初中英语专题四 64页

专题四阅读理解\n1.审标题，通全文，明大意。首先，对于有标题的阅读材料，务必要先审标题，从标题中我们可以想像材料的内容和走向，有助于对材料的理解。其次，一定要学会用扫描式快速阅读法来通读全文，对那些无关紧要的地方可一扫而过，在关键之处要适当放慢速度加以思考，重在初步了解阅读材料的主旨大意。\n2.读问题，精复读，断答案。初步了解了阅读材料的主旨大意之后，要认真阅读问题，明确考查角度，有的放矢地进行复读、精读，以提高解题效率和准确性。\n常见题型的解题思路与技巧：(1)事实细节题事实细节题属表层理解范畴，答案一般都能在原文中直接找到，因此难度系数较小。该类问题往往以what,who,which,when,where,why,how等词提出，是对文中某句、某段或某一具体细节所作的提问。此类问题我们只需看准题目要求，带着问题在原文中找到相关细节，便可迅速找到正确答案。\n利用题目的关键词去寻找文中对应词，在对应词周围找答案。［范例］Weblanguageispopular.TodaymoreandmoreChinglishwordsareusedbyChinese,especiallytheyoungChinese.Oneexampleis“antizen”,anantizenisacollegegraduate(毕业生)whomakeslessmoneyandlivesinasmallapartment,likeatinyandhard-workingant.\n［问题］WholiketouseChinglish?A.AlltheChinese.B.TheyoungChinese.C.Theantizens.D.Thecollegestudents.【解析】选B。本题属细节理解题。该题的关键词是useChinglish，这个我们可以在第一段第二句“...ChinglishwordsareusedbyChinese,especiallytheyoungChinese”找到对应词。分析这句话可得答案B。\n根据题干内容，在原文中搜索选择项，对号入座。（2011·青岛中考）［范例］Here’saninterviewtoapilotabouthislife.(R=Reporter;P=Pilot)R:Howmuchtimedopilotsactuallyspendflyingaplane?P:Itvaries(WES’J)fromabout20minutesonsomedomestic(国内的)flightstoasmuchas18hoursoninternationalflights.Italldependsonwhethertheflightisashort-orlong-haulflight.\nR:Dopilotstakebreaksduringflightsordotheyflythewholetime?P:Yes,wetakebreaksduringlong-haulflights.Airlinesassign(指派)threeorfourpilotstolongflights.Wetaketurnsflyingtheplane.R:Ifpilotsaretravelingallthetime,howdotheydealwithjetlag(时差)?P:Jetlagisannoyingforalmostallpilots.ItrytogotosleepasIwouldathome.\nR:Howimportantisittoknowtheweightandsizeoftheplaneyouareflying?P:Itisveryimportant.Weweighalmosteverythingputintotheairplaneandmakeestimates(估计)accordingtothenumberofpeopleoneachflight.R:Dopilotseattheairplanefood?\nP:Yes,weeatbusinessclassfood!Airplanefoodchangeseveryseasonandisverydeliciousifyoudon’thateeatinglobster(龙虾)everyday!Thepilotsonthesameplanearesupposedtomakedifferentmealchoicessothatifoneofthedishescausesfoodpoisoning,onlyoneofthemwillbesick.Thatway,atleastonepilotwillalwaysbewellenoughtoflytheplane!\n［问题］Whatquestiondoesn’tthereporteraskintheinterview?A.Howtokeeppassengerssafe?B.Howlongdopilotsactuallyspendflyingaplane?C.Howtodealwithjetlag?D.Howtotakebreaksduringflying?【解析】选A。本题属细节理解题。全文记者共问了五个问题。到原文中去搜索这四个选择项，我们会发现B是第一个问题，C是第三个问题，D是第二个问题，唯独找不到A,故选A。\n（2）推理判断题该题型考查学生通过文章表层信息推测其隐含信息的能力，要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断。该类题虽然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有间接的暗示和线索，切记它不是读者本人的看法或观点。\n根据文中某个词、句子或段落进行推理。［范例］Onedayayoungmanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant,“CouldIhavetwomiceandabouttwentyroaches(蟑螂)?”“Whydoyouneedthesethings?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well,”answeredtheyoungman,“I’mmovingoutofmyapartment(公寓)andthelandlord(房东)saidthatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”\n［问题］Fromthepassageweknowtheapartmentmaybe_______beforetheyoungmanmovedintoit.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects(昆虫)\n【解析】选D。