初中英语从句的分类 13页

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  • 2022-08-11 发布

初中英语从句的分类

  • 13页
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..初中英语从句的分类从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是附属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中主要有三大从句,即:1.名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)2.定语从句3.状语从句(包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。1)主语从句用作主语,如:Thattheearthisroundistrue.地球是圆的是真实的。2)宾语从句用作宾语。如:Doyouknowwherehelives"3)表语从句用作表语,如:Myopinionisthatyoushouldnotgoalone.我的意见是你不应单独前往。4)同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:Thefactthattheearthisroundistrue.地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明thefact)5)定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.答复以下问题的学生是John.6)状语从句相当于一个副词,如:Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.如果他明天来,你就可以看见他。(if引导的条件状语从句,其构造为:if+状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规那么是“jz*\n..主将从现〞,即主句是将来时,那么从句要用一般现在时表示将来。Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeenengaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语,结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知),find(发现),see,hear,tobetold(被告知),make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。)Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大声说话,才能让所有人听到你说话。(目的状语,可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。)Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。(原因状语从句,常用because,since,as,forfear(恐怕),seeingthat(既然),nowthat(=since),consideringthat(考虑到)等引导。)Though/Thoughhewaswornout,(still)hekeptonworking.虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。(让步状语从句,引导的连词主要有以下这些:though,although,as;evenif,eventhough;whether...or...;nomatter+疑问词,疑问词-ever.)WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。(地点状语从句,通常由where,wherever引导。)Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。)  主句和从句的划分方法是一样的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的局部是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,假设谓语是系动词,那么系动词后的局部是表语。如:Iamateacher.其中,I是主语,am是谓语,ateacher是表语。Helikesplayingfootballverymuch.其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playingfootballjz*\n..是宾语,verymuch是状语。初中英语定语从句在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。如:ThestorywhichhetoldwasverypopularYoucan’twakeapersonwhoispretendingtobeasleep.一:定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who〔宾格whom,所有格whose〕等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。二:关系代词的用法(在从句中作主语或是宾语)1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。如:Marylikesmusicthatisquietandgentle.〔that作主语〕Thecoat〔that〕Iputonthedeskisblue.〔that作宾语〕2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。如:Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket.〔作主语〕Thefilm〔which〕wesawlastnightwaswonderful.我们昨天晚上看〔作宾语〕3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语,可以省略。在口语中,who也可以作宾语。如:ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland.〔作主语〕Whoistheteacher〔whom〕LiMingistalkingto?〔作宾语〕jz*\n..4.whose用来指人或物,只用作定语,如:Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.〔做定语〕注意:〔1〕当定语从句中含有介词,且介词放在句末时,who,that,which作宾语时可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom〞构造。如:Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.〔2〕含有介词的固定动词词组中,有些介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。如:Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.〔3〕that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。如:Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.她居住的城市非常远。〔4〕关系词只能用that的情况:a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that。如:Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代词时,只能用that。如:Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1.语序  无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句〔主语+谓语+……〕〞句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:jz*\n..1〕连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有:who,what,which等。如:Couldyoutellmewhoknowstheanswer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?Thesmallchildrendon'tknowwhatisintheirstockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?2〕连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,howmany,howmuch等。如:Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebestinourclass.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。Theteacheraskedushowmanypeopletherewereintheroom.教师问我们房间里有多少人。3〕连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who〔m〕,what,which,howmany,howmuch,when,why,how,where,if/whether〔在句中不充当任何成分〕等。如:Hehasn'tdecidedifhe'llgoonatriptoWuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。CouldyoutellmewhatIshoulddowiththemoney?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?4〕连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,howmany,howmuch,how等。如:Doyouknowwhichclassheisin?你知道他在哪个班吗?SheaskedmeifIknewwhosepenitwas.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。2.连接词jz*\n..1〕当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:Hesaidthathecouldfinishhisworkbeforesupper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2〕当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否〞。如:Idon'tknowif/whetherhestillliveshereaftersomanyyears.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。  但在以下情况下只能用whether:①在具有选择意义,又有or或ornot时,尤其是直接与ornot连用时,往往用whether〔if…ornot也可以使用〕。如:Letmeknowwhether/ifhewillcomeornot.〔=Letmeknowwhetherornothewillcome〕让我知道他是否能来。Idon'tknowwhether/ifhedoesanywashingornot.〔=Idon'tknowwhetherornothedoesanywashing.〕我不知道他洗不洗衣服。Iwonderwhetherwestayorwhetherwego.我不知道我们是去还是留。②在介词之后用whether。如:I'minterestedinwhetherhelikesEnglish.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。We'rethinkingaboutwhetherwecanfinishtheworkontime.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeelings.我担忧是否伤了她的感情。③在不定式前用whether。如:Hehasn'tdecidedwhethertovisittheoldman.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。Idon'tknowwhethertogo.我不知去否。jz*\n..Hehasn'tdecidedwhethertogobybusorbytrain.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。④whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如:Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican'tsay.这是否真的我说不上来。⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如:Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.她是否能来还是个问题。Thequestioniswhetherwecancatchthebus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。⑥假设用if会引起歧义时,那么用whether。如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikethebook.可理解为:a.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryoulikethebook.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。b.Ifyoulikethebook,pleaseletmeknow.你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。3〕如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:Couldyoutellmewhyyouwerelateforthemeetingthismorning?你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?3.时态  含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态照应应包括以下三点内容:1〕如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:Idon'tknowwhenhewillcomeback.我不知道他将何时回来。Hetellsmethathissistercamebackyesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2〕如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进展时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:jz*\n..①Thechildrendidn'tknowwhohewas.孩子们不知道他是谁。②Heaskedhisfatherhowithappened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3〕如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.教师说地球绕着太阳转。4.注意:if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否〞和“何时〞,其时态应和主句时态相照应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假设〞和“当……时候〞,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进展综合考察。如:—Doyouknowwhenhewillcomebacktomorrow?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?—Sorry,Idon'tknow.Whenhecomesback,I'lltellyou.对不起,不知道。当他回来了,我将告诉你。—Idon'tknowifhewillcome.我不知道他是否会来。—Hewillcomeifitdoesn'train.如果不下雨,他会来的。  简化宾语从句常用六法  同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句,使其与原句意思一样〔或相近〕的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法:    方法一:当主句谓语动词是hope,decide,wish,choose,agree,promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式构造。例如:LiMinghopeshewillbebackverysoon.→LiMinghopestobebackverysoon.jz*\n..Wedecidedthatwewouldhelphim.