初中英语语-动词详解 33页

英语语法－词性详解二－动词二、动词的分类(1)(3)(2)一、动词的定义三、动词的时态四、非谓语动词五、被动语态1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.一般将来时4.现在进行时5.过去进行时6.现在完成时7.过去完成时8.过去将来时六、动词的基本形式\n类别特点意义举例实义动词(vt.vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思Ihaveabook..不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语Shealwayscomeslate.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思Iamastudent.助动词(aux.v.)跟动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态Hedoesn’tspeakChinese.IamwatchingTV.情态动词(mod.v.)跟动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化Wecandoitbyourselves.Thatwouldbebetter.一、按词义和句中的作用，动词可以分为四类返回\n二、短语动词构成方式举例动词+介词Lookat,lookafter动词+副词Giveup,putup动词+副词+介词Catchupwith,lookdownupon动词+名词+介词Takecareof,payattentiontoBe+形容词+介词Beproudof,beafraidof复杂结构Makeupone’smind：由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下返回\n三、按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致Iamreadingnow.第一人称数与主语在数上一致Hewriteswell.第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间Hewrotealettertomelastmonth.过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者WestudyEnglish.主动Theroadwasfilledwithrubbish.被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等HehasflowntoAmerica.事实IwishIcouldflytothemoonsomeday.愿望1、谓语动词(如下)2、非谓语动词返回\n2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语Ittakesme20minutestogotoschool动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语Shelikesreading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语I’mdoingmyhomeworknow.过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动ThecupisbrokenThesteamisseenrisingfromthewetclothes.\n1.一般现在时（1）表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态（2）表示主语现在的性格、特征、能力（3）表示客观事实或普遍用法（4）用于状语从句代替一般将来时eg.We often write to each other.我们时常相互通信。常与always，usually，often，sometimes，every day，once a week，yearly每年，monthly每月，等时间状语或频率副词连用。eg.Heworkshard.他努力工作eg.Thesunrisesintheeast.Lightgoesfasterthansoundeg.Youwillsucceedifyoutry.IwilltellhimaboutitassoonasIseehimnextMonday.常与连词：when,assoonas,before,after,until,if如果，等引导的时间状语或条件状语从句练习返回\n2.一般过去时(1).表示过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态.e.g.HearrivedinHangzhouanhourago.Wherewereyoujustnow?(2).表示过去某一时间里反复出现的动作或状态.e.g.Theirchildrenoftenwenthungryintheolddays.      Duringhismiddleschoolyears,heplayedfootballnearlyeveryday.(3).表示主语过去的特征或性格等.e.g.AtthattimeshespokeverygoodEnglish.(4).一般过去时往往和明确的过去时间状语连用.如:yesterday,lastnight,twodays(months,weeks)ago,in1996,atthattime等,也常和when,if等引导的状语从句连用.e.g.Didyouplayvolleyballyesterdayafternoon?      Myfather,whenhewasachild,worked15hoursforthelandlordaday.(5).一般过去时可与today,thisweek,thismonth等时间状语连用.e.g.Isawhimtoday.Hecamelatethreetimesthisweek.练习返回\n一般过去时的练习1.Isawhimthismorning.（改为否定句、疑问句并做回答）2.Hecamelatethreetimesthisweek.（同上）3.Jimcamelatethreetimesthisweek.(分别对a,b,c,d提问)a    b         c           d4.A．I_______(be)12lastyear.B．—_______(be)thedoctorinthehospitallastnight?—No,he_______(benot).C.—What_______he_______(do)yesterday?—He_______(draw)somepicturesinthepark.5.A.______________asweateronthedeskjustnow.B.Therearesomechildrenintheaquariumnow.