初中英语作文训练 4页

一、过渡词的种类　　1.根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：　　（1）表并列关系的过渡词:　　and,also,aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly...butalso,both...and,either...or,neither...nor　　（2）表递进关系的过渡词:　　besides,inaddition（加之，除……之外）,moreover(此外，而且),what’smore（更重要的是），what’sworse（更糟糕的是）　　（3）表转折对比的过渡词：　　but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary(相反),although,despite,inspiteof,whereas（而）,unlike,nevertheless（然而）,notonly...butalso,here...there,yearsago...today,this...that,theformer...thelatter,then...now,thefirst...whereasthesecond,once...now,ontheonehand...ontheotherhand,some...others　　（4）表原因的过渡词:　　because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto（由于）　　（5）表结果的过渡词:　　so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,thereby（从而）,hence（因此）,so...that,such...that　　（6）表条件的过渡词:　　if,unless,onconditionthat（条件是）,as/solongas（只要）　　（7）表时间的过渡词:　　when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards（事后）,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,fromnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment　　（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:　　first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterward(s)（后来）,meanwhile（几乎同时）,thereafter（在那以后）,last,finally,eventually（终于）　　（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:　　inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway　　（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词:　　forinstance,forexample,like,suchas　　（11）表陈述事实的过渡词:　　infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth　　（12）表强调的过渡词:　　certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously　　（13）表比较的过渡词：　　like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto　　（14）表目的的过渡词：　　forthisreason,forthispurpose(为此),sothat,inorderto,soasto　　（15）表总结的过渡词:　　inaword(总之，简言之),ingeneral,inshort(总之),aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary　　2.文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头,“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。　　（1）用于“启”的过渡词语(常用在段落或文章的开头)　　first,firstofall,atfirst,inthefirstplace,firstly,tostartwith,recently,now,atpresent,inrecentyears,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,atpresent,lately,currently,　　Itisoftensaidthat...　　Astheproverbsays...　　Itgoeswithoutsayingthat...　　Itisclear/obviousthat...　　Manypeopleoftenask...　　（2）用于“承”的过渡词语(通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中)　　second,similarly,inaddition,besides,then,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,whatisworse,forexample,forinstance,certainly,surely,obviously,inotherwords,especially,particularly,inparticular,indeed,still,third,truly,infact,atthesametime,nodoubt，Itistruethat...　　Everybodyknowsthat...　　Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat...　　Noonecandenythat...　　Thereasonwhy...isthat...　　Thereisnodoubtthat...　　Totake...foranexample(instance)...　　Weknowthat...　　Whatismoreseriousisthat...　　（3）用于“转”的过渡词语(通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中)　　but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inanycase,atanyrate(无论如何),nevertheless(虽然如此),otherwise,or,orelse,while,whereas,but,despite,inspiteof...,yet,instead,　　Idonotbelievethat...　　Perhapsyou’llaskwhy...　　Thismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto...　　Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith...,yetdifferenceswillbefound,　　That’swhyIfeelthat...　　（4）用于“合”的过渡词语(通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中)　　inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking，tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary,therefore,asaresult,aboveall,thus，afterall(毕竟),eventually,hence,inshort,inconclusion,inaword,insum(总之),onthewhole(就整体而言),tosumup　　Fromthispointofview...　　Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat...　　Theresultisdependenton...　　Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust...　　　　二、过渡词的应用实例　　　　有的学生在作文中使用过多的简单句，成了简单句的堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but，\nor，however，yet等，这非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词来出现丰富句型，把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：　　1.学生习作　　TVandwebsite　　TVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.Websitesalsohavedifferentsections.Youmaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.　　Theyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.　　Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofitissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporters.　　Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter.　　这段文字多用简单句来表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果合理使用过渡词，将单句前后合并，形成主次关系，就能把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。　　修改后的文章：　　TVandwebsite　　BothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitesalsohavedifferentsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.　　