根据文章中的句子“I’mmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordsaidthatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”可知年轻人买老鼠和蟑螂的原因是房东要求房屋必须和年轻人搬进来时一模一样。据此我们可以推断年轻人入住前，公寓一定是很脏，且有很多昆虫，故选D。\n根据作者的语气、论调和倾向进行推断。［范例］Bill:DoIhavetotakethetest?Teacher:Doyouwanttopassthecourse?［问题］Whatdidtheteachermean?A.Billmuststudytopass.B.Billwon’tpassunlesshetakesthetest.C.Billneedn’ttakethetest.D.Billmaymissthetest.\n【解析】选B。根据对话内容可知，比尔不想参加考试，但老师告诉他，不参加考试，本门课程就过不了关。由此可推知应选B项。\n（3）词义猜测类该题型主要考查考生通过上下文去判断词义。词义题的考查有两种：一种是超纲词含义的推断，另一种是熟词生义的推断。\n根据前后的比较对照关系、对它的定义、重述以及举例等进行猜测。［范例］Doyouhaveanyforeignfriends?Doyouknowtheircharacteristics(特征)?TheGermansareveryquietandtheyalwayskeepcalm.Theydon’tliketospeakmorewords.Theylookveryserious.Theylikedifferentkindsofamusements.TheGermansareveryhard-working.Theyliketidiness,especiallythewomen,whoalwayskeeptheirhomeclean.\n［问题］Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tidiness”meaninChinese?A.整洁B.沉默的C.文静D.孤独的【解析】选A。一方面，由下文“especiallythewomen,whoalwayskeeptheirhomeclean.”可知他们爱整洁、爱干净；另一方面，从句法结构上看tidiness作like的宾语，不可能是形容词；再者，-ness是名词词缀，故选A。\n利用同义词、同位语以及构词法等进行猜测。（2011·沈阳中考）［范例］Ifyou’reintosports,you’veseenithappen—tennisplayersjumpoverthenettoshakehandsafterahardmatch;footballplayersexchangejerseys（运动衣）afterninetyminutesofknockingeachotheraround;evenboxerstouchglovesatthebeginningofeachround.Playersineveryevent,fromspellingbeestogolf（高尔夫球），actinthisway.It’sallpartofsportsmanship（体育精神），agreattraditioninsportsandcompetition.Itmeansplayingandbeingcalmallthroughthematch.\n［问题］Theunderlinedword“bees”inthepassagemeans_______.A.flyB.competitionC.guessD.research【解析】选B。把spellingbees，golf分别与下文的sports，competition对应起来，很容易猜到bees和competition是同义词。\n(4)数字推算类该题型要求学生根据文章提供的数据及内在的关系作出简单的计算和推断。\n理清有关数字的关系，列出数学算式。［范例］Youmayknowabout“junkfood”likeFrenchfries.Butdoyouknowabout“junksleep”?Recently,aBritishsurveyfoundthatelectronic(电子的)productsinteenagers’bedroomsareaffecting(影响)theirsleep.Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat30percentofthemgotjust4to7hours’sleepeveryday.Butdoctorssaytheyneed8to9hours.......\n［问题］_______ofthechildreninthesurveysleeponly4to7hoursaday.A.200B.300C.500D.1,000【解析】选B。根据文章的第三段第一、二句我们可以作这样一个简单的计算：100030%=300，故答案为B。\n（5）主旨大意类该类题型在历年中考出现的频率也很高，难度系数较大。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。\n从英语文章中出现主旨大意最频繁的位置——首尾句去找。（2011·泰安中考）［范例］Agroupofpeopleaskedthisquestiontoagroup4-to-8-year-oldchildren.“Whatdoeslovemean?”Theanswersweresurprising.Thechildrenwouldanswerliketheydidbelow.\n“Whenmygrandmotherhurtherknees(膝盖),shecouldn’tbend(弯腰)overandpainthertoenails(脚指甲)anymore.Somygrandfatherdoesitforherallthetime,evenwhenhishandshurttoo.That’slove.”Rebecca-age8“Loveiswhensomeonehurtsyou.Andyougetsomadbutyoudon’tshoutatthembecauseyouknowitwouldhurttheirfeelings.”Samantha-age6\n“Loveiswhatmakesyousmilewhenyou’retired.”Terri-age4“Iletmybigsisterpickon(捉弄)mebecausemymumsayssheonlypicksonmebecauseshelovesme.SoIpickonmybabysisterbecauseIloveher.”Bethany-age4“Iknowmyoldersisterlovesmebecauseshegivesmeallheroldclothesandhastogooutandbuynewclothes.”Lauren-age4\n“LoveiswhenMommygivesDaddythebestpieceofchicken.”Elaine-age5“Mymommylovesmemorethananybody.Youdon’tseeanyoneelsekissingmetosleepatnight.”Clear-age5“Youreallyshouldn’tsay‘Iloveyou’unlessyoumeanit.Butifyoumeanit,youshouldsayitalot.Peopleforget.”Jessica-age8\n［问题］Thepassagemainlytellsusabout_______.A.what“life”meanstochildrenB.what“family”meanstochildrenC.what“friends”meanstochildrenD.what“love”meanstochildren【解析】选D。