初中英语从句时态文库 37页

1.宾语从句：1•主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays（that）hewillhaveawalksoon.Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.2.主句若是…般过去时，从句也要用过去时。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.3•无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用-般现在时。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou）\nDoyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?（不是isshe）2•状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if（如果）,unless（除非），when（当…的时候），assoonas（—…就…），before,after,until,till,as（当…的时候）所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek・Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，女口：IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3•定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词wher訂旨“在那里”，when指“在那时二\nSheisagirlwho/thatisbeautifulandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)Thegirlwhoistallismysister./1ownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.Ipreferaplacewherelcanliveaquietlife.(在这儿)Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that从句•但不接sbtodosth.\nIhopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.4.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.（表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。）Thankstoyoursuggestion,1didrftmakesuchmistakes.（表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。）5.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句屮有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep・（正进行）Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.（听的是全过程）Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.（频率词）\n定式：Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife,fHewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.7•感官动词用法之二:look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词,后接形容词。Helooks.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeauti1.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。（代替宾从）宾补有以下情况：1•名词短语,Johnfoundhissonaclever\nboy.\n2•形容词短语，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want类似：◊都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.O都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◊都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike:◊后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea?◊后若接动词，须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon9tfeellikedrinkingtea.[feellike常用于疑问句或否定句屮。】10•词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.\nWhatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?2enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11•对“评价”、‘吠气啲提问之区别：1Whatdoyouthinkof・・・?=Howdoyoulike...?“你对…怎么看？"（How...?句中有like,是动词。）2What9stheweatherlikein...?=Howistheweatherin...?"…的天气什么样?"（What…?句中有like,是介词“像，。）12.take,cost,pay,spend区另！J：1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.\n2物+cost+sb+钱：Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)若cost后无sb,则译作"价钱是”:Thebagcosts30Yuan.3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike,(pay,paid,悶d).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指“度过spendholiday/weekends/winter12.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.另外，若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.\n14•部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）Keepcare1whenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（连词）Keepcare1whenlisteningtotheteacher.（介词）类似的，while,than,before,after,as，since,until等。如：UliwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词）FllwaituntilnextFriday.（介词）15•动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一：1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生，常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfidend.那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的册友。划线部分起修饰作用,下同。He9seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun•我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.\n2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecomer（正进行）asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit（功能）16•动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/1wanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数）Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.（谓语用单数）Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.（谓语用复数）18.later/after/ago/before:llater66...时间后"结构:时间段+later\n常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.（later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I，llseeyoulater.）2after44…时间后"结构:afiter+时间段,常用于一般过去时,和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.（after也可加句子：IUlsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.）3ago“..・时间前”结构:时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.（since+时间段+ago,主句用现在完成吋）4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore・Hehasseenthefilmbefore.（若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“…时间前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.）\n19•四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20•月：January,—月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；May,五月；June,六月;July,七月；August,八月；September,九月；October，十月；November，十一月；December,十二月。21•星期:Sunday,星期H；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二；Wednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五;Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。22•"也either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。23•带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretoo\ntallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.24.(a)little/(a)few:lfew,little"几乎没有;少，，否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些,背定词，加可数名词复数;alittle"-些；•点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另夕卜，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only，just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为"很多”25•及物动词+副词：puton/off7away/up/down/out;breako田down;turnon/off7up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off宾语是名词时，可放在屮间或后边，是代词时只放在屮间。26.asas用法：1和…一样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.\nHerunsasfastasI/me.2as...aspossible/sbcan“尽可能...”Wewentthereassoonaspossible我们尽口J能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和…一样快；一…就…；asmuchas和…一样多；多达；aslongas和…一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和…一样好;和…一样；asfaras远达；就…来说；26.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起.・・更喜欢…prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事27.some-,any-,every-用法：1some■“某~,一些~用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句屮表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示诘求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-9在疑问句中仍译为"某〜，一些〜，，Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为"任何〜，，Youmayput\ntheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedoifthaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“^~J强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?・No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave・Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.29•动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时（am/is/are+v.ing）＞一般将来时（will/shall/begoingto+动词原形）、一般过去时、过去进彳亍时（was/were+v.ing）＞现在完成时（have/has+v.过去分词）、过去完成时（had+v.过去分词）、过去将來吋（would+V.原形）六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数（加s/es）；现在分词（v.ing）；带to不定式。3O.i〃whether区另U：if如果（引导条件状从）/是否（引导宾从）whether无论（引导让步状从）/是否（引导宾从）\n讦则不可。另外，讦可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.31•因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。since,位置：Since...,....Sinceifsalreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置：・・・，for…•语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,foriVssnowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can，tmust"-定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.may/might“也许^一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。\nSheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.