初中英语名词复习讲义 11页

♦名词复习♦巩固训练♦阅读指导名词的分类名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。1.普通名词乂可分为：⑴个体名词。如：cup,desk,student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。（2）集体名词。如:class,team,family等。—般可数,有单复数形式。⑶物质名词。女U：rice,water,cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。（4）抽象名词。如：love,work,life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。2•专有名词：如：China,Newton,London,Luxun等。对名词部分的复习应注意：名词可分为专冇名词和普通名词两人类。I•专有幺词：表示人，地点，国家，城市，机构等的幺词。任何时候都需要大写首字母。e.g.KarlMarx,LuXun,ThomasEdison,England,China,theGreatWall,Asia,theYellowRiver,Monday,January,Shanghai,theSummerPalace,ClassSeven,GradeNine,ZhuyuanMiddleSchool,ShanghaiGrandTheatre,thePeople'sPark,YuGarden,etc.II.普通名词：表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词：它又可分为：1.个体名词：（可数）表示个体的人或一些事物的总称。e.g.pilot,student,engineer,inventor,pen,photo,computer,etc.2.集体名词（可数）表示一群人或一些事物的总称。e.g.class,family,group,army,team,police,cattle,crew,grade,people,crowd,etc.3.物质名词：（不可数）表示无法分为个体的事物的名称。e.g.wood,milk,butter,bread,tea,cotton,silk,coal,rice,oikfire,air,paper,ink,chalk,meat,gold,dust,pollution,etc.4.抽象名词（不可数）：表示动作，状态，品质，感悄等的抽象概念。e.g.health,love,progress,pleasure,courage,friendship,information,energy,strength,beauty,wealth,spirit,carelessness,illness,etc.个体名词和集体名词可用数冃来计算.属丁•可数名词；物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数冃來计算，属于不可数名词。注意：名词的分类并不是一成不变的。有些名词在-种场合下属于这-类，在另-•种场合下乂属于那一类，但意义又有所不同。e.g.（1）物质名词paper纸glass玻璃matter物质wood木头fire火cloth布chicken鸡肉（2）抽象名词beauty美丽个体名词papers报纸，试卷，论文aglass/glasses玻璃杯/眼镜amatter一件事woods小树林afire一堆火，火灾acloth桌布，麻布achicken一只鸡\n个体名词abeauty美人\ntheyouth青年人apower大国aspirit精灵妖精afamoustea一种名茶lives生命，生活方式adifficulty一件难事d.复数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式youth青春powerth电力spirit精神tea茶，茶叶life生活difficulty困难可数名词的特点：a.冇单复数Z分b・能用a,an,c.数词来修饰c・可用few,afew,many,agreatnumberof,both,neither,these,those,each,every,another,other,hundredsof,agreatmany,agroupof等词语修饰II.可数名词由单数变复数的基本构成规则：1.大多数名词是在词尾加・sboys,toys,pens,books,mouths,months2.以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词，在词尾加・es构成复数。matches,churches,boxes,classes,brushesmatcheswatches>etc.3.以“（T结尾,冇点加-es,冇的加-spotatoes,tomatoes,heroes,negroes,mangos,photos,zoos,pianos,radios,kilos,studios,kangaroos,UFOs,videos4.辅音字母+y结尾，去y,+iesfactories,countries,ladies,cities,batteries元音字母+y结尾的，S［接加・s:boys,toys,daysplays,holidays,monkeys,keys5.以f,fe结尾，去f,fe,+vesshelves,knives,scarves/scarfs,leaf->leaves,lifeTlives,wolfTwolveswifeTwiveshalf9halves,thiefTthievesloafTloaveshandkerchief->handkerchiefs,handkerchieves注意：roofs（屋顶），chiefs（首领）,chefs（厨师长）,cliffs（悬崖）,proofs（证据）,gulfs（海湾），serfs（农奴）,beliefs（信念）safes（保险箱）handcuffs,etc.6.复合名词变复数时，有以下几种情况：（1）如有主体名词则将主体名词变为复数：e.g.twogirlstudents,fellowworkers,twosons-in-law女婿threesisters・inJaw嫂子lookers-on旁观者passers-by过路人（2）如找不到主体名词则在该词后加-s.如：grown-ups成年人go-betweens中间人（3）man或woman构成的复合名词，两部分都变为复数。e.g.womendoctors,menteachers7.