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初中英语语法要点解析——时态丄教学目标:通过対时态的复习,让学牛了解各种时态,熟练掌握其结构及其使用场合。启发学生进行联想记忆,并通过针对练习,巩固所学知识。丄教学重点:1.八种常用时态的结构及其用法丄2.引导学生进行句子成分分析丄教学难点:1.现在完成时VS.过去完成时丁BrainStorm1.Pleaselistsomewordstoexpressdifferenttimes・2.Guesswhichkindoftimewasyourpartnertalkingabout・丁Warming-up1.SalesofCDshavegreatlyincreasedsincetheearly1990s,whenpeopletoenjoytheadvantagesofthisnewtechnology.A.beginB.beganC.havebegunD.hadbegun2.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappyfamilies.A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen3.——IhearJanehasgonetotheHolyIslandforherholiday・一Oh,hownice!Doyouknowwhenshe?A.wasleavingB.hadleftC.hasleftD.left4.—WhatwereyoudoingwhenTonyphonedyou?——Ihadjustfinishedmyworkandtotakeashower.A.hadstartedB.startedC.havestartedD.wasstarting5.1younottomovemydictionary—nowIcan'tfindit.A.askedB.askC.wasaskingD.hadasked◊一般现在时ThePresentSimpleTense1•表经常发的事情、存在的动作或状态3.描述客观真理egBirdsflyinthesky.egShesingswiththebandCrazyBoy.2.农内心活动感悄等4.农预定的行为egThetrainleavesat9:00egTdon,tthinkyouareright.基本结构:一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s外,一律用动词原形。例句:Igotoschoolat6everymorning.每天早上我七点去上学。Summerfollowsspring.春天Z后是夏天。Thesunintheeast.太阳从东方升起。IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.我在小学就学过地球是用绕太阳转的。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。特殊用法:一般现在时表示过去\n1.用于某些动词(tell,say,hear,learn,gather等)表示不确定的过去时间。如:Thearthathegotmarriedlastmonth.我听说他上个月结婚了。Maryyoutoldhertocomeoverhere.玛丽说是你让她到这儿来的。2.当要陈述一个客观事实时,冇时即使冇过去时间状语也可川一般现在时。如:Thestoryissetinthesummerof1937.故事的背景是1937年夏天。Thestoryintheyear1937.故事开始于1937年。◊一般过去时TheSimplePastTense1.表过去发4:的事情或存在的状态egSuddenly,thecloudsclearedandtherainstopped.2.表过去经常发生的爭情egIwasverythininmychildhood.3.带苗确定的过去的时间状语egDidyoumeetyesterday?Heleftjustnow.基本结构:一般过去时用动词的过去式构成,即在动词原形后加创。例句:Hewasherejustnow.他刚才还在这里。Whatdidyoudoyesterday?你昨天做了什么事?Weoftentogetherwhenwewerechildren.我们小时候常在一起玩。Hetosmokealot,buthedoesn'tnow.他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。Wheneverweintrouble,hewouldhelpus.每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。AtthattimesheverygoodatEnglish.那时她英语学得很好。Hehewouldwaituntiltheycameback.他说他会等直到他们回来。特殊用法:一般过去时表现在(1)在宾语从句屮,由于时态呼应的关系,可用一般过去时表示现在:ldidn,tknowyouwerehere.我不知道你在这儿。(were实际上指现在)Ididn'tknowyouweresobusy.我没想到你这么忙。(were实际上指现在)⑵表示客气委婉的现在:Iwondered讦youwerefreethisevening.不知您今晚是否有空。Ithoughtyoumightlikesomeflowers.我想您也许想要些花。【注】能这样冇的动词主要限于want,wonder,think,hope,intend等少数动词。⑶用于某些特殊结构屮表示现在:It'stimewestarted.我们该动身了。IwishIknewhisname.要是我知道他的名字就好(。rdratheryoulivedclosertous.我希望你能住得离我们近点。【注】该用法主要用于ifstime,Iwish,Tdrather,ifonly,asif,asthough等少数结构后接从句的情形,其中有些结构后面的旬了还可用一般过去时表示将來:rdratheryoucamenextMonday.我宁愿你下周星期一来。另外表主观想法的虚拟条件句也用-•般过去吋表示现在:IfIhadthemoneynowI'dbuyacar.假若我现在有钱,我就买辆小汽车。◊一般将来时TheSimpleFutureTense1.耍在将來的某个时间内发生,是"纯粹的将來动作”.egIshall/willnotbefreetomorrow.2.表说话人的意图、打算或某种"J能性egWhoisgoingtospeakfirst?\n1.按计划要发牛:的动作或命令他人做某事egThenewbridgeistoopentotrafficin3days.基本结构:由will加动词原形构成,当主语是第一人称时,也可以用shall加动词原形。例如:Telephonemethisevening.TIIbeathome.今晚给我打电话,我会在家。I*II(shall/will)doabetterjobnexttime.F次我要干得好些。Thecarwon'tstart.车开不了啦。Oilandwaterwillnotmix.油和水没法混在-起。特殊用法:1.“be+不定式”:表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。如:SheistoplayJuliet.她扮演朱丽叶。Youarethenecessarychanges.你要做出必要的改变。1."beaboutto+不定式”:表示即将发生的动作,冇“即将”的意思、,但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如:Thepackageiscomeunwrapped.那个包快散开了。2."begoing+不定式”:表示按计划或安排打算去做某事,或表示冇迹象表明要发生某事。如:Wecallherthisevening.我们打算今晚给她打电话。Mysister'sgoingtohaveababythissummer.我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。3.用现在进行时表示将来:主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如:ThestudentsareonSunday.学生们星期日出发。We'rehavingapartynextweek.我们下星期将开一个晚会。4.用一般现在时表示将來:表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如:Wehaveaholidaytomorrow.我们明犬放假。Thetrainat10:04thisevening.火车今晚10:04分开。◊现在进行时ThePresentContinuousTense1•说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作egTheyarehavingafootballmatch.2.