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初中英语写作教学漫谈\n初中毕业(5级)要求达到的目标:A.能根据写作要求,收集、准备素材;B.能独立起草短文、短信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改;新课程标准中关于写的要求\nC.能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系(即文章中用于表示并列,转折,举例,因果,递进,让步,总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词组);D.能简单描述人物或事件;E.能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。\n初中英语写作教学现状写作能力远远落后于阅读能力很少有专门的写作指导课很多教师采取简单的方式处理写作:指定题目,要求在规定的时间内完成后上交,逐一批阅,给予评价或划分等级。忽视了在写作过程中技能的培养\n有的教师在平时不进行写作训练,让学生在考试前让背几篇范文来应付考试。多数学生对老师的评改反馈只看评分对写作丧失信心,不再重视(草率应付)恶性循环宁波陈佩芳(2010)\n推广中的“过程法”三阶段构成:写前准备(pre-writing):小组讨论Brainstormforideas写作(drafting):汇总意见,确定提纲学生定时完成修改(revising):同伴互批,定稿\n优点:调动学生,启发思维缺点:费时,英语课堂时间有限。还忽略了中学生的苦衷:“想得到,写不出”和“想的精彩,写的难堪”。\n近几年杭州地区中考英语作文题目\nVIII.书面表达(共1题,计15分)假如你叫李华,在英特网上找到了一个叫David的网友,现在请你根据下列要点给David写个E一mail,介绍你自己的一些情况。1.李华,中学生,家住在上海。2.喜欢集邮和运动。3.对英语很感兴趣,会唱不少英文歌曲。4.班里同学也想找网友,希望得到帮助。5.想去英国看看。注意:1.开头部分已写好,只需接着写。2.下面方框中所给的词语可供你选择使用,也可适当增加一些词语,使所写的短文正确、连贯。3.词数:65个左右。livein,collectstamps,dosomesports,penfriends,visitone‘scountry,soon,EnglishsongsDavid,Howareyou?\n\n近几年杭州地区中考英语作文没有超过课程标准五级要求任务简单明了。篇幅短,写一段就够了(65-80词,10句话左右)关键在于语言正确,表达清楚(注意顺序和逻辑关系)。\n写作能力的培养需要进行语言知识积累和写作技能训练。Guidedpracticeandpa…\n学生作文sentence问题诊断Myhomehavethreepeople.Iwantgohome.Therearesomestudentsplayfootballintheplayground.\n搭配不当Nextweek,wearegoingtotakepartinthefinalexaminations.examination或test不能与takepartin搭配使用,但可以和take,attend,have,sitfor,conduct,enterfor,getthrough,pass,fail搭配。\n搭配不当Weshouldlearnasmanyknowledgeaspossible.knowledge不能与learn搭配,只能与acquire,gain,obtain,absorb,accumulate,develop,broaden,enlarge,deepen,digest等词搭配使用。\nhttp://corpus.byu.edu/bnc\nVerb+knowledge\nAcquire+knowledge全部例句\nAdjective+knowledge\nShefeltdangerous.Whenwegointosociety,wewill…(gooutintotheworld;jointhesociety加入协会)词汇似是而非\n由于学生缺乏英语基础知识和技能,许多句子看起来类似用汉语想好了语句再用英语逐字死译。(李志雪,2008)让我们的广州充满爱。Let‘smakeloveeverywhereinourGuangzhou.\n\n“对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别”。(吕叔湘)要克服英文写作中的“汉化”倾向,一个很重要的方法是与母语的特点进行比较,使学生努力排除母语特点的干扰,并有意识地模仿英语的特点,写出具有英语味的东西来。\n英汉句子结构差异1)英语句子结构完整(complete),动词变化多(transitivity,number,time,aspect)2)主干成分语序基本一致:SV(O)(不过汉语中有许多SOV句:你书读了吗?英语中有大量倒装句)3)英汉语中的定语、状语和补语位置有很大不同\nSummarychartofverbtensestimeaspectPresentPastFutureprogressivePerfectPerfectprogressivesimpleSimplepresentSimplepastSimplefuturePresentprogressivePastprogressiveFutureprogressivePresentperfectPastperfectFutureperfectPresentperfectprogressivePastperfectprogressiveFutureperfectprogressive\nWhatdoyoudoeveryday?Whatdidyoudoyesterday?Whatwillyoudotomorrow?Whatareyoudoingnow?Whatwereyoudoingatthistimeyesterday?Whatwillyoubedoingatthistimetomorrow?Whathaveyoudonesinceyougotupthismorning?Whathadyoudonebeforeyouwenttobedyesterday?Whatwillyouhavedonebythetimeyougotobedtonight?Whatareyoudoing?Howlonghaveyoubeendoingthat?WhatwereyoudoingbeforeIwalkedintotheclassroomtoday?Howlonghadyoubeendoingthat?WhatwillyoubedoingbeforeIwalkintotheclassroomtomorrow?Howlongwillyouhavebeendoingthat?Answerthefollowing12questionsincompletesentences.\n英汉句子主干成分的语序差异主语英语一般严格遵循SV结构要求。每个句子都要有主语(除祈使句),并且以动词为中心;主谓之间相互制约。汉语多用“topic–comment”结构,几乎什么结构都可以做主题(topic)。主题总是在前。\nPutthefollowingintoEnglish她十岁死了父亲。台上作者一位老者。(衣服)洗好了。下雨了。Herfatherdiedwhenshewasten.Anoldmanissittingontheplatform.Ihavewashedtheclothes.Itisraining.\n主语e.g.活到老,学到老。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.很难说谁对谁错。It’shardtotellwhoisrightandwhoiswrong.昨天找到了丢失的钢笔。Thelostpenwasfoundyesterday.上饭店吃饭很贵。It’sexpensivetoeatout.\n谓语动词汉语:无动词或多动词英语:单动词(除非有连接词)e.g.我妈妈很漂亮。Mymotherisverypretty.我们又唱又跳。Wesanganddanced.我们邀请他们到上海来玩。WeinvitedthemtocometoShanghaiforavisit.你上课常常缺席所以我想要提醒你。YouareoftenabsentfromclasssoIwanttowarnyou.\n宾语汉语中还有较多SOV,OSV句式。他英语不懂,法语也不懂。工人晚饭没吃。那座山我们已经爬过了。这本书她没看过。他把车停街上了。HeknowsneitherEnglishnorFrench.Theworkersdidn’thavetheirsupperyet.Wehaveclimbedthemountain.Shedidn’treadthebook.Heparkedthecaronthestreet.\n附加成分的语序差异定语位置汉语:通常放中心词前英语:不然1.单词做定语,英汉语序基本相同。但英语中有定语后置的情况。somethingoldnothingimportantthemanagerinvolvedstudentspresentthebabyawakeonthewayhome\n2.多词定语英语中定语都后置(目标先于参照点)Theapplesonthetreeareripe.Thewaytostartthemachine…TherosesinthebackyardoftheCaoslookedgreat.曹家后院的玫瑰花好看极了。(参照点先于目标)\n三到六岁的孩子Childrenfrom3to6yearsofage隔壁的音像店themusicstorenextdoor用英语写的信theletter(s)inEnglish\n玩/放松的时间timetoplay/relax当一个音乐家的计划planstobeamusician出国学习的机会thechancetostudyabroad\n城市用水waterusedbycities不乱扔垃圾的习惯thehabitofnotthrowingawayrubbish我曾经生活的村庄thevillagewhereIstayed/lived我昨晚吃的某样东西somethingIatelastnight到月球去的宇航员astronautswhotraveledtothemoon分词短语、定语从句等作后置定语\n状语位置汉语:一般放中心词前英语:位置灵活多变Ialwaysremembertheday.Hegavemeagiftyesterday.Theyhaverecentlyboughtacar.Ihavevisitedthemuseumtwice.Hefellheavilyandtwistedhisankle.Hestudiedashardashecouldinordertopasstheexam.为了通过考试,他尽最大努力学习。\n她一周有三个下午在一家百货公司做兼职。Sheworksparttimeinadepartmentstorethreeafternoonsaweek.在我十岁那年我和家人经历了一次奇妙的旅行。ItookafantastictripwithmyfamilywhenIwastenyearsold.\n英汉段落连贯性表现英语:显性连贯(形合)汉语:隐形连贯为显著特点(意合)段落不是句子简单相加。句子间要过度自然,不应该有跳跃式的转换;前后语句应有符合逻辑的结构关系。\n知彼知己,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼不知己,每战必殆(少用语言形式手段连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序,注重内在关系)(你)(若)知彼(而又)知己,(你)(则)(将)百战不殆;(你)(若)不知彼而知己,(你(则)(将)一胜(及)一负;(你)(若)不知彼(而又)不知己,(你)(则)每战(将)必殆。