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初中英语中考词法复习一、名词(一)知识概要名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如,theGreatWall,America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen,worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family,class,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:water,paper…它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词,如:work,time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。名词一览表种类专有名词London,John,theCommunistPartyofChina普通名词类名词nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集体名词class,family,army,police,team,people物质名词water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名词happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主语MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.表语Hisfatherisascientist.宾语Weloveourgreatmotherland.宾语补足语HemadeLondonthebaseforhiswork.定语Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowesrs.状语Thecarcosthim1000dollars.同位语MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是:1.一般情况加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音后读[z]。如:map—map,boy—boys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为[iz]。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。4.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries,family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。5.\n以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos6.以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knife—knives,leaf—leaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice8.单复同形的名词有:fish,sheep,deer…9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s',如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,Children'sDay.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's,如:atwentyminutes'walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers(二)正误辨析[误]Pleasegivemeapaper.[正]Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.[析]不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误,因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达,如:twopiecesofpaper.[误]Pleasegivemetwoletterpapers.[正]Pleasegivemetwopiecesofletterpaper.[析]paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如:Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.[误]Myglassesisbroken.[正]Myglassesarebroken.[误]Iwanttobuytwoshoes.[正]Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.[析]英语中glasses—眼镜,shoes—鞋,trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用apairofglasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:Thispairofglassesisverygood.[误]MayIborrowtworadioes?[正]MayIborrowtworadios?[析]以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.[误]ThisisaMary'sdictionary.[正]ThisisMary'sdictionary.[析]如名词前有指示代词this,that,thesethose,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。[误]Therearemuchpeopleinthegarden.[正]Therearemanypeopleinthegarden.[析]可数名词前应用many,few,afew,alotof\n来修饰,而people是可数名词,而且是复数名词,如:Thepeopleareplantingtreeshere.[误]Iwantafewwater.[正]Iwantalittlewater.[析]不可数名词前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some来修饰,但不可用many,few来修饰。[误]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyisverykindtome.[正]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.[误]Tom'sandMary'sfamilyarewaitingforus.[正]Tom'sandMary'sfamiliesarewaitingforus.[误]I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamiliesarewaitingforme.[正]I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamilyarewaitingforme.[析]集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:Myfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,Tom'sfamilywerewatchingTV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:familyclass,team等。[误]Don'teattoomuchmeats.[正]Don'teattoomuchmeat.[误]Foodinthatrestaurantisverygood.[正]Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood.[析]物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:Idon'tlikedrinkingcoffee,butthecoffeeinthatcupisreallygood.[误]Pleasegivemetwowaters.[正]Pleasegivemetwoglassesofwater.[正]Pleasegivemetwocoffees.[析]物质名词如要加计量时,一定要加量词,如:twocupsoftea,twoglassesofwater,aglassofmilk,aloafofbread,apieceofbread,aboxofsugar,abowlofrice,abottleoforange,abagofearth例:I'lltellyouapieceofgoodnews.但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代manycupsofcoffee.[误]Canyougivemethenewspaperoftoday?[正]Canyougivemetoday'snewspaper?[析]加's构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如:Mary'shair,但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如:afiveminutes'walk.[误]Pleasemakearoomfortheladyintheschoolbus.[正]Pleasemakeroomfortheladyintheschoolbus.[析]英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的,如:room为可数名词时为“房间”,如:IliveinRoom5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有:glass玻璃glasses眼镜stone石头astone一块石头time时间twotimes两次wood木头woods树林\n[误]Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.[正]Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.[析]名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外,还可以用来修饰另一个名词,这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式,如:shoefactory(鞋厂),postoffice(邮局),eveningpaper(晚报),nightschool(夜校),headmaster(校长),alawschool(法律学院)。但也有例外,如:agoodstrain(货车),sportsmeeting(运动会)。[误]Mymotherboughttwofishesforsupperthismorning.[正]Mymotherboughttwofishforsupperthismorning.[析]英语中有些名词单复同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中国人),means(方法)。所以应讲onefish,twofish,oneChinese,twoChinese.如果讲Therearefivefishesinthepool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。[误]Maryexpressedherthanktoherboyfriend.[正]Maryexpressedherthankstoherboyfriend.[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:thanks,greens,而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes为衣服,而cloth则是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙滩。[误]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationonhissuccess.[正]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationsonhissuccess.[析]英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式,但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shakehands.[误]WehavefiveGermaninthismeeting.[正]WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.[析]英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而German则要加s,因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。[误]TherearetwoAsinthisword.[正]TherearetwoA'sinthisword.[析]在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s,但如字母是A、I时,为了防止与As和Is相混,则要用's即A's,I's[误]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.[正]Therearethree6'sandtwo3'sinmytelephonenumber.[析]在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用's[误]Wehavemanywomanteachersinourschool.[正]Wehavemanywomenteachersinourschool.[析]一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如:halfbrother—halfbrothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughterinlaw—daughtersinlaw,(儿媳)但要注意的是:mandriver—mendrivers(男司机)womandoctor—womendoctors(女大夫)grownup—grownups(成年人)但是boystudent—则变为boystudents[误]Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.[正]Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.[析]虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有:科学,学科名字:Physics.Mathematicspolitics游戏名称:bowls专有名称:NiagaraFalls(尼亚加拉瀑布)其他名词:news(消息,新闻)[误]Thereisapeopleintheroom.\n[正]Thereisapersonintheroom.[正]Thereisamanintheroom.[析]people是复数名词,不可用作单数,如要用来讲一个人时应用aperson,aman,awoman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用apoliceman,apolicewoman。[误]Whereismyshoe?[正]Wherearemyshoes?[析]常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers,pants,shorts(短裤),socks(袜子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明,这时还是应用单数形式。如:Where'smyleftglove?(我左手的手套在哪?)[误]Ipaidfivepenniesforthesweet.[正]Ipaidfivepenceforthesweet.[析]英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币,如:Iwanttochangethisnoteforpennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。[误]Therearemanyfruitintheshop.[正]Therearemanyfruitsintheshop.[析]物质名词为不可数名词,但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词,这里应译为各种各样的水果。[误]Thereisanewcar.ItisJone'sandMary's.[正]Thereisanewcar.ItisJoneandMary's.[析]有生命名词的所有格,如果是单数名词则加's如:Mary'scar.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如:teachers'offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾,则只加’s,如:children'spalace组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's如:girlfriend—girlfriend'ssomeoneelse—someoneelse'saweekorthree—aweekorthree's如名词后有同位语时,则应加在同位语的词尾上,如:Itismygirlfriend,Mary'scar.要注意的是当两个名词并列时,如表示归两人共同所有,则在最后一个名词后面加's,如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's,如:ThisisMaryandJone'shome.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而TheseareMary'sandJone'shomes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone的家。[误]Itisreallybeautiful.Itisaworkofnature.[正]Itisreallybeautiful.ItisaNature'swork.[析]无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词:表示时间的词:today'snewspaper,atwentyminutes'walk,anhour's,rest表示长度的词:threemetres'distance,aboat'slength,twentymiles'journey表示重量的名词:twopounds'weight价格名词:twodollars'worth拟人化的名词:Nature'swork,nature'slesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词:theuniversity'slibrary[误]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather.[正]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather's.[析]这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如:ThispenisTom's.[误]Myfatherisagoodcooker.[正]Myfatherisagoodcook.\n[析]一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者,如:teach(教)—teacher(老师),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(开车)—driver(司机),sell(卖)—seller(卖物者)……但不能总是以此类推,比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲,而cooker则为厨具,餐具,即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。[误]Theyoungisdancingthere.[正]Theyoungaredancingthere.[析]英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词,如:therich富人,thepoor(穷人),thewise聪明人,但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词,如:Thebeautifulisstillhere.美丽的风景依旧。[误]Thestoriesofthebookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.[正]Thestoriesofthebookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.[析]这句话的真正主语应是stories,所以应用复数谓语动词。[误]ThisisoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionary.[正]ThisisoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionaries.[析]oneof意为“……之一”,of后面的名词要用复数形式。[误]Let'sgotouncleWangforsupper.[正]Let'sgotouncleWang'sforsupper.[析]uncleWang's意为“王叔叔家”,doctor's意为“医院或私人诊所”。[误]Ithinkwewillmakeafriendwitheachother.[正]Ithinkwewillmakefriendswitheachother.[析]makefriends为习惯用法,即交朋友。[误]Iwanttotellyoumuchpiecesofgoodnews.[正]Iwanttotellyoumanypiecesofgoodnews.[析]news为不可数名词,但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词,因量词是可数名词,或可以说Iwanttotellyousomegoodnews.因some即可用在可数名词前,也可用在不可数名词前作形容词,如:Iwanttotellyousomepiecesofgoodnews.[误]Theteacherwithfivestudentsarecominghere.[正]Theteacherwithfivestudentsiscominghere.[析]要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语,这与连词and有很大的区别,如:Theteacherandfivestudentsarecominghere.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。[误]Therearealotofinformationhere,butwedon'tneedthem.[正]Thereisalotofinformationhere,butwedon'tneedit.[析]information为不可数名词,而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.