不规则变化man9men,womanwomen,policeman-^policemen,foot-^feet,tooth9teeth,child->childrcn.mousc->mice,gooseTgeese鹅shccpTshccp,dccr^dccr,Chinesc9Chinese,JapaneseTJapanese,Swiss—SwissoxToxen公牛，fish,Germans,humans,walkmans,meansTmeans&双复数规贝〔I：（apairof）trousers,glasses,scissors,jeans,pants,shoes,gloves,socks,etc.9.形似单数，实为复数：people,police,cattle,crew10.以s结尾，但仍然是单数：maths,politics,physics,news,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations（联合国）,thePhilippines,4fcThc\nArabianNights”《天方夜谭》，‘"TalesoftheTwoCities”《双城记》isagoodnovel.9.以s结尾，单、复数同形：means方法works工厂II.可与a,an连用的不可数名词：当抽象名词演化成抽象概念，转化为某种似乎可以体念得到的行为、动作或类别时，可和a,an连用。e.g.haveagoodtime,makeanapology,haveatalk（walk,swim,bath）,inahurry,makeanoise,makealiving,cometoastop,takealook,getarise,askafavourofsb.haveafever,haveagoodlaughover,takeonanewlook,liveahappylife,catch（a）cold,havearest,haveabreakIII.名词的数量表达：1.可数名词的数量表达：many,few,afew,agreatnumberof,alotof,some,enough,plentyof,oneof,quiteafew,several,toomany,both,neither,all,数词,hundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof..•dozensofscoresof・・・2.不可数名词的数量表达：much,little,alittle,some,ahugeamountof.agreatdealof,plentyof,alotof,hugeamountsof...IV.关于名词数的注意点：1•名词作定语通常用单数形式:acarfactory,twocolorfilms,wordorder,apaperbag但也有用复数的：sportsnews,sportsshoes,sportsprogrammes,sportsmeeting,studentsreading-room,talkstable,theforeignlanguagesdepartment1.复数名词前有一具体数词，一般被视为一个幣体，作主语时，谓语用单数：e.g.Thesefouryearsisveryimportantforus.Iwanttostayhereforanotherthreedays・Igotoseemygrannyeverythreeweeks.2.冇些名词在某些习惯性用法中，要用复数形式：shakehandswithsb.makefriendswithsb.changetrainschangeseatsV.名词的性：英语中的名词，多数是没有“性''区别的，但少数名词有阳性和阴性之分。man一-woman,girl一boy,king-一queenemperor（皇;帝）一-empress（皇后）hero（男英雄）heroine（女英雄）cock—hengod（神）-goddess（女神）bull（公牛）・・cow（母牛）actor---actress（女演员）he-wolf公狼,she-wolf母狼tiger,tigress母老虎lad少年lass少女manteacher,boyfriendsFrenchman,FrenchwomanVI.名词所有格1.有生命的+'sMary's,father's、theboy'sbooks,anybodyclsc'sadvice,eachother'smistakes,2.词尾是-s或-es的复数名词，只加theteachers?office,theworkers?toolsttwentyminutes'walk3.词尾没有-s的复数名词则加"W来表示。Children'sDay,Women'sDay,thepeople'sneeds4「s也可用于时间，距离，天体，国名，地名atwo-hourride,intwoweeks'time,today'snewspaper,twohours'ride,twentyminutes'walk1.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词的词尾加®s”.\nThisisLucyandLily'sbedroom.如果不共有，则两个名词后而都加"'s".TheseareBill'sandTom'sbikes.6•名词所有格后面指地点（如表示店铺、人家时）的名词常常可以省略。\natthetailor\(shop),atMrGreen's(home)gotothedoctor\(clinic),tomyuncle's(house)7.非生命体的用of短语表示所属关系：alegofthetable,thedooroftheclassroomthewindowsofthehousethebiggestfootballgameoftheyear&名词双重所有格：0f+・，Si起修饰前面的名词，称为双重所有格。afriendofmine=oneofmyfriendsafriendofmyfather's=oneofmyfather'sfriendsaphotoofMrCrisp一张MrCrisp的照片aphotoofMrCrisp's一张MrCrisp所有照片中的一张照片【中考真题】1・MrChenwassurprisedtoseethefastinShanghaiafterhislongabsencefromthecity,(develop)2.TheNewYeararcsobeautifulthateveryoneislookingforwardtothepartyinthehallthisafternoon.(decorate)3.FengAi’sloveandwillalwaysberememberedbyherstudentsandtheirparentsinYunnan.