【初中英语】句子结构梳理 16页

知识梳理知识点1:句子结构梳理模块一：句子结构【重点】一、词性的概念：英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。共有十类：名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词,”名”就是名称…人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名…Mike,LiMing;地名一America,China动物名・・・pig,dog;植物名…tree,wheato抽象的事物的名称:idea（主意）,victory（胜利）,knowledge（知识）.2、代词，何谓“代”？即是替代的意思，主要是來替代名词，所以说名词和代词关系是很近的，或者说代词的实质就是名词，正是这种血液关系，绝人多数时候代词跟名词在旬屮起的作用是一样的。代词，从英语词汇的整体来看数量并不多。3、动词，”动"就是动作■■人的五官动作：walk,jump,swim;人的大脑动作（心理活动）：think,imagineo也有些动词是表示静止的，如：am,is,arec4、形容词，我们在谈论人或物时，常说：“你描述一下是什么样子。”你就要用±：tall（高的），short矮的），black（黑的）,white（白的）这些词往往是修饰名词,它们就是形容词。5、副词，说人行走得快慢，讲话清楚，在英语里就要用quickly（快地），slowly（慢地），clearly（清楚地）这些词往往来修饰动词。它们就是副词。副词很多是从形容词加ly构成的，所以看单词词尾是否冇ly是判断是否是副词的一种方法，但是词尾是ly的也不一定都是副诃，E能是形容诃，不过只有少量的单词（常见的有likely,friendlylovely,lonely,weekly,monthly,yearly）,这儿个单词需要加强记忆，也不就是儿个单词特殊嘛，不过考试往往就考特殊的，你要小心才是呀！6、介词，英语用词里介词也属于难缠的一个。因为它涉及方面广，而且变化多端，往往令人捉摸不定，记起来很麻烦。别怕别怕，人部份介词都不难理解，比较令人头痛的只是下列儿个at,by,to,in,for,of,on,from,with,其中乂以at,by,in,on为四大"要犯”！学习介词就是要抓住这几”耍犯”，述耍提醒你的是，介词同名词“关系”最好，是“铁”哥们，所以往往你见到介词的地方你就会见到名词,而且还有一个词类往往和他们两个往往在一起，那就是冠词，他们三个形成一个“小集团”。7、连词，如果我们想把单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起來就要用连词。连词不能单独作句子成分，只能和其他词类一起作句子成分。常'见的连词有：and,but,or,both..and,neither..nor,notonly..butalso,when,where,before,after,if等等8、冠词，英语中只有三个词：心m（不定冠词）the（定冠词），简单来说，不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指，冠词与名词关系紧密，一般是放在名词Z前。定冠词也不能单独做主语宾语等等什么啦，只能和其他词类结合作句子成分。\n9、数词，顾名思义，跟数字有关的词就是数词，英语屮的数词有两种，基数词和序数词。基数词，比如:onetwo,three,four,five,six,seven等等，序数词，比如:first,second,third,fourth,fifth等等。10、感叹词，主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的，比如:oh,ah,well等等,这一词类在十大词类中并不重要，了解即可。二、简单的五种基本句型：1、S（主）+Vi（不及物动词）（谓语）主动结构例如：Timeflies.1）S+V+副词（状语）例如:Birdssingbeautifully.2）S+Vi+介词短语（状语）例如：Hewentonholiday.3）S+Vi+不定式（状语）例如:Westoppedtohavearest.4）S+Vi+分词（状语）例如:I'llgoswimming.2、S住）+Vt（及物动词）（谓语）+0（宾语）主动宾结构例如:WelikeEnglish.1）S+Vt+名词/代词例如：Ilikemusic.2）S+Vt+不定式例如：Iwanttohelphim.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有：decide,hope,learn,need,promise,want,等。3）S+Vt+疑问词+彳、定式例如:Idon'tknowwhattodo.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有：ask,decide,findout,forget,know等。4）S+Vt+动名词例如：Ienjoylivinghere.［说明］常用于这句型的动词冇：advise,enjoy,finish,mind,practise等。5）S+Vt+宾语从句例如：Idon'tthink（that）heisright.［说明］常川于这句型的动词有：hope,know,notice,think,wonder等。【难点】3、S（主）+V（谓语）（系动词）+P（表语）主系表结构例如:WeareChinese.［说明］I•除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以川作系动词，①表感官的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,seem等。②表转变变化的动词,become,get,grow,turn,go,等。③表延续的动词keep,seem等。④表瞬时的动词come,fall等。\nII・表语也就是主语的补足语。1）S+V+名词/代词例如：Heisaboy.2）S+V+形容词例如:Sheisbeautiful.3）S+V+Adv畐ij词例如：Classisover.4）S+V+介词短语例如:Heisingoodhealth.5）S+V+分词例如：Heisexcited.4、S（主）+Vt（谓语）+InO（间接宾语）+D0（直接宾语）一一主动双宾结构例如：Igiveyouhelp.1）S+Vt+间接宾语+直接宾语例如：Isenthimabook.2）S+Vt+直接宾语+To/for+间接宾语例如：Hesentabooktome.