初中英语总复习-Grammar 23页

Grammar一、动词的时态、语态知识网络动词的时态、语态常见的八种时态一般现在吋：谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数形式过去时：谓语用动词的过去式将来时:will/begoingto+动词原形现在进行时：am/is/are+动词的现在分词完成时：have/has+动词的过去分词过去进行时：was/wcrc+动词的现在分词完成时：had+动词的过去分词将來时:would或was/weregoingto+动词的原形动词的语态主动语态被动语态(一)动词的时态1.-■般现在时(1)基木川法：表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的情况或状态；表示客观事实和普遍真理。如：Healwayshelpsothers.Heisateache匚Thesunrisesintheeast.(2)构成形式：am/is/are或实义动词的原形(主语是笫三人称单数时，动词要用笫三人称单数形式)。(3)与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：always,often,usually,sometimes,onceaweek,everyday等。Mid-AutumnDayusuallycomesinSeptemberorOctobereveryyear.(4)动词第三人称单数形式的构成：①一般动词在词尾直接加s,如lives,works等。②以s,x,sh,ch,o结尾的,illes,如goes,does,washes,passes等。③以辅音字母+y结尾的，把y变为i,再加es,如fly—flies,study—studies,worry—worries；以元音字母+y结尾的，直接加s,如enjoy—enjoys,play一plays。④特殊情况：have—has,am/are一is(5)注意：如果主句为一般将来时,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句和when,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示将來。Whataboutgoingclimbingifitdoesn'traintomorrow?2.-般过去时(1)概念：表示过去发牛:的动作，存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。(2)构成形式：①肯定式：be(was,were)；为动词(过去式)②否定式：was/were+not；彳亍为动词didn't+动词原形③疑问式：was/were+主语+其他；行为动词did+主语+动词原形(3)动词过去式的变化：\n动词过去式冇规则变化和不规则变化两种，不规则变化应特别记忆。规则变化冇如下形式:①一般在动词后直接加ed。如：climbed,worked,asked等。②以e结尾的动词在后血直接加d。如：lived,described,agreed等。③以辅音字母+y结尾的，先把y变为i再加cd。如：cry一cried,copy一copied,try一tried等。以元音字母+y结尾的，一肓接加ed。如enjoy—enjoyed,play一played等。④以重读闭音节结尾的单词，如果末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母，则双写这个辅音字母力Uedc如：stop—stopped,plan—planned,prefer—preferred⑷与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：ago,yesterday,lastweek,thedaybeforeyesterday,longlongago,onceuponatime等。(5)—般过去时的用法：①表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。Iboughtthebooklastweek.②表示过去经常反复发生的动作，常与always,usually,often,never,sometimes等连川(过去常常做某事也可用usedtodosth.來表示)。③since从句常用一般过去吋，翻译成“自从”。ItistenyearssinceIcamehere.1.—•般将来时(1)概念：表示将要发牛的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。(2)构成形式：“will/shall+动词原形”或uam/is/aregoingto+动词原形”。⑶与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow,nextweek,in+一段时间等。(1)当主语是第一人称I或wc时，问句中一般用shall,表示征求意见。Whenshallwcfinishhomework?⑸begoingto+动词原形，表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定的，很可能发生的事，或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。Lookattheclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.(1)下列儿种情况只可用shall(will)表将来,而不可用begoingto结构。①表示询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。Willyoupleaselendmeyourpen?②表示意愿时。Wewillhelphimifheasksus.③表单客观的将来，与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。Thesunwillsetat7:30thisafternoon.(2)当主句为一般将來时态时，在if,unless,assoonas,until,when等引导的状语从句中用-•般现在时代替一般将来时。IwillcallyouassoonasIgetthere.(3)thcrcbe结构的一般将来时为therewillbc/thcrcisgoingtobe。(4)will/shall,beabouttodo与begoingto的区别。①一般将來时的基本结构为“will/shall+动词原形”，表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。②beabouttodo结构表示客观、马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。③begoingto结构表示必然或很可能发生的事情；betodo结构表示按职责、义务和要求必须去做或即将发生的动作。2.现在进行吋\n(1)概念：表示现在或现阶段正在发生或持续的动作。(2)构成形式：am/is/are+动词的ing形式。⑶与现在进行时连用的时间状语或提示语冇：now,thesedays,rightnow,atpresent,atthismoment,look,listen,can/can'tyousee等。(4)注意下列这些动词一般没有现在进行时态：表示感觉的动词。如:see,hear等。表示情感的动词。如:like,love等。表示希望的动词。如：want,wouldlike等。表示状态的动词。如：be等。表示归属的动词。如：have等。表示思维、知识或理解的动词。如：know,think等。1.现在完成时(1)概念：①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。②表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。(2)构成形式：have/has+动词的过去分词。⑶与现在完成时连丿IJ的时间状语有ever,never,already,just,yet,once,twice,lately,recently,recentdays/weeks/months/years,bythistime,sofar,before,in/during/overthepast/lastfew/twoyears,sincc+过去的时间点，since+时间段+ago,since+从句(一般过去时)，for+时间段。