordelia.Hetakesonadisguiseandservesthekingwithoutlettinghimknowhistrueidentity.EdmundisGloucester'sillegitimateson.HeworkswithGonerilandRegantofurtherhisambitions,andthethreeofthemformaromantictriangle.\nEdgaristhelegitimatesonoftheEarlofGloucester.DisguisedasTomofBedlam,hehelpshisblindfather.Attheendoftheplay,heassumesreignofthekingdom.OswaldisGoneril'sservant,andisdescribedas"aserviceablevillain".HetriestomurderGloucester,butisinsteadkilledbyEdgar.TheFoolisajesterwhoisdevotedtoLearandCordelia.V.ClosingdownbyputtingtheplayintoastoryToendthisperiodwearegoingtoputtheplayintoastory.ABriefSummaryofKingLear-PartITheplayopenswithKingLeardecidinghowtoretirehisthrone.Hedecidestodividehislandupamonghisthreedaughters.Whicheverdaughtercanlavishhimwiththemostpraiseandprovetheylovehimmost,willgetthebestland.ReganandGonerilarethefirsttoprofesstheirlovetotheirfather.Learisgratifiedandgrantseachahealthyportionofland.Hesavesthelast,butbestportionoflandforhisyoungestandfavoritedaughter,Cordelia.Cordelia,unfortunately,isunwillingtolietoherfather.Shewillnotallowherselftobehaveinthewayhersistersdid.ShesimplystatesthatshelovesLearasmuchasanydaughtershould,nomore,noless.ThefuriousLearattemptstopersuadeCordeliatoreconsiderheranswer,butafterunsuccessfullydoingso,rashlydecidestobestownolandonherandessentiallybanishesherfromhissite.OneofCordelia'ssuitors,TheDukeofBurgundy,losesallinterestinthepowerlessdaughter.TheKingofFrancerecognizesCordelia'svirtuesandtakesherevenwithoutanyland.\nTheloyalKentattemptstochangeLear'smindwithblunthonesty,butisbanishedforcontradictingLear'sproclamation.Learisgoingtolivewithhiseldestdaughters,yetstillkeepthetitle"King."Secretly,GonerilandReganconspiretonotallowLeartoexerthistitleoveranything.Meanwhile,theEarlofGloucestersuffersasimilarlapseinjudgement.Heiseasilydeceivedbyhisbastardson,Edmund.Edmunddrawsupaphonyletterthatimplicatesthegoodson,Edgar,inaconspiracytokillhisfather.Then,he"accidentally"allowsGloucestertoseeit.EdmundfurthershisevilintentionsbylyingtoEdgar,statingthatGloucesterisangry,andadvisinghimtorunaway.ThiseffectivelypitsthetwoagainsteachotherandearnsEdmundapromotionbyhisfather.EdgarfleesintothewoodsandtakesthedisguiseofamadmannamedPoorTom.Provinghisvaliantworth,eventhoughhewaswrongedbyLear,KentreturnsindisguiseandaskstobeLear'sservant.Learacceptshimunknowingofhistrueidentity.ItisclearatthispointintheplaythatLearexpectstobetreatedasaKingeventhoughhehasnopowertobackthetitle.Thecourtjester,aptlynamedTheFool,appearsandprovidesascathingcommentaryonLear'ssituation.Learrecognizeswhathesays,butsinceheisthejester,TheFoolisnotpunishedforhiscomments.AdditionalMaterialsCompletethesummaryofthetextwithonewordineachblank.Inthefirststormscene,whichisdifficult,Learisgoingcrazy.He:▲__1___callsonthepowerofthestormtosterilizethehumanrace;\n▲__2___accusesthestormoftakingsideswithhisdaughtersagainsthisdignityandbeingtheirdegradedslave;▲___3__,realizingthatpeoplehavedeceivedhim,saysthestormmustbe"thegods’swayoffindingandpunishingsecretevildoers”,andthatheis"amanmoresinnedagainstthansinning";▲__4___comments,"mywitbeginstoturn",i.e.,herealizesheisgoingcrazy--inliterature,becominginsaneisoftenametaphorforchangingthewayyoulookatyourselfandtheworld;▲noticesthejesteriscold,__5___comments__6___heisalsocold;thisisthefirsttimeLearhasbeenresponsivetotheneedsandconcernsofsomeoneelse;▲acceptsKent'ssuggestion__7___takeshelterinahut.(key:1.first2.then3.then4.then5.and6.that7.to)Notestothedifficultsentences1.You’llgetnothingfornothing.你啥也不说就啥也得不到。由nothing构成的短语搭配还有：allornothing，benothingmuchtowritehomeabout，benothingshortof，benothingtoshoutabout，benothingtosneeze/sniffat，fornothing，agood-for-nothing，good-for-nothing，havenothingbetweenthe/yourears，havenothinggoingforyou/it，havenothingtodowithsomeone/something，heregoesnothing，likenothingonearth，makesomethingoutofnothing，muchadoaboutnothing，nexttonothing，notfornothing，nothingbutsomething，nothingdauntednothingdoing，nothingifnotsomething，nothinglessthansomething，nothingmuch,nothingshortofsomething，nothingtodowith，(there's)nothingtoit，nothingtosneeze\nat，nothingtowritehomeabout，stopatnothing，stopatnothing(todosomething)，sweetnothings，There'snothingtoit.