主旨大意题。在文章第二句“Whatdoeslovemean?”我们就能找到文章的主旨，据此可足以判断选D。\n通过全文主要内容，总结作者写作意图。［范例］Foolish(silly)Freddielivedinasmallvillage.Thepeopleofthevillagelaughedathim.TheylikedtoshowvisitorshowsillyFreddiewas.Theythoughtthiswasafunnythingtodo.Oneday,avisitorcametothevillage.\n“Watchthis,”avillagersaid,andcalledtoFreddie.“Comeandplayagame,Freddie,”heshouted.Freddiewalkedslowlytowardshim,asillysmileonhisface.“Look!Freddie,”thevillagersaid,“I’vegotsomethingforyou.”HeshowedFreddieadollarcoinandamuchlarger50-centcoin.“Whichwouldyoulike?”heaskedFreddie.Freddietookthe50-centcoinatonce.\nThevillagerlaughed.“Seehowfoolishheis,”hesaid.“Healwaysdoesthat.He’stoosillytolearnanything.”Hewalkedaway,leavingFreddiewiththevisitor.ThevisitorfeltsorryforFreddieandsaidtohim,“Althoughthe50-centcoinisbiggerthanthe＄1coin,the＄1coinisworth(值)muchmore.Twotimesasmuch.”“Iknowthat,”Freddiesaid.“ButonceItakethe＄1coin,they’llstopplayingthegame.”\n［问题］Thebesttitleforthepassageshouldbe_______.A.CleverVillagersB.“Foolish”FreddieC.FreddieandaVisitorD.AVisitorandtheVillagers【解析】选B。通读故事可知：弗雷迪一点也不傻，他表面上装傻，是为了可以继续做这样的游戏。\n考点一判断正误型阅读理解判断正误型阅读理解题仍将以文章细节设题为主，以推理判断为辅，重在考查学生识别文章信息的能力。近年来，该题型主要集中在黑龙江、吉林、青海、陕西、山东、四川、云南、福建等省市。预计2013年判断正误型阅读理解仍将是非主流题型，区域性特色明显。\n根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的用“T”，错误的用“F”。（2012·福州中考）Afarmer’sdog,Dolly,hadpuppies(小狗),andthefarmerneededtosellthem.Hepaintedasignandputitinhisyard.Ashewasputtingupthesign,alittleboywalkeduptohim.“Sir,”hesaid,“Iwanttobuyoneofyourdogs.”“Well,”saidthefarmer,“thesedogsareveryexpensive.”\n“CanIjustlook?”askedtheboy.“Sure,”saidthefarmerandwhistled(吹口哨).“Here,Dolly!”hecalled.Dollyranoutfromthedoghouseandfourlittledogsfollowedher.Theboybecameexcited.Then,thelittleboynoticedanotherdog.Thisonewassmaller.Itmovedslowlyandtriedtocatchupwiththeothers.“Iwantthatone,”theboysaid,pointingtothelittledog.\nThefarmersaid,“Son,youdon’twantthatdog.Hewillneverbeabletorunandplaywithyouliketheseotherdogs.”Thelittleboyreacheddownandrolledup(卷起)onelegofhistrousers.Heshowedacast(石膏)onhislegandaspeciallymadeshoe.Hesaid,“Yousee,sir,Idon’truntoowellmyself,andhewillneedsomeonewhounderstands.”Theworldisfullofpeoplewhoneedsomeonewhounderstands.\n1.Dollywasamotherdogwhichhadfourbabydogs.2.Oneofthedogsmovedslowlyprobablybecauseitslegswereweak.3.Thefarmeradvisedtheboynottochoosethesmallerdog.4.Nothingwaswrongwiththeboy’sleg.5.Welearnfromthestorythatoneshouldshowloveandunderstandingfortheweak.\n剖析本文主要是通过一位腿有残疾、走路不便的孩子买狗时没看中健康、跑得快的狗，却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事，诠释了一个生活哲理——生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。