[误]Manyastudentmakethesamemistakeintheexam.[正]Manyastudentmakesthesamemistakeintheexam.[析]manya加可数名词单数,作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式,但其意为许多学生。[误]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothtogotoschooltoday.[正]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothestogotoschooltoday.[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词:cloth是物质名词,意为“布”\n,没有复数形式,而clothing是指衣物的总称,也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服,但没有单数形式,如:Thisclothingisneededinwarmcountries.Herclothesaremadeoffinecloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装,如:aschooldress校服,aneveningdress晚礼服。[误]IliketostudytheEnglish.[正]IliketostudyEnglish.[析]作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词,而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词,如:Iliketostudyhistory.IliketostudythehistoryofAmerica.[误]TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.[正]TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.[析]定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为:Brown先生一家将要访问中国。(三)例题解析1.LucyandLily___inthesameclass.A.amB.isC.areD.be[答案]C.[析]由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。2.Whichisthe___tothebusstop,please?AroadBwayCstreetDaddress[答案]B.[析]这是考察同意词辨析,road是指较宽阔的大道,意为“乡间公路”,而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高,可视为街道之意,而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径,还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如:Thereisacarrunningalongthecountryroad.Iliveat105Parkstreet.CanyoushowmethewaytotheNationalMuseum?3.Hurryup!Thereis___timeleft.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]A.[析]因time作为时间讲为不可数名词,所以不可用few,afew来修饰。另外,英文的表达法与中文不同,中文讲,快点,时间不多了,而英文要讲,快点,没时间了。因此,要用little而不用alittle.4.Howmany___canyouseeinthepicture?AtomatosBtomatoesCtomatoDthetomato[答案]B.[析]用Howmany提问时,其名词要用复数形式,而tomato的复数要加es.5.— ___isthemeat.Please?— Tenyuanakilo.AHowmuchBHowmanyCHowoldDHowlong[答案]A.[析]由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时,不论其值是多少都是不可数名词,要用howmuch提问。6Theboy'snameisJamesAllenGreen.Sohisgivennameis___.AJamesAllenBAllenGreenCJamesGreenDMr.Green[答案]A.\n[析]英文的习惯与中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文则是姓在最后,其第一个名字是由父母所起的,中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可称作givenname,而姓在英文中是familyname.7Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest___inourcountry.AcityBcity'sCcitysDcities[答案]D.[析]复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。oneof加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。8Wouldyoupleasepassme___?Atwopaper BtwopapersCtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers[答案]C.[析]paper是不可数名词,如讲一张、两张纸时,要用量词piece.9September10this___Day.ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'[答案]D.10Ionlyhave___breadforlunchtoday.AabitBabitofClittleDfew[答案]B.11“Whatwouldyoulike,Ann?”“I'dliketwo___.”AglassofmilkBglassesofmilkCglassofmilksDglassesofmilks[答案]B.12Thereisn't___paperinthebox.Willyougoandget___forme?Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any[答案]A.[析]any用于否定句与疑问句,但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时,问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.13June1stis___.AChildren'sdayBchildren'sDayCChildren'sDayDchildren'sday[答案]C.14Theseforeignfriendsare___.AGermanBGermenCGermanyDGermans[答案]D.15Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgotothecinema.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew[答案]D.[析]student是可数名词,而few用于可数名词,意为:几乎没有学生去电影院。16Therearethree___andseven___inthepicture.Adeers,sheepsBdeers,sheepCdeer,sheepDdeer,sheeps[答案]C.[析]deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。\n17Whoseroomisthis?It's___.AmyBKike'sandJohn'sCourDKikeandJohn's[答案]D.[析]因为room为单数,所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间,应为二者共用的一间房子。二、冠词(一)知识概要冠词在英语中只有3个词,分为两类:不定冠词a与an,定冠词the。a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前,an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物,可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。(二)正误辨析[误]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.[析]a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前,而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前,而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是错句,应为:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音,所以应该用anhour。例如:Ineedanhourtofinishthework.Itisausefuldictionary.ItisaEuropeancountry.Iboughtausedcar.[误]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[析]因umbrella的第一个音素是元音,所以应用an.常用的情况有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。[误]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,I'minhurry.”[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.I'minahurry.”[析]不定冠词的主要用法如下:1.用来表示一类人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.2.指某一类人或事物中的一个,如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.相当于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.5.其主要的难点是用在固定词组中:如:haveawalk/arest/alook又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙makeaface作鬼脸dosomebodyafavour帮某人忙anumberof=many又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)\nhaveacold(感冒)haveaheadache(头痛)haveabreak=havearest[误]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.[析]在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词,而第二次提到时用定冠词。[误]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.[析]虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指,也应用定冠词。[误]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.[析]世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.[误]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.[析]在序数词,形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.[误]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.[析]在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二,而其意在于再学一个,再来一个时,应用a,本句的意思应为:这学期我要学一门第二外语。[误]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[析]在河流名称前应加定冠词,如:theYellowRiver(黄河)。[误]Look,thereareAlp.[误]Look,therearetheAlp.[正]Look,therearetheAlps.[析]具体的某一座山不加定冠词,如:MountainTai.但在山名称前加定冠词后,其山名要加s,来表示山脉。theAlps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.[误]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[析]报刊名称前应加定冠词。[误]Richarenotalwayshappy.[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.[析]在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人,而在姓的前面加定冠词,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.[误]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[析]物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。[误]Thesunrisesineast.[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.[析]在方向、方位前应用定冠词,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture[误]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone\n[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone[析]在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词,如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峡thePanamaCanal巴拿马运河theSuezCanal苏伊士运河[误]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper[析]泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。[误]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.[析]一年四季前不用定冠词,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.[误]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.[析]有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词,如:gotoschool上学,leaveschool(辍学),afterschool(放学),但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词,如例句中其父母来校不是上学,而是看望孩子,则要加定冠词。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在医院住院两天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去医院看望他的母亲。[误]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.[析]在惯用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。[误]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.[析]这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处,也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(击),hold(握),pull(拉)…动词后应加人,再加介词on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠词,再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his,her,their,等词。[误]Hewaspaidbyhour.[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.[析]by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为:他的工资是按小时计算的。[误]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.[析]by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具,而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如:bycar(坐小汽车)bytaxi(坐出租车)bybike(骑自行车)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飞机)bysea(乘船)[误]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.[析]在乐器前要加定冠词,而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他们空闲时爱打桥牌)[误]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.[析]英语中虽有一些名词与go\nto连用时不加定冠词,以表示该名词的内涵,如:gotoschool(上学),gotobed(睡觉)等,但去看电影则例外,要用gotothecinema.这也是语言的一个特点。[误]Iliveat105theLakestreet.[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.[析]街道名称前不用冠词。[误]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.[析]country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时,一定要加定冠词,而且只有单数形式,作国家讲时则可有复数形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.[误]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.[析]atadistance意为“离开一定距离”。而inthedistance为“远方,远处”。这样常用的词组有:asarule(照例)inahurry(匆忙)inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)inthesun(在阳光下)intherain(雨中)inthesameway(同样)intheshade(在阴凉处)inthedaytime(白天)intheend(最终)ontheotherhand(换句话说)onthecontrary(相反)[误]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.[析]这是英语中的习惯用法,如:bitbybit(逐渐)dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)dayandnight(日日夜夜)facetoface(面对面)fromAtoZ(自始至终)fromtimetotime(再三)handinhand(手拉手)shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)(三)例题解析1MrLiis___oldworker.AaBanCsomeD/[答案]B.[析]an用于元音音素开始的单词前。2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the[答案]B.\n[析]因useful的第一个音素是[j],它是辅音音素。3What___interestingbookitis?AaBanCtheD/[答案]B.[析]这是感叹句,因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4Hewillbebackin___hour.A/BtheCaDan[答案]D.[析]因hour的首字母h不发音。5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A[答案]C.[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词,而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。6Lookat___picture!There's___houseinit.Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a[答案]D.[析]虽然是第一次提到,但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画,所以应选择D。7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.AtheBanC/Da[答案]A.[析]capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,you'llget___“A”inthetest.AanB/CtheDa[答案]A.[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]onfoot意为走路上学,是习惯用法。三、代词(一)知识概要英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表\n人称我你他她它我们你们他们 主格iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表人称我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词可见下表人称我你他她它我们你们他们 反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves指示代词主要有this,that,these,those疑问代词有:who,whomwhose,what,which,还有疑问副词when,how,where,why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有some,any,many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…(二)正误辨析[误]Tom'smotheristallerthanmy.[正]Tom'smotheristallerthanmine.[析]形容词性物主代词可以作定语,也就是讲它可以作形容词,如:mybook,而这句话的意思是:汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是mymother,也就是mine。