初中英语语法—介词 44页

介词的用法介词(preposition)：也叫前置词。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独做句子成分,需和名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。\n一、介词的种类（1）简单介词：about,across,after,against,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beside,but,by,down,during,for,from,in,of,on,over,near,round,since,to,under,up,with等等。（2）合成介词：inside,into,outside,throughout,upon,without,within（3）介词短语：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,owingto,upto,withregardto等等。\n二、介词短语的作用介词不单独作句子成分，其后跟名词、代词、数词、副词、短语、从句等作它的宾语，构成介词短语。1、作状语通常位于句首或句尾，表时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、比较等。eg:Everybodyunderstoodexceptme.除我之外，大家都理解了。Icamehereformybriefcase.我来这里拿公文包。\n2、作定语跟在所修饰的名词后面，作后置定语。eg:Theyhaverentedaflatofthreerooms.他们租了一套三居室的公寓。Theladyinredismysister-in-law.穿红衣服的那位女士是我嫂子。\n3、作表语eg:SallyisinthelanguagelabwithTom莎莉和汤姆在语音室。WhathesaidisofgreathelptolearnersofEnglish.他刚才的话对英语学习者很有帮助。\n4、作宾语补足语eg:Whatmakesyouinsuchahurry?什么事使你这样匆匆忙忙？Thedutyofthepoliceistokeepthecountryinorder.警察的职责是维持国家秩序。\n三、部分介词用法辩异1、地点介词1）at,in,byat表示把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点”,in则把地方、地点、位置当作一个范围或一个封闭的空间。此外，at用于表示在某一单位、机关，较抽象；in则较具体。by用在表示位置(有在旁、贴近、靠近之意)。如：Heworksatthepostoffice.她在邮局上班。Intherainwewereshelteringinthepostoffice.我们在邮局里面避雨。IliveinEngland,atLondon.我住在英国伦敦。(England大过London)bythefire在炉边bytheseaside在海边apathbytheriver沿河道路bythenearestroad走近路\n1.Thereisabookstore____theothersideofthestreet.A.inB.onC.forD.at2.MrsGreenhaslived____London____tenyears.A.at,forB.in,sinceC.in,forD.on,by3.Thelittlegirlsawabeautifulbird____thetree.A.onB.inC.intoD.at4.Hearrived____Shanghai____January5____10:00.A.in,on,inB.at,on,onC.in,on,atD.in,on,by\n2）on,over,aboveon表示一物放在另一物上面，两者紧贴在一起；over表示一种越过，即“在……上方”；above表示一般的“高于……”，“在……之上”，一种垂直关系如：Thebookisonthetable.书在桌子上。Isthereanybridgeovertheriver?河上有桥吗？Therewasanelectricclockabovehisbed.他床头上有只电子钟。\n1.Thereisabridge____theriver.A.onB.atC.belowD.over2.Thelightwashanging_____hishead.A.aboveB.onC.overD.across3.AftersupperFatheralwayssits____achair,readingnewspapers.A.aboveB.onC.overD.across4.Theplanehasjustflown____myhead.A.onB.overC.aboveD.at\n3）under,belowunder与below分别是over与above的反义词，即“在……下方”；below表示一般的“低于……”，“在……之下”。如：Theywereseenunderthetree.有人看到他们在树下。ShallIwritemynameon,aboveorbelowtheline?我该把名字写在线上、还是线的上方或下方？\n1.Welaydown____atreetorest.A.underB.overC.aboveD.below2.Thereisabook____thechair.A.underB.overC.aboveD.below3.Thisplaceis_____sealevel.A.underB.overC.aboveD.below4.Theboatispassing_____bridge.A.underB.overC.aboveD.below\n4）after,behindafter多用于表时间先后，而behind多半表位置或方向的前后。如：Shestoodbehindatree.她站在一棵树后。Weshallleaveafterbreakfast.我们早饭后动身。