Ⅰ.词数分析本文篇幅适中，全文共有202词，其中含有生词（组）4个（puppies小狗,whistled吹口哨,rolledup卷起,cast石膏）。\nⅡ.体裁分析本文是一篇哲理故事。文章先由一个农夫要卖掉小狗展开故事，然后详细描述小孩买狗的过程，最后通过孩子的话语揭示出本文的主题——生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。Ⅲ.角度分析1、2小题是推理判断题，3、4小题是细节理解题，第5小题是主旨大意题。\nⅣ.答案分析1.【解析】F。推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中“...fourlittledogsfollowedher.”及第三、四、五句可知Dolly除了前面提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说Dolly有四只小狗是不正确的，它至少有五只才对。2.【解析】T。推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句“Itmovedslowlyandtriedtocatchupwiththeothers.”及第八段中“Hewillneverbeabletorunandplaywithyou...”可以推断这只小狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。\n3.【解析】T。细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话“Son，youdon’twantthatdog.Hewillneverbeabletorunandplaywithyouliketheseotherdogs.”可知，农夫确实建议男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。4.【解析】F。细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知，这个男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋，并且后面男孩说“...Idon’truntoowellmyself...”，可以确定他的腿是有问题的。故此处错误。\n5.【解析】T。主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段，特别是最后一句话“Theworldisfullofpeoplewhoneedsomeonewhounderstands.(这个世界充满了需要别人理解的人。)”，可以提炼出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家对弱势群体奉献出爱和理解。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。\n考点二选择型阅读理解选择型阅读理解是最为流行的一种题型，因为它设题角度灵活多样，有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题以及主旨大意题，能够较客观全面地考查学生的阅读能力。因此，预计2013年中考选择型阅读理解仍将是主流题型。同时，文章体裁将更加多样化，选材更加广泛，生活气息、时代特色更加浓郁。\n阅读下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的题目，从各题A、B、C、D中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。（2011·潍坊中考）Mr.Whiteworksinanoffice.Helikedreadinginbedwhenhewasatschool.Itwasbadforhiseyesandnowheisnear-sighted.Buthewouldn’twantanybodyelsetoknowaboutitandheneverwearsapairofglasses.Itoftenbringshimsometrouble.\nOnewintermorninghewassenttoavillageschoolonbusiness.Hegotoffabusatastopinasmalltown.Thenhehadtowalkthere.Theroadtothevillagewasn’tsmooth.Therewerestoneshereandthere.Hefelloverseveraltimesanditmadehisclothesverydirty.Atlasthegottothevillage.Suddenlyitbegantoblowstronglyanditgotmuchcolder.Hishatwasblownoffwhilehewaslookingfortheschool.Hehadtorunafteritbuthecouldn’tcatchit.Hewaswonderingwhyhishatranintoahouseasifithadlegs.Andthenheranintothehouse,too.Abigwomanappearedandstoppedhimbyshoutingangrily,“Whatareyourunningaftermyhenfor?”\n1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Mr.Whitewearsapairofglasses.B.Mr.Whiteworksinavillageschool.C.Mr.Whitelikesreadinginbedinhisoffice.D.Mr.Whiteoftenhassometroublebecauseofhisnear-sight.\n2.WhatwastheweatherlikewhenMr.Whitewaswalkingtothevillageschool?A.Itwaswarm.B.Itwaswindy.C.Itwasfine.D.Itwascool.3.Mr.Whitecouldn’tgethishatbecause_______.A.hishathadlegsB.hishatwasthebigwoman’sC.hecouldn’tseehishatatallD.hecouldn’trunasfastashishat\n剖析本文主要叙述了Mr.White近视眼却不想让别人知道，所以他不戴近视镜，结果闹出了笑话——把母鸡当成了自己的帽子的故事。Ⅰ.词数分析本文篇幅较短，全文190词左右，其中含有生词（组）3个（near-sighted近视的；smooth平坦的；blow吹，刮风）。\nⅡ.体裁分析本文属记叙文，话题是“生活趣事”。