⑷现在完成时与表示-段时间的fo「短语、since短语或从句等连用时，应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性的，而不能是非延续性动词，如：come-*behere,go-*bethere,die-*bedead,borrowkeep,buy—have,join—bein,leave—beaway,end/finish—beover等。(5)havcbeento,havegoneto,havebeenin的用法区别：havebeento表示“曾去过”，现在应不在该地；havegoneto则表示“已去”，说话吋不在说话地点，或在去某地的途中，或已到了某地；havebeenin表示“已在某地待了多久”，后血跟副词时不用in。-WhereisMrs.Smith?-Sheisn'there.ShehasgonetoEngland.■Haveyoueverbeen(oShanghai?・Yes,Ihave.Istayedtherefor2monthslastyea匚(6)现在完成吋M-般过去吋的区别：现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在造成的影响、结果等，不与表示过去的时间状语连用；…般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示与现在的关系，可与表示过去的时间状语连用。2.过去进行时(1)概念：表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作。⑵构成形式：was/were+动词的ing形式①表示往返、位移的动词的过去进行时常'可用來表示过去将來时。Wewantedtotellherthatthetrainwasleavinganhourlater.②注意区别：一般过去时表示在过去某个吋间“发牛了的动作”或“存在了的状态”，而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间“正在进行的动作”。Marywrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.(表明信写完了)Marywaswritingalettertoherfriendlastnight.(只表明直在写”,不清楚"是否写完”)(3)常与过公进行时连用的时间状语有两类：一类是表过去的“某点”时间，如：atthattime,thistime,lastweek,when/while的时间状语从句等;另一类是表过去的"某段”时间,如yesterday\nmorning等。Whatwereyoudoingatnineo'clocklastSundaymorning?WhileJohnwaswalkingtoschool,hesawacatinatree.1.过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示在过去某个时间Z前已经发生的动作或一直延续的动作或状态。它表示动作所发生的时间是“过去的过去”，常用“助动词had+过去分词”构成。Bythetimeshegotup,herbrotherhadalreadygoneintothebathroom.⑵过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不同。因此现在完成时中的很多规则,也适用于过去完成时。WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadbeenon.(1)常少过去完成吋连用的吋间状语有：by(theendof)+过去的时间，for+吋间段，since+时间点，since/when引导的时间状语从句(从句中谓语动词用过去时)等。Bytheendofthematch,theyhadkickedtwogoalsandwehadkickedfour.2.过去将来时(1)概念：过去将来时立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来。(2)与过去将来时连用的时间状语:thenextday(morning,year...),thefollowingmonth(week...)等。(3)构成形式：①肯定式：was/weregoingto+do；should/would+do②否定工弋：was/wcrc+not+goingto+do；should/would+not+do③疑问式：was或were放在主语前；should/would提到主语前。④过去将來时经常用在间接引语、宾语从句中:JimaskedLucy讦shewouldbuythenewbook.(二)动词的语态1.动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。2.被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词，或“不及物动词+介词”构成的及物动词短语。|现以及物动词ask为例，其各种吋态形式的被动结构如下表所示。结构Ask的各种被动语态形式形式助动词be的适当形式+及物动词的过去分词时态一般现在时am]is>areJasked一般过去时was]were丿»asked一般将来时shallwill}beasked\n过去将来时shouldwouldj-beasked现在进行时am[israreJbeingasked过去进行时waswere-}beingaskedhavel现在完成时hasJ-beenasked过去完成时hadbeenasked含冇悄态动词的被动语态can,may,must,should,needbeasked1.被动语态的用法在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列儿种情况屮：(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。ThiswatchismadeinChina.(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.(3)需要说明或强调动作的承受者。Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.2.主动语态和被动语态的转换(1)主动语态变为被动语态。①要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句屮的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变成主格。②把主动句中的主语变成被动句中的宾语，将主格变成宾格，并由by引导。③谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主动语态：动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者被动语态：动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者WeaskedhimtosinganEnglishsong.(变为被动语态)-*HewasaskedtosinganEnglishsongbyus.(2)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态。谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留肓接宾语；若将肓接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。Shegavemeabook.(变为被动语态)—1wasgivenabook.(间接宾语me改为主语)Abookwasgiventome.(直接宾语abook改为主语)(3)短语动词变为被动语态。许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以冇宾语，也可以冇被动语态。但是短语动词是-个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成取语动词的介词或副词。Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.(变为被动语态)—Oldmenshouldbespokentopolitely.