[误]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.[正]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.[析]在应用代词时,要注意人称,格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework,所以应用it。[误]Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[正]Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[析]这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you,they:如男女并列时,应先男后女,如:Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思,承担责任时,单数时用,I,he,she,you,复数时用They,you,we,如:TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit.[误]Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.[正]Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.[析]由either…or,neither…nor,or连接两个主语时,如果两主语是单数时,用单数代词,如两主语是复数时,用复数代词,如:Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一单一复两名词时,一般将单数名词放在前,复数名词放在后,要用复数代词,如:Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.[误]Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.\n[正]Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.[析]than是连词,其后应视为省略句,thanheis.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.[正]Ilikeyouasmuchasher.[析]as…as其后也应看作是省略句。应为asIlikeher.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。[误]Myselfdidityesterday.[正]Imyselfdidityesterday.[正]Ididitmyselfyesterday.[析]反身代词不可作主语,但可以用作主语的同位语。[误]Takecareofourselves.[正]Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)[析]祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.[误]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.[正]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.[析]反身代词不能作介词宾语,除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语,如:Theoldwomanspoketoherself.[误]Makeyourselfhome.[正]Makeyourselfathome.[析]这是英语中的习惯用法,意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有:enjoyoneself玩得开心makeyourselfathome像在家中一样helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣[误]— Who'sthisspeaking.— That'sMary.[正]— Who'sthatspeaking.— ThisisMary.[析]在电话用语中,this指讲话人自己,而that指对方。[误]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.[正]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.[析]在比较句中往往为了避免重复,可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物,如是单数时用that,复数时用those,如:TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun.[误]Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.[析]在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句,也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时,只用such,如:ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little这4个词前仅能用so,如:Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时,则不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.[误]Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.[正]Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.[析]same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有allthe\nsame(仍然)。[误]— Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.— Idon'thopeso.[正]— Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.— Ihopenot.[析]在作肯定回答时,Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答时为:Idon'tthinkso.Ihope/believenot.[误]— Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.[正]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.[误]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.[正]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.[析]在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语,这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句,即studiedhard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复,即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为:英语难学。答语为:是的,难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。[误]Everyoneshoulddoone'sbest.[正]Everyoneshoulddohisbest.[析]one作代词时,它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one's,反身代词为oneself.如果讲Oneshoulddoone'sbest.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词,如:someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone则要用his/her,来作其所有格形式。[误]—Whowonthegame?—None.[正]—Whowonthegame?—Noone.[析]由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是noone,而由Howmany提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如:Howmanybooksarethere?None.[误]Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.[析]either作代词时由两个含意,其一是两者中随便哪一个,如:Youcantakeeither.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词,如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。[误]EitheryouorIareright.[正]EitheryouorIamright.[析]在either…or,或neither…nor连接两个主语时,其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。[误]Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.[正]Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.[析]neither用于两者中无一是,而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。[误]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera.Idon'tliketoo.[正]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera,Idon'tlikeeither.[析]either作为“也”讲时,要用于否定句中,而too则用于肯定句中。[误]Welikeboththislittleboy.[正]Webothlikethislittleboy.[析]both作同位语时,它在句中的位置有:在be动词之后,如:Wearebothstudents.在实意动词之前,如:Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助动词之后,如:WehavebothreadtheseEnglishnovels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意:Bothofusarenotright.应译为:我们俩不都对。Neitherofusis\nright.才应译为:我俩都不对。又如:Ican'tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意为:两本书我不能全给你,而Ican'tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才为:两本书我全不能给你。[误]Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.[正]Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.[析]each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式,如:EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell,但each作同位语时,则应以原名词的数为准。[误]Everyofushastopasstheexam.[正]Eachofushastopasstheexam.[析]every只可作形容词,不可作代词,而each既可作形容词,又可作代词,在作形容词时each侧重强调个体,而every则侧重于全体。[误]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[正]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[析]everyone不可与of结构相连接使用,而everyone则可以这样用。[误]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[正]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[析]要注意的是everyday是“每天”,而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如:everydayEnglish日常英语,everydaylife日常生活。[误]Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.[正]Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.[析]every用于三者或三者以上的每一个,而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧,所以只能用each而不能用every.[误]Allmyparentsareengineers.[正]Bothmyparentsareengineers.[析]all用于三者或三者以上的全部,而both则用于两者的全部。[误]Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[析]非特指的名词前可用all但不可用allof结构,也就是讲allof结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有:alltheyearround,allweek,allday,allwinter[误]Theallvillagewasflooded.[正]Allthevillagewasflooded.[析]all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。[误]Thepostofficeisonothersideofthestreet.[正]Thepostofficeisontheothersideofthestreet.[析]单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用theother,因街道只有两边,而不在这边必定是在另一边,所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。 单数复数泛指another形容词作定语作名词another代词otherothers特指theother形容词theother代词\ntheothertheothers[误]TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheothersstudents?[正]Therearetenstudentshere.Wherearetheothers?[正]TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheotherstudents?[析]theothers=theotherstudents.[误]Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,anotherisadoctor.[正]Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,theotherisadoctor.[析]another用于泛指,如:Isitfarfromheretothestation?I'msorry.Ihavenoidea.Onemaysayitisquitenear;anothermaysayitisfarfromhere.但在特指时则要用theother.它可以用作定语,theotherone,也可以用作代词theother,但theother用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时,则要用one…another…theother.或者one…asecond…thethird…[误]Somepeoplelikesports.Theotherslikereading.[正]Somepeoplelikesports.Otherslikereading.[析]在泛指的复数名词前用some…others…others…来表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。[误]Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseachotherday.[正]Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseveryotherday.[析]everyotherday为每隔一天。是习惯用法,不要随意改动。又如:ontheotherhand另一方面。[误]Manyknowhim,butfewlikeshim.[正]Manyknowhim,butfewlikehim.[析]few用于可数名词,意为几乎没有,但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式,而afew为有一些。[误]Youhavefewfriends,haven'tyou?[正]Youhavefewfriends,haveyou?[析]little与few用于句中时,均要按否定句看待。[误]Muchofwhatyousaidaretrue.[正]Muchofwhatyousaidistrue.[析]much用于不可数名词,作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词,它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。[误]Thisroomisenoughlargeforthestudentstolivein.[正]Thisroomislargeenoughforthestudentstolivein.[析]enough可以用作代词,如:Thereisenoughofthefood.又如:Enoughhasbeendoneforthework,但enough还可以作形容词来修饰名词,这时enough可以放在名词之前,也可放在名词之后,如:moneyenough与enoughmoney都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时,则只能置于形容词之后了。[误]Iwantanybookstoread.Doyouhaveany?[正]Iwantsomebookstoread.Doyouhaveany?[析]按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句,而some用于肯定句。[误]Wouldyoulikeanythingtodrink?[正]Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?[析]在由wouldyoulike发出的问句中,表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料,或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时,在疑问句中要用some而不用any。\n[误]Someonewanttomeetyou.[正]Someonewantstomeetyou.[析]不定代词应被看作单数,即使用and连接两个不定代词,也要看作单数,如:Anyoneandeveryonehastheright.任何人,每一个人都有这样的权力。[误]NewYorkismuchcolderinwinterthanbefore.[正]ItismuchcolderinNewYorkinwinterthanbefore.[析]it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象,或用在句中作形式主语或宾语,如:Itisteno'clocknow.(代时间)Itisfarfromheretotheairport.(代距离)Itisveryhot.(代天气)ItisverydifficulttolearnEnglishwell.(作形式主语)Wefounditverydifficulttoanswerthequestion.(作形式宾语)[误]Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomany.[正]Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomuch.[析]这里much所代的应是饮料或水,所以应为不可数名词。(三)例题解析1Theseare___books.Yoursareoverthere.AIBmyCmeDmine[答案]B.[析]这里应用形容词性物主代词。2—___isshe?—Sheisateacher.AWhatBHowCWhoDWhere[答案]A.[析]这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立,但其意义不同。Whatisshe?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而Howisshe?应译为“她身体如何?”而Whoisshe?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Whereisshe?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。3___iswrongwithmywatch.Ithasstopped___.ASomething,workingBSomething,toworkCAnything,workingDAnything,towork[答案]A.[析]因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了,则stop后要用动名词。4Mary,help___tothebananas,please.AyouByourCyourselfDyourselves[答案]C.[析]helponeselftosomething为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”,而yourselves为“你们”。5—___doyougotoschooleveryday?—Bybus.AHowBWhyCWhenDWhere[答案]A.\n[析]这题的答案是由问句决定的。6Myskirtis___popularthan___.Amuch,herBmuch,hersCmore,herDmore,hers[答案]D.[析]因句中有than,所以应选用比较级,而than后要选用名词性物主代词。7—CanyouspeakEnglish?—Yes,butonly___.AfewBafewClittleDalittle[答案]D.[析]因会讲某种语言的多少要用alittle,把它看作不可数名词对待,此答语为:是的,但仅仅会讲一点。8Mr. Smithisanoldfriendof___.AIBmeCmyDmine[答案]D.[析]这里应选名词性物主代词,这也是英语的一种习惯用法,而不要选择my。9“___doyouhearfromyourparents?”“Aboutonceamonth.”AHowlongBHowmanyCHowoftenDHowmuch[答案]C.[析]Howoften问的是某一动作发生的频率,即在单位时间内发生多少次。10MrGreenwouldn'tsay___atthemeeting.AeverythingBnothingCanythingDsomething[答案]C.