［说明］①间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有：bring,give,lend,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tell,wish,write等。②间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有：buy,get,make等。【难点】5、S（主）+Vt（谓语）+0（宾语）+0C（宾语补足语）——主动宾补结构例如：Imakeyouclear.［强调］宾语和宾语补足语Z间通常具有逻辑主谓关系。1）S+Vt+宾语+名词例如：WenamedourbabyTom.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有：calkfind,make,name等。2）S+Vt+宾语+形容词例如：Hepaintedthewallwhite.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有：cut,find,keep,leave,make,see,wash等。3）S+Vt+宾语+介词短语例如:Shealwayskeepseverythingingoodorder.4）S+Vt+宾语+不定式例如：Iwishyoutostay.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有：①不定式带的词：ask,invite,tell,want,warn,wish等。②彳90式彳从带to的i司：have,know,let,make,notice,see,watch等。5）S+Vt+宾语+分词例如：Iheardmynamecalled（表示被动）.Ifeelsomethingmoving（表示进行）.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有：notice,observe,see,watch等。6）S+Vt+宾语+疑问词+不定式\n例如：Heshowmehowtodoit.［说明］常用于这句型的动词有:ask,show,teach,tell等。【巩固练习】(-)基础题：1.判断下列各句的基本结构。1)Mr.BlackisEnglish.2)Theteachertaughtussomenewwords.3)Thefarmerispickingtheapples.4)Thetemperaturedropped・5)Theyturnedtotheright.6)Iwouldliketobeyourpen-friend・7)Ihaveshortblackhairandbrowneyes.8)Ialsoenjoyplayingchess・9)IhaveabrothercalledEdwin・10)Myambitionistobeanengineer.参考答案：1、1)SVC2)SVOO3)SVO4)SV5)SV6)SVO7)SVO8)SVO9)SVOC10)SVC2.句子成分判断：A.指出下列句中主语的中心词1)Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.2)Thereisanoldmancominghere・3)Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyea匚4)Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.5)Thegoodomenofhisbirthwasdestinedtochangehisfortune.B.选出句屮谓语的屮心词1)Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall2)Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB・IoC・daysD.summer3)Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus\n1)Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.\nA.willbeB.meetingC・thelibraryD・afternoon1)Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfastc.挑出下列句屮的宾语1)Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.ABCD2)PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish,ABCD3)Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.ABCD4)Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?ABCD5)Theydidn'tknowwho”FatherChristmasMreallyis.ABCDD.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语1)2)3)4)5)Shelikesthechildren(oreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.ABCDHeaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.ABCDShefounditdifficulltodo(hework.ABCDTheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCDDidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygioundjustnow?ABCDE.划出句屮的直接宾语和间接宾语1))Pleasetellusastory.2)Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.3)M匚Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.4)Hereisapen.GiveittoTom・5)Didheleaveanymessageforme・(二)提高题：I•指出下列各句中斜体词的词性，并将句子译成汉语。