(to不可省略)\n(1)带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态。宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保谢在原处，成为主语补足语。1heardJaneplayingthepianoinherroom.(变为被动语态)fJanewasheardplayingthepianoinherroom.(2)被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等及使役动词let,make,have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时应加上不定式符号tOoHemakesthegirlstayathome•(变为被动语态)—Thegirlismadetostayathome・(6)主动结构表被动意义①open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。Thiskindofshirtsellswellhere・②look,sound,taste,smell等系动诃用主动结构表被动意义。Mooncakestastedelicious.③在beworthdoing中doing表被动意义。Thisbookisworthreading・©want/nccci/rcquircdoing=want/nccd/rcquirctobedoncoMybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.(三)、例题解析1JIJ所给动词的适当形式完成短文。DearZhangLin,How'sitgoing?I丄(have)someproblemsatschool.IfinditdifficulttoworkintheeveningandIcan'tconcentrateonanythingatthemoment.Ispendmostofmytime2(listen)torecordsorwatchingTVinsteadofdoingmyhomework.Theotherstudentsinmyclass3(be)muchbetterthanme.Ihavethefollowingproblemsaswell.Ican'talwaystakedowntheimportantthingsmyteacher4(say),becauseIwritetooslowly.She5(tell)methatImfallingbehindmyclassmatesinmystudies,Pmnotgoodat6(write)andIusuallyhandinmyhomeworklatebecauseIwon'tdoituntilthelastminute.SoIoftenhavetofinddifferentexcuses7(let)myteacherknowwhyIhaven'tdonethehomework.FmsureI8(get)throughmyfinalexaminJanuary.TmnowsofarbehindtheotherstudentsthatIdon'tknowhowIcan9(catch)upwiththem.Lastweek,whenmyteacher10(help)mewithmyhomework,shefoundsomanymistakes,whichmadememoreupset.Couldyoupleasegivemesomegoodsuggestions?YoursfWeiHua【答案与解析】【主旨大意】这是一封向同学寻求学习帮助的信。1.have【解析】I作主语，动词用原形。2.listening【解析】spendsometime(in)doingsth.是固定用法，故填listeningo\n1.are【解析】主语theotherstudents是复数，故be动词也用复数形式are。2.says【解析】myteacher是第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词也用第三人称单数。3.hastold【解析】此处表示已经发生并对现在产生了一定影响的事，故用现在完成时。4.writing【解析】begoodatdoing是固定用法。5.tolet【解析】不定式表目的。6.won'tget【解析】根据句意“我确定我将通不过1月份的期末考试。”知用一般将来时的否定形式。7.catch【解析】情态动词can后用动词原形。8.helped【解析】叙述过去发生的事用般过去吋。二、句子成份英语句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，表语，定语，状语等。顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。1、主语：表示句了主要说明的人或爭物,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Countrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls・（数词）To刖加2intheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdocsharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）W力刃2weare±oin±tohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）hisnecessarytomasteraforeignlan父uage•（it作形式主语，真止的主语为后面的不定式）2、一谓语：谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。可以冇不同的时态，语态和语气。1）简单谓语：Westudyforthepeople.2）复介谓语：IcanspeakalittleEnglish・Wcarereadingbooks.Hehas父onetoBeijing..3、表语：它位于系动词（比如be）Z后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。Mysisterisanurse.Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting（分词）ThreetimessevenisVerityone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayin父football.（动名词）Therulermustbeinyourbox.（介词越语）Timeis・Theclassisowr・（畐ij词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）4、宾语：宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词Z后，WelikeEnglish.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive・（数i诃）Theyhelped〃“oldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Itbegantorain.（不定式短语）\nIenjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffig（宾语从句）有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。如：Hegavemesomeink.冇些及物动词的宾语后面还需爾一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：Wcmakehimourmonitor（班氏）.5、宾补：就是宾语补足语，就是补充说明宾语的IseeyoucrossingthestreetHisfathernamedhimDon父mins（名词）They悶nted（涂漆）theirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismonevtoyou.（不泄式短语）WesawheretUerin父theroom・（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabifi乂oodorder・（介词短诰）6^定语：在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。Heisanewstudent.但副词，动词不泄式，介词短语筹作泄语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。Thebikeintheroom/overthere/ismine.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadmlopin衣（发展中）country;Americaisadeveloped（发达）country.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）Hisprogress（进步）inEnglishmadeussurprised.（彳弋诃）Ourmonitor（班长）isalwaysthefirst/oeHtertheclassroom・（不泄式短语）Heisreadinganarticle（文章）abouthowtoleamEnglish.（介词短语）7、状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。状语一般放在被修饰的词Z后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。HelivesinLondon.Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecity/ortenyears.（介诃短语）Heissorrytotrouble（麻烦）yoe（不左式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短诰）Once（一、旦0youbegin，youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状诰）Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.（条件状语）MrSmithliveso/zthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith灯eatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththaothers、Imustworkharder.（0的状诅）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）练习：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3・Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.\n4.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.5.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.6.Hcwantstofinishtheworkintime.7.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.8.HefoundjtimportanttomasterEnglish.9.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?三、简单句（—*）简单句基本句型英语句了不外乎五个棊木句式。这五个慕木句式口J以演变出多种复杂的英语句了。换言Z,绝大多数英语句子都是山这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：基本句型一：S十V主谓结构这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词：appear,arrive,come,die,disappear,fall,happen,leave1）学生们学习很努力。基本句型二：S十V十P主系表结构常见的系动词有：be（是）；get（变得），become（成为），tum（变得），look（看起來），feel（感到）,smell（闻起来）,taste（尝起来）,sound（听起来）,seem（似乎）A.表示状态的连系动词。如：be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,等。1）Weshouldanytime.我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。2）这种食物尝起來很糟糕。.B.表示转变或结果的系动词。如:become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove,等。如：3）Springcomes.Itis.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。4）Inautumn,leaves.在秋天，叶了变黄。基本句型三:S十V十O主谓宾结构1）我昨天看了_部电影。.2）Theyhaveofthechildren.这些孩了他们照看得很好。基本句型四：S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有:bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等。间接宾语前需耍加for的常用动词有：buy,choose,make,order,paint,play（演奏），sing,等。1）Yesterdayherfatherasabirthdaypresent.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。2）TheoldmanintheLongMarch.那位老人在给孩了们讲故事。这种句型还可转换为：动词+直接宾语+for/tosb.3）Pleaseshowmeyourpicture.==Please.\n请把你的画给我看一下。基本句型五:S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语。call（叫）,choose（选），find（发现）,make,name,（命名）1）Kccp,please.请让孩了们安静下来。2）Theypainted.他们把门漆成绿色。Wemust.我们必须保持我们的学校清洁Heaskedmesoon.他耍我早点回来。3）我们发现他是_个懒惰的人。We.注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词,不带to。4）Thebossallday.老板迫使他整天劳动。5）Wesaw.我们看见他出去了。（二）简单句的分类根据英语旬式功能，简单句可分为四种：陈述句、疑问句、祈使旬和感叹句。I.陈述句：1、基本结构：主语十谓语SheoftenspeaksEnglish・Theearthmovesaroundthesun.2、否定结构：主语+谓语（助动词/情态动词/be动词）+notIhavenotfinishedmydinne匚Shewillnotattendtheconferencebecauseofherillness.Chinaisnotadevelopedcountry.II.疑问句：按结构可分为四种1、一般疑问句一般疑问句通常用yes或no回答.旬末通常读升调。（1）谓语是be或have则将be或have放在主语前。Haveyouanywater?=Doyouhaveanywater?Issheanurse?（2）若谓语动词是行为动词，则将助动词do或情态动词置于主语前面。Mustheleavenow?他必须现在离开吗？Didhedohishomeworkyesterday?他昨天做了家庭作业吗？（3）一般疑问句的否定式通常把be,have或悄态动词和not的简略式n't一起放在彳U首。Isn'tsheataxidiver?难道她不是一位出租车司机吗？肯定回答：Yes,sheis.“不，她是出租车司机。”否定回答：No,sheisn't.u是，她不是出租车司机。”2、特殊疑问句特殊疑问句就是用疑问词进行提问的句了。