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初中英语从句的分类从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中主要有三大从句,即:1.名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)2.定语从句3.状语从句(包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。1)主语从句用作主语,如:Thattheearthisroundistrue.地球是图的是真实的。2)宾语从句用作宾语。如:Doyouknowwherehelives?J3)表语从句用作表语,如:Myopinionisthatyoushouldnotgoalone.我的意见是你不应单独前往。4)同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:Thefactthattheearthisroundistrue.地球是圆的的事实是真实的°(that从句用于解释说明thefact)5)定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:ThestudentwhoanswurudthequestionwasJohn.回答I可题的学生是John.6)状语从句相当于一个副词,如:Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.如果他明天来,你就可以看见他o(if引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if+状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚To(结果状语,结果状语只是仅限于kam(得知),And(发现),see,hear,toktold(被告知),make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)Youmustspc;ikloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大声说话,才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语,可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。)Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天气那么糟,旅行推迟了o(原因状语从句,常用because,since,as,forfuir(恐怕),seeingthat(既然),newthat(=since),consideringthat(考虑到)等引导。)Though/Thoughhewaswornout,(srill)hekepionworking.虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。(让步状语从句,引导的连词主要有以下这些:though,although,as;evenif,eventhough;whcther...or...;nomatter+疑问词,疑问词・tvur.)Wl^crcIlivetherearcplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句,通常由where,wherever引导o)Aswateristofish,soairistomall.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。)主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如:1amateacher.其中,1是主语,am是谓语,ateacher是表语。Helikesplayingfootballvurymuch.其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playingfootball是宾语,ven-much是状语。\n初中英语定语从句在更合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。如:ThestorywhichhecoldwasverypopularYoucan'cwakeapersonwhoisprecendingtobeasleep.一:定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格bhom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括Bhuru,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。二:关系代词的用法(在从句中作主语或是宾语)1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省跖,作宾语可省略。如:Marylikesmusicchacisquietandgentle.(that作主,吾)Thecoat(chat)Iputonthedeskisblue.(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省跖,作宾语可省略。如:Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket(彳乍主语)Thefilm(which)wesawlascnightwaswonderful.我们昨天晚上看(作宾语)3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whem用作宾语,可以省跖。在口语中,who也可以作宾语。如:ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland.(作主语)Whoistheteacher(whom)LiMingistalkingco?(作宾语)4.whcse用来指人或物,只用作定语,如:Theyrushedovertohelpthemailwhosecarhadbrokendown.(做定语)注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,且介词放在句末时,who,that,which作宾语时可省贻,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whcm”结构。如:Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.(2)含有•介词的固定动词词组中,有些介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。如:Thisisrhepersonwhomyouarclookingfor.(3)that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。如:Thucitychacshelivesinisveryfaraway.她居住的城市非常远。(4)关系词只能用that的情况:a.先行词被序数词或形容词信高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用thato如:Hewaschcfirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,evenrhiiig,anything,none,theenu等不定代词时,只能用than如:Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有:who,what,which等。如:\nCouldyoutellmewhoknowstheanswer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?Thesmallchildrendon、knowwhacisintheirstockings.这些小孩亍不知道株亍里有什么东西?2)连接词+缶词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有•:whose,what,which,howmaily,howmuch等c如:Heaskedwhosehandwriringwasthebestinourclass.他问我们班上渔的书法显好。Theteacheraskedushowmailypeopletherewereinthercx)m.老师问我们房间里有多少人。3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词育:who(m),what,which,howmany,howmuch,when,why,how,where,if/whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如:Hehasn'tdecidedifhellgoonacriptoWuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Couldyoutellmewhac1shoulddoxvkhchcmoney?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,howmaily,howmuch,hew等。如:r)oyouknowwhichclassheisin?你知道他在哪个班吗?Sheaskedmeif]knc5xTwhosepellitwas.她问我是否知道这是隹的钢电。1.连接词1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省蛤。如:Hesaidthathecouldfinishhisworkbeforesupper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:Identknowif/whetherhestillliveshereaftersomanyyears.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用whether:①在具有选择意义,又有or或erncr时,尤其是直接与ornot连用时,往住用whether(if…ernot也可以使用)。如:Leemeknowwhether/ifhewillcomeornot.(=Leemeknowwhetherornochewillcome)让我知道他是否能来。Identknowwhether/ifhedocsallywashingornoc.(=1don'tknowwhetherornothedocsanywashing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。1wonderwhetherwestayorwhetherWergo.我不知道我们是去还是留。②在介词之后用whether。如:I'minterescedinwhetherhelikesEnglish.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Werethinkingaboucwhetherwecanfinishtheworkonrime.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。1worryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。③在不定式前用whuthuro如:Hehasn'tdecidedwhethertovisittheoldman,他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人◎Identknowwhethercogo.我不知去否。HehasiVtdecidedwhethertogobybusorbytrain,他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。④whHhH置于句首时,不能换用if。