(用yesterday替换now)______________somechildrenintheaquariumyesterday.C.Thereweresomebuildingshereinthepast.(改为一般疑问句)_____________________buildingshereinthepast?返回\n3.一般将来时a.will/shall+动词原形(备：在口语中，shall和will常缩写成"'ll"，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shallnot和willnot的简略式分别为shan't和won't)(1)构成b.begoingto+动词原形c.be+动词-ing形式（动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive,come,go,leave,move,start,stay,get等）d.be+动词不定式（例：Youaretobebackbefore10:00p.m..你必须在上午10点前回来。表示按计划或正式安排将发生的事）(2)用法①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。②表示将要反复发生的动作(3)常用结构①用于“祈使句+and+陈述句"中。Eg.Workhardandyouwillsucceed.②与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用。Ifyouaskhim,hewillhelpyou.③用于"Iexpect,I'msure,Ithink,Iwonder+宾语从句"中。Idon'tthinkthetestwillbeverydifficult.返回练习\n4.现在进行时(1)意义：a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作。常与now,themoment等连用。(2)构成：主语+be+现在分词(v.+ing)练习返回例:Listen!MaryissinginganEnglishsongintheclassroom.b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作。例:Theyareplantingtreesonthehillthesedays.c.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩。例:Mybrotherisalwaysleavingthingsabout.注:现在进行时往往与always连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。\n现在进行时的练习1.Whatareyou_________(do)now?I___________(eat)bread.2. It’snineo’clock.Myfather_______________(work)intheoffice.3.Look,theboy____________(put)therubbishintothebin.4. ______he__________(clean)theclassroom?No,heisn’t.He____________(play).5.WhereisMak?He___________(run)onthegrass.6.Listen,who____________(sing)inthemusicroom?Oh,Mary_____________(sing)there.7.Thebirdsaresinginginthetree.(就划线部分提问).8.Thechildrenareplayinggamesnearthehouse.(就划线部分提问)9.TheYoungPioneersarehelpingtheoldwoman.(改成一般疑问句)返回\n5.过去进行时(1)意义：（2）构成：主语+was/were+现在分词1．表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如：WhatwereyoudoingwhenIphonedyoulastnight?2．表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作。如：Theywerebuildingadamlastwinter.去年冬天他们在建一个大坝。3．用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。如：TheywantedtoknowwhenwewereleavingforShanghai.返回练习\n6.现在完成时（1）意义：现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。（2）结构：助动词have/has+动词的过去分词（3）四大标志词：*以already,just和yet为标志：表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生*以ever和never为标志：表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过*以动作发生的次数为标志：HesayshehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.*以sofar为标志：表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生（4）注：a.*“终止”、“延续”要转换常见的有:come-be,goout-beout,leave-beaway(from),begin-beon,buy-have,borrow-keep,join-beamember/介词短语,die-bedead,become-be,open(v.)-beopen(adj.)等。b.*时间“点”、“段”须分清for+时间段since+过去某一时刻返回练习\n现在完成时的练习A)选用have,has填空:1.I_______toldhimthenews.2.She________comebackfromschool.3.You________wonthegame.B)按要求改写下列各句:4.Theyhaveboughtacomputer.(改成否定句)5.Hehaslosthisbook.(先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答)C)单项选择6.-Wherehaveyou_____,Kate?-I've______tothebank.A.gone,gone　B.been,been　C.gone,been　D.been,gone7.Hergrandfather______fortwoyears.A.died　B.hasdied　C.hasbeendead　D.hasbeendied8.It'ssixweeks______Imetyoulast.A.when　B.since　C.before　D.for9.TomandJack______WestHillFarmalready.A.havegot　B.hasgoneto　C.havebeento　D.havereachedat返回\n7.