回答不用Yes或No,须作详细回答。（1）若疑问词做主语或主语的定语时，疑问句语序与陈述句语序相同。Whoisinthecar?\nWhosefatherworksinMadrid?（2）若疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰时，则川“疑问词+—般疑问句”。Wheredoyoucomefrom?Whenwillyougo?注：who是主格,whom是宾格,一般可用who代替whom,若前面有介词,只能用whom©Who（Whom）areyouwaitingforhere?Withwhomdidyoudoshoppingyesterday?（3）“why+—般疑问句否定式”表示劝告、建议、责备等。Whydon'tyoucomeearlier?=Whynotcomeearlier?你I：嘛不早一点来？Whydoyoustandoutsidethehouse?=Whystandoutsidethehouse?干嘛站在房子外面？注：whynot+动词原形，表示“为什么不……”；why+动词原形，表示“为什么要……”。3、选择疑问句选择疑问句就是提出多个选项的疑问旬，多个选项部分由连词01•连接。冋答不用yes或no；语序同一般疑问句语序。Arcyouateacherorastudent?Shall1cometogetyouorshallwemeetatstation?4、反意疑问句（1）前面用肯定，后面用否定。①若前面谓语是be,have或情态动词，则句式为：主语十be/have/情态动诃+,be/have/情态动词的否定缩写+主语？—MissDianacanplaythepiano,can'tshe?戴安娜小姐会弹钢琴，是吗？—Yes,shecan.是的，她会弹钢琴。一No,shecan't.不，她不会弹钢琴。②若前面谓语是实义动词，则旬式为：主语十行为动词+…，don't/doesn't/didn^十主语？注：①若前面含有seldom,hardly,scarcelysrarely,never,little,few,nobody,nowhere等否定意义的词时，则后面用肯定（但不包括含否定意构成的词，如dislike,unfair等）。ShecanhardlyspeakEnglish,canshe?Hedislikesmaths,doesn'the?②若陈述句的主语为名词或代词，反意疑问部分的主语为相应的人称代词。若陈述句的主语为nothing,this,that,不定式，动名词或从句吋，反意疑问部分的主语应为it；若陈述句主语为these,those或nobody,everybody,somebody等时，反意疑问部分的主语用they；若陈述部分为therebe句型，反意疑问句部分仍用there□Tomasteraforeignlanguageiseasy,isn'tit?学握一门外语很容易，是吗？Whathesaidatthemeetingveryimportant,isn*tit?他在会上所说的很重要，是吗？Therewillbeameetingtomorrow,won'tthere?明天要开会，是吗？一Helikessports,doesnrthe?他喜欢运动，不是吗？一Yes,hedoes・是的，他喜欢。—No,hedoesn't.不，他不喜欢。（2）前面用否定，后面用肯定。（注意翻译时的差別）—Hecan'tswim,canhe?他不会游泳，是吗？—Yes,hecan.不，他会游泳。一No,hecan't.是的，他不会游泳。（3）反意疑问句的特殊类型。\n①若前半句的谓语动诃为haveto/hadto吋，其反意疑问句通常用助动词do的适当形式。Wehavetogetupatfourtomorrow,don'twe?Theyhadtoleaveearly,didn*tthey?②若询半句的谓语动词为usedto吋，则其反意疑问部分的谓语动词可采取两种形式。Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usedn'tthere/didn'tthere?③若前半句的谓语动词是oughtto,则反意疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn*tcSuchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtn'the?④若陈述部分有dare或need时，应视具体情况对待：A、血rc和need为实义动词，反意疑问部分的谓语用do的适当形式；Weneedtodoit,don'twe?B.dare和need为情态动词，反意疑问部分用dare或need加not的否定缩写构成。Youdaren'tgothere,dareyou?你不敢去那儿，是吗？⑤若前半句含有情态动词must应视具体情况对待。A.若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”，则反意疑问句部分用needn'toYoumustgohomejustnow,needn'tyou?你有必耍立刻冋家，是吗？B、当mustn't表示禁止时，反意疑问部分一般用must。Youmustn'twalkongrass,mustyou?你不能从草地上走，听见没有？⑥祈使句的反意疑问彳UoA.若祈使句为肯定句，反意疑问句可用willyou或won'tyou。用willyou表示请求，用won'tyou表示劝慰。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Becarefulnexttime,won'tyou?B.若祈使句为否定句，反意疑问句只能用willyouoDon'topenthedoor,willyou?C、表示不耐烦时，用can'tyouoBequiet,can'tyou?D、Let's,Letus的反意疑问句。Let'sgotoschool,shallme?Letusgotoschool,willyou?⑦若前半句陈述部分用uIdon'tthink（believe,suppose,expect）+宾语从句”这一结构吋,反意疑问部分谓语动词和主语应和宾语从句中谓语动词和主语保持…致，口要用肯定式。Idon'tthinkhecanfinishthework,canhe?\nIbelievesheknowsit,doesn'tshe?注：若这一结构主语为第二或第三人称时，反意疑问部分与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。Hethoughttheygotonwellwitheachother,didn'the?HI.祈使句(1)用来表示请求、命令、号召等的句了称为祈使句。祈使句语调为降调。祈使句的谓语动词用原形，否定形式是在动词前加Don't(=Donot)或never(语气较强)，主语you常省略。Don'tbecareless!Keepoffthegrass!注：若let的宾语是第一•人称，否定式只须在宾语后加not即可；若let的宾语是第三人称，否定式应在let前加don'toLet'snotwastetime.Don'tlethimsaythat!⑵下面用以表示祝愿、建议的句了也是祈使句。Mayyousucceed!LonglivethePeople'sRepublicofChina!(3)表示强烈的感情或请求时，可用“Do+祈使句”的结构。Docomeontime!Dositdown!IV・感叹句用以表示快乐、1、以how开头的感叹句(1)How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语(2)How+主语+谓语(3)How+形容词(副词)(省略主语和谓语)2、以what开头的感叹句(l)What(a/an)+名词⑵What⑻十形容词+名词+主语+谓语痛苦等强烈感悄的句了我们称之为感叹句。感叹句以how或what开头Howbeautifultheflowersare!HowfluentlyhespeaksEnglish!Howthewindblows!Howinteresting(itis)!Whatfun!Whatalittlegirl!Whatabeautifulpictureitis!Whatgoodfriendshehas!四、并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子，叫做并列句。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and,but,or,so等。