现阶段一直在进行的动作egHeispreparingforCETBandSix.3.表示说话人的情感,如赞许、批评等egSheisoftendoingwellatschool.4.表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作egAreyoustayingheretillnextweek?基本结构:现在进行时由am/is/are加现在分词构成。例句:They*rehavingameeting.他们在开会。I'mstudyingataneveningschool.我在上夜校。MikeiscominghomeonThursday.迈克星期四回来。They,rehavingapartynextweek.下星期他们将开一个晚会。realwaysinterruptingme!你老打断我的话!(抱怨)Myfatherisalwayshiscarkeys.我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满)She,salwayspeople.她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)特殊用法:现在进行时表将来,主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作:\nI'mleavingtomorrow.我明天走。They*regettingmarriednextmonth.他们下个月结婚。现在进行时与一般现在时均可表示将来,区别是:用现在进行时表示将来,其计划性较强,并往往喑示-•种意图;而一•般现在时表示将來,则其客观性较强,即通常被视为客观事实,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况:rmnotgoingoutthisevening.今晚我不准备出去。Whattimedoesthetrainleave?火车什么时候开?◊过去进行时ThePastContinuousTense1.表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作egAtthismomentyesterday,Iwaspackingforcamp.2.用于故事的开头,交代故事发生的背景情况egOnenight,hewastypinginhisstudy.Suddenly,amanbroke…3.表示在过去的未来时间要发生的动作egWelefttherewhenit'sgettingdark.特殊用法:用过去进行时表示现在,主耍是为了使语气委婉、客气。女II:Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.我不知你能否让我搭一下车。Weyouwouldstaywithus.我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。Howmuchyouwanttospend,sir?先生,您打算花多少钱?注:一•般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。◊过去完成时ThePastperfectTense1.发生在“过去的过去”egWhenIwokeup,ithadstoppedraining.2.与一个表示过去的时间状语连用egPeterhadcollectedmorethan300Chinesestampsbythetimehewasten.3.在过去某时之前开始一直延续到这一时间egBytheendoflastyear,hehadworkedinthefactoryfortwentyyears.基本结构:由had加动词的过去分词构成。例句:ShesaidshehadneverbeentoParis.她说她从未去过巴黎。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadtomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。特殊用法:过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算,通常连用的动词是want,think,hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose等:Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.我本想來,但有事就没有來。Ihadintendedtospeak,buttimedidnotpermit.我本想发言,但时间不允许。Wethatyouwouldcometoseeus,butyoudidn?t.我们本想你来看我们的,但你没有来◊现在完成时ThePresentPerfectTense1.表示截止现在业已完成的动作egBynow,IhavecollectedallthedatathatIneed.2.表示发生在过去而对现在产牛.影响、带來结果的动作egShehasbeentotheUnitedStates.3.表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并可能还要延续egIhavelearnedEnglishfor8years.\n基本结构:由have加动词的过去分词构成,主语是第三人称单数时,要将have改为has。例句:Ihaveseenthefilmalready.我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。)Haveyouseenmybag?你看到我的手提包了吗?(你知道它在哪里?)Sheadancerfortenyears.她己当了十年的舞蹈演员了。Wethousandsoftreesinthepastfewyears.过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。特殊用法:让现在完成时一目了然的词语(1)since(自从):不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时:Ihaven'tseenhersincelastweek.自上周以来我一直未见过她。WhereyousinceIlastsaw?自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?【注】有时可用其他时态的情况,但须注意:①对于某些表示状态的动词(如seem等),或因语义等方而的原因,有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适:Itseemslikeyearssincewelastmet.我们似乎几年未见面了。Sincewhendoesthe$42plus$5servicechargecometo$48?从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了?②若不是指从过去持续到现在,而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去,则用过去完成时:Yesterdayhetoldmethathehadn'teatenanythingsinceTuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以來他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)③表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时:It'stenyearssincehelefthere.他离开这儿已10年了。(2)sofar倒目前为止):Sofartherebeennobadnews.到现在为止还没冇什么坏消息。Wehaven'thadanytroublesofar.至lj目前为止,我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。(3)in[for,during]thepast[last]…years(在过去…年中):InthepasttwoyearsI?veseenhimlittle.过去两年我很少见到他。Ihavebeenhere(for)thelast[past]month.最近一个月里我都在这儿。【注】在一定的上下文里,若是以过去时间为起点,也可用过去完成时。(4)upto[until]now(到现在为止):Uptonow,theworkhasbeeneasy.到现在为止这I〕作还算容易。Iheardnothingfromhimuptonow.到现在为止我还没冇听到他一点音信。