，thinknothingofdoingsomething,thinknothingofsomething/doingsomething，tosaynothingofsomething2.Iloveyouasitisrightandproperforadaughtertoloveherfather,neitherlessnormore.我爱你，以女儿爱父亲的恰当形式爱你，一分不多，一分不少。As引导的是方式状语从句，for到句号是真主语，it是形式主语。方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。3.Lettruthbeyourreward.让真诚作为你的回报吧。be是不带to的不定式短语作宾补。类似例句有：Weoftenhearthegirlsingthesong.能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let，feel，notice，help，make，have，listento，hear，see，watch，lookat，observe.注：①如果这种结构变为被动语态，不定式就必然带to.②help后的不定式可以带to也可不带to。4.Youarenolongermydaughterbutastrangertomyheart.在我心里，你不再是我的女儿，只是个陌生人了。nolonger和nomore在用法上的区别:nolonger和nomore，在汉语中都有“\n不再”的意思，但是nolonger更侧重于强调时间上“不再”，而nomore更侧重于强调数量上“不再”。5.Butsir,pleasehearmeout.但是，先生，请听我把话说完。hearsomeoneout：tolistentosomeoneuntiltheyhavefinished.EveryoneinthatroomwasangrywhenIgotthere,butexceptforoneperson,theyallstayedtohearmeout.Usagenotes:sometimesusedasarequest:“Canweendthisdiscussionandgetbacktowork?”“Hearmeout,please—Iwanttobesureyouunderstandmypoint.”6.Ihavealwayshonoredyouasmykingandlovedyouasafather.我一直把你当作国王来敬重，当作父亲来爱戴。句中as是prep，用法如下：①usedtodescribesb/sthappearingtobesb/sthelse:Theywerealldressedasclowns.Thebombwasdisguisedasapackage.②usedtodescribethefactthatsb/sthhasaparticularjoborfunction:Sheworksasacourier.Treatmeasafriend.Irespecthimasadoctor.Youcanusethatglassasavase.Thenewscameasashock.Shehadbeenthereoftenasachild(=whenshewasachild).7.Iwouldratherlosemylifethanseeyoumakesuchamistake.我宁愿献出我的生命也不愿看见你犯下如此错误。ratherthan的用法是：insteadofsb/sth:IthinkI’llhaveacolddrinkratherthancoffee.Whydidn’tyouaskforhelp,ratherthantryingtodoitonyourown?8.Youdowrongtocausefrictionbetweenyourselfandyourdaughter.你做错事了，让你和女儿之间产生摩擦。\n短语dowrong中“wrong”是名称，用法如下：①[U]behaviourthatisnothonestormorallyacceptable:Childrenmustbetaughtthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.Hersoncandonowronginhereyes.②[C](formal)anactthatisnotlegal,honestormorallyacceptable:Itistimetoforgivepastwrongsifprogressistobemade.由wrong构成的短语搭配还有：inthewrong：responsibleforanaccident,amistake,anargument,etc.:Themotorcyclistwasclearlyinthewrong.Ittookalotofcouragetoadmitthatshewasinthewrong.twowrongsdon’tmakearight(saying)usedtosaythatifsbdoessthbadtoyou,thesituationwillnotbeimprovedbydoingsthbadtothemReadingcomprehensionquestions1.WhatisKingLearvaluedfor?A.KingLearisvaluedforitsprobingintothemeaningofhumanlifeandsuffering.B.KingLearisvaluedforitsinvestigationsintothemeaningofmoney.C.KingLearisvaluedforitsdiscoveryofthesecretoffamilylife.D.KingLearisvaluedforitssolutiontotheproblemofmarriage.2.Theword“adore”inthe4thparagraphmeans_________.A.ToworshipasGodoragodB.Toregardwithdeep,oftenrapturouslove.SeeSynonymsatrevere1C.Tolikeverymuch:adoresminkcoatsD.Tohonour3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?A.KingLearshowshowShakespeareadaptedawellknownfairytaleandturneditintoadark\nplayaboutfamilyrelationships.B.KingLeardiscusseshowtyrannyandrejectionbetweenparentsandchildrencanleadtoextremecruelty,sufferingandmadness.C.InKingLear'sveryfirstscene,weseenoneoftheplay'sbasicthemesandimagestoberevealed.D.KingLearexileshisfavoritedaughter,Cordelia,foratriflingoffense,andthosedaughtershedoesfavorsoonturnagainsthim.4.Whatdoesthesentence“You’llgetnothingfornothing.”mean?A.You’llreceivenothingfrommeifyoupaymenothing.B.You’llreceivenothingfrommeifyousaynothingtodelightme.C.You’llreceivenothingfrommeifyouifyouhavenothing.D.You’llreceivenothingfrommeifyouknownothing.(key:ABCB)相关高考链接状语从句KingLear中包含有大量的状语从句，如：YetIloveyouevenmorethanwordscansay.（比较状语从句）Iloveyouasitisrightandproperforadaughtertoloveherfather,neitherlessnormore.（方式状语从句）Idonotunderstandwhymysistersspokeastheydid.（方式状语从句）Iftheydoindeedloveyouthatmuch,thenIdon’tunderstandwhytheyevergotmarried.（条件状语从句）Yousee,whenImarry,itwillbemydutytogivehalfmylovetomyhusband.（时间状语从句）We’llseeifeitherwantstobeabridegroomwhenshehasnorichestobringtothemarriage.