如：Ilikeactionmoviesbutdon'tlikethrillers.我喜欢动作片但不喜欢恐怖片。(并列)Hurryuporyou'llbelate.快点，否则你要迟到了。(并列或选择)Studyhard,andyou'llgetgoodresults.努力学习,然后你会取得好成绩。(转折)and,or和but都是连词，在句中连接两个或两个以上的并列成分。可连接两个词，两个短语,两个分句，所连接的两个成分必须一致。如：Ilikeredandorange.Heisn'tmybrotherormyfriend.Ilikeplayingfootballandswimming.并列句中：\n1.表并列关系的rhand,both...and,aswellas,notonly...but(also),neither...nor等组成。Shenotonlysingsbutalsodance.2.表转折关系的与but,however(然而)，while(然而)，still,yet等连用。Thefilmisnotperfect,stilljfsgood.3.表选择关系的rhor,either...or...,not...but...,orelse(否则)连接Takethechance,orelseyouwillregret(示悔)it.4.表因果关系的与for,so/sothat,because,therefore,thus(因此)等连用。Fdbettertakeanumbrella,foritisgoingtorain.五、巩固练习(一)动词的时态语态【专项练习一】I.请从各题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。()1.一Excuseme.Pleaselookatthesign“NoSmoking".一Sorry,I.A.don^tnoticeitB.amnotnoticedA.dicingnoticeitD.wasn^tnoticed()2.Pleasedon"leaveuntilyourteacherback.A.willcomeB・cameC.comesD・iscoming()3.—Yoifveleftthelighton,Tracy.——Oh,sorry.Itoturnitoffrightnow・A.wentB.havegoneC.willgoD.go()4.一Whatarcyoulookingfor,John?—Mydictionary.Itrighthere,butnowit's・A.hasbeen,goneB.was,goneC・was,goingD.is,going()5・一Canyourbrothermakemodelplanes?一Yes,thisweekheanewone.A.makesB.wouldmakeC.hadmadeD・ismaking()6.WangTaohasgonetoAustralia.Hethereforayear.A.stayedB・willstayC.hadstayedD.stays()7.一Oh,MrsKing,yourdresslooksnice.Isitnew?一No,Iitsincetwoyearsago.A.willbuyB.hadC.ambuyingD.havehad()&Nobodynoticedwhattheyoungmanatthatmoment・A.willdoB・wasdoingC・hasdoneD.haddone()9.AWorldWithoutThievesisaverymovingfilm.Iittwicealready.A.willseeB.seeC・hadseenD.haveseen()10.一Bequiet,please!Thebaby・—Sorry.A.sleepsB・sleptC・issleepingD.wassleeping()11.Mypostcardisstillonthedesk・Whyyouit?A.havenpostedB.donpost\nB.weren't,postingD・worft,post()12.Tomtherefor10monthssincehebacktohishometown.\nA.haslived,getsB.haslived,gotA.lived,gotD.lived,hasgot()13.一Ihavereadthebook.一Whenyoureadit?A・haveB.willC.didD.had()14.Someonetheclassroom.Look!Howcleanitis!D.hadsweptD.watchedA.hassweptB.willsweepC・issweeping()15.一Whatdidyoudolastnight?—ITVwithmyfamily.A.watchB.amwatchingC・havewatchedII•请根据句意及所给动词，用其正确时态填空。1.it(cost)muchtolivehere?2.Theteacherlookedatthecleanclassroomandsaidwe(do)agoodjob.3.TheSmiths(change)greatlyinthelasttwoyears.4.Heheardhersingingloudlyinthenextroom,sohe(read)inaloudervoice.5.We(learn)abouttenEnglishsongsbytheendoflastterm.6.Fathersaidthathe(buy)anewbikeformethenextFriday.7.Billisn'there・He(chat)withhisfriendsintheclassroom.8.Theteachersaidthatthemoon(go)roundEarth.9.Listen!They(talk)aboutthenewfilm.1().Hissister(marry)adoctoronMay1st,2008.11・Thereporter(interview)thelittleboyjustnow.12.TheGreens(watch)TVnow.13.We(study)Englishforaboutthreeyears・14.Mybrother(join)thearmyin1997.15.Thefarmers(pick)appleswhenIsaw(hem.16.Thefilm(begin)whenIgottothecinema.17.Mysisterisastudentandshe(study)atamiddleschoolnearby.18.MrGreen(travel)toseveralplacesinSouthChinasincehecamehere.19.You(catch)theearlybus讦yougetupearly.20.1(stay)therefortwomonthslastyea匚【专项练习二】I.请从各题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。()1・一DidyougotoSam，sweekendparty?—No,I.A.amnotinvitedB.wasntinvitedC-haven’tinvitedD.didn’tinvite()2.TheletterinJapanese.Ican’treadit.A.iswritingB.iswrittenC・wroteD.writes()3.—Susan,whyareyoustillhere?Theyareallreadytostart.一Pmsorry,butIwhentomeet.A.amnottoldB.didn'ttellC.haven'ttoldD.wasn'ttold()4.Todaycomputersinbothcitiesandtowns.A.wereusingB.areusedC・wereusedD.areusing()5.Anewsupermarketinmyhometownnextmonth.\nA.willbuiltB.willbebuiltC.isbuiltD.builds()6.一Alice,youonthephone.