\n1.Therearesomeflowers____thehouseA.behindB.afterC.belowD.above2.Theschoolis___thepostoffice.A.behindB.afterC.belowD.above3.WecametoBeiJing_____6:00inthemorning.A.behindB.afterC.belowD.above4._____havingthebath,wewatchedTV.A.behindB.afterC.belowD.above\n5）across,through,over,pastacross着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”；through强调“穿越”；over多表示从“上方越过”；past表示从“面前经过”。如：Shewentacrossthestreettomakesomepurchases.她穿过街道去买东西。Thesunlightwascominginthroughthewindow.阳光透过窗户进来了。Hefailedtogooverthemountain;hehadtogoroundit.他没能越过那座山，只有绕过去．Someonehasjustgonepastthewindow.有人从窗前走过．\n1.Sheswam_____theriver.A.throughB.acrossC.onD.above2.YesterdayIwent_____theforest.A.throughB.acrossC.onD.above3.----Whowasgoing____mejustnow?----JimA.throughB.acrossC.pastD.above4.Thebirdflew_____thebuildingA.throughB.acrossC.onD.over\n２、时间介词１）for,since,duringfor指“时间段”，since指“时间点”，during强调时间过程。during与for的区别：during所指的时间起止分明；如果一段时间不明确，就用for.如：Ihaven’tseenherforyears.我很多年没见过她了。Heswimseverydayduringthesummer.整个夏天他每天游泳。TheyhavebeeninHawaiisincethewar.战后他们一直住在夏威夷。\n1.Ihavelivedhere__about1year.A.forB.sinceC.duringD.at2._____lastterm,IwaslearningEnglishinHighbirdallthetime.A.forB.sinceC.duringD.at3.IhadlivedinLondon_____lastyear.A.forB.sinceC.duringD.at4.Shestoodhere_____severalhours.A.forB.sinceC.duringD.at\n２）“在...之后”in,afterin+一段时间（用于一般将来时）after+一段时间（用于一般过去时）after+一点时间（常用于一般将来时）如：Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.那个婴儿半小时后停止了哭泣。Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.那个婴儿将在半小时后停止哭泣。TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.周五以后他们将去拜访他们的老师。\n３）at,in,on,by表示时间的区别at表示特定的时间、节日、年龄:如：atdawn/atnight/atnoon/atmidnight/atforty/atChristmasin表示一天中某段时间，指年、月、季节、周次：如：inthemorning/in2002/inMay/inthesecondweekofJuly/inwinteron表示某一天或星期几，指明具体的时间：如：onSundays/onherbirthday/onFridayevening/onthefirstby(的时候、到、等到…已经)用在天、时间：如：byday白天(的时候)/by2o‘clock到两点钟/bythistime等到现在(已经)…\n1.Iwasborn____Oct.11th,2000.A.onB.inC.atD.by2.NewYearis_____January.A.onB.inC.atD.by3.Igotoschool____8:00a.m.everymorningA.onB.inC.atD.by4.Ihavelearnt2000Englishwords_____theendofthisyear.A.onB.inC.atD.by\n4)表示动作的介词to,towardto表示向某处移动：如：Theyweredrivingtoworktogether.他们一同开车去工作。She‘sgoingtothedentist’sofficethismorning.今早她去看牙医。toward表示移向某处：如：We‘removingtowardthelight.我们向灯光处移动。Thisisabigsteptowardstheproject'scompletion.这是对于工程的完成前进了一大步。\n5）表示“用”的介词用交通工具byplane用语言inEnglish通过媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone＇shands\n1.Igotoschool____bikeeveryday.A.byB.inC.onD.with2.Ilikesingingasong____Russia.A.byB.inC.onD.with3.IwatchWorldCup____TV.A.byB.inC.onD.with4.Iwrite____apenA.byB.inC.onD.with\n四、常见的介词搭配１、名词+介词：1.approvalof批准2.awarenessof意识到3.graspof把握住4.hatredof憎恶5.desirefor要求、愿望6.fondnessfor爱好(I'veafondnessforcollectingstamps.)7.hopefor希望、期待(hopeforthebest乐观)8.needfor必要(Thereisnoneedforhurrying.)9.reasonfor有必须……的理由(havereasonfor...)10.respectfor尊敬(haverespectfor...)11.beliefin信任于12.interestin对……有兴趣13.successin成功、成就\n２、形容词+介词：1.afraidof(Heisnotafraidofanything.)2.awareof觉得3.capableof能(Thetankiscapableofholding8kg.ofwater.)4.fondof喜爱(He'sfondoffishing.)5.jealousof嫉妒于6.madeof用……制成的7.proudof对……感觉光荣(I'mproudofhisacquaintance.