（时间状语从句）AndasIhavenothird-borndaughter,Iwillspendmydayswithyoutwo----amonthwithoneandthenamonthwiththeother.（原因状语从句）Kent,ifyouvalueyourlife,saynomore.（条件状语从句）\nIfyouhavenotpassedbeyondmyfrontierswithinfivedays.（条件状语从句）以下我们要全面复习一下定语从句。1.地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。　　WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.　　我住的地方树很多。　　WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.　不管我在哪里我都会想到你。2.方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1）as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如……"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：　Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.　你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。　Aswateristofish,soairistoman.　我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。　Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）asif,asthough　两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：　Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.\n　他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）　Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.　他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）　Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）　说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：　Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。　Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。　Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。3.原因状语从句比较：because,since,as和for1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。　Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.　Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。　Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.　Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.\n4.目的状语从句　表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导，例如：　　Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.　　Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.　　Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.5.结果状语从句　结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so和such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和such　其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用，形成固定搭配。　sofoolish　　　　　　　suchafool　　　　　　　　soniceaflower　　　　suchaniceflower　　　　somany/fewflowers　suchniceflowers　　　　　somuch/littlemoney.suchrapidprogress　　　　somanypeople　　　　　suchalotofpeople　　（somany已成固定搭配，alotof虽相当于many，但alotof为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）　so…that与such…that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。　Theboyissoyoungthathecan'tgotoschool.\n　Heissuchayoungboythathecan'tgotoschool6.条件状语从句　　连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。.　　if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。　unless=ifnot.　　Let'sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.　Ifyouarenottootied,let'sgooutforawalk.典型例题Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.　A.unless　B.until　C.if　　D.or　答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate.　B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.7.让步状语从句though,although　注意：当有though,although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是though和yet可连用　Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.　　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。　Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.　　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。　Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.\n　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）典型例题1）___sheisyoung,sheknowsquitealot.　A.When　B.However　C.Although　D.Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2)　as,though引导的倒装句　as/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。　　Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.　=Thoughhewasasmallchild,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.注意：a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。　　Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.　=Thoughhetrieshard,heneverseems…　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3)　everif,eventhough.　