[析]在否定句中应用anything11“Mum,Ann'scomingtonight.Let'sgiveher___toeat.”“Goodidea!”AanythingniceBniceanythingCsomethingniceDnicesomething[答案]C.[析]肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。12—Whenshallwemeet,thiseveningortomorrowevening?—Idon'tmind.___timeisOK.ASomeBNeitherCEitherDBoth[答案]C.[析]因如选用both则名词要用复数名词,也要用复数谓语动词,由于答语前有Idon'tmind则决定不能选择neither.13Thisisnotherkite, but___.Ahe'sBhimCheDhis[答案]D.[析]要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。14Don'tworry,Mum!___newsisgoodnews.I'msuredaddywillcomebacksoon.\nANoBManyCThoseDTwo[答案]A.[析]这是一条谚语,即没有消息就是好消息。15Maryhassixapples.Herbrotherhasthree.Shehas___applesthanhe.AfewBmanyCmoreDfewer[答案]C.[析]由于是比较级,根据题意应选“多于”而不是“少于”。16Thereisn't___intoday'snewspaper.AanythinginterestingBsomethinginterestingCnothinginterestingDinterestinganything[答案]A.[析]由于句子是否定句,应选择anything,而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。17September10this___Day?ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'[答案]D.[析]教师节Teachers'Day,儿童节Children'sDay,妇女节Women'sDay18—InEngland,peopleeatalotof“takeaway”food.Whataboutpeopleinyourcountry?—___ASowedo.BWedoso.CSodowe.DWesodo.[答案]C.[析]在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时,则要采用倒装句,但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。19—Shallwegointothatshopandhavealook?—Sorry.Iwon't.Ihave___todothere.AeverythingBanythingCsomethingDnothing[答案]D.[析]这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。20—Oh,dear!Whobroketheglass?—___Sam___Bruce.Itwasthecat.ABoth,andBNot,butCNeither,norDEither,or[答案]C.[析]neither…nor意为既不……也不……21Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake.___areclimbingthehill.AOthersBOtherCAnotherDTheother[答案]A.[析]这里因为是代替复数名词,所以应用名词性的复数代名词。22Sheisnotanurse.I'mnot___.AalsoBeitherCneitherDtoo\n[答案]B.[析]在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23Ihavetwopencils.Oneisred,___isblue.AtheotherBanotherCothersDtheothers[答案]A.[析]两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词,而theothers是特指复数代名词。24Sorry,Ican'tansweryourquestion.Iknow___aboutthesubject.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]A.[析]中文讲我对此知道的不多,而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。25Mysisterdoesn'tlikeskating___.ASodoIBSoIdon'tCNeitherIdon'tDNeitherdoI[答案]D.[析]这是表达上面否定句中的动作,也同样不适合于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。26Yesterdaymorningtherewereonlythreeboysinourroom,___.Ayou,heandIBI,youandheChe,IandyouDyou,Iandhe[答案]A.[析]这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。27Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgototheconcert.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew[答案]D.[析]student为可数名词。28Theteachergave___studentanewbook.AnobodyBbothCeachDany[答案]C.[析]both其后的名词应为复数,而any用于疑问句和否定句中只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。29Blackisneitherateacher___aworker.AorBeitherCnorDand[答案]C.[析]neither…nor为“既不……也不……”的固定搭配。30Ourteachergaveus___onstudying.AmanyadvicesBsomeadvicesCanadviceDsomeadvice[答案]D.[析]advice为不可数名词。some可用于可数或不可数名词之前。31Therearetwoforeignfriendsinthepark.One___isfromJapan,isfromAmerica.AotherBothersCtheotherDtheothers\n[答案]C.[析]因为是两者中的一个,所以另一个应用单数特指代词。32Arethere___onthetable?AsomecupsBanycupCsomecupDanycups[答案]D.[析]此句是疑问句,应用anycups,因提问时的be动词用的是are。33I'vejustboughtfivestamps.OneisaGermanstamp,___areAmericanstamps.AtheotherBtheothersCotherDothers[答案]B.[析]此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定,所以应选特指的代名词。theother只能用作单数,而others是泛指复数代名词,故只能选B。34Itwas___finedaythattheywenttothepark.AasoBsoaCsuchaDasuch[答案]C.[析]在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法,即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式,如:suchagoodday,或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数,如:sogoodaday.35Atthattimethetrainwasslowandnoisy.So___peoplelikedtakingtrains.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]C.[析]这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车,英文要选用“few”。36Wemusthelpandunderstandeach___.AotherBanotherCothersDtheother[答案]A.[析]eachother意为“互相”,是习惯用语。37___isdifficulttowalkonthemoon.AManBOneCThatDIt[答案]D.[析]这里的真正主语应为不定式towalkonthemoon.而形式主语只能用it.38Janehassentseveralletters,but___ofthemhavebeenanswered.AallBbothCeitherDnone[答案]D.[析]severalletters意为“若干信件”,应看作多于两者,则在A、D中作选择,仅D符合句意。39Idon'tknow___aboutthenewheadmaster.AsomethingBeverythingCnothingDanything[答案]D.[析]否定句中应用anything.40___ofthestudentsinthewholeclasscoulddothisphysicsquestion.ANoBNoneCNotDNeither[答案]B.\n四、形容词、副词(一)知识概要形容词的用法很活跃,在英语中用处也很多,但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同,要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下:many,no,several,some,afew,alot,lots,plenty,plentyof,alotof,alargenumberof,enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下:much,no,some,alot,agreatdeal,lots,plenty,alotof,plentyof。其中some,no,alotof,plentyof既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分,其规则如下:构词法原级比较级最高级加er,或estTallyoungtalleryoungertallestyoungest只加r或stnicelargenicerlargernicestlargest重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写该字母加er、estbigfathotbiggerfatterhotterbiggestfattesthottest不规则变化的形容词或副词:原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestWellbetterbestbadworseworstbadlyworseworstmanymoremostmostmoremostlittlelesslest\nfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldolderelderoldesteldest要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词,如:back,all,alone,either,far,high,slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词,其规律如下:构词法形容词副词一般加lyCarefulkindcarefullykindly尾是y时将y变成i加lyHappybusyeasyHappilybusilyeasily其他trueterriblefullpossibleshywholetrulyterriblyfullypossiblyshylywholly在学习过程中要注意其变化。此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有:much,yet,far,still,agreatdeal,even和alittle.能修饰最高级的有:thevery,muchthe,far等。(二)正误辨析[误]Theyounglikesplayingfootballverymuch.\n[正]Theyounglikeplayingfootballverymuch.[析]定冠词加形容词表示一类人,应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数,如:Thebeautifulisnotalwayskindness.美丽并不总代表善良。[误]Thedangerhasgone,sotheworstareover.[正]Thedangerhasgone,sotheworstisover.[析]意为:"危险已经过去,最困难的状况已结束。"用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。[误]Itisthegoldageoftheyoung.[正]Itisthegoldenageoftheyoung.[析]golden在英语中多用于比喻,如:goldenhair金发,guldenvoice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的,如:agoldbar金条,agoldcoin金币,但goldfish金鱼例外。[误]Sheisawarmheartwoman.[正]Sheisawarmheartedwoman.[析]英语形容词的构词法很多,其中之一是由形容词,或数词,加名词加ed构成,如:warmhoarted热心肠的,whitehaired白毛的[误]Thereisanalivefishinthepool.[正]Thereisalivingfishinthepool.[析]在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语,只能作表语。如:Thefishisalive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有:alive,alike,alone,asleep,afraid,awake等。[误]Theillmannearlydied.[正]Thesickmannearlydied.[析]ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病,而要用sick,但作表语时则都可以。如:Heisillsick,ill作定语时则另有他意,如:illluck(厄运),illnature(天性恶劣),illtemper(心绪不好)[误]Ihaveimportantsomethingtotellyou.[正]Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.[析]不定代词something,anyone,somebody…在用形容词修饰时,形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词,不符合上述规律。如:Ihaveanimportantthingtotellyou.[误]I'llbefreeonnextSunday.[正]I'llbefreenextSunday.[析]在表达将来时的时候:nextSunday,nextweek,nextyear或lastSundaylastweek,lastyear前都不加介词。[误]Thegirlistwoyearold.[正]Thegirlistwoyearsold.[正]Sheisatwoyearoldgirl[析]由连字符连接若干名词、数词……组成的形容词,在学习时要记住两点,其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式,如:twothousandwordreport(两千字的报告);其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语,即用于名词之前,而不能作表语。[误]TheforeignerslikethoselittlebeautifulChinesepaintings.\n[正]TheforeignerslikethosebeautifullittleChinesepaintings.[析]在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时,其顺序如下。1.指示代词,定冠词2.数量词3.性质词4.大小5.形状6.老少,新旧7.颜色8.材料但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。如:Whataprettylittlewhitehorse!ThosefirstfewshortEnglishstorieswerenotdifficulttounderstand.[误]ThebestwaytolearnEnglishgoodistospeakwithEnglishmaneveryday.[正]ThebestwaytolearnEnglishwellistospeakwithEnglishmaneveryday.[析]good是形容词,这里是修饰动词speak的,所以应用副词well,但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如:Heiswell.(他身体很好)。Heisgood.(他是个好人)。[误]Thechildrenplayonthegrassnappyly.[正]Thechildrenplayonthegrasshappily[析]多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.[误]Theteacherlookedangryatthestudents.[正]Theteacherlookedangrilyatthestudents.[析]英语中感观动词后面要接形容词,这时它是修饰主语的,如:Thefoodsmellsgood.食物闻起来很香。Theteacherlookedangry老师看起来很生气。而此句的意思为:"老师生气地看着学生",所以应用副词形式。[误]Heworkedwithmefriendly.[正]Hewasfriendlytome.[析]不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词,但friendly是形容词,这样的词还有lovely,lonely,costly,lively…monthlyweekly…。但其中有些词既是副词,又是形容词,如:early,hourly,monthly…[误]Youcanspeakfreeinfrontofyourfriends.[正]Youcanspeakfreelyinfrontofyourfriends.[析]free作为形容词意为"自由的,有空闲的,免费的"。作为副词讲则是"免费"之意。而freely作为副词则是"自由的,随便的"。这些要注意的词还有:hard努力,艰苦hardly几乎不late迟,晚lately最近的,最新的near近nearly几乎like像likely几乎[误]Theymusthavearrivedtillnow.[正]Theymusthavearrivedbynow.[析]bynow是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生,所以应用瞬间动词。而tillnow是强调某一动作一直持续到现在,所以一定要用持续性动词。musthave+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。[误]Someonecalledyourightnow.[正]Someonecalledyoujustnow.[析]justnow有两个意思,其一是"刚才",其二是"现在",而rightnow只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态,如:Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.[误]MyfatherwillbebackfromAmericaatpresent.[正]MyfatherwillbebackfromAmericapresently.[析]presently有两个意思:其一是最近,不久,其二在美语中是现在之意,与atpresent相同。而forthepresent为暂时,如:IteachEnglishintheschoolfor\nthepresent.[误]I'llbebackatthemoment.[正]I'llbebackinamoment.[析]atthemoment其意为"现在,当时",而inamoment意为"马上过一会",与inaminute意思相近。[误]ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrivehereintime.[正]ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrivehereontime.[析]ontime为"准时",而intime有两个含意。其一是"及时",如:Thedoctorarrivedintime。其二是"将来,终究"。[误]Imetanoldfriendsometimeslastmonth.[正]Imetanoldfriendsometimelastmonth.[析]Sometime过去,或者将来某时。Sometimes有时如:SometimesIgotoschoolbybus.Sometime一些时间如:Ineedsometimetodomyhomework.Sometimes几次如:IwenttoShanghaisometimesthismonth.attimes有时,偶尔atalltimes经常someothertime改天[误]Ihadmetanoldfriendthreedaysago.[正]Ihadmetanoldfriendthreedaysbefore.[正]Imetanoldfriendthreedaysago.*ago用在时间状语中时,主句中谓语动词一般用过去时,而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。[误]Hestudiedveryhard.andattheendhepassedtheexam.[正]Hestudiedveryhard,andintheendhepassedtheexam.[析]intheend=atlast意为"最终,终于",表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而attheend是在某事的结束时如何如何,如:Attheendofclass,theteachergaveussomestorybooks。[误]Iwillcomeheretohelpyoueachthreedays.[正]Iwillcomeheretohelpyoueverythreedays.[析]everythreedays为"每三天",即每隔二天,而everyotherday为每隔一天。[误]Hedidn'tgotothecinemayesterday.andIdidn'tgo,too.[正]Hedidn'tgotothecinemayesterdayandIdidn'tgoeither.[析]英语中表示"也",有4个字,also,aswell,too,either,但either用于否定句中,而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与aswell一般要用在句尾,而also则可用于句中。如:Shewenttothepartyandherboyfriendwenttheretoo.又如:I'vealsoreadherothernovels.[误]Weshouldhelpthepoorgirlinanyway.[正]Weshouldhelpthepoorgirlinanyway.[析]anyway为"不管怎么"讲,"无论如何",如:Whataterribleaccident,anywaynoonewashurt.anyway为"任何方式"。