过去完成时(1)概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经发生的动作或情况，即：过去的过去。如:Whenwegotthere,thefootballmatchhadalreadystarted.当我们赶到时，足球比赛已经开始了。(2)构成:肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他否定句：主语+hadnot+过去分词+其他疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他(3)用法:A.表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，表示对这一过去时间造成的结果或影响。常用以下几种方式：(1)用by，bytheendof,before等构成的介词短语。eg:Lindahadlearnt10Englishsongsbytheendoflastmonth.(2)用when,before,after等引导的时间状语从句。eg:Thetrainhadstartedbeforewegottothestation.B.过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时间以前发生开始的动作持续到这一过去的时间。常与for,since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。eg:IhadworkedinahospitalforthreeyearsbeforeIcamehere.返回练习\n8.过去将来时（1）意义：表示以过去的某时来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中.（2）构成：①主语+would/should+动词原形②主语+was/were+goingto+动词原形例:Ididn’tknowifshewouldcome.Iwasn’tsurewhetherhewoulddoit.Ididn’tknowifshewasgoingtocome.WangLeisaidthatshewasgoingtovisitherunclenextSunday.返回练习\n1.Weoften___________(play)intheplaygound.2.     He_________(get)upatsixo’clock.3.     __________you_________(brush)yourteetheverymorning?4.      What(do)heusually(do)afterschool?5.     Danny(study)English,Chinese,Maths,ScienceandArtatschool.6.     Mikesometimes__________(go)totheparkwithhissister.7.     Ateightatnight,she__________(watch)TVwithhisparents.8.     ________Mike________(read)Englisheveryday?9.     Howmanylessons_________yourclassmate________(have)onMonday?10. Whattime_________hismother_________(do)thehousework?返回一般现在时的练习（1）下一页\n一般现在时的练习（2）9.Mydogrunsfast.（改为否定句、一般疑问句）10.Mikehastwolettersforhim.（改为否定句、一般疑问句）11.IusuallyplayfootballonFridayafternoon.（改为否定句、一般疑问句并对划线部分提问）12.SuYangusuallywashessomeclothesonSaturday.（同上）13.Mingmingusuallywaterstheflowerseveryday（同上）14.Tomdoeshishomeworkathome.（同上）返回上一页\n英语动词的五种基本形式及变化规则1英语动词有五种基本形式。它们是动词原形、第三人称单数现在时（简称单三）、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。这五种形式和助动词一起构成英语的各种时态和语态等。原形第三人称单数过去式过去分词现在分词workworksworkedworkedworkingwritewriteswrotewrittenwritinghavehashadhadhavingdodoesdiddonedoing例：1、单三形式变化规则（1）一般动词在词尾加-s,在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/;在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。例如：help→helps，swim→swims（2）以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es,读/iz/,在d后读/dz/.以o结尾的动词也加es，读/z/。例如：guess→guesses，teach→teaches，go→goes（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，读/z/。例如：fly→fliescarry→carries注：be→ishave→has下一页返回\n2.动词-ing形式的构成：（1）一般在动词末尾加-ing.例如:go→going，ask→asking（2）以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing.例如:write→writing，close→closing，take→taking（3）以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing.例如：get→getting，sit→sitting，put→putting，run→running，begin→beginning3.规则动词过去式的构成（1）一般在动词原形末尾加-ed.结尾是e的动词直接加-d.例如:look→looked，play→played，live→lived，hope→hoped（2）末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed.例如：stop→stopped，plan→planned，trip→tripped（3）结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-ed.