文章先对故事的主人公Mr.White做相关介绍，为后面发生的故事作铺垫。然后作者详细记叙了故事发生的经过。结构清晰，故事交代详细，读者易懂。Ⅲ.角度分析第1、2小题是细节理解题，第3小题属推理判断题。\nⅣ.答案分析1.【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据句子“heneverwearsapairofglasses”可以判断A是错误的；根据句子“Onewintermorninghewassenttoavillageschoolonbusiness.”可以判断B是错误的；根据句子“Helikedreadinginbedwhenhewasatschool.”可知他是在上学的时候喜欢躺在床上读书，C是错误的；根据句子“Itoftenbringshimsometrouble.”可以判断D是正确的。故选D。\n2.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段句子“Suddenlyitbegantoblowstronglyanditgotmuchcolder.”可知，天气是多风的，故选B。3.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第二段句子“Hehadtorunafteritbuthecouldn’tcatchit.”我们可以推断出他根本看不清自己的帽子，而是把母鸡当成帽子了。故选C。\n考点三任务型阅读任务型阅读理解其题型多样，设题自由开放，内容广泛。它不仅能考查学生的阅读理解能力，还能考查学生的语言组织能力、单词拼写能力、英汉互译能力以及其他语言知识，较好地呼应了新课标所倡导的“任务型语言教学”模式。因此，预计2013年中考将有越来越多的省市采用此题型。\n阅读短文，并按要求完成1～5题。（2011·河北中考）SeveralAsianhospitalsaredoingexperimentswithtele-medicine.Tele-medicineisatechnologythatallowsdoctorsto“see”patientswithoutthembeinginthesameplace.Thisismadepossiblethroughhigh-speedcommunicationnetworks(网络).Atbothendsoftheline,thewayofvideo-meetingletsthemseeandtalktoeachother.Bloodpressure(血压)andbodytemperaturearedirectlyshownoncomputers.\nTele-medicineisalreadyinwideuseinsomeplacessuchastheUnitedStatesandGermany.Amongotheruses,villagedoctorshold“consultations(会诊)”withfar-awayexperts(专家).Theexpertscanalsohelpthemduringoperations.Tele-medicinehasbeenslowtoreachAsiabecauseofhighcosts,besidesotherreasons.Whenthingsimprove,thistechnologywilldevelopveryfast.ChineseUniversityofHongKong’smedicalschoolhasjoinedabighospitalinBeijing,andThailandisbuildingatele-medicinestationconnecting20areas.\nTele-medicinewilldogoodtopatientsbecausedoctorsfromdifferentplacescanseethemandgivetheirmedicaladvice.Thehelpisquiteimportantifthediseaseisanunusualone.Italsohelpsspreadmedicalknowledgeamongexperts.Astele-medicinedevelopswell,itscostswillbeloweranditwillbecomeverypopularinthemedicalfield.\n1题判断正误（“T”表示正确，“F”表示错误）；2题完成句子；3、4题简略回答问题；5题将文中画线句子译成汉语。1.Tele-medicineisalreadyinwideuseinsomecountries.()2.Tele-medicineallows_______withoutthembeinginthesameplace.3.Whydoestele-medicinedevelopslowlyinAsiabesidesotherreasons?______________________________________________________\n4.WhatisThailanddoingaccordingtothepassage?______________________________________________________5.____________________________________________________\n剖析本文主要介绍了什么是远程医疗、远程医疗在欧美的运用、远程医疗在亚洲的发展及其前景。Ⅰ.词数分析本文篇幅适中，全文210词左右，其中含有生词（组）4个（tele-medicine远程医疗；network网络；bloodpressure血压；consultation会诊)。\nⅡ.体裁分析本文属说明文，话题是“远程医疗”。文章包括三部分，首先以报道亚洲几家医院做远程医疗实验开篇，先向读者介绍了什么是远程医疗；接着介绍远程医疗在世界某些地区（如欧美）的广泛使用；最后介绍远程医疗在亚洲起步较晚的原因、初步发展及其前景。Ⅲ.角度分析第1、2、3、4小题是细节理解题；第5小题是理解翻译题。\nⅣ.答案分析1.【解析】T。由第二段第一句话可知此句是正确的。2.【解析】doctorsto“see”/seepatients。由“Tele-medicineisatechnologythatallows...sameplace.”可知：可以转换成doctorsto“see”/seepatients。3.【解析】Becauseofhighcosts./Highcosts.由第三段的第一句话可知：因为高成本,远程医疗在亚洲发展很慢。\n4.【解析】Thailandisbuildingatele-medicinestationconnecting20areas./Buildingatele-medicinestationconnecting20areas.由第三段的最后一句话可知。5.当条件好转的时候，这项技术将会快速地发展。