1・Thedriverbackedthecaroutofthegarage・2.Themanfined20dollarsforsmokinginthetheatre・3.YoiTvedoneaprettygoodjob.4.Theboyaskedtheactorspresenttosigntheirnamesinhisnotebook.5・Inthedarknessweinchedagainstthewall.6.Wewalkedabouttheschoolcampusduringthebreak.\n6.Therewasaburstoflaughterintheclassroom・7.Theclimberboughtalotofcannedfood・8.ThesemedicineswillbeshippedtoanAfricancountry.9.Theladyputthefishdishatthewindowtocoolit・11・Harrislearnedhowtomilkacow・12・Thecropsaregrowingbadlyinsuchdryweathe匚13-Thewastebaskethasbeenemptied.14.Toomuchfatisbadforone'shealth.15.Anewplanhasformedinhismind.16.Thegirlhasagiftforlanguagelearning.17.Therainsavedusthetroubletowatertheflowers.18.Theyhadagoodlaughoverthestory.19.TheownernamedhiscoffeeshopuDreamH.20.Thehallcanseataboutonethousandpeople・21・Therobberwassentencedtodeath.22.Hisdebttotaled£20,000.23-Theysatstill,withtheireyesfixedontheteacher.24.Welookedattheeagleflyinghighinthesky.25•Ishehomealready?26.Theoldmanlikestowalkhisdogafterbreakfast・27・Shehaslongedtohavearoomofherown.28.Someroadsignsweresetupalongthehighway.29-Nancystoppedtohaveasmoke.30.Ibookedtwoticketsbeforehand・II.指出下列各句的基本结构。1.MrBlackisEnglish.2・Theteachertaughtussomegrammarrules.3・Thefarmerdugupthesoil.4.Shefoundherringlost.5.Sheleftherjobunfinished.6.Thegreatpoetlivedinthe18thcentury.7.Sheintroducedherfriendstous.8.Thetape-recorderisonthedesk・9.Theguestshavejustarrived・1().Shelaidthebabyonthebed.参考答案：答案：I.1、司机把汽车倒出车库。2、那人因为在剧场内抽烟被罚款20美元。3、你工作干得很好。4、孩子请在场的演员在他的笔记本上签名。\n5、黑暗中我们倚墙慢慢移动。6、休息时我们在校园散步。7、教室里爆发出一阵哄笑芦。8、登山者买了许多罐头食品。9、这些药殆将船运到某非洲国家。10、女士把烧好的鱼放在靠窗处凉一下。11、哈里斯学会了如何挤奶。12、在这么T旱的天气里庄家长势很差。13、废纸篓已被倒空。14、过多的脂肪对人体健康有害。15、一个新的计划在他的头脑中形成了。16、这女孩有学习语言的天赋。17、这场雨省去了我们浇花的麻烦。18、他们听了故事开怀大笑。19、店主将他的咖啡馆取名为“梦”。20、这会场能容纳约1000人的座位。21、抢刼者被判处死刑。22、他的债务总计两万英镑。23、他们坐着不动，眼睛盯着老师。24、我们看着鹰在天空翱翔。25、他已经回家了。26、老人喜欢早餐后遛狗。27、她渴望有自己的房间。28、公路沿线竖起了一些路牌。29、南希停下来抽烟。30、我事先预定了两张票。II.l.SVC2.SVOO3.SVO4.SVOC5.SVOC6.SV7.SVOO8.SVC9.SVIO.SVO课堂总结课后作业崇明县2015年初三英语一模练习II.Choosethebestanswer(选择最恰当的答案)：(共20分)26.Thelakenearmyhouselooksverybeautiful.Whichofthefollowingiscorrectfortheunderlinedword?A)/teik-Q/tek?D)八咏2\n26.Whichofthefollowingwordsmatchesthesound[ha:d]?A)boatB)boardC)birdD)body\n26.ThisyeartheSpringFestivalfailsFebruary19th.D)atD)HerselfD)forA)inB)toC)on27.ThegirlinredisSusan.comesfromCanada・A)SheB)HerC)Hers28.Childrenundertheageoffivecanseetheshowfree.A)toB)inC)with31・Ican'tusemymobilephonenow.Theremustbewrongwithit.A)somethingB)anythingC)everythingD)nothing32.-wouldthispackagecostmebyairmail?