例如:study→studied，carry→carried下一页返回上一页2\n（4）词尾-ed的读音i.在浊辅音和元音后面读为/d/.例如:called，movedii在清辅音后面读为/t/.例如：finished,helpediii在/t/,/d/音后面读为/id/.例如：wanted,shouted(5)不规则动词过去式常见的不规则动词的过去式有:am/is→was,are→were,go→went,have→had,do→did,get→got,come→came,say→said,see→sawput→put,eat→ate,take→took等详见课本后附录并熟记！补：Therebe结构“Thereis/are+某物/某人+某地/某时”这样一种句型.句子中的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数的方面必须一致。（1）肯定句Thereis(There’s)atraininthepicture.（2）否定句Thereisnot(isn’t)apictureonthewall.Therearenot(aren’t)anybirdsinthetree.（3）疑问句和简略答语Isthereagirlunderthetree?Yes,thereis./No,thereisnot(isn’t).Arethereanyglassesonthetable?Yes,thereare./No,therearenot（aren’t）Howmanydaysarethereinaweek?Thereareseven.返回上一页3\n过去时的练习(1)1.-WhereisJim?-He_______totheshop.He'llbebackinanhour.A.goesB.goC.hasgoneD.willgo2.Idon'tthinkI_______youinthatdressbefore.A.haveseenB.wasseeingC.sawD.see3.I'msorryyou'vemissedthetrain.It_______10minutesago.A.leftB.hasleftC.hadleftD.hasbeenleft4.-Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?-_______you_______yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishD.Have;finished5.-Idon'tknowifhisuncle_______.-Ithinkhe_______ifitdoesn'train.A.willcome;comesB.willcome;willcomeC.comes;willcomeD.comes;comes6.-Excuseme,lookatthesign:NOPHOTOS!-Sorry,I_______it.A.don'tseeB.didn'tseeC.haven'tseenD.won'tsee下一页\n7.Ithinkyouwereinahurry.You_______yoursweaterinsideout.A.hadwornB.WoreC.werewearingD.arewearing8.Thetrafficinourcityisalreadybadandit_______evenworse.A.getsB.gotC.hasgotD.isgetting9.-HasJackfinishedhishomeworkyet?-Ihavenoidea.He_______itthismorning.A.wasdoingB.hadbeendoingC.hasdoneD.did10.-Sorry,Iforgettoposttheletterforyou.-Nevermind,_______itmyselftonight.A.IgoingtopostB.I'vedecidedtopostC.I'llpostD.I'dratherpostKey:1-5CAADB6-10BDDAC过去时的练习(2)下一页\nPractice(1)1.Hisfather_____(took,wastaking)awalkinthestreetwhenImethim.2.Theglass______(dropped,wasdropping)tothegroundandbrokeintopieces.3.Jacktoldmehe______(came,wouldcome)backnextmonth.4.Kate______(cleaned,wascleaning)thewindowsthedaybeforeyesterday.5.Iknewshe______(wasgoing,hadbeen)toShanghaitwice.6.Who________(sang,wassinging)attenlastnight?7.I_______(talked,wastalking)withMrs.Greenatthistimeyesterday.8.Thetwostudents_____(fought,wasfighting)whentheteacherwalkedintotheroom.下一页\nPractice(2)用动词的适当形式完成句子。1.I_____(get)twopostcardsfromherlastweek.2.They_____not_____(stay)therelongbecauseitwaslate.3.Who_____(live)inthatroomlastweek?4.YesterdayI______(see)himinthestreet.5.______(be)headriverthreeyearsago?6.Hesaidhe_______(go)toNewYorknextmonth.7.I______(do)myhomeworkwhenmymothercameback.8.Thestudents_____(be)notintheclassroomatthattime.9.____he______(play)basketballwithhissonyesterdayafternoon?10.I______(wash)mysportshoesjustthen.下一页\n根据中文意思，用下列英文提示词语造句。1.该是学习数学的时间了。studymaths2.这棵树和那棵树一样高。thistree,is,tall,thatone3.靠我一个人来移动这张床对我来说是很困难的。difficult,me,move,bed4.这张床如此重以至于我移不动它。thebed,is,heavy,Ican’tmove,it5.昨天洗运动鞋花了我半小时的时间。