认识他是我的光荣。)8.sureof确信(Youmaybesureofhishonesty.)9.tiredof厌倦的10.carelessabout不关心、不重视11.worriedabout自找烦恼12.familiarwith熟悉于、精通于13.interestedin兴趣于14.sorryfor懊悔、觉得过意不去(Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.)\n3、动词+介词：１.careabout关心(Hedoesn'tcareaboutotherpeople.他不关心别人。)2.carefor喜欢(Wouldyoucareforacupofcoffee?你喜欢来杯咖啡吗？)3.takecareof照顾(Takecareofyouseft.照顾自己喔。)4.dreamabout梦到(Idreamtaboutyoulastnight.昨晚我梦到你。)5.dreamof梦想(Ioftendreamofbeingrich.我时常梦想发达了。)6.hearabout听到关于……的详情(HaveyouhearaboutJane?)7.hearof听到……的事/话(Haveyouheardofaplacecalled'Mulu'?)8.hearfrom得到……的消息(HaveyouheardfromAnnrecently?)9.lookat注视、考察(Whyyoulookatmelikethat?)10.lookfor找、指望(Canyouhelpmelookformykeys?)11.lookafter照应、看守(Sheisill,sheneedssomeonetolookafterher.)12.thinkabout思索、考虑(Whatareyouthinkingabout?)13.thinkof想起、企图(HetoldmehisnamebutIcan'tthinkofitnow.)\n1.星期二上午老师生他的气了.____Tuesdaymorningtheteacherwasangry____him.2.瞧!我的书和你的书不同.Look!Mybookisdifferent____yours.3.去年秋天张小姐和一个有钱人结了婚.MissZhangwasmarried____arichmanlastautumn.4.晚饭后父亲总是坐在椅子上读报.AftersupperFatheralwayssits____achair,readingnewspapers.5.我是用墨水写的信.Ihavewrittentheletter____ink.6.工作时不要讲话.Doyourwork_______speaking.7.父亲要我用自己的话把故事重讲一遍.Fatherwantedmetoretellthestory____myownwords.8.在老师的帮助下,他发现了自己的错误.____thehelpoftheteachers,hefoundouthismistakes.9.我们都穿着蓝色的衣服,而他们都穿着黑色的衣服Weareall____white,while(而)theyareall____black.10.前天我爷爷花了很多钱买书.Mygrandfatherspentalotofmoney____booksthedaybeforeyesterday.11.她握着我的手说:"你是个好孩子."Sheheldme____thehandandsaid,"Youareagoodboy."12.你买那本英汉词典花了多少钱?Howmuchdidyoupay____theEnglish-Chinesedictionary?13.除最后一个问题外,凯特回答了所有的问题.Kateansweredallthequestions______thelastone.14.(从)上海到昆明的火车要穿过多少隧道?Howmanytunnels(隧道)doesthetrainfromShanghaitoKunminggo_______?15.雷锋总是先想到别人.LeiFengalwaysthought____otherpeoplefirst.\nWhatIsaLibrary?Alibraryisacollection(收集)books.Ifyouhavefiftyorsixtybookshome,thisisyourlibrary.Alibraryisalsoabuildingalargecollectionbooksit.Therearelibrariesgrown-ups(成年人)andlibrarieschildren.Peoplecangetbookstoreadthere.Wemust,ofcourse,takethembackthelibrarywhenwewanttoreadthemhome.Wemayborrowthreebooksatimeandkeepthemtwoweeks.Ifwehavenotfinishedreadingabooktheendtwoweeks,wemaygothelibraryandsaythatwewanttorenewitalongertime.Mostlibrarieshavereadingrooms.thereadingroomstherearetables.Youcansitatableandreadanewspaper,amagazineorabook.thelibrarytherearebookspoems(诗),travels(游记),history,geographyandscience.Therearealsonovels(小说),booksshortstories,newspapersandmagazinesthere.\n介词用法口诀•早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。