——Fmcoming.Thanks・A.wantB・arewantedC.werewantedD.havewanted()7.Pcrsonalcomputersin1976・Theyhavechangedthewholeworld・A.havebeeninventedB.areinventedC.wereinventedD.willbeinvented()&—Yourskirtisniceandlooksdifferentfromothergirls\一Thanks.Mymotheritlastmonth.A.wasmadeB.hasmadeC.hasbeenmadeD・made()9.1knowshewon'tcometojoinusunlesssheto.A.tellsB.willbetoldC.istoldD.wastold()10.Jamesismyfricnd.HeJimforshort.A.callsB.iscalledC.calledD.iscalling()11.EnglishinCanada,AustraliaandNewZealandaswellasAmericaandBritain.A.speaksB.isspeakingC.isspokenD.spoke()12.Thewindowtenminutesago,andtheroomisbrightnow.A.cleanedB・iscleanedC・wascleanedD.willclean()13.TodayIcantgotowork.Mysickmothershould・A.betakengoodcareB.betakengoodcareofC.takegoodcareD.takegoodcareof()14.一Iyourrecorde匚Itworksnow.—Thankyouverymuch・A.havebeenrepairedB・willrepairC.haverepairedD.wasrepaired()15.WcTlhavethreedaysoffiftheworktoday.A.finishesB.canfinishC.wasfinishedD.canbefinishedI.请将主动语与被动语态互换，每空一词。1.Chineseisspokenbymoreandmoreforeignersnow.now.2.Thetwinsateupallthebananasontheplate・Allthebananasontheplateupbythetwins.3.Wemustfinishtheworkintwohours.Theworkintwohours.4.Thousandsofhousesinthatareaweredestroyedbytheearthquake.inthatarea・5.Beijinghashostedthe29thOlympicGamessuccessfully.\nThe29thOlympicGamessuccessfullybyBeijing.1.Thegirlcopiesapoemeveryweek・Apoembythegirleveryweek.2.Theclassroomshouldbecleanedbythestudentseveryday・Thestudentscveryday.&Myfathergavemycousinanicegiftonherbirthday.Anicegiftmycousinbymyfatheronherbirthday.1.Allthepeopleintheroomlaughedathimbecauseofhisnewhairstyle・Heallthepeopleintheroombecauseofhisnewhairstyle.10.1heardaboycryinthenextroomjustnow.Aboyinthenextroomjustnow.I.请根据句意及所给词，用其止确语态填空。1.Thekitchen(clean)everydaybymymother.2.Lily'ssister(make)breakfastforherselfeverymorning・3.Manysongs(sound)verybeautiful.4.Sometimesthebestandmostbeautifulthingsintheworldcannot(see),butcan(feel).5.Thingsshould(keep)herebeforeyouentertheWaterCube.6.Thosestudents(ask)tospeakatthemeetingtomorrow・7.Thewindowoftheclassroom(break)byMikeyesterday.8.Howdoyoumakeyourroom(look)nice?9.Abookmust(read)morethanonceifyouwanttounderstanditbette匚10.Wheretobuildthenewhospital(notdecide)yet.(二)简单句一般疑问句1.(2015云南昆明)?-一-Yes,itis.A.IsthisyourdictionaryB.DoyouhaveaschoolbagC.WhereismytapeplayerD.Howmuchisthemodelplane特殊疑问句1.(2015福建安溪)一isitfromthebanktothehospital?—It^sjustafewminutes'drive・A.HowlongB.HowsoonC.Howfar2.(2015福州)—doesyourunclegotoShanghaionbusiness?一Nearlytwiceamonth.A.HowlongB.HowsoonC.Howoften3.(2015福州)…doesyourfathergotothefitnesscenter?…Heexercisestheretwiceaweek.A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.Howlong4.(2015重庆A卷卜■一didyouworkouttheprobleminsuchashorttime?\n-—WithM匚Li'shelp.A.WhenB.WhereC.HowD.Which1.（2015I丿L|川自贡）…Couldyoutellmeitisfromthenearestshoptoyourschool?--一Aboutfiveminutes'walk.A.howlongB.howfarC・howmany2.（2015成都）canwebecomegoodlearners?Byworkinghardandaskingtheteachersforhelp.A.HowB・WhereC・When3.（2015广州）—willtheinvitationsbesenttoourguests?■一Inthreedays・A.HowoftenB.HowsoonC.HowlongD.Howfar4.（2015山东荷泽）——willyourbrothercomeback?——Pmnotsure・Maybeinaweek.A.whenB.HowC.whether5.（2015山东德州）…doIneedtofeedthepetdog?—Twiceaday.A.HowlongB.HowmuchC.HowsoonD.Howoften6.（2015扬州）・■一pocketmoneydoyouusuallygeteverymonth-…Fiftyyuan.Whataboutyou?A.HowoftenB・HowlongC.HowmanyD.Howmuch7.（2015湖南益阳）一canyoufinishyourhomework?——Inaboutoneandahalfhours.C.HowoftenA•HowfastB•Howsoon8.（2015湖北襄阳）…Youcometoschoolearlyeveryday.isitfromyourhometoschool?■一Il'sonlyaboutonekilomete匚D.HowfarD.HowoftenA.HowlongB.HowmuchC.Howmany9.（2015新疆克拉玛依）isitfromyourhometoschool?A.HowfarB.HowlongC.Howsoon10.（2015山东烟台）一istheWorldCupheld?一Every4years・A.HowsoonB.WhenC.HowoftenD.Howlong11.（2015江苏无锡）一isitfromtheNewTowntotheoldcitycentre?—Lessthan30minutesbyunderground・D.HowfarD.doesn^sheD.dowe—No,IwontD.didyouA.HowsoonB・HowoftenC.Howlong反意疑问句1.（2015四川宜宾）Nancy,sweeptheclassroom,?A.don'tyouB.doyouC・willyou2.