me,halfanhour,wash,mysportshoes,yesterday1.It’stimetostudymaths.2.Thistreeisastallasthatone.3.Itisdifficultformetomovethebedbymyself.4.ThebedissoheavythatIcan’tmoveit.5.Ittookmehalfanhourtowashmysportshoesyesterday.Practice(3)返回\n一般将来时的练习(1)()1.There__________ameetingtomorrowafternoon.A.willbegoingtoB.willgoingtobeC.isgoingtobeD.willgotobe()2.Charlie________herenextmonth.A.isn’tworkingB.doesn’tworkingC.isn’tgoingtoworkingD.won’twork()3.He________verybusythisweek,he________freenextweek.A.willbe;isB.is;isC.willbe;willbeD.is;willbe()4.There________adolphinshowinthezootomorrowevening.A.wasB.isgoingtohaveC.willhaveD.isgoingtobe()5.–________you________freetomorrow?–No.I________freethedayaftertomorrow.A.Are;goingto;willB.Are;goingtobe;willC.Are;goingto;willbeD.Are;goingtobe;willbe下一页返回\n一般将来时的练习(2)()6.Mother________meanicepresentonmynextbirthday.A.willgivesB.willgiveC.givesD.give()7.–ShallIbuyacupofteaforyou?–________.（不，不要。）A.No,youwon’t.B.No,youaren’t.C.No,pleasedon’t.D.No,please.()8.–Whereisthemorningpaper?–I________itforyouatonce.A.getB.amgettingC.togetD.willget()9.________aconcertnextSaturday?A.TherewillbeB.WilltherebeC.TherecanbeD.Thereare()10.Iftheycome,we________ameeting.A.haveB.willhaveC.hadD.wouldhave下一页返回\n一般将来时的练习(3)()11.He________herabeautifulhatonhernextbirthday.A.givesB.gaveC.willgiveD.isgoingtogiving()12.He________tousassoonashegetsthere.A.writesB.haswrittenC.willwriteD.wrote()13.He________inthreedays.A.comingbackB.camebackC.willcomebackD.isgoingtocomingback()14.Ifit________tomorrow,we’llgoroller-skating.A.isn’trainB.won’trainC.doesn’trainD.doesn’tfine()15.–WillhisparentsgotoseetheTerraCottaWarriorstomorrow?–No,________（不去）.A.theywilln’t.B.theywon’t.C.theyaren’t.D.theydon’t.下一页返回\n一般将来时的练习(4)()16.Who________we________swimmingwithtomorrowafternoon?A.will;goesB.do;goC.will;goingD.shall;go()17.We________theworkthiswaynexttime.A.doB.willdoC.goingtodoD.willdoing()18.Tomorrowhe________akiteintheopenairfirst,andthen________boatinginthepark.A.willfly;willgoB.willfly;goesC.isgoingtofly;willgoesD.flies;willgo()19.Thedayaftertomorrowthey________avolleyballmatch.A.willwatchB.watchesC.iswatchingD.isgoingtowatch()20.There________abirthdaypartythisSunday.A.shallbeB.willbeC.shallgoingtobeD.willgoingtobe下一页返回\n一般将来时的练习（5）()21.They________anEnglisheveningnextSunday.A.arehavingB.aregoingtohaveC.willhavingD.isgoingtohave()22.________you________freenextSunday?A.Will;areB.Will;beC.Do;beD.Are;be()23.He________thereattentomorrowmorning.A.willB.isC.willbeD.be()24.________yourbrother________amagazinefromthelibrary?A.Are;goingtoborrowB.Is;goingtoborrowC.Will;borrowsD.Are;goingtoborrows()25.–ShallIcomeagaintomorrowafternoon?–________（好的）.A.Yes,pleaseB.Yes,youwill.C.No,please.D.No,youwon’t.下一页返回\n一般将来时的练习（6）()26.It________theyearofthehorsenextyear.A.isgoingtobeB.isgoingtoC.willbeD.willis()27.________openthewindow?A.WillyoupleaseB.PleasewillyouC.YoupleaseD.Doyou()28.–Let’sgoouttoplayfootball,shallwe?–OK.I________.A.willcomingB.begoingtocomeC.comeD.amcoming()29.It________usalongtimetolearnEnglishwell.A.takeB.willtakeC.spendsD.willspend()30.Thetrain________at11.A.goingtoarriveB.willbearriveC.isgoingtoD.isarriving返回\n1.C2.D3.D4.D5.D6.B7.C8.D9.B10.B11.D12.C13.C14.C15.B16.D17.B18.A19.D20.B21.B22.B23.C24.B25.A26.A27.A28.D29.B30.D一般将来时练习答案