(5)It's[willbe]thefirsttimethat***(第一次…):It'sthefirsttime15vecomehere.这是我第—■次來这儿。Don'tforget,itTIIbethefirsttimeTvespokeninpublic.别忘了,这是我第一次在公共场合发言。◊过去将来时PastFutureTense1.宾语从句或间接引语中egHedidn'texpectthatwewouldallbethere.2•表示过去习惯性的动作\negDuringthatperiod,hewoulddothiseveryday.1.表示过去的愿望、倾向,多用于否定句egTheyknewthatwewouldneverpermitsuchathing.基本结构:过去将来时由would,was/weregoingto,was/weretowas/wereaboutto等加动词原形构成,也可illwas/wereonthepointof加动名词构成。例句:Iknewyouwouldagree.我知道你会同意的。IsaidIwouldarrangeeverything.我说我来安排一切。特殊用法:几种结构表示未曾实现的意图was/weregoingto+动词原形;was/wereto+动诃原形;was/wereaboutto+动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。如:Theconferencebeheldthenextmonth.会议卜个月开。Wehaveourclassateight.八点我们该上课了。ItellhimaboutitwhenWuDonggotin.就在我要告诉他时,吴东进来了。/针对性练习一1.——HasSamfinishedhishomeworktoday?一Ihavenoidea・Heitthismorning.A.didB.hasdoneC.wasdoingD.haddone2.—What'sthatterriblenoise?一Theneighborsforaparty.A.havepreparedB.arepreparingC.prepareD.willprepare3.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucygoingbacktoschool,butshehasn,tdecidedyet.A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsider!ngC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider4.Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,visitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.A.wasB.wereC・hadbeenD.wouldbe5.Thediscussionalivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC・hascomeD.came6.Becausetheshop,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice・A.hascloseddownB.closeddownC.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown7.Let?skeeptothepointorweanydecisions・A.willneverreachB.haveneverreachedC.neverreachD・neverreached8.Mymindwasn'tonwhathewassayingso11mafraidIhalfofit.A.wasmissingB・hadmissedC.willmissD.missed9.ItissaidinthebookthatThomasEdison(1847一1931)theworld-leadinginventorforsixtyyears.A.wouldbeB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD・was10.一YouwereoutwhenIdroppedinatyourhouse・——Oh,IforafriendfromEnglandattheairport.A.waswaitingB.hadwaitedC・amwaitingD.haswaited/针对性训练二\n1.Shehassetanewrecord,thatis,thesalesofherlatestbook50million.A.havereachedB.hasreachedC・arereachingD.hadreached2.Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhehersomewhere.A.sawB.hasseenC.seesD.hadseen3.Thecrazyfanspatientlyfortwohoursandtheywouldwaittillthemoviestararrived・A.werewaitingB.hadbeenwaitingC・hadwaitedD.wouldwait4.SheherhairstyleinherhometownbeforeshecametoChongqingforabetterjob.A.wouldchangeB.haschangedC.changedD.waschanging5.Thefirstuseofatomicweaponswasin1945,andtheirpowerincreasedenormouslyeversince.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.hadbeen6.——Youhavetsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?—I"msorryIanythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit'sprettyonyou.A.wasn?tsayingB.don,tsayC.won'tsayD.didtsay7・Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor;hernervousnessA.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown8.Whydon'tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwillfreshforseveraldays.A.bestayedB・stayC・bestay!ngD.havestayed9.Howcanyoupossiblymissthenews?ItonTValldaylong.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC・wasD.willbe10.—Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasegoon.—WherewasI?—Youyoudidn,tlikeyourfather,sjob.D.hadbeensayingA.hadsaidB.SaidC・weresaying11.1arrivedlate;Itheroadtobesoicy.A.wouldn'texpectB.haven'texpectedC.hadn'texpectedD.wasn‘texpecting12.1whilereadingtheEnglishtextbook・Luckily,myroommatewokemeupintime!A.hadfallenasleepB・havefallenasleepC.fellasleepD.fallasleep13.Althoughhehaslivedwithusforyears,heusmuchimpression.A.hadn'tleftB.didn,tleaveD.hasn,tleftC.doesn‘tleave14.1ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven,thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC・playedD.play\n15.1wonderwhyJennyusrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.A.hasn'twrittenB.doesn'twriteC.won'twriteD・hadn‘twritten