(kind)4.ThemostfamousparkintheworldisDisneyland・(amusing)5.Thebusisresponsibleforthesafetyofhispassengers.(drive)6.Morepeoplearegettingtoknowtheofenvironmentalprotection.(important)7.1receivedsomeChristmasfrommypenpals,(card)8.Theyoungmanworksasainafive-starhotel,(wait)9.Thethreeyounggirlsworkasinarestaurant,(wait)【巩固训练】英语语法名词专项习题【友情提醒】请同学们做题目时注意并划出句子中的“提示词语、提示句”()1・Shewasveryhappy.Sheinthetest.A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakesC・madefewmistakesD・makesfewmistake()2.Wcneedsomemore・Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC・potatoes()3.areforcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB・Knives/usedC・Knife/using()4.Whatbigthetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.tooths()5.Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree・A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.tomatosD.Knives/usingD.toothesD.leave()6—Canwehavesome?・—Yes,please・A.bananaB・oningesC・apple()7.Onthetabictherearcfive.A.tomatosB・pieceoftomatoesC・tomatoes()8.Theygotmuchfromthosenewbooks・A.ideasB・photosC・infoimationD.pearD.tomatoD.stories()9.Hegaveusonhowtokeepfit.\ntea?()10.…Wouldyoulike——No,thanks・Ihavedrunktwo.A.any,bottlesoforangeC・many,bottlesoforanges()11.Heishungry.Givehim_A.twobreadsB.some,bottlesoforangeD.few,bottleoforangestoeat.B.twopieceofbreadC・twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()12.1wouldliketohaveA.twoglassesofmilkC.twoglassesofmilks()13・CanyougivemeB.twoglassofmilkD.twoglassofmilksA.ateaB・somecupoftea()14.Pleasegivemepape匚A.oneB.apiece()15・Johnboughtforhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB・twopairofshoeC・acupteaD.acupofteaC.aD・apieceofC・twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes()16.——Howmanyhaveyougotonyourfarm?-…I'vegotfive.A.sheeps()17.SomeA.GermansB・sheepC・pigcametoourschoolforavisitthatday.C・GermanyB.Gcrmcn()18・In(hepicturetherearemanyA.sheep;foxes()19・AgroupofA.Englishman()20.ThistableismadeofA.manyglassB・glasses()21.HowmanyandtwoB.sheeps;foxesC・sheeps;foxwillvisitourschooltomorrow・B.AustralianC・JapaneseC・sonicglassesD.chickenD.GermanicsD・sheep;foxsD.AmericanD.glasswerethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?C.policeA.policemanB・polices()22.Therearesixty-seveninourschool.A.women'steacherB・womenteachersC・womanteachersD.peoplesD.womenteacher()23.Therearcfiveinourfactory.A.womandriverB・womendriverC・womandriversD.womendrivers()24.Theseweresenttothevillagestohelpthefarmers.A.womendoctorB.womendoctorsC・womandoctorsD.womandoctor()25.Thefootballunderthebedis.A.LilyandLucyC・Lily'sandLucy()26.JoanisA.Mary'sandJacksisterC・MaryandJacksisterB.Lily'sandLucy*D.LilyandLucy'sB.MaryandJack'ssisterD.Mary'sandJackfssister\n()27.Inafewtime,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.yearB・years'C・year'sD.years()28.IFsaboutwalkfrommyhouse・A.tenminuteB.tenminutes1C.tenminutefsD.tenminutes()29.Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere・It'saboutA.thirtyminutestwalkB.thirtyminutedwalkC.thirtyminutes*walkD.thirtyminuteswalk()30.