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中,如:everyday日常的everyday每天faraway遥远的faraway远离\naltogether总计alltogether一块,大家一起already已经allready全准备好了[误]Youcancometothedoctor'satanytime.[正]Youcancometothedoctor'satanytime.[析]anytime是副词而anytime中的time是名词。[误]Shesaidnearlynothing.[正]Shesaidalmostnothing.[析]nearly与almost的含意相近,在很多场合可以互换,但在否定词前用almost。[误]Therearetoomuchmistakesinyourhomework.[正]Therearetoomanymistakesinyourhomework.[析]toomuch后接不可数名词,如:Thereistoomuchwaterfortheflowers.而toomany后加可数名词,muchtoo后面加形容词,如:ItismuchtoodifficulttolearnEnglishwell.[误]Itislateenoughthatwecangohomenow.[正]Itislateenoughforustogohomenow.[析]要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式,或不定式的复合结构:forsomebodytodosomething。[误]Thetwinsareveryalike.[正]Thetwinsaremuchalike.[析]用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰,一般要用much来修饰。[误]-Howlongdoeshewritetohisparents?-Onceaweek.[正]-Howoftendoeshewritetohisparents?-Onceaweek.[析]英文与中文表达法不同,隔多长时间办一次某事,实际上问的是该事发生的频率,所以要用howoften。[误]AssoonasIarriveinNewYork,I'llcallupyou.[正]AssoonasIarriveinNewYork,I'llcallyouup.[析]当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后,如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。如:IwanttowatchTV.PleaseturnontheTV.也可以讲:PleaseturntheTVon.[误]Hedrovequicklyhisnewcar.[正]Hedrovehisnewcarquickly.[析]副词在句中的位置很活,但主要有以下几种用法:①实意动词之前,如:Hequicklygivemetheanswer.②在be动词之后,如:Thelittleboyisoftenlateforclass.③第一助动词之后,如:Thisbookhasalmostbeenfinished.④在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前,如:Canyouhelpmethisafternoon?Icertainlycan.但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间,如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词词组作宾语则才可以这样用:Heheardclearlywhattheteachersaid.[误]Thechildrencamelateyesterdaytothecinema.[正]Thechildrencamelatetothecinemayesterday.\n[析]表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中,可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。[误]Youhavefewnewbooks,haven'tyou?[正]youhavefewnewbooks,haveyou?[析]英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少,几乎没有),afew(有一些,几个);修饰不可数名词的有little(很少,几乎没有),alittle(有一点,有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句,而afew和alittle用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。
[误]Hespentquitelittlemoneyonhisfood.[正]Hespentquitealittlemoneyonhisfood.[析]quitea为一固定用法,其意为"十分,相当,所以"。quiteafew=many,quitealittle=much而onlyalittle=little,onlyafew=few.[误]Doyouwanttohavemanybread?[正]Doyouwanttohavesomebread?[析]some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词,在一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于疑问句和否定句,但在希望得到肯定答复时,应用some。其次是some可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。[误]Pleasetellmewheretheshoesshopis?[正]Pleasetellmewheretheshoeshopis.[析]在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时,这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式,如:ashoeshop鞋店afruitshop水果店abookshop书店apostoffice邮局apolicestation警察局abusstop汽车站[误]Heisweakatphysics.[正]Heisweakinphysics.[析]在表达擅长于作某事时用begoodatsomething,而其反意词为bebadatsomething,但beweakinsomething。[误]Thisdictionaryisworthtobuy.[正]Thisdictionaryisworthbuying.[析]beworth后可接动、名词表达值得作某事,又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。[误]Don'tafraidofthat.[正]Don'tbeafraidofthat.[析]afraid在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有:beafraidof害怕becarefulof小心becertainof有把握,确定besureof确信begladof高兴besickof厌恶befondof喜欢[误]Theworkhasalreadybeendonewell.\n[正]Theworkhasalreadybeenwelldone.[析]well与badly作副词时,表示好坏,如果句子是被动语态,则应放在过去分词之前,如:Thismachinehasbeenbadlydamaged.如果句子是主动语态,则应放于句末,如:Ididmyhomeworkwell.[误]Weareyetintheclassroomnow.[正]Wearealreadyintheclassroomnow.[析]already主要用于肯定句,而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中,如:Didyoufinishit?No.notyet.[误]Look.Herecomeshe![正]Look!Herehecomes![误]Look!Herethebuscomes![正]Look!Herecomesthebus![析]在句子开头用Here时,如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序,如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。[误]Sheismyoldersister.[正]Sheismyeldersister.[析]elder和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系,而older,oldest则是指岁数大多少,如:SheisthreeyearsolderthanI.[误]I'mtired.Ican'tgofurther.[正]I'mtired.Ican'tgofarther.[析]far有两个比较级farther较远的,further进一步的,如:Doyouneedanyfurtherexplanation?你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest.[误]IwenttoBeijingUniversityfiveyearsbefore.[正]IwenttoBeijingUniversityfiveyearsago.[析]ago常与过去时连用,而before则多与完成时连用。[误]-Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?-No,notalready.[正]-Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?-No,notyet.[析]仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already,yet与still。要注意的是already经常用于肯定句中,如Thebushasalreadygone。而yet多用于疑问句和否定句中,如:Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间,如:Westillcan'tdecidewhattodo.但也有时用于be动词之后,如:Heisstillhere.[误]HeisveryhigherthanIam.[正]HeismuchhigherthanIam.[析]much可以用来修饰比较级,而very则用来修饰形容词原级,如:I'mverytired.[误]-CanIwalktothestation?-You'dbetternot.Itisveryfar.[正]-CanIwalktothestation?-You'dbetternot,Itisalongway.[析]for一般用在疑问句与否定句中,如:Howfarisitfromheretothestation?又如:Itisn'tfar.\n[误]I'veeverbeentoAmerica.[正]I'vebeentoAmericaonce.[析]once多用于肯定句,而ever则用于疑问句,否定句,及条件状语从句中,如:HaveyoueverbeentoLondon?[误]-Couldyoupasstheexamthistime?-No,Iamnotafraidso.[正]-Couldyoupasstheexamthistime?-No,I'mafraidnot.[析]在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件,如:Doyouthinksheisagoodstudent?YesIthinkso,/Ihopeso,/Ibelieveso/I'mafraidso.但在否定的答语中,英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同,如,Idon'tthinkso而在hope,belive与afraid后则常用not,如:Ihopenot.[误]Shedidn'tworkenoughhard,soshecouldn'tpasstheexam.[正]Shedidn'tworkhardenough,soshecouldn'tpasstheexam.[析]enough可以作名词用,如:EnoughhasbeensaidforhowtolearnEnglishwell.(对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)另外它可以作为形容词,如:Ihaveenoughmoney(ormoneyenough)tobuythisdictionary.注意enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后,在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough作为副词用,那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。[误]Youcan'tbeverycareful.[正]Youcan'tbetoocareful.[析]此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。too…to的用法是"太……以至于不能作某事"。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去,如:Itistooexpensiveforme.那对我来讲是太贵了。[误]Heisgoodpastfifty.[正]Heiswellpastfifty.[析]well作为副词用时除用于"好"之外还有"大大地、远远地",等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议;Heiswell.Heisgood.其实这两句都是正确的表达法,只不过其含意不同。Heiswell是"他身体不错",而Heisgood则为"他是个好人"。[误]Sheisnotashalfcleverasherbrother.[正]Sheisnothalfascleverasherbrother.[析]在as…as结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly,almost,exactly…等置于第一个as之前。[误]HeissameageasTom.[正]HeisthesameageasTom.[析]thesame…as是固定的用法,其中定冠词the是不可省也不能换成别的词的。[误]Motherandherdaughterareexactlylike.[正]Motherandherdaughterareexactlyalike.*like作为介词,其意为"像",应用于looklike,belike,soundlike,其后要加宾语。而alike是形容词,或副词,如:YouandIthinkalike.Thetwinsaredressed\nalike。但alike仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。[误]Whoistallerofthetwo?[正]Whoisthetallerofthetwo?[析]两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。[误]IhavelessbooksthanTom.[正]IhavefewerbooksthanTom.[析]less是little的比较级,而fewer是few的比较级。less后应加不可数名词而fewer后是可数名词。[误]Therearethreegirlsinmygroup.TheclevererisMary.[正]Therearethreegirlsinmygroup.ThecleverestisMary.[析]在两者之间应用比较级,在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。[误]Theboysatthereasquietashissister.[正]Theboysatthereasquietlyashissister.[析]as…as的用法要注意的是:①在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级,而不可加比较级,也有的语法书中称为同级比较。②要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词,这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定,如:Heisasgoodashisfriend.[误]Theharderyoustudy,andyoucanlearnmore.[正]Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn.[析]英文中如果要表达越来越怎样,在初中范围有两种表达法:①比较级+and+比较级。②定冠词+比较级……,如:Thenightsaregettinglongerandlonger。要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more,这样的用法是:moreandmore加形容词,如:Thegirlisgrowingmoreandmorebeautiful.[误]StudyingphysicsisnotsointerestingastolearnEnglish.[正]StudyingphysicsisnotsointerestingaslearningEnglish.[析]在作比较时,英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词,应都用动名词,用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号to可以省略。如:Torepairtheoldoneisasmuchexpensiveas(to)buyanewone.[误]Thegirlismoreclevererthantheboy.[正]Thegirlismuchmoreclever(muchcleverer)thantheboy.[析]clever有两个比较级:cleverer和moreclever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。clever的两个比较级也各有不同之处,如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用moreclever,如:Heismorecleverthanhonest.(他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。)[析]Theboyisthetallesttothethree.[正]Theboyisthetallestofthethree.[析]最高级的范围要用of加复数形式或加集合名词。[误]Thisbookisoneofthemostusefuldictionary.[正]Thisbookisoneofthemostusefuldictionaries.[析]在oneof后面最高级形容词后要加可数名词复数。[误]ThisdictionaryisthemuchbestoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionaries.[正]ThisdictionaryismuchthebestoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionaries.[析]在修饰最高级时应用far/byfar/much加the加最高级。但very例外,如:Heistheverybestplayerintheteam.[误]ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercitiesinChina.\n[正]ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercityinChina.[析]在比较级中表示比较对象时如用anyother其后一般要加单数名词。[误]MostofstoriesinthisbookarewritteninEnglish.[正]MostofthestoriesinthisbookarewritteninEnglish.[正]MoststoriesinthisbookarewritteninEnglish.[析]"大多数"一词的表达法有mostofthe+名词,或most+名词。当用前一种结构时,其后面的定冠词不可少。[误]Thetemperatureofthatroomishigherthanthisroom.[正]Thetemperatureofthatroomishigherthanthatofthisroom.[析]比较级用于两句话之间时,比较的部分不可省略掉,但为了避免重复,一般都要用that代替前面的单数名词,而用those代替前面的复数名词,如:Thebooksinthatboxarebiggerthanthoseinthisbox。[误]Heisnomorehere.Maybeheisathome.[正]Heisnolongerhere.Maybeheisathome.[析]nomore在现代英语中多译为:"从此再也不会了",如:Hisvoiceisnomorehere.他已经去世了,他的声音不可能再出现了。而用nolonger表达目前的状态。要注意下面几组句子的实际含意:Thisroomisnocleanerthanthatone.即两间屋子都不干净。(两者都不干净)Thisroomisnotcleanerthanthatone,即这屋子不如那间干净。(前者不如后者干净。即一间干净,一间不干净。)(三)例题解析1IthinkChineseis___thanmaths.A.interestingBmoreinterestingC.mostinterestingD.themostinteresting[答案]B.[析]在有than作比较的句子中应用形容词的比较级。2-WhatdoesLucylikebetter,singingordancing?-Singing.ofcourse.She'sknownto___it.A.begoodatB.begoodforC.bebadatD.bebadfor[答案]A.[析]begoodat为固定搭配,意为"擅长作某事"。初中英语中有些这样的固定用法应记牢,而不能似是而非。如:begoodat,bebadat,bepoorin,beweekin,befitfor3TheHuangHeRiverisoneof___inChina.A.ThelongriverB.thelongestriverC.thelongestriversD.thelongerriver[答案]C.[析]在oneof+定冠词+最高级之后的名词应用复数形式。4Thegirlwas___afraid___shethrewherbagaway.A.so,thatB.too,toC.too,thatD.enough,to[答案]A.[析]so…that为"如此怎样以至于如何",此句意思是:小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too…to的意思为"如何如何,以至于不能作某事"。但to的后面是动词原形,而不是从句。\n5Itwas___yesterdaythantoday.A.hotB.hoterC.hotterD.thehottest[答案]C.[析]用than表达比较的句中应用比较级。6Whichsubjectdoyoulike___,EnglishChineseormaths?A.bestB.wellC.betterD.good[答案]A.[析]在两者之间应用比较级,而在三者之间或三者以上用最高级。7Noneofthestudentswatchedit___.A.carefulenoughB.enoughcarefullyC.carefullyenoughD.enoughcareful[答案]C.[析]首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词的副词。这里是修饰watch这一动词,应选用副词。当enough用来修饰副词或形容词时应放于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。