初中英语语法综合 8页

thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework・（表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。）Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn'tmakesuchmistakes.（表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，岀现了后面的结果。）感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。1heardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhen1foilasleep.（正进行）Theardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.（听白勺是全过程）Toftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleybal1afterschool.（频率词）若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式：Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.〜Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooks.Ttsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautiful.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Tfelttired.这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错课的。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：Helookslikehismother.Thatsounds1ikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt,find和think部分用法：+宾语+宾语补足语。（代替宾从）宾补有以卜情况：1.名词短语，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,IfoundithardtofoolthegirI.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want类似：◊都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◊都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◊都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式：Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand・feellike:◊后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea?◊后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeel1ikehavingawalk?Idon"tfeel1ikedrinkingtea.[feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词在后面。Tsthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后而。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.对"评价”、"天气"的提问之区别：lWhatdoyouthinkof•••?=Howdoyoulike•••?"你对…怎么看?”（How-?句中有like,是动词。）2What'stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样？”（What…？句中有like,是介词“像”。）take,cost,pay,spend区别：It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.物+cost+sb+钱：Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.（cost,cost,cost）若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.人+pay+sb+钱卜forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike,（pay,paid,paid）.（pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。）人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/（in）doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours（in）searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指"度过":spendholiday/weekends/winter双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。艮卩后接sb+sth.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.\n另外,若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.部分词作连词与介词：Keepcare1whenKeepcare1when类似的，while,than,V11waitunti1（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）youare1isteningtotheteacher,listeningtotheteacher.（介词）before,after,as,since,until等。nextFriday.（介词）（连词）如：I’11waituntilIhearfromher.（连词）动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一：namedPeterismyfriend.1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发牛，常作定语。Theboy那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的刖友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。He'seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡oThereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun•我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.2.动词i阴作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner（正进彳亍）asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit（功能）动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但od修饰人，ing常修饰物。1feltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing・动词ing和带to不定式作主语：Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess-Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数）Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.（谓语用单数）Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.（谓语用复数）later/after/ago/before:llater“…时间后”结构：时间段+later常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.（later单独在句尾,常用于将来时:T11seeyoulater.）after"…时间后”结构：after+时间段,常用于一般过去时,和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays,（after也可力II句子：T'11sendyouane-mailafterTgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.）3ago“…时间前"结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.（since+吋间段+ago,主句用现在完成时）4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”Thavebeentobondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore・（若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“…时间前”:Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.）“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.（a）little/（a）few:lfew,little"几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew"一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数；alittle"一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为"很多”及物动词+副词：puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/cal1up;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup（叫醍）；takeoff/away;sol1out;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。asas用法：1和…~样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.\nHerunsasfastasT/me-2as*--aspossible/sbcan"尽可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思:assoonas和样快；一…就…；asmuchas和…—样多；多达；aslongas和样长；长达：只要;aswellas和样好;和样；asfaras远达;就…来说；27.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事28.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-"某〜，一些〜",用于肯定的陈述句中。1havesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对•方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shal1wegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?右7疑问句中仍译为"某〜,一些〜”Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为"任彳可〜”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass・Wodon"thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-"每〜”,强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.29.动词时态和形式:八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时（am/is/are+v.ing）、一般将来时（wi11/shal1/begoingto+动词原形）、一般过去时、过去进行时（was/were+v.ing）现在完成时（have/has+v.过去分词）、过去完成时（had+v.过去分词）、过去将来吋（would+v.原形）六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数（加s/es）；现在分词（v.ing）:带to不定式。30.if/whether区别：if如果（引导条件状从）/是否（引导宾从）whether无论（引导让步状从）/是否（引导宾从）都译为"是否”时,whethernJ'接ornot,也可接带to不定式。if贝I」不可。另外，if可接any-单词,常不接some-单词。Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。since,位置：Since---,••••Sinceit'salreadylate,1mustgonow.for,位置：…，for---.语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit'ssnowing.as冇时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32•表推测：must,may,might,can,could,can，tmust"一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbel1,itmustbeTom.may/might“也许”一般用于肯定旬，may比might可能性人。Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could"可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butTdon，tthinkyouare.The1ightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan"tbetherenow.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly••-such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews••-;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…；suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies••-;若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不丿IJsuch,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater••-也常冇"so/such•••that…"句型，译为"如此…以致于…”。34.so的另两个用法：Iso+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“…也”上卜文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamT.Twi11stayuptonight,andsowi11Peter.以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.乂如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法Z—:neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语\n“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn'tgetwell,nordidherbrother.或对话形式：A:Jimhasn"thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.33.keep,make,get,have用法：keep+sb/sthdoingsth''让…一直做…”I'msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+doingsth"坚持做某事”make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事I'11trytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.1feelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让那台机器一直工作着oWehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,gotthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.34.used短语：usedto+动原，'‘过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.beusedto译为"被用來…”，后接动原。Ttisusedtocutthings.beusedto译为“习惯于…”,后接动词ing或名词/代词.女口：He'susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）如:Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.3&through/past/aeross:都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。lieclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.Heswamacrosstheriver,【through,内部；past,旁边；across,表［侨。］位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数最”：后者"许多的”都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数;后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.40.延续性动词：Howlong,since,for,（以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句小的主句谓语要用延续性动词。HowlongmayTkeepthisnovel?T'velivedheresince2002.Let'swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词:Ihaven'tseenyouforalongtime.41.all/cach/both/none/either/neither:1A11boys/AlloftheboysarefromChina,all接可数复数,谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数,后谓语都用单数。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后血谓语用复数。4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定诃+复数，谓语用单、复数都可。另见885-Whenshal1wemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Tboughta10-ki1o-heavyfish.\nIt'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It'satwo-monthholiday.（此处计量中的形容词long可省略。）39.Must1/May1/NeedI•••?用法：IMust1…？我必须…吗？A:MustIFinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn,t・2MayT…？我可以…吗？A:MayTgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn"t/can"t.3NeedI…?我有必耍…吗？A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust・/No,youneedn"t.40.hundred/thousand/mi11ion/bi11ion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如：thousandsoftrees;manymiHionsofpeople.ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若冇several,后常不力口s和of：severalmi11ionpounds41.反意疑问（QT）部分用法:lsomething,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.Somethingiswrong,isn"tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?21thinkLucycandowellintheexam,can"tshe?Tdon"tthinkhewi11comehereontime,wi11he?QT要结合think后的从句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用w订1you?而Let's…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don"tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon,ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,wi11you?Let'sdoitnow,shallwe?ITherebe句型,QT主语用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn"tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn，tthore?Therewon，tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?42.puton,wear,dress,in:lputon,a穿上"后接物。表行为,是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,a穿，穿着”后接物，表状态,是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes・3dress,"给…穿衣"后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingher1ittiebrothernow・bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。4in,"穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?T'veseentheboyinyellow.43.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if从旬中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/shouldi-动词原形，表示与现在和反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的悄况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.（与现在事实相反）IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.（可能性很小）48