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC・TheroomfswindowsD.Thewindowsinroomfacetothesouth.()31.PleasetaketwoA.pictureoftheparkB.picturesoftheparkC・thepicturesofapark)32.June1stisD.pictureofaparkDayallovertheworld.A.Child'sB.Childs'C.Children'sD.Childrens'()33.September10lhisDayinChina,isn'tit?ATeacher'sBTeachers'CTeacherDTeacherof)34.TheylikeChineseAfoodandpeoplesBfoodsandpeopleCfoodsandpeopleDfoodandpeople)35.Thetallmanwithabignoseisteacher.ATomandCarlBTom'sandCarPsCTomandCarPsDTom'sandCarl)36.Mr.Lioftengivesusbyc-mail.A.somegoodinformationBsomegoodinformationsCgoodinformationsDagoodinformation()37.Thelittlebabyhastwoalready.AtoothBtoothsCteethDteeths)3&Whenautumncomes,ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.AleafBleafsCleaveDleaves【提高题】)39.MrsJennygaveusonhowtolearnEnglishwell.A.someadvicesB.manyadvicesC・someadvice)40.Therearcabouttwentyintheroom.Theyarchavingapartythere・A.peopleB.sheepC・worker)41.Look!Thereplayingwiththetouristsonthegrassland・A.areanumberofdeerB.areanumberofdeersC・isanumberofdeerD.isanumberofdeers()42.Howmanydoyouwant?Akilo,please・A.potatoB・bananasC・breadD.milk()43.Howmanyarethereintheinternationalvillage?A.ChineseB・RussianC・American()44.Sheepwhiteandmilkwhite,too.A.is,isB・are,areC・is,areD・are,is\n()45.IwassoexitedwhenIsawsomanyonthefarm.A.chickenB・sheepC・duck()46・Britishpeopleeatalot,andtheyarecookedindifferentways・A.potatoB・potatoesC・beefD.chicken()47.Thelittleboymade・Hewantedtoshowthemtous.A.somespecialjuiceB.somedeliciousfoodC・severalmodelplaneswithpaperD.anicepostcard()48・Mymotherboughtsomeformybirthdaypartyyesterday.A.appleB.bananaC・orangeD.meats()49.1havereadsportsnewsabouttheFlracetoday.A.twoB.piecesC・twopiecesD・twopiecesof()50.Sohomeworkreallymakesthestudentsfeeltired・A.muchB.manyC.littleD.few()51・Ifyouwanttokeephealthy,you'dbettereatmorevegetablesandmeat.A.fewB.littleC.lessD.more)52.Wouldyoulike?Thankyou,butfmnotthirsty.A.anysandwichesB.somebreadC・anymooncakesD・someorange)53■一Oh,thereisn'tenoughforusinthelift・■一Nohurry.Let'swaitforthencxt・A.groundB.floorC・placeD.room)54.PeopleinAmericaeatmuchA.potatoesB.onionsC.beefD.hamburgers()55.TheygotmuchontheInternet.A.photoB.ideasC・messageD.infonnation)56…WhatcanIdoforyou,sir?…FdliketwoA.bottleoforangeB.bottleoforangesC・bottlesoforangeD・bottlesoforanges)57.Wehaveboughttwoforthecomingparty.A.boxofappleB・boxesofapplesC・boxofapplesD・boxesofapple)5&Nobodythoughtiteasytofinishsomuchworkin・Atwodays'(imeBtwo-daystimeCtwoday'stimeDtwodaystime)59.--Doyouknowthewomanoverthere?—-Yes,sheisaunt.DLilyandLucy'sD.Teacher'sD.twin'sALilyandLucyBLily'sandLucy'sCLily'sandLucy()60.TodayisSeptember10th.ItisDay.A.TeachersB.Teachers'C・theTeachers'()61・Twobagsareonthetable.Theyare・A.thetwins'B.the(win'sC.twins()62.ThosemountainswillbecoveredwithtreesA.inafewyears*timeB.inafewyear'stimeC・inafewyearstimeD・afterafewyearstime)63Howlongdocsittaketogettothestation?