8___sheeats,___she'llbe.A.More…fatB.Themore…fatterC.More…thefatterD.Themore…thefatter[答案]D.[析]the+比较级表示"越来越……"本句应译为:她吃得越多,她就会越胖。9Idon'tthinkEnglishis___Chinese.A.asimportantasB.notimportantasC.notsoimportantD.importantas[答案]A.[析]think+宾语从句时,应采用否定主句的形式,如:中文讲,"我认为你不对",英文应为:"我不认为你对"。Idon'tthinkyouareright.所以不能选答案B。而C、D均为不正确的表达法。10MissGaoisagoodEnglishteacher.Thestudentsinherclass___English.A.areinterestedinB.areinterestinginC.areinterestedatD.areinterestingto[答案]A.[析]过去分词常用来修饰人,而现在分词常用来修饰物,如:aninterestingbook,实际上过去分词含有被动之意,如:interested其含意是"被……所吸引,感动"。而interesting则为"使人感兴趣的",如:aninterestingman一个有趣、风趣的人。11Thetwinsaretogethermostofthetime.Sotheyneverfeel___.A.aloneB.lonelyC.happilyD.friendly[答案]B.[析]alone意为"独自的,一个人的",它只能作表语不能作定语。Iamnotaloneindoingsuchathing.而lonely意为"寂寞的,孤单的",如:Theoldmanfeltlonely.要体会两个词的区别,如:Theoldmanlivedalone,buthedidn'tfeellonely.\n12Whata___cough!Youseem___ill.A.terrible,terriblyB.terribly,terribleC.terrible,terribleD.terribly,terribly[答案]A.[析]terrible是形容词,而terribly是副词,第一个空是修饰名词的,所以应填入形容词。第二个空ill是形容词,这里terribly是用来修饰ill的。13Thetwofriendswere___pleasedtoseeeachotherthattheyforgoteverything.A.soB.tooC.veryD.much[答案]A.[析]这里用的是so…that的固定搭配。14Whichis___,LiLei'sboxorHanMeimei'sbox?A.heavyB.heavierC.moreheavierD.theheaviest[答案]B.[析]两者之间用比较级,三者或以上用最高级。15Youdon'tlikethesamecoloursandIdon'tlikethem,___.A.tooB.alsoC.eitherD.neither[答案]C.[析]在否定句中也应用either,而不要用too,因too用于肯定句中。16Jimis___atallhislessons.AndI'msurehe'lldovery___intheexams.A.well,goodB.good,wellC.well,wellD.good,good[答案]B.[析]good为形容词,如:Heisgood.他是个好人。而well作为身体状况的好坏讲时是形容词,如:Heiswell为他身体不错,而作为其他意思时为副词,如:HespeaksEnglishwell.17Youlook___thanbefore,why?A.morethinB.morethinnerC.muchmorethinD.muchthinner[答案]D.[析]多音节形容词才用more或most加形容词来表示其比较级或最高级,而thin的比较级为thinner。18Let'sgooutforsuppernow.I'mvery___.A.hungryB.angryC.tiredD.thirsty[答案]A.[析]hungry-饿,angry-生气,tired-紧,疲劳,thirsty-口渴。要注意名词的词义。19-Canyouunderstandme?-Sorry,Ican___understandyou.A.hardlyB.almost\nC.evenD.ever[答案]A.[析]hardly为一否定词,用在句中时应被看作是否定句。在答语中Sorry决定了其意为"听不明白",所以只能选hardly。20"___doyouwritetoyourpenfriend?""Abouttwiceamonth."A.HowoftenB.HowsoonC.HowmuchD.Howlong[答案]A.[析]howoften用来提问某一动作经多久就要发生一次,也就是提问发生的频率。howsoon是问从现在起还有多久。21ChangjiangRiveris___riverinChinaA.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongest[答案]D.22I'llwork___Ican.A.sohardlyasB.sohardasC.ashardlyasD.ashardas[答案]D.[析]hard可用作形容词和副词,如:Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood又如:Itisraininghard。而hardly是副词,其词义是"几乎不",如:HardlydidIsleeplastnight.我昨晚几乎没有睡觉。而且hardly用于句首时要采用倒装语序。as…as即可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句,但so…as则只能用于否定句中。23Itisvery___tolistentohim.A.interestedB.interestingC.interestedinD.interest[答案]B.[析]interest作为名词有两个词义,①兴趣,②银行中所讲的利息。而其形容词interesting是"使人感兴趣的",而interested是"感兴趣的"如:HeisinterestedinEnglish.24Thingsare___worsethanIthought.A.moreB.fewC.veryD.much[答案]D.[析]只有much可以修饰比较级。25Itisoneo'clock,butherfatherhasn'tcomeback___.A.alreadyB.stillC.tooD.yet[答案]D.[析]完成时的否定句尾要用yet,而already则用于肯定句。26ComradeChenis___olderthanI.A.veryB.moreC.muchD.quite[答案]C.\n[析]只有much可以修饰比较级。可以修饰比较级的词还有much,far,evenalittle,byfar等。27Shedidherhomework___.A.carefullyB.carefulC.careD.careless[答案]A.[析]这里应填入副词,而careless是由care加less后辍得来的,less意为"没有",是否定之意,如:careless-不小心,homeless-无家可归。而carefully为副词。28Theycan'tanswerthequestioninJapanese;wecan'tanswerit,___.A.alsoB.tooC.eitherD.neither[答案]C.29-Howareyourparents?-Theyarevery___,thankyou.A.goodB.kindC.wellD.happy[答案]C.[析]由问句得知其询问的是身体如何,所以well作为身体状况不错时应视为形容词。30Peterruns___inourclass.A.thefastB.fasterC.fastestD.mostfast[答案]C.[析]副词的最高级前可以加定冠词,也可以不加定冠词。31Wewereall___gladthatwesanganddanced.A.suchB.soC.veryD.quite[答案]B.[析]在so与that之间只有形容词时不可用such。32Katesings___Joan.A.aswellasB.asgoodasC.sogoodasD.asbetteras[答案]A.[析]这里well为副词,意为"唱得好"。33Thiseggsmells___,thoughitlooksallright.A.goodB.wellC.badDbadly[答案]C.[析]smell为系动词,其后应加形容词,而不是副词。同样的词,还有sound,feel,seem、become(变成)等等,如:Icefeelscoldinwinter.34Waitaminute,Ihave___totellyou.A.somethinginterestedB.somethinginterestingC.interestingsomethingD.anythinginteresting[答案]B.[析]修饰不定代词的修饰词要放在不定代词之后。\n35Ishallvisityou___nextyear.A.sometimesB.sometimeC.sometimeD.sometimes[答案]B.[析]sometimes有时,sometime某一时刻,sometime一段时间,sometimes若干次36Mysistersaidshewouldtrytospeak___Englisheveryday.A.alittleB.afewC.litttleD.few[答案]A.[析]little修饰不可数名词,而alittle意为"一些,一点"。37Ihave___friendshereandIoftenvisitthem.A.fewB.littleC.afewD.alittle[答案]C.[析]afew意为"有些",few后面要加可数名词复数。38Ofallthesebooks,doyouthink,whichoneis___?A.interestingB.muchinterestingC.moreinterestingD.themostinteresting[答案]D.[析]Ofallthesebooks是用来表示最高级的范围五、连词(一)知识概要连词是一种在句子与句子之间,短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词,它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致,意义有转折的并列连词有:but,however,while(而),only(只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词,如:or,orelse,otherwise…再有的是连接双方,互为因果,或表示前因后果的连词有:for,so,therefore(因此),then等。从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句,如:that,if,whether,其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句,常用的连接词有:whenwhile,as,since,before,after,once,assoonas,until,till连接条件状语的连词有:if,unless,aslongas等,而原因状语的连接词有because,since,as,nowthat(既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有:sothat,so…that,such…that,as…as,than,where…它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。连词用法一览表种类功用例句并列连词连接具有并列关系的词HeknowsneitherEnglishnorFrench.短语Areyougoingbybusoronfoot?\n分句Marywasagoodgirl,butshehadoneshortcoming.从属连词引导:状语从句I'lldoitasyoutoldme.Youwillbelateunlessyouhurry.连接代词和连接副词主语从句Whathesaidprovedtrue.Whenwe'llstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.表语从句Thisiswhyhedidn'tcomeyesterday.Thatiswherehelives.宾语从句ThemanaskedmewhichIlikedbest.Ican'tunderstandwhysheissolate.关系代词和关系副词定语从句Nicotineisadrugthatgetsoneintothehabitofsmoking.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.(二)正误辨析[误]Bothmyparentsarenothere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.[正]Neitherofmyparentsishere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.[析]在英语中both一般用于肯定句中,如用于否定句中,其意义也不同于汉语,如:Bothofusarenotright.在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neitherofusisright。才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。[误]Heorhisparentshassometicketsforthefilm.[正]Heorhisparentshavesometicketsforthefilm.[析]由or连接两主语时,谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。[误]Youshouldstudyhard,andyouwon'tpasstheexam.[正]Youshouldstudyhard,oryouwon'tpasstheexam.[析]or作为连词,这里的意思为"否则"。又如:Hurryup,oryou'llbelateforschool.[误]Thoughheispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.[正]Thoughheispoor,heisreadytohelpothers.[正]Heispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.[析]"虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构,但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是",用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然",二者只可用其一。[误]EitheryouorIareonduty.[正]EitheryouorIamonduty.[析]either…or连接两个主语时,其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应,这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等。[误]TomisourEnglishteacherandteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.[正]TomisourEnglishteacherandisteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.[析]并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略,以免重复,但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时,后面的那个系动词不可省略,也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。[误]Myfatherlikesswimmingandtocollectstamps.[正]Myfatherlikesswimmingandcollectingstamps.[析]由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词,如用不定式则都应用不定式,这是初学者要注意的一点。\n[误]Myfatherisreadinganewspaper,Iamdoingmyhomework.[正]MyfatherisreadinganewspaperwhileIamdoingmyhomework.[析]两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接,要用并列连词来连接。[误]MyfatheraskedmethatifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.[正]MyfatheraskedmeifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.[析]宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。[误]WewillgobothtoBeijingandShanghai.[正]WewillgotobothBeijingandShanghai.[析]用both…and…作连接词时,其相连接的部分结构也要相同。[误]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersisgoingtodance.[正]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersaregoingtodance.[析]由notonly…butalso…连接两个主语时,其重点在其后面的那一个主语,所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。[误]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsarecoming.[正]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsiscoming.[析]由aswellas连接两个主语时,谓语动词与aswellas后面的名词无关,而与前面的名词相一致。[误]Tomdoesnotswimnorplayfootball.[正]Tomdoesnotswimorplayfootball.[析]nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词,如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or,但要注意句子的含意,如:Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacoworahorse.这个动物既不像牛也不像马。Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacowbutahorse.这个动物不像牛而像马。[误]Forthereisnolightintheclassroom.Thestudentsmusthavegonehome.[正]Thestudentsmusthavegonehome,forthereisnolightintheclassroom.[析]由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句首,而应置于主句之后,并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because,as,since与for4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系,是最强的一个,而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词[误]MybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.[正]ThatmybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.[析]主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。[误]Thismapwillshowyouhowwillyougettothehotel.[正]Thismapwillshowyouhowyouwillgettothehotel.[析]名词性从句作宾语从句使用时,最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词,如:tell,ask,show…[误]Whiletheclockstruchten,allthelightswentout.[正]Whentheclockstruckten,allthelightswentout.[析]while是强调两个动作在同时进行中,如:WhileIamdoingmyhomework,myfatherisreadinganewspaper.而这里的when是"正当某某时刻","就在这一时间点上",其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。[误]WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.\n[析]这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中,另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态,而突然发生的动作用一般时态。[误]WhileIheardthebadnewsIfeltsad.[正]WhenIheardthebadnews,Ifeltsad.[析]while不能表达一点儿的时间,即瞬时某一时间点。[误]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,orothersgotothelibrary.[正]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,whileothersgotothelibrary.[析]while在此处意为"而,然而"。[误]Shesangwhenshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.[正]Shesangasshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.[析]as用于句中时,其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误,但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。[误]Ifinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveo'clocklastnight.[正]Ididn'tfinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveo'clocklastnight.[正]Ididmyhomeworkuntiltwelveo'clocklastnight.[析]until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束,那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词,如果要用瞬间,或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作,因一出门即为离开了,而不离开则是长时间的。[误]IhavestudiedEnglishwhenIwastwelve.[正]IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwastwelve.[析]since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点,而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点,所以主句一般要用完成时态。[误]Becausehedidn'tstudyhard,sohedidn'tpasstheexam.[正]Hedidn'tpasstheexambecausehedidn'tstudyhard.[析]because与so在英文中两者不能并用的,只能在句中用其一。[误]Hewassuchexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.[正]Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.[析]so与such的用法可以分为四种情况,①用于单数可数名词之前,其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词,如:Itissuchabeautifulbookthateverychildlikesit.也可以用so,其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词,如:Itwassobeautifulabookthateverychildlikesit.②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherthatwewanttoswim.又如:Theyaresuchgoodstudentsthattheycanpasstheexameasily.③在few,little,much,many这4个字前只能用so而不能用such,如:IhavesomuchmoneythatIcanbuyeverythingIwant.④当that前只有形容词或副词时,这时只能用so,如:Sheissobeautifulthateveryonelikesher.HeransofastthatIcouldn'tkeepupwithhim.[误]Hegotupearlierthismorningsoastothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.[正]Hegotupearlierthismorningsoastocatchthefirstbus.[正]Hegotupsoearlierthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.[析]so…that与sothat的用法有相同之处,那就是其后接从句,而soasto其后要接不定式,即动词原形。这样的词组还有:inorderto。\n[误]Iwanttobuysamestampthatyouhave.[正]Iwanttobuythesamestampasyouhave.[析]thesame…as(that)这是个固定用法,在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而thesame…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而thesame…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。[误]BeforeIdonotgiveyoutheanswer,I'llaskyousomequestions.[正]BeforeIgiveyoutheanswer,I'llaskyousomequestions.[析]这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。(三)例题解析1WeboughtGrannyapresent,___shedidn'tlikeit.A.butB.andC.orD.so[答案]A.[析]由于句意的原因,应选择转折连词。2Runquickly,___we'llmisstheearlytrain.A.andB.butC.soD.or[答案]D.[析]or这里应译为:否则。3I'llgivethebooktohim___hecomesback.A.sinceB.assoonasC.beforeD.until[答案]B.[析]assoonas引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。4Don'tcrosstheroad___thelightturnsgreen.A.whenB.whileC.untilD.as[答案]C.[析]until应译为"直到……才",因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如:Shedidnotgotobeduntilhermothercameback.应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。5MissGaohasbeenateacher___1990.A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.in[答案]C.[析]因为主句为完成时,所以应用since表示该动作的启始点。6-Whichwouldyoulikebetter,tea___milk?-Tea,please.A.butB.andC.orD.with[答案]C.[析]在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。7Welovespring___there'sbeautifulflowerseverywhere.\nA.thoughB.butC.orD.because[答案]D.[析]因为这里表示的是因果关系。8Pleaseleave___7∶00,thenyou'llbeabletoget___thereearlier.A.till,inB.from,/C.before,/D.behind,to[答案]C.[析]before为在7∶00之前离开。9Theteacherdidn'tbeginthelesson___allthestudentsstoppedtalking.A.untilB.afterC.ifD.because[答案]A.[析]这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词,所以应用否定句。10Bettydidn'tgotoseethefilmyesterday___shewasill.A.butB.untilC.ifD.because[答案]D.[析]这里是表示因果关系,所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。11Youmuststartrightnow,___you'llmissthetrain.A.forB.andC.soD.or[答案]D.[析]or译为"否则"。本句句意为:你必须马上走了,否则要赶不上火车了。12___heisachildofsix,hecanreadandwrite.A.WhoseB.IfC.ThoughD.Because[答案]C.[析]这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句,应译为:虽然他才是个6岁的孩子,他却可以读书和写字。13Ilikefish,___chicken,___eggs.A.and,andB.and,withC./,andD.and,/[答案]C.[析]在有若干个名词或动词出现时,每一个词之间只用逗号连接,只在最后两个词之间加and。如:Theoldmanpassedthestreet,wentintoashopandboughtsomefood。14Takethisdictionarywithyou___youmayuseitinclass.A.whenB.inordertoC.butD.sothat[答案]D.[析]sothat应译为"为的是"。本句句义为:带上字典,为的是在上课时可能有用。而inorderto其后应接动词不定式,如:Takethisdictionarywithyouinorder\ntouseitinclass。15Ihope___willbefinetomorrow.A.itB.whatC.whetherD.when[答案]A.[析]hope后接的是宾语从句,而且宾语从句中少主语,应用it来代替天气。16___shewasnotwell,Idecidedtogowithouther.A.ThoughB.AsC.WhenD.Becauseof[答案]B.[析]as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为:由于她不舒服,我决定不带她去了。而becauseof其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如:Becauseoftheheavyrain,wedecidednottogo。17Myauntboughtme___manystorybooksthatIspentalotoftimethem.A.such…onB.such…inC.too…inDso…on[答案]D.[析]因many前只能用so来修饰,所以只能选择D选项。而spend…onsomething为在某事上花费时间或钱。如:Shespentalotofmoneyonherclothes。18Motherwascooking___she___aknockatthedoor.A.when,listentoB.while,listenedtoC.while,heardD.when,heard[答案]D.[析]when在这里应译为:就在那时,那一刻,那一瞬间。19Speakslowly,___wecanunderstandyou.A.andB.orC.ifD.because[答案]A.[析]and这里是并列连词,应译为:请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。20You'lllearnEnglishwell___youputyourheartintoit.A.ifB.soC.untilD.or[答案]A.[析]本句译为:如果你将心放在学习上,你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。21Iwon'tletyouin___youshowmeyourpass.A.untilB.forC.sinceD.because[答案]A.22Shedidn'tgotoschool___shewasill.A.whyB.becauseC.whereD.but[答案]B.\n六、介词(一)知识概要介词在英语中用法很活,也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个,特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律,可帮助学习时参考,千万不要作为定律去背诵,照搬。介词表示时间表示地点方位表示原因方式其他about大约在……时间aboutfiveo'clock在周围,大约多远aboutfivekilometres关于、涉及talkaboutyouabove高出某一平面abovesealevelacross横过walkacrossthestreet对面acrossthestreetafter在……之后aftersupper跟……后面oneafteranother追赶runafteryouagainst背靠逆风againstthewall,againstthewind反对beagainstyouamong三者以上的中间amongthetreesat在某时刻atten在小地点attheschoolgate表示速度athighspeed向着,对着atmebefore在……之前beforelunch\n位于……之前sitbeforemebehind位于……之后behindthetreebelow低于……水平belowzero不合格belowthestandardby到……时刻,在……时刻之前byfiveo'clock紧挨着sitebysite乘坐交通工具byair,bybick被由wasmadebyusduring在……期间duringtheholidaysfor延续多长时间forfiveyears向……去leaveforShanghai为了,对于begoodforyoufrom从某时到……某时frommorningtillnight来自何方fromNewYork由某原料制成bemadefrom来自何处whereareyoufromin在年、月、周较长时间内inaweek在里面intheroom用某种语言inEnglish穿着inredinto进入……里面walkinto除分divideinto变动turnintowaternear接近某时nearfiveyears在……附近nearthepark\nof用某种原料制成bemadeof属于……性质amapofU.S.Aon某日、某日的上下午onSundayafternoon在……上面onthedesk靠吃……为生liveonrice关于abookonPhysicsover渡过一整段时间workovernight在上方overthedesk超过,高于overfivepairspast超过某一时刻tenpastfive经过某地walkpasttheparksince从某时以来since1980原因Sinceyouwereillthrough经过某一时期throughhislife通过、穿过某地throughtheforesttilluntil直到某时为止tillfiveo'clockto差多少时间fivetoten问,到,去往toShanghai面对面facetoface给予giveabooktomeunder在……下面underthedesk少于underten在……管制之下undertherulewith用某种工具withapen带着,具有withmewithout没有withoutair(二)正误辨析[误]Wegottothetopofthemountainindaybreak.[正]Wegottothetopofthemountainatdaybreak.\n[析]at用于具体时刻之前,如:sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night。[误]Don'tsleepatdaytime[正]Don'tsleepindaytime.[析]in要用于较长的一段时间之内,如:inthemorning/afternoon,或intheweek/month/year.或inspring/supper/autumn/winter等等。[误]WevisitedtheoldmaninSundayafternoon.[正]WevisitedtheoldmanonSundayafternoon.[析]inthemorning,intheafternoon如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on,如:onacoldmorning,onthemorningofJuly14th[误]Hebecameawritterathistwenties[正]Hebecameawritterinhistwenties[析]这句话应译为:他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示,而在具体岁数时用at来表示。[误]HewenttoNewYorktofindajobinsixteenyearsold.[正]HewenttoNewYorktofindajobatsixteen.[析]在具体年岁前用at,如:attheageof12,atyourage,等等。[误]Wewenttoswimintheriverinaveryhotday.[正]Wewenttoswimintheriveronaveryhotday.[析]具体某一天要用介词on,又如:onNewYear'sDay[误]I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyouonChristmas.[正]I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyouatChristmas.[析]在节日的当天用on,而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间,一般要有两周或更长的时间。[误]Ihaven'tseeyouduringthesummerholidays.[正]Ihaven'tseenyousincethebeginningofthesummerholidays.[析]during表示在某一段时间之内,所以一般不与完成时搭配,如:Ivisitedalotofmuseumsduringtheholiday.而for表示一段时间,可以用于完成时,如:Ihaven'tseeyouforalongtime.而through用来表示时间时则为"整整,全部的时间"。如:Itrainedthroughthenight.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间,一般要与完成时连用。[误]Atenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.[正]Onenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.[析]On加动名词表示"一……就"。本句的译文应是:我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如:onhearing…一听见,onarrival一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)[误]Inthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.[正]Atthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.[析]atthebegining与attheend都是指某事物的开始与结束部分,均不指时间范围,而inthebeginning则是指开始一段时间。intheend=atlast是指"最终,终于"之意。[误]Tilltheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.[正]Bytheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.[析]by引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点,其意思为"不迟于某一时刻将工作做完",所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态,如:I'llbethereby\nfiveo'clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻,但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词,而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式,如:Iwon'tfinishthisworktill(until)nextweekend.[误]HecametoLondonbeforelastweekend.[正]HehadcometoLondonbeforelastweekend.[正]HecametoLondontwoweeksago.[析]before一般要与完成时连用,而ago则与一般过去时连用。[误]IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearsginceIhadcomehere.[正]IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearssinceIcamehere.[析]since用来表达主句动作的开始时间,所以其引出的从句中应为过去时,而不能用完成时态[误]Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitaftertwohours.[正]Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitintwohours.[析]中文经常讲两小时之后来取,两天内会修好,而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二,①after多用于过去时,如:IarrivedinNewYork.Afterthreedays,Ifoundajobinthebank.②after加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围,如:afterthreedays,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时,一定要用介词in。[误]Threedaysafterhedied.[正]Afterthreedayshedied.[正]Threedayslaterhedied.[析]after与later都可以用来表达一段时间之后,但它们所处的位置不同,after在时间词前,而later在时间词后。[误]Shehidherselfafterthetree.[正]Shehidherselfbehindthetree.[析]after多用来表达某动作之后,所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词,如:Irunafterhim.Afterfinishingmyhomework,Iwenttoseeafilm.而behind则多用于静态事物之后。[误]Thereisabeautifulbirdonthetree.[正]Thereisabeautifulbirdinthetree.[析]树上长出的果实,树叶要用on,而其他外来的人、物体均要用inthetree.[误]ShanghaiisontheeastofChina.[正]ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.[析]在表达地理位置时有3个介词:in,on,to。in表示在某范围之内;on表示与某地区接壤;to则表示不相接。如:JapanistotheeastofChina.[误]IarrivedatNewYorkonJuly2nd.[正]IarrivedinNewYorkonJuly2nd.[析]at用来表达较小的地方,而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于attheschoolgate,athome,atabusstop,atthestation,atthecinema,atasmallvillage。[误]HelivedinNo.3BeijingRoad.[正]HelivedatNo.3BeijingRoad.[析]在门牌号码前要用at,并要注意它的惯用法:attheendofthestreet,atthefootofthemountain,atthetopofthepage。\n[误]ThereisacolourTVsetatthecornerofthehall.[正]ThereisacolourTVsetinthecornerofthehall.[析]在屋内的角落应用in,而墙的外角用at,如:Thereisatreeatthecornerofthestreet.[误]ThisweekendI'llstayinUncleWang's.[正]ThisweekendI'llstayatUncleWang's.[析]要注意英文的特殊表达法,如:atatailor'sshop(裁缝店)=atatailor's,atthedoctor's(去看病)atthebookseller's(在书店)atuncleWang's(在王叔叔家)[误]Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsontoday'snewspaper?[正]Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsintoday'snewspaper?[析]在报纸上的新闻要用in,而在具体某一版上,或某一页上则要用on。[误]TheschoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.[正]SchoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.[析]这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程,即开学之意。