（2015内蒙呼和浩特）Wehavetofinishtheworknow,?A.don'tweB.haven'tweC.havewe3.（2015贵州安顺）一Don'tbelateforschoolnexttime,?\nA.areyouE.willyouC.doyou1.（2015湖南益阳）一It'sFather'sDaytoday,?—Yes,let'sbuyagiftforDad.\nA.isn'theB.doesn'titC.isn'tit1.（2015丿•东刑I尾）Idon'tthinkthenewlydirectedfilmbyZhaoWeiisasinterestingaspeoplesay,?A.doIB.don'tIC.isitD.isn'tit2.（2015广东梅州）Idon^tthinkthenewly-directedfilmbyZhaoWeiisasinterestingaspeoplesay,?A.doyouB.don'tyouC・isitD.Isn'tit选择疑问句1.（（2015云南昆明）-…IhearyoustudiedinNewYorklastweek.Wasitsunnyorrainythere?A.1（wasrainy祈使句1.（2015江苏盐城）Daniel,playwiththemobilephonewhileyou'rewalkinginthestreet.A.don'tB.doesn'tC.won'tD.cant2.（2015上海）pleaseyourexampapersonceagainbeforehandingthemin.A）goingoverB）wentoverC）goover3.（2015陕西）onthegrass,oritwill"cry"A.TowalkB.NottowalkC.Walk感叹句1.（2015山东济宁）Wow!_—Yes.That'smyfavorite・A.WhatB.WhataC.Whatan2.（2015连云港）-一Whatprogrammeissoattractive?…Theguardofhonor（仪仗队）ofthePLAaretakingpartintheparadeonRedSquare・…excitingevent!A.HowB.WhatanC.HowanD.Whata3.（2015江苏苏州）GuanDongsavedanoldladyoutoftheYangtzeRive匚heshowed!B.ItissunnyC.Yes,itisD.Fmafraidnot.D）togooverD.Don^twalkbeautifulthemusicis!D.HowgreatcourageA.WhataB.WhatC.HowaD.How4.（2015贵州安顺）—Listen!Someoneisplayingthepiano.—Wow!beautifulmusic!1likeitverymuch.A.WhatB.HowaC.WhataD.How5.（2015湖南长沙）-JaneZhangisgoingtoholdaconcerthereinJuly.一Really?excitingnews!A.HowB.WhatanC.What6.（2015湖北袈阳）…ThepassengershipEasternStarcapsized（倾覆）intheYangtzeRiverontheeveningofJune1st.-一badnews!Canwedosomethingtohelpwiththerescue（救援）？A.WhataB.WhatC.HowaD.How7.（2015湖南娄底）一nicedaytoday!一Yeah,leFstakeawalkoutside・A.WhataB.WhatC.How\n&（2015江苏盐城）greatfunwehadinYanduParklastSunday!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa9.（2015广东）…Sofar,SuBinglanistheonlyChinesewhofinishedthe100-mctcrraceinlessthan10seconds・heruns!A.HowslowB.HowfastC.WhataslowD.Whatafast10.（2015贵州黔西南州）beautifulskirtitis!A.HowB.HowaC.WhatD.Whata主谓一致L（2015安徽）Driveslowly,Mary.issomethingaheadontheroad.A.ItB.ThisC.ThatD.There1.（2015内蒙呼和浩特）Neithertheheadmasternortheteacherstakeavacationnextweek.A.weregoingtoB.isgoingtoC.wasgoingtoD.aregoingto2.（2015山东德州）EverybodyexceptMikeandLindatherewhenthemeetingbegan.A.isB.areC・wasD.were3.（2015贵州安顺）—Whatwouldyouliketohaveforsupper?—EithernoodlesorriceOK.Idon'tmind.A.areB.wereC・isD・was4.（2015贵州安顺）Marywithherparentsoftenforawalkintheparkaftersupper.A.goB.isgoingC・aregoingD.goes5.（2015湖南益阳）一Howmanywomendoctorsarethereinyourhospital?—themovertwenty.A•Anumberof;areB•Thenumberof;areC•Thenumberof;is6.（2015湖北襄阳）…Weorderedbeefnoodles,butanybeefinthenoodles.™Putonyourglassesandyoucanseethebeef.A.thereisn9tB.thereisC・therearen^D.thereare7.（2015山东东营）Police:What'sinyourwallet?Owner:Theresomemoneyandtwoticketsfortoday'se—sportscompetition.A・isB.wasC.areD.were8.（2015四川南充）Thenumberofthevolunteers100now.Andasmallnumberofthemalreadygonetotheworkplace..A.is,haveB.are,haveC.is，areD.is,has9.（2015黑龙江哈尔滨）Doingeyeexercisesoneofusefulwaystoprotectoureyes.A.isB.areC.were\n巩固练习参考答案一、动词的时态语态专项练习一I.1-5CCCBD6-10BDBDC11-15ABCADII・1・Does,cost2.haddone/did3・havechanged4.read1.hadlearnt/learned6.wouldbuy7.ischatting&goes9.arctalking10.married11.interviewed12.arewatching13.havestudied14.joined15.werepicking16.hadbegun17.studies1&hastravelled19.willcatch20.stayed专项练习二I•1-5BBDBB6-10BCDCB11-15CCBCDII.1•MoreandmoreforeignersspeakChinese2.wereeaten3・mustbefinished4.Theearthquakedestroyedthousandsofhouses5.has/havebeenhosted6.iscopied1.shouldcleantheclassroom8.wasgivento9.waslaughedatby10.washeardtocryIII.1.iscleaned2.makes3.sound4.beseen,befelt5.bekept6・willbeasked7.wasbroken&look9.beread1().hasn^tbeendecided二、简单句疑问句•般疑问句:1.A11-15BBDAC;特殊疑问句：1-5CCBCB;6-10ABADD;反意疑问句：1-6CABCCC选择疑问句：1.A祁使句：1-3ACD感叹句：1-5DBBAC;6-10BABBD;11-15ADDCA;