(按英语形合的特性,把其中省略、隐含、模糊的东西都补上)\nTelevisionservesusinmanyways.Mostimportantly,televisionservesusasakindofentertainmentinoursparetime.Forinstance,wecanenjoyourselvesbywatchingourfavoriteprograms,suchasmovies,sportsgamesandplays.Also,televisionprovidesuswithalotofinformation.Forexample,bywatchingadvertisements,welearnaboutthelatestproductsavailableonthemarket;orbywatchingnewsprograms,wegettoknowwhatisgoingonineverycorneroftheworld.Inaddition,televisioncanhelpuswidenourviews.Thesedays,manytelevisionprogramsintroducedifferentculturesandplacesofhistoricalinterest.InthiswaywelearnalotonTV.\nTransitionsignals1、并列,递进:and,also,besides,inaddition,what’smore2、转折和对比:but,however,ontheotherhand,3、举例:forexample,forinstance,suchas4、因果:asaresult,dueto,becauseof,thus,therefore5、让步:although,though,6、总结:inshort,inbrief,forthesereasons\nUnityinaParagraphEverysentenceinaparagraphshouldsupportthemainideaexpressedinthetopicsentence.mainideasentencesentencesentencesentence\nIsthisaunifiedparagraph?Myfatherisverystrictwithhischildren,especiallyme.HewillnotletmeoutofthehouseunlessIhavedoneallmyhomework.Frankly,IdonotcarewhetherIgotoschoolornot.Schoolissuchawasteoftime.Therearenotanygoodjobs,anyway.Mymotherdoesnotagreewithmyfather.Theyquarrelalot.SometimesIwishtheywouldgetadivorce,butthenwhomwouldIlivewith?1234567\nThisisaunifiedparagraphMysisterLizwasbornlucky.Shehasabeautifulsmile.Whenshedoessomethingbad,shesmilesandmyparentsarenotangry.Sheeatsalotanddoesnotgetfat.HerfavoritemealisadoublecheeseburgerwithFrenchfries,amilkshake,andanicecreamsundae.Afterschoolshedoesherhomeworkinfiveminuteswhileshewatchestelevisionatthesametime.Inconclusion,Ibelievesomepeoplearebornlucky,butsomearenot.1234567\n英汉语思维方式差异\n汉语思维英语思维环形的,不直接,在主要观点前作大量铺垫直线形的,直击主题\nDearTeacher,Howareyou?NowIamacollegestudent.Collegelifeisquitedifferentfrommiddleschool.Itisnewforme.Iamtryingtoadjustmyselftothenewlife.DearTeacher,whenIwasatmiddleschoolyounotonlytaughtmealotofknowledge,butyouinfluencedmeinvariousways.Iamverygrateful.Youwereverykindtomeinvariousways.Iamverygrateful.Youwereverykindtomejustaskindasafathermightbe.IstillrememberonceyoulentyourumbrellatomewhereasyourwerecaughtintherainasIlearntlater.Youweregeneroustome,too.Onceyouinvitedmeoverfordinner.Iwillneverforgetwhatyouhavedoneforme,andIwillkeepgratefulforwhatyouhavedoneforme.Dearteacher,I’mbusywithmystudy.ButIaminbadneedofanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Irememberyouhaveone.Wouldyouletmehaveit?IfyouwouldIwillbeverythankful.Bestwishestoyou.Yourssincerely,LiDong压轴\nDearMr.Smith,Asyouknow,IamastudenthereatPekingUniversity.IamenjoyingmyChineseclassesverymuchbutIhaveaproblemandIwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.IaminneedofanEnglish-ChinesedictionaryandIrememberthatyouhaveonethatyoudonotuse.Wouldyoubewillingtolendittome?Iwouldreallyappreciateit.Collegelifeisverydifferentfromthatinhighschool,butIamhavingagreattime.IhavealreadymakesomegoodfriendsandIfeelquiteathomeinthedorm.Thankyouverymuchforyourhelp.Sincerly,Tom开门见山\n\n中文思维英语思维感性、抽象、玄乎明确描述和具体例证,细节、逻辑\nTipsforEnglishwritingWhendescribingorexplainingthings,trytousespecificorconcretewordswheneverpossible,fortheyarevivid,exactandinteresting.Theweatherinearlyspringisbad.Theweatherinearlyspringiscoldandwet.Heisaniceboy.Heistall,rich,handsome,humorous,warm-hearted...\nIwastedalotoftimeyesterday.Inthemorning,ittookmetwohourstogettomyofficebecauseIhadgotintoseveraltrafficjams.ThenIwaitedforhalfanhourforthemanagertobeginameeting.IntheafternoonIhadtogotoapubliclecture.ThespeakertalkedforthreehoursbutIcouldn’tmakeoutwhathismainpointswere.\ntochairameeting,aprettywomanahighmountain,atalltree,atall/highwindowMerry/happyChristmas,*Merrybirthdayabit/littlesad,*abit/littlehappyverypleased*verydelighted(absolutely/so)happen常与令人不愉快的事物(e.g.acaraccident)联系在一起provide的宾语是令人愉快的事物(e.g.help,service,support,money...)不要只记单词,因为英文中70%都是固定表达方式\nThingsIhatetodowhatwhygotothetutorstiring,boringgetupearlystayuplateatnight,haven’tenoughsleeptellliesfeelguilty\nThingsIhatetodoIoftendothingsthatIenjoy.However,therearestillthingsthatIhatetodo.Ihategoingtothetutorsbecauseitisboringandtiring.IoftenstayuplateandIdon’tgetenoughsleep.SogettingupearlyisalsowhatIdon’tlike.ButthethingIhatemostistellinglies.Ifeelguiltyaftercheatingothers.Ihatebeingdishonest,andIhopethateveryonewillbehonesttoothers.(78words)\nWritingisaverydemandingtaskinlanguagelearning!Bylimitingthedemandsmadeonthestudentsatanyonetimeandbyfocusingourattentiononthedifferentstagesoftheprocess,wehavebeenabletosimplifythetask,andincreasethestudents’chanceofsuccess.(学过游泳吗?)\nThanksforyourattention!\n(5Byiv8Ggk7LpR76HbSeCThw!MazalE0EsuvCNOvwC&WQAgRHsh!Rb(QOs+9g(+hZnm!D9w9)RAUl%H7rHH(0BD0)rsIWDE+K&la#ETFLwMNFstJgb$U#UZD3IJ4zS-xhbWfun3j+D#mgfS-NYX0UnFtDnkLJ*!IlY2v&qLoi1iqqy&I#uR0iumD(0gn9hIU8h0BzfzjsdGWgTV4I8f%br(v+nF0i)JlXp*bWNJVi!Y!Gz%kyCy$LHX9!U+LiCyOz5AdmR%9+LNkFqHR*43YCO-ZW-rJdi7q-TMrCn$0p-GNJlk1D6qGQQRLJTXoYRqUuva4QT%t!x*KxJUvhNUDkJGleu#7QMZmTNYegGY5hG+cIs$Y#taMtw0F#-5Ub41NMJ8euD6a#!lE0%8e+ZSqKMCjNzsTP2UNER7!p&raRhu*PFaHU6kYS6bhE)3(g%6a12*I2g2HnoaI6+%GekHt3sSt4M*CHNLhHfL8PF7UByCb*16ZehLKBuJXo9qtf+7A73NAK$Yxu5$GjFZr&ky#$atQTALEs4ScD#dVTQrTzkGfQ%Put**JCtTe7Rxwv0&U)FDC-W(kt0(xAcF9s#ubVlFQUnb%tlnscBUoUCS$8sSBT+B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