→Wedecidedtohelphim.    方法二:当主句谓语动词是know,learn,remember,forget,tell等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式〞构造。例如:Shehasforgottenhowshecanopenthewindow.→Shehasforgottenhowtoopenthewindow.    注:当主句谓语动词是tell,ask,show,teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式〞构造。例如:CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothestation?→Couldyoutellmehowtogettothestation?    方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order〔命令〕,require〔需要〕等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词〔代词〕+不定式〞构造。例如:Theheadmasterorderedthatweshouldstartatonce.→Theheadmasterorderedustostartatonce.    方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词〔短语〕等其他形式简化。例如:Heinsistedthatheshouldgowithus.→Heinsistedongoingwithus.Thepoorboydoesn’tknowwhenandwherehewasborn.→Thepoorboydoesn’tknowthetimeandtheplaceofhisbirth.    方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式〔作宾语补足语〕〞构造。例如:LiuPingfoundthattherewasawalletlyingontheground.→LiuPingfoundawalletlyingontheground.jz*\n..    方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式〔短语〕来简化,但句型需要进展适当的变化。例如:Itseemedthattheboysweregoingtowin.→Theboysseemedtowin.    除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:IfoundthatitwasdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.→IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.Soonwefoundthatthegroundwascoveredwiththicksnow.→Soonwefoundthegroundcoveredwiththicksnow.Theyfoundthattheboxwasveryheavy.→Theyfoundtheboxveryheavy  初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题  习题(一)1Thegirlsaskedifthey____somefoodanddrinkwiththem.A.tookB.takeC.takesD.willtake2Catherinesaidthatshe___toGuangzhou.A.hasnevergoneB.hadnevergoneC.hasneverbeenD.hadneverbeen3Thestudentswanttoknowwhetherthey___dictationtoday.A.hadB.has.C.willhaveD.are4SheaskedLindaif___goandgetsome.A.couldsheB.shecouldC.shecanD.shemay5Lindasaidthemoon___roundtheearth.A.travelledB.hastravelledC.travellsD.hadtravelled  答案:1-5ADCBCjz*\n..  习题(二)1Canyoutellme___youwereborn,BettyA.whoB.whatC.whenD.that2Idon'tknow___theyhavepassedtheexam.A.whatB.ifC.whenD.where3Ihardlyunderstand.___hehastoldme.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.who4Shedidn'tknow___backsoon.A.whetherhewouldbeB.ifwouldhebeC.hewillbe5.Idon'tknow_____hestillliveshereaftersomanyyears.A.whetherBwhereC.whatD.when6.Doyouknow_____theylistenedtoyesterdayeveningA.whatBwhenCwhyDhow7.Heaskedme_____toldmetheaccident.AwhomBwhichCwhoDwhose  答案:1-7CBBAAAC  习题(三)1.Theydon'tknowtheirparentsare.AthatBwhatCwhyDwhich2.Pleasetellme______whatlastyear.A.wheredoesyoursisterworkBwheredidyoursisterworkCwhereyoursisterworksDwhereyoursisterworkedjz*\n..3.SheaskedmeifIknew______.A.whosepenisitB.whosepenitwasC.whosepenitisD.whosepenwasit4.Youmustremember________.A.whatyourmothersaidB.whatdidyourmothersayC.yourmothersaidwhatD.whathasyourmothersaid5Didyouknow____A.whohewaslookingafterB.whowashelookingforC.whoheislookingforD.whoheislookingafter6Couldyoutellme___A.whenwilltheyleaveBeijingB.whenwouldtheyleaveBeijingC.whentheywillleaveBeijingD.whendidtheyleaveBeijing  答案:1-6BDBAAC  习题(四)1.Inthebookshop,areaderaskedtheshopkeeper_____WhoMovedMyCheesewasaninterestingbook.(北京市东城区)A.thatB.howC.whatD.if2.—Idon'tknow_____Mr.Greenwillcometoseeus.—HewillhelpuswithourEnglish.(杭州市)A.whyB.whenC.howD.where3.—Weneverknow_____theoldmanis.—Theysayheisateacher.(鄂州市)A.whatB.whoC.whichD.wherejz*\n..4.Iwastold_____BillGateswasthirteenhebegantoplaywithcomputers.(重庆市)A.thathowB.howthatC.whenthatD.thatwhen5.—Doyouknow_____I'mgoingtoseehim.—Sorry,Idon'tknow.(北京市海淀区)A.wheredoesMr.LiliveB.wheredidMr.LiliveC.whereMr.LilivesD.whereMr.Lilived6.—Wheredoyouthink_____he_____thecomputer—Sorry,Ihavenoidea.(南京市)A./;boughtB.has;boughtC.did;buyD.does;buy7.Idon'tfeelverywell.Mumaskedme_____thismorning.(重庆市)A.whatthematterisB.whatiswrongC.whatthematterwasD.whatwrongwas8.—WhereisJack—Heisawaytospendhisholiday.He'sgoneeithertoHangzhouortoWuhan,butI'mnotsure_____.(南昌市)A.thatB.whichC.whereD.there  答案:1—4DAAD5—8CACCjz*

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