如:Whetherthisistrueornot,1can、say.这是否真的我说不上来。⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whuthur。如:Whethershewillcomeornotissrillaquestion.她是否能来还是个问题o\nThequestioniswhecherwecancatchthebus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。⑥若用if会引起歧义时,则用whuthen如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikethebook.可理解为:a.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryoulikerhebook.谙告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。b.1fyoulikethebook,pleaseletmeknow.你如果喜欢这本书,谙告诉我。3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:Couldyoutellmewhyyouwerelateforthemeetingthismorning?你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?3.时态含宾语从句的侵台句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:Idon'tknowwhenhewillcomeback.我不知道他将何时回来。Hetellsmethathissistercamebackyesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:①Thuchildrendidn'tknowwhohewas.孩子们不知道他是谁。②Huaskedhisfatherhowithappened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundchcsun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。4.注意:if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。下和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如"和“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:一Doyouknowwhenhewillcomebacktomorrow?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?一Sorry,】dentknow.Whenhecomesback,1111tellyou.对不起,不知道。当他回耒了,我将告诉你。—1dentknowifhewillcome.我不知道他是否会来。一Hewillcomeifitdoesn'train.如果不下雨,他会来的。筒化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有•宾语从句的甸合句转化为简单句,使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法:方法一:当主句谓语动词是hopu,decide,wish,choose,agtcc,promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:LiMinghopeshewillbebackverysoon.一LiMinghopestobebackvcr)rsoon.Wedecidedchatwewouldhelphim.—Wedecidedcohelphim.方法二:当主句谓语动词是knew,learn,remember,forget,td]等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:Shehasforgottenhowshecallopenchcwindow.—Shehasfbrgottunhowtoopenthe\nwindow.注:当主句谓语动词是Ell,ask,show,比ach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:Couldyoutellmehow1callgettochcstation?-Couldyoucellmehowtogettothestarion?方法三:当主句的谓语动词是。rdur(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如:Theheadmasterorderedthatweshouldstareatonce.一Theheadmasterordereduscostareatonce.方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动各词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:Heinsistedthatheshouldgowithus.—Heinsistedongoingwithus.Thepoorboydocsn'cknowwhenandwherehewasborn.—Thep(x)rboydocsn'cknowtherimeandtheplaceofhisbirth.方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:LiuPingfoundthattherewasawalletlyingontheground.一LiuPingfoundawalletlyingontheground.方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:Ieseemedthattheboysweregoingcowin.一Thuboysseemedtowin.除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:IfoundchatitwasdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.—IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.Soonwefoundthatchcgroundwascoveredwithchicksnow.—Soonwefoundrhegroundcoveredwithchicksnow.Thevfi)undchattheboxwasveryhuavy.一Thevfoundchcboxvcr\rhuaw初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题习题(一)1Thegirlsaskediftheysomef()odanddrinkwiththem.A.tookB.takeC.takesD.willtake2CatherinesaidthatshecoGuailgzhou.A.hasnevergpnuB.hadnevergoneC.hasneverbeenD.hadneverbeen3Thestudentswantcoknowwhethertheydicrarioiitoday.A.hadB.has.C.willhaveD.arc4SheaskedLindaifgoandgetsome.A.couldsheB.shecouldC.shecanD.shemav5Lindasaidchcmoonroundrheearth.A.travelledB.hastravelledC.travcllsD.hadtravelled答案:1-5ADCBC习题(二)1Cailyoucellmeyouwerebcm.ButtyA.wh。B.whatC.whenD.chat2Idon'tknowcheyhavepassedtheexam.A.E.ifC.whenD.where\n1Ihardlyunderstand.hehastoldme.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.who2Shedidn'tknowbacksoon.A.whuthcrhewouldbeE.ifwouldhebeC.hewillbe5.1don'tknowhesrillliveshereaftersomaiivvears.A.whuthurBwhereC.whatD.when6.DeyouknowtheylistenedtoyesterdayeveningA.whatBwhenCwhvDhow7.Heaskedmecoldmetheaccident.AwhomBwhichCwhoDwhose答案:1-7CBBAAAC习题(三)1.Theydon'tknowcheirparentsarc.AthatEwhatCwhyDwhich2.Pleasetellmewhatlastyear.A.xv+xrnrdocsyoursisterworkBwheredidyoursisterworkCwhereyoursisterworksDwhereyoursisterworked3.SheaskedmeifIknew.A.whosepenisirB.whosepenirwasC.whosepenicisD.whosepenwasit4.Youmustremember.A.whatyourmothersaidB.whacdidyourmothersayC.yourmothersaidwhacD.whathasyourmothersaid5.DidvouknowA.whohewaslookingafterB.whowashelookingforC.whoheislookingforD.whoheislookingafter6CouldyoutellmeA.xvhunwilltheyleaveBeijingE.whenwouldtheyleaveBeijingC.whentheywllleaveBeijingD.whendidtheyleaveBeijing答案:1-6BDBAAC习题(四)1.Inchcbookshop,areaderaskedtheshopkeeperWhoMovedMyCheesewasallinterestingbook.(北京市东城区)A.chatB.howC.whacD.if2.—Idon'tknowMr.Greenwillcometosecus.一HewillhelpuswithourEnglish.(杭州市)A.whyB.whenC.howD.where3.—Weneverknowchcoldmanis.—Theysayheisateacher.(鄂州市)A.whatB.whoC.whichD.where4.1wastoldBillGareswasthirteenhebegancoplaywithcomputers.(重庆市)A.chathowB.howthatC.whenchacD.thatwhen5.—DoyouknowI'mgoingtoseehim.一Sorry,Identknew.(北京市海淀区)A.whurudoesMr.LiliveB.wheredidMr.LiliveC.whereMr.LilivesD.whereMr.Lilived\n5.-Wheredoyouthinkhechccomputer—Sorry,Ihavenoidea.(南京市)A./;boughtB.has;boughtC.did;buyD.docs;buy7.1d<)n,cfeelverywell.Mumaskedmethismorning.(重庆市)A.whatrhematterisB.whatiswrongC.whatthematterwasD.whatwrongwas8.—WhereisJack——Heisawa\-tospendhisholiday.HesgoneochercoHaiigzhouortoWuhan,butI'mnocsure(南昌市)A.thatE.whichC.whereD.there答案:ITPAAO5—8CACC