\ncan/could"可能"could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon，tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan，tbetherenow.32.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly…such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews...;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies...;若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...也常有“so/such…that句型,译为“如此…以致\n32.so的另两个用法：Iso+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，"的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.又女口:A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.33.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语"…也不"上文是否定句oShedidrftgetwell,nordidherbrother.或对话形式：A:Jimhasn'thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.34.keep,make,get,have用法：\n1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做.・・，'Fmsorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong,keep+doingsth“坚持做某事"2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事FlltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.32.used短语：usedto+动原，"过去常常,9Heusedtosmoke・beusedto译为“被用來…”，后接动原。Itisusedtocut\nthings.beusedto译为“习惯于后接动词ing或名词/代词.女1丨：Hc，susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）女口：Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.32.through/past/across:都可作介词，“穿过，，前常有位移动词。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.HeswamacrosstheTivcT.【through,内咅0;past，旁边；across，表面。】位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.33.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”；后者\n“许多的，，都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.32.延续性动词：Howlong,since,for,（以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句屮的主句谓语要用延续性动词。HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?Fvelivedheresince2002.Lefswaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：Ihaven^tseenyouforalongtime.4l.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina,all接可数复数,谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。\n4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定词+复数谓语用单、复数都可。另见885-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都“每一个丁没有一个二both/either/neither两者中“都，7“任何一个，7“没有一个”42•计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta\n10-kilo-heavyfish・It'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.Ifsatwo-monthholiday.（此处计量中的形容词long可省略。）43.Must1/May1/NeedI...?用法:IMustI...?我必须…吗？A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn^.2MayI…？我可以…吗？A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes，youcan./No,youmustn，t/can，t.3NeedI...?我有必要…吗?A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否贝I」力口s,力口of.女口：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.\nninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several，后常不力口s和of：severalmillionpounds45•反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.Somethingiswrong,isn，tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?21thinkLucycandowellintheexam,can，tshe?Idon'tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要结合think后的从句而定。3祈使句的QT—般用willyou?而Lefs…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don，tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon'ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let，sdoitnow,shallwe?4Therebe句型，QT主语用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn^there?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn^there?\nTherewon，tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:lputon，“穿上"后接物。表行为,是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes・3dress,"给…穿衣，，后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow・bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white•可直接加表颜色的词。4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词,不可作谓语,口J作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?Fveseentheboyinyellow.47•虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语\n气，即if从句中用一般过去吋，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气屮的be动词都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.（与现在事实相反）IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.（可能性很小）48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:1如只不特定指出哪•个,是泛指，“另-个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）another也可+数字十可数复数：Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours・/Weneedanothersixdesks・2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另-个或另一部分是特指（other前有the.）,有如下用法：第一种，所说内容只有两个：Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother（one/son）isgoodatscience.【只有两个，用theother,不加\ns?后面名词可省略。】又如:Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下theother后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在theother后加s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给川范围，则是泛指,不加the.LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.Haveyouanyotherquestions?Alicedidn，tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.4other的另■•用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.（划线中boy用单数）=\nHeistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.（划线中boy用复数）\n49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-It's5,000kilometerslong.Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.2howoften是对频率提问,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays・/Twiceaweek.【若只有次数，则用howmanytimes提问：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]3howsoon是对“in+时间段"提问：HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwo\ndays.\n4howfar是对时间段，s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?-Fiveminutes5walk./Anhour^sride./Thirteenminutes，drive.或者说：Ifsabout20kilometers（far）away.（问和回答不同。）50•分数表达:二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如halfanhour二ahalfhour半小时Ifshalfpastseven.（省略冠词）以下情况屮，分子（基数词）若超过分母（序数词）需加S:三分之一：a/onethird三分Z二：twothirds四分之一：a/onefourth或a/onequarter四分之三：threefourths或threequarters.五分之一：a/onefifth五分之二：twofifths其它类推。若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定:\nTwofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时，谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可数时,谓用单)51•到达:1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China接地点副词时，不带to.getthere/home/here.2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reachBeijing/England但常不说reachhome/there/here.52•感叹句：What+名词短语+主语+谓语！Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!\n53.because/instead/out等与加of的区别:1because后接句子，becauseof接名词或代词。Hedidn，tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。insteadof述要接名词或代词。Wedidrfthaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.3out副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向…外，，，可不加of.—般不耍求掌握。）Hewentoutearly•或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:muchtoo"过于"，加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等otoomuch"太多的，，，加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany"太多的”,加可数复数。toomanybooks/people\n等。53.alone/lonely:lalone,"独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jackisalone.杰克是单身。Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。口J当副词，修饰动词：Shelivesalone.她独居。Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。（注意：不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例）21onely,“孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。可在系动词后作表语：Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。（lonely和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感\n受无关。）也可在名词前作定语：alonelyperson一位孤独的人alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄（alone不可作定语）56.bclongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.（人）Thissuitismine/Lucy's/mybrother's/hers.（某物是某人的）57.by常见用法：1“通过"IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.2“截止到'，Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.3“被'ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.4“经过，'Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.5“在旁边，，Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.