即使　　We'llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.4)whether…or-　不管……都　　Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.5)　"nomatter+疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"　　Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.　　Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.\n　替换：nomatterwhat=whatever　　　　nomatterwho=whoever　　　　nomatterwhen=whenever　　　　nomatterwhere=wherever　　　　nomatterwhich=whichever　　　　nomatterhow=however　注意：nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。　（错）Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.　（对）Whateveryousayisofnousenow.　　　你现在说什么也没用了。(Whateveryousay是主语从句)　（错）Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey'regiven,　（对）Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey'regiven.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。19.8比较while,when,as1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。　　　Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。　　　Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when或while。　　　Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.　　　　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。9.比较until和till　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"\n，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可　以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。　肯定句：　Isleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。　WaittillIcallyou.　等着我叫你。　（在肯定句中可用before代替Let'sgetinthewheatbeforethesunsets.）　否定句：　Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.　她直到6点才到。　Don'tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.　公共汽车停稳后再下车。　Ididn'tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.　直到你教我后，我才会做。1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。　　Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.　　直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。　2)Untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。　---Untilwhenareyoustaying?　你呆到什么时候？　---UntilnextMonday.　呆到下周一。　注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。(1）Notuntil…在句首，主句用倒装。　　Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.　　直到19世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。\n　　NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.　直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。(2)　Itisnotuntil…that…19.10表示"一……就……"的结构　hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than　和assoonas都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：　Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.　Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.　AssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.　注意：如果hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：　Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.　NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.高考原题专练1．Parentsshouldtakeseriouslytheirchildren’srequestsforsunglasses_________eyeprotectionisnecessaryinsunnyweather.(2004上海)（原因状语从句）A.becauseB.throughC.unlessD.if2.Rosesneedspecialcare______theycanlivethroughwinter.<2004全国I（安徽、河南、河北、山东等）>AbecauseBsothatCevenifDas（目的状语从句）3.I’dliketoarrive20minutesearly_______Icanhavetimeforacupoftea.(2005北京)（目的状语从句）A.assoonasB.asaresultC.incaseD.sothat4.______youcallmetosayyou’renotcoming,I’llseeyouatthetheatre.<2004全国II（四川、吉林等）>（条件状语从句）AThoughBWhetherCUntilDUnless\n5.Itisknowntoallthat_____youexerciseregularly,youwon’tkeepgoodhealth.(2005重庆)（条件状语从句）A.unlessB.wheneverC.althoughD.if6.Youmustkeeponworkingintheevening,______youaresureyoucanfinishthetaskintime.(2005安徽)（条件状语从句）A.asB.ifC.whenD.unless7.Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterviewyouhaveconfidence.(2007福建)（时间状语从句）A.beforeB.onceC.untilD.though8.Manyofthemturnedadeafeartohisadvice,_______theyknewittobevaluable.(2007浙江)（让步状语从句）A.asifB.nowthatC.eventhoughD.sothat9.Popmusicissuchanimportantpartofsociety______ithaseveninfluencedourlanguage.(2007上海)（结果状语从句）A.asB.thatC.whichD.where2.Weallknowthat,__________,thesituationwillgetworse.(2007全国卷I)（条件状语从句）A.notifdealtcarefullywithB.ifnotcarefullydealtwithC.ifdealtnotcarefullywithD.notifcarefullydealtwith(key:ABDDA;DBCBB)