-$15.50.A)HowmanyB)HowmuchC)HowfarD)Howsoon33.Apassengerplanewasreportedmissinglastweek.terriblenewsitwas!A)WhatB)WhataC)WhatanD)How34.ShenzhenBaoanAirportisalmostasasPudongInternationalAirport・A)bigB)biggerC)biggestD)thebiggest35.Look!Somanypeopleinfrontoftheboxoffice,waitingtobuythetickets.A)amB)isC)arcD)be36.Whichonedoyouoftenusetotalktoyourfriends,QQWeChat?A)forB)butC)soD)or37.Wewerehalfanhourlatefordinnerwehadtakenthewrongbus・A)ifB)whileC)unlessD)because38.Thereisplentyoftimebeforetheconcertstarts.Wcbeinsuchahurry.A)can'tB)mustnftC)neednftD)oughtn't39.aseat,Michael!Themeetingwillbegininaminute.A)TotakeB)TakeC)TookD)Taking40.Petertheroller-coaster(过山车)forthefirsttimeinhislifelastweek・A)ridesB)rodeC)willrideD)hasridden41.SarahaninterestingmoviewithherfriendLilytomorrowafternoon.A)watchedB)haswatchedC)willwatchD)werewatching42.Theairpollutionisveryseriousthismorning.Let'sindoors.A)tostayB)stayC)staying43.-Wouldyoumindmeyourpassport?・Hereyouare・A)showB)toshowC)showed44.-Couldyoupleasehelpmewiththebox?D)stayedD)showingA)Thafsright.B)Thankyou.C)Noproblem.D)YouTcwelcome.45.-TomorrowisMum'sbirthday.Shallwebuyherapresent?A)Goodidea.B)You'rewelcome.C)Notatall.D)Nevermind.IILCompletethefollowingpassagewiththewordsorphrasesinthebox.Eachcanonlybeusedonce.(将下列单词或词组填入空格。每空限填一词，每词只能填一次)(共8分)A)recentA)failedC)teenagersD)disappearedE)safety\nYesterdaythepoliceandmorethan20volunteersstartedtosearchfortwomissing46,VickyGrayandTomHunter,andtheirguide,GavinJones.Thepolicesaidthattheyhad47duringanadventuretourinCapeYorkPeninsula・Thiswastheseconddayofthesearchanditwasgettingdark・Thepolicewerenowveryworriedaboutthe48ofthemissingpeople.Thepolicesaidthatthesearchhadcoveredawidearea,buttherainforestwasthickandtheirworkwasmadeharderbythe49rain.LateronChiefInspectorRogerFleetsaid,"Thetravelershadaradiowiththem.Iftheyhadbeenintrouble,theywouldhavecalledus."A）questionsB）dangerousC）contactD）behindE）orderThetravelersleftCooktownveryearlyonSaturdaymorninginaToyotaca匚TheytookasmalldirtroadthatrunsdowntotheDaintreeRiver,a50riverfullofcrocodiles（鳄鱼）.ChiefInspectorRogerFleetsaidthetouristswouldn'thavegotintotroubleiftheyhadstayedonthemainroad・AphotoofVickyandTomwasfoundbyapolicemanundertheHBecarefulaboutcrocodiles!Msignneartherive匚Whywasthephotoleft51?Thisisjustoneoftheunanswered52•Otherquestionsare:WhywastheToyotaparkedandlockedattheedgeoftherainforest?Thepolicesaidthatthetravelershadleftamapoftheareabehind・Why?Whyhadsomeonedrawnacrossonthepointwherethecaris?Isthisasign?Whatdoesitmean?Ifanyonecangiveinformationorhasseentheseyoungpeople,53thelocalpoliceinCooktown.IV.Completethesentenceswiththegivenwordsintheirproperforms（用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子）（共8分）54.Jameshascollectedmanyfromdifferentcountries-（coin）55.Thisisthetimethat1havebeentothisbeautifulcity・（three）56.Theblackmobilephoneonthedeskismine,not.（your）57.Ourcountryisoneofthemostnationsintheworld,（power）5&Greenpeaceisaninternationalthatprotectstheenvironment,（organize）59.Thepassengersfeltrelaxedaftertheplanelandedattheairport,（safe）60.Fmsureyouwillinpassingthetest讦youworkhard・（success）61・Weallknoweatingallthatjunkfoodisreally・（healthy）V