\ninthemorning/afternoon/eveninginthedayatdawn,atdaybreakatnoonatnightatmidnight\n阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in，•Don'treadindimlight.•Theyarereviewingtheirlessonsinthebrightlight.•Theyaresittingintheshadeofatree.aprisonerinirons•Hewentintheraintomeetmeatthestation.•Thepoordressed(clothed)inragsinoldsociety.•inthebrightsunlight•amerchantindisguise•thewomaninwhite(black,red,yellow)•inmourning•inbrownshoes?inhisshirtsleeves\n将来时态in...以后•Theywillcomebackin10days.•I'llcomeroundinadayortwo.•We‘llbebackinnotime.•Comeandseemeintwodays‘time.•(从现在开始)after...(从过去开始)•\n小处at大处in•LiandIarrivedatHeishancountysafeandsound,alliswell.Don'tworry.•Iliveinagreatcity(bigcity),mysisterlivesatasmalltownwhile\n有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in;特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in•Theteacheriscorrectingthepaperwithanewpen.•"TakingTigerMountainbyStrategy"isagoodopera.Ireallycan'texpressmyideainEnglishfreelyin-deed．IwroteanovelinRussian.•Thisboardwascastinbronzenotingold.•特征或状态：•TheDemocraticPartywastheninpower.•Theyfoundthepatientinacoma.•Hehasnotbeeningoodhealthforsomeyears.•Manywhocameindespairwentawayinhope.•\n•Thehousewasinruins.•Thepoorgirlwasintears.•Herclotheswereinrags.•Hisshoeswereinholes.•Shespokeingriefratherthaninanger.\n介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分•1.A．Shecameatme.B．Shecametome.•2．A．JakeranatJohn.B．JakerantoJohn.•3．A.Herushedatthewomanwithasword.•B.Herushedtothewomanwithasword.•4．A．Heshoutedattheoldman.•B.Heshoutedtotheoldman.•5．A．IheardhermutteringatXiaoLi.•B．IheardhermutteringtoXiaoLi.•6．A.Shetalkedatyoujustnow.B．Shetalkedtoyoujustnow.•7．A．Shethrewaboneatthedog.•B．Shethrewabonetothedog.8．A．Hepresentedapistolatme.•B．Hepresentedapistoltome.\n日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚;以下皆用on•onthesecondofJanuary或onJanuarythesecond•onasummerevening•onBoxingDay•onNewYear‘sDay•onmybirthday\n•收音、农场，值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论,着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、准,上演,特定时间和“一……就”，左右on后动名词\nat山脚、门口在当前，速、温、日落价核心•Atthefootofthemountain,therearethirtyofourcomrades.•Thetrainrunsatfiftykilometresanhour.•atagoodpriceatalowcost•atagreatcostatthattime•Theatomhasanucleusatitscore.•在原子的中心有一个原于核\n•工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类knowtoman。this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关\n•beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。•同类比较except，加for异类记心间。原状becauseof,、owingto、dueto表语形容词\n•under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。before、after表一点,ago、later表一段。before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。since以来during间，since时态多变换。与之相比beside，除了lastbutone。复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。butfor否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。\n•ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。