--It'swalk・A.sixminute'sB・six-minutesC・sixminutes'D・sixminutes【完型填空】Fastfoodisbecomingmoreandmore1inChina,especiallyforchildren.Atlunchtime,itisvery2tofindseatsinsomefastfoodrestaurants・3dosomanypeopleliketoeatinfast\nfoodrestaurants?Thereareseveral4forit.Firstly,fastfoodisveryquick.Youdon'tneedtowait・Secondly;fastfoodrestaurantsalsohaveaverygoodenvironment.Atlast,thefastfoodalwaystastes5,butitisn'thealthy.SoIthinkpeopleshouldstop6toomuchfastfood.Thoughhomecookingtakesalotof7,wecanhavehealthyanddelicious8.Tobehealthy,weshouldeat9fastfood.Fastfoodisonlyagoodchoicewhenyouareina10・()1.A.interestingB.boringC.popularD.difficult()2.A.helpfulB.carefulC・popularD.difficult()3.A.WhyB.WhenC.WhatD.Where()4.A.thingsB.reasonsC・dishesD.meat()5.A.smellyB.saltyC.deliciousD.hot()6.A.drinkingB.eatingC.buyingD.cooking()7.A.timeB.riceC.waterD.electricity()&A.meatB.mealsC・vegetablesD.rice()9.A.moreB.lessC.fewerD.faster()10.A.restB.hurryC.messD.house【美文欣赏】Beinganactor1.Whatisitlikebeinganactor?Manypeoplethinkitmustbewonderfulb]wetraveltoexcitingplaces,wearbeautifulclothesandmakealotofmoncy.Thisisonlyoneaspectofourlivesthough.Wealsoworkveryhard・Iplayedacountrygirlinmylastfilm・Ihadtoliveinasmallvillagewiththeotheractorsforpartofthewinter.Itwasr2hiirdformeasIgrewupinacity.Tohelpmeplayacountrygirlbetter,Icookedformyselfandtheotherseveryday.Ievenwalkedafewmilessometimestogetwater,astherewasnoneinthehouses・Iwantedtou3howarealvillagegirllived・Ithoughtitwasfunatfirst.Ifeltdifferentafteraweekortwo,though.Ididwearsomebeautifultraditionalc4,buttheywerenotthickenough・IwasverycoldbutIhadtokeepsmilingallthetime!Oneday,Icouldn'tdoitanyI5andIsuddenlystartedcrying.“Great!”saidthedirector.“Ilikeit.Sheiscryingwithtruefeelings!”Icalledmymumtotellheraboutitbutmymobilephonewouldiftworkinthevillage・Ithinkitisworthdoingallthis,though・Ilikeitwhenpeopletellmetheyenjoymyplaysanda__6metosignapicture.Itisalsofuntobesomeoneelseforawhile.Fmveryluckytobeanactor.1.b2.r3.u4.c5.16.a2.Fillineachblankwithaproperword:Ahobbyisaninterestingwayofspendingyourfreet[・Therearcsomanydifferenthobbiesfordifferentpeopletoselect.Somehobbiesareveryp2,whilecHhersarequiteunusual.Youmanychooseoneforyourselfthatinterestsyoumost.Youmayenjoycollectingthings,suchass3,foreigncoinsandsoon.Ifyouliketoworkwithyourhands,youmayenjoypapercuttingandmodelmakingwhichbothrequiregreatconcentrationanda4.Oryoumayenjoycreativehobbies,likepaintingandclaymodeling.Manypeopleprefera5outdoorgames.,suchassailing,cyclingandsoon,whichtheycanenjoywitho6・Whereveryoulive,thereisalwaysahobbyforyoutoc7・Thehobbywillgiveyoumanyhoursofpleasureandmakeyourfreetimei_8andcreative・\n1.12.p3・s4.a5.a6.o7.c8.1.Almosteveryoneintheworldusesoils（石）由）insomew1Withoutoil,theworldwillstop,somen12foriteverywhere・Quiteoftentheyfindn3,butthesearch（寻找）foroilalwaysgoeson.Oilisveryi4becausenoneofourmachinescanrunwithoutit.Carsandm5needoil,butsodomanyotherthings.Howmanythingscanyouname?1.w2.13.n4.i5.m