However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.Aboveall,movingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation,whichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschangeeverydayandprofessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangesallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporters.　　Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.　　　　三、选用所提供的过渡性词语填入所给的段落中的空白处，使之意义通顺，逻辑贯通。　　　　（1）　　2005年湖北卷(infact,inmyopinion，foronereason，so,foranotherreason,therefore)I’mverygladtohavereceivedtheletteryousentmetwoweeksago.I’vebeenthinkingaboutthequestionyouaskedme.__________________,youshouldcomebackafteryoufinishyourstudiesabroad.__________________,whatyouarestudyingisbadlyneedednowadaysinChina.Itwillbequiteeasyforyoutofindagoodjob.__________________,Iknowafewbigcompaniesinourcityarehopingtohirepeoplelikeyou.__________________,Ithinkitwillbemuchmoreconvenientforyoutolookafteryourparentsastheyaregettingold.　　________________________,Ithinkit’sagoodideaforyoutoreturn.________________________whatareyouwaitingfor?　　　　（2）　　2005年福建卷(inmyopinion,itisknowntousall,what’smore,ontheotherhand,so,but,insteadof)　　MyOpiniononCheatinginExaminations________________________thatsomestudentscheatinexaminationsatschool.　　Asstudents,weoftentakeexaminationsatschool,__________________sometimeswehavetoomanyexaminationswhicharetoodifficultforus.__________________,someofusarelazyanddon’tworkhardatourlessons.__________________whentakingexaminations,theysometimescheatinordertogetbetterresultstopleasetheirparentsandteachers.　　________________________,itiswrongtocheatinexaminationsbecauseitbreakstherulesofschools.Westudentsshouldbehonestandtrytogetgoodresultsbystudyinghard______cheatinginexaminations.__________________,weshouldimproveourstudymethodsandgetwellpreparedforexaminations.　　　　(3)　　2006年福建卷(asweallknow,onlyinthisway,surely,therefore,inmyopinion,however,aswellas,besides)　　__________________,wearewhatweeat.　　______________________________,it’sveryimportantforustoformhealthyeatinghabits.　　__________________,badeatinghabitsarestillverycommonamongusstudents.Someofusoftengotoschoolwithoutbreakfast;someliketohavesnacks;someothersareparticularaboutfood;andstillsomeeatordrinktoomuch.Allthesebadhabitswill____________doharmtoourhealth.　　Tokeepfit,weshouldhavevarioushealthydiets,whichgenerallyincludeproperamountsoffish,meat,vegetables,fruit______mainfood.____________,we’dbetterhavemealsregularly.　　______________________________,weshouldtrytodevelophealthyeatinghabitstobuildupastrongbody.______________________________canwehaveenoughenergytostudybetter.　　　范文：　　Shallwesendchildrentostudyabroad?　　Withmoreandmorepeoplebecomingrichinrecentyears,itisanewtendencyforthemtosendtheirchildrentostudyabroad.ButIdon’tthinkitisagoodidea.Firstofall,childrenaretooyoungtolookafterthemselves.Second,thelanguagebarrierisaseriousproblem.Manychildrenarenotproficientintheforeignlanguagebeforegoingabroad.Asaresult,theyhavedifficultyinunderstandingwhatthenativespeakersaretalkingabout.\nThird,theymaygetintotroublewhendealingwithvarioussituationsforlackofknowledgeofthecustomsinthestrangeland.Furthermore,thecostoflivingismuchhigherthanthatinourcountry,whichmightcauseaheavyburdentothefamily.　　Inconclusion,therearemoredisadvantagesinsendingchildrentostudyabroad.So,we’dbetternotdoit.试题11.观察下图。根据图示和参考词语，适当拓展想象空间，以Whyaretreesimportant?为标题，用英语写一篇不少于80个词的短语。注意：(1)短文应切中题意，条理清楚，词句通顺，书写清晰、规范。(2)短文第一句话已给出。参考词语：takeincarbondioxide吸收二氧化碳；oxygen氧气；insect昆虫；stopwaterandsoilfromgoingaway防止水土流失；desert沙漠。[解析]1.认真审题：本题已给出题目，我们可以根据题目，用提示词和图示为线索展开书写。2.确定要素：①树能吸收二氧化碳，释放氧气。②树能给鸟类提供家园。③树能为某些小动物提供食物。④树能阻止水土流失。⑤树能防止土壤沙漠化。⑥植树造林，美化家园。范文：Whyaretreesimportant?Treesareveryimportanttous.Doyouknowwhy?Letmetellyou.Treestakeincarbondioxidefromtheairandmakeoxygen.That’simportant.Peopleandanimalsneedoxygentolive.Manysmallanimalsandinsectsliveinthetrees.Someofthemalsogetfoodfromtrees.Treescanalsostopwaterandsoilfromgoingaway.Ifwehavealotoftrees,theycanstoplandfrombeingdesert.Ithinkthisisveryimportant.Youknow,treesaregreen.Theycanmakeourcountryevenmorebeautiful.Treesareourgoodfriends.Weshouldplantmoretreesandtakegoodcareofthem.试题2小明做了一个梦。他梦见自己为北京奥运会做一名志愿者：他努力帮助来自世界各国的外国朋友……在交谈中，小明让外国朋友更多地了解北京。外国朋友感谢小明，并认为小明的英语非常好。小明很高兴，他甜蜜地笑了……请你根据设定的梦境并加以想象，写一段80词左右的短文。开始语和结束语均已给出（不计入总词数）。内容要求：（1）帮助外国朋友；（2）与外国朋友交谈；（3）感谢小明；（4）小明很高兴。词汇参考：try（do）one'sbest，find（that），heavy（lost），carry（show，take），taxi（car，bike），ontheway，talkwith（about）（开头已给出）XiaoMinghadadream（梦）lastnight.Inthedream，hevolunteeredtoserve（志愿列队）theBeijingOlympics.范文：XiaoMinghadadreamlastnight.Inthedream，hevolunteeredtoservetheBeijingOlympics.Hetriedhisbesttohelptheforeignfriendsfromdifferentcountries.Whenhefoundaforeignfriendworriedinthestreet，hewentuptohimandaskedhimwhatwasthematter.TheforeignertoldXiaoMinghewasJack，andheforgotthewaytotheSunHotel.ThenXiaoMingstoppedataxiandtookhimtotheSunHotel.XiaoMingtalkedwithJackonthewayandmadeJackknowmoreaboutBeijing.JackthankedXiaoMingverymuchandthoughtXiaoMing'sEnglish\nwasverygood.XiaoMingwasveryhappy.Hesmiledandsmiled，thenhewokeup.