要注意,有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词,如:attable(吃饭),WhenIcametoTom'shome,theywereattable.还有:atdesk(学习),atwork(工作)atschool(上学),inhospital(住医院)atchurch作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意,如:attheschool即在学校工作或办事,inthehospital即在医院工作或去看望病人。[误]Inmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.[正]Onmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.[析]译文为:在去车站的路上我买了份报纸,为的是消磨时光"在……的路上"应用onone'sway…。而intheway有挡道之意,如:Pleasemovethechairitisintheway。[误]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeinto.[正]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokein.[正]Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeintotheoffice.[析]in是表达一个静止状态,在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语,而into则是动态介词,与break连用时要加介词宾语。[误]I'llleaveBeijingtoShanghaitomorrow.[正]I'llleaveBeijingforShanghai.[正]I'llleaveforShanghai.[析]leavefor是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有:startfor动身前往某处,setoutfor,sailfor。[误]I'msorry.Ihavetogetoutthebusatnextstop.[正]I'msorry.Ihavetogetoutofthebusatnextstop.[析]getin,与getout是两个相反的词组。getin为上车,而getout为下车,但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词,所以其后不能接名词,我们可以讲We'dbettergetin.或We'dbettergetout.还有一组词组有关上下车:geton/off(atrain,aship,astruck)getinto/outof(acar,taxi…)[误]BecarefulThetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesoverzero.[正]Becareful.Thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesabovezero.[析]over与above在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时,即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.\n[误]Thereisanoldstonebridgeabovetheriver.[正]Thereisanoldstonebridgeovertheriver.[析]over还有一意为"跨越,横跨"。[误]TheDeadSeaisunderthesealevel.[正]TheDeadSeaisbelowthesealevel.[析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词,over与under也是反意词。[误]Thereisabigtreeinthefrontofthehouse.[正]Thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse.[析]infrontof是在物体外部的前面,而inthefrontof是在物体内部的前面,如:Thedriversitsinthefrontofthebus.[误]Ittookthemtwodaystowalkacrosstheforest.[正]Ittookthemtwodaystowalkthroughtheforest.[析]across作为介词有两个主要意思:①横过,如:Iwanttowalkacrossthestreet.②对面,如:Thereisapostofficeacrossthestreet,而through多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如:Thelittlegirlranacrosstheroomtomeethermother.[误]Thesunsetstowardthewest.[正]Thesunsetsinthewest.[析]towards也可用作toward,它主要表达朝向某方向运动,但不一定到达,如:Herantoward(s)themountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south时,其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词,如:Iwentsouth.也可用作名词,如:Iwenttothesouth.也可用作形容词,如:IwenttothesouthpartofChina.[误]Doyouhavenootherclothesexceptthose?[正]Doyouhavenootherclothesbesidesthose?[析]beside是"在……旁边",如:Thestudentsstoodbesidetheirteachers.而besides是"除……之外,不仅……而且……,除了……以外还有……",如:IstudiedEnglishbesidesFrench,whenIwasincollege.而except则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分,如:IcomehereeverydayexceptSunday.而exceptfor是指去掉不同种类的事物,如:Theroomiscleanexceptfortwochairs.而exceptthat则要加从句。[误]CanIwritetheexampaperwithink?[正]CanIwritetheexampaperwithapen?[正]CanIwritetheexampaperinink?[析]with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具,而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。[误]I'mearliertoday.Icameherebyhiscar.[正]I'mearliertoday.Icamehereinhiscar.[析]在交通工具前加介词by,但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词,否则要改换相应的介词。bytaxi=inataxibytrain=inatrainbybicycle=onabicyclebyship=onashipbyboat=inaboatbybus=onabus\nbyplane=onaplanebyair空运byland陆运bysea海运onfootonhorsebackbyphonebyletterbyradiobyairmailbyhand[误]AlotofFrenchwinesaremadeofgrape.[正]AlotofFrenchwinesaremadefromgrape.[析]madeof是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化,而发生了某种变化则要用from,如:Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood.[误]ThisisagooddictionaryinEnglishgrammar.[正]ThisisagooddictionaryonEnglishgrammar.[析]关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词,其中on表示某专业用书,about则为某方面的普通读物,如:Thisisabookaboutphysics.即物理科普知识。[误]Doyouhavethekeyofthedoor.[正]Doyouhavethekeytothedoor.[析]keytothedoor门的钥匙。相同用法还有answertothequestion,entrancetothehighway,dangertohealth.千万不要用of。[误]TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestofcollectingstamps.[正]TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestincollectingstamps.[析]haveinterestin是在某方面有兴趣。[误]Ididn'tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrytome.[正]Ididn'tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrywithme.[析]beangrywith其后接人,而beangryat其后接事。如:Hewasangryatwhatshesaid.[误]Hewasgoodforskating.[正]Hewasgoodatskating.[析]begoodat为"擅长某事",而begoodforsomebody为对某人很好。[误]Itwasgoodtoyoutohelpmylittleboy.[正]Itwasgoodofyoutohelpmylittleboy.[析]这句话应译为:你真太好了,帮助了我的小孩。而begoodtosomebody是对某人态度好。如:Hermotherisgoodtoeveryone.[误]Myparentswereverypleasedatme.[正]Myparentswereverypleasedwithme.[正]Myparentswereverypleasedatmystudying.[析]bepleasedwith后加somebody,而bepleasedat后加something。[误]Heisagreewithme.[正]Heagreeswithme.[误]Heagainstsme.[正]Heisagainstme.[析]同意agree为动词,而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。[误]Ihaven'theardlettersfromhim.[正]Ihaven'theardfromhim.\n[析]hearfrom即为:从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。[误]Teacher.MayIcallatyouthisweekend?[正]Teacher.MayIcallonyouthisweekend?[析]作为"拜访"讲callat其后接地点,如:MayIcallatyourhomethisweekend?而callon其后接人。[误]Doyouknowthegirlonwhite?[正]Doyouknowthegirlinwhite?[析]inwhite为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有:inbed(睡觉),inhospital(住院),inahurry(匆匆忙忙),indanger(危险中),injoy(高兴),ingoodhealth(身体好),inlove(恋爱),introuble(困境),与之相反的是outof,如:outoftrouble(摆脱困境),outofdate(过时了),outoforder(出故障)[误]Helookedatmeatsurprise.[正]Helookedatmeinsurprise.[析]surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首,Toone'ssurprise,如:Tomysurprisehesucceeded.②besurprisedat,如:Iwassurprisedatthenews.③用于句尾insurprise.[误]Shedidn'tcometoschoolbecauseofshewasill.[正]Shedidn'tcometoschoolbecauseshewasill.[析]becauseof后接名词,如:Thegamewasputoffbecauseoftherain.(三)例题解析1-Thankyou___thebeautifulflowers!-Notatall.AinBonCatDfor[答案]D.[析]由于某事向某人道谢应用for。2Canyouanswerthisquestion___English?AbyBinCwithDfrom[答案]B.[析]in表示用语言、声音、或材料,如:Heansweredthequestioninalowvoice.3Look___themap___China___thewall,please.Aafter,of,inBat,of,inCafter,in,onDat,of,on[答案]D.[析]lookat为"看",而onthewall为"在墙表面挂着",而inthewall则是"在墙内",如:Thereisholeinthewall.墙上有个洞。4-WhendidMrGreenarriveinLondon?-Hearrivedthere___theeveningofDecember6th.AatBinConDto[答案]C.[析]intheevening/afternoon这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为on,如:onacoldmorning,onaspringmorning等。5Wewontherelayrace.Andtherewasabigsmile___ourteacher'sface.\nAoffBnearConDbetween[答案]C.6Thetwinsgotonwell___theirclassmates.AtoBinCwithDabout[答案]C.[析]getonwellwith与人相处很好。7-Pleaseremembertocometomybirthdayparty.-Isee.I'llcome___Saturdayevening.AinBatConDfor[答案]C.8 Let'shurry,orwe'llbelate___schoolA toB atC withD for[答案]D.[析]belatefor,而comelateto,如:Don'tcomelatetoschool9 Theywillhaveamathstest___twodaysA forB atC inD after[答案]C.[析]三天之内应用in,而不要受中文影响用after,afterthreedays是个不定的时间范围,即没有一个准确的时间。5天、6天、10天全是afterthreedays。10 Mybrotherjoinedthearmy___A 1989,MarchB inMarch,1989C March,1989D 1989,inMarch[答案]B.[析]在月份、年、前用介词in,而日子前用on。11 Hecouldn'tworkoutthemathsproblem___yourhelpA withoutB underC forD with[答案]A.[析]在某人帮助下应用with,如:WiththehelpoftheteacherIpassedtheexameasily 而要是没有你的帮助则用withoutyourhelp12 Grannytookonelookatus___herglassesA byB throughC onD in[答案]B.[析]through为穿过……。13 Wehadourbreakfast___aquarter___sevenA /,toB in,toC at,toD on,to[答案]C.\n[析]具体时间点前用at,而差几分几点用to,这里应译为:我在差一刻七点吃的早饭。14 IlearnFrench___theradioeverydayA onB inC fromD at[答案]A.[析]从收音机中听到某事应用词组ontheradio。15 It'sgoodmannerstowait___lineA inB onC atD with[答案]A.[析]inline为排队。16 HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnt___lastterm?A bytheendofB attheendofC totheendofD tilltheendof[答案]A.[析]bytheendof为动作的截止时间,与完成时态相配合17 Themanagerwasverysatisfied___hisworkA inB onC aboutD with[答案]D.[析]besatisfiedwith为固定搭配。18 JohnhitJack___faceA ontheB intheC onhisD inhis[答案]B.[析]英文中的某些动词其后要接人,然后加介词+the+身体部位,如:Hecaughttheboybythearm。19 Iwasborn___thenight___September15,1978A in,onB at,onC at,inD on,of[答案]D.[析]在时间前加介词时应以最小的时间单位为准。20 It'sabadmannertolaugh___peoplewhentheyare___troubleA over,inB at,inC in,atD at,for[答案]B.[析]laughat嘲笑某人,laughover笑着谈论某人或某事,introuble陷入困境。21 Ican'tdothisworkwell___Tom'shelpA underB forC withoutD from[答案]C.22 Don'tshout___theoldwoman。 Youshouldbemorepolite___her\nA to,atB at,toC in,forD from,for[答案]B.[析]shoutat为"冲某人喊叫",而bepolitetosomebody为"对某人和气。"23 Wemustbestrict___ourselves___everythingA with,inB in,withC with,toD to,of[答案]A.[析]bestrictwith对某人严格要求。24 Hewenttothefootballmatch___lunchlastSundayA toB withoutC behindD between[答案]B.[析]withoutlunch未吃午饭。25 Thepeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded___1949A withB onC sinceD in[答案]D.[析]在年代前用in。因句子是过去时而不是完成时,所以不能用since。26 MrBlackgottoHangzhou___afewdaysA inB afterC onD at[答案]B.[析]这句话应译为:几天之后Mr Black到达了杭州。而不是在几天之内一定要做完某事,所以选B。27 -Hastheteachergivenyouanyadvice___yourEnglishstudy?-Yes,hehasA fromB withC onD in[答案]C.[析]给予某一方面问题的忠告其介词用on。28 Youmaydepend___him Heis___honestmanA on,aB in,anC on,anD at,the[答案]C.[析]dependon为"依靠某人或某事",而honest的首字母h不发音。29 ___myjoy,IcananswerthisquestionA WithB ToC ByD For[答案]B.[析]Toone'sjoy意为"使我高兴的是。"30 Theteacheraskedthestudentstolook___thewordinthedictionaryA forB atC upD after\n[答案]C.[析]lookfor寻找,lookat看,lookafter照顾,lookup查字典。31 Alittlemonkeyisplaying___atreeandtherearealotofbananas___itA on,onB in,onC on,inD in,in[答案]B.[析]树上长出的果实为onthetree 而其他外来之物要用inthetree,表达在树上。32Igotoschool___buseverymorning.A.inB.byC.onD.at[答案]B.[析]by后直接加交通工具,表示乘某种交通工具去某地。33Noonelikesaperson___badmanners.A.withoutB.onC.outofD.with[答案]D.[析]withbadmanners有不良习惯的人。34Thepolicemanwassurprised___thenews.A.intoB.forC.atD.outof[答案]C.[析]besurprisedat对某事吃惊。35Hehadtosellnewspapers___seven.A.atanageofB.attheagesofC.attheageofD.atageof[答案]C.[析]attheageof在几岁时。36Thelittlegirlcouldn'thelp___whenshesawalargedog.A.criedB.tocryC.cryingD.cries[答案]C.[析]couldn'thelp+动名词表示情不自禁地去做某事,或禁不住做某事。37Jackwasborn___March1st,1978.A.onB.inC.atD.of[答案]A.[析]日期,时间前的介词按其表达语中的最小单位计算。38Edisonwasveryinterested___sciencewhenhewasaboy.A.toB.onC.inD.about[答案]C.[析]beinterestedinsomething对某事感兴趣。39Theteacherwasverysatisfied___heranswer.A.inB.onC.forD.with[答案]D.40Thestoryhappened___Beijing.A.inB.withC.forD.on[答案]A.\n七、数词(一)知识概要数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种:基数词,用于计数,如:one,two…而序数词用于表示位置先后或次序,台:firstsecond…其构成法如下:阿拉伯数字基数词序数词简写序数词1onefirst1st2twosecond2nd3threethird3rd4fourfourth4th5fivefifth5th6sixsixth6th7sevenseventh7th8eighteighth8th9nineninth9th10tententh10th11eleveneleventh11th12twelvetwelfth12th13thirteenthirteenth13th14fourteenfourteenth14th15fifteenfifteenth15th16sixteensixteenth16th17seventeenseventeenth17th18eighteeneighteenth18yh19nineteennineteenth19th20twentytwentieth20th21twenty-onetwenty-first21st30thirtythirtieth30th40fortyfortieth40th50fiftyfiftieth50th60sixtysixtieth60th70seventyseventieth70th80eightyeightieth80th90ninetyninetieth90th100a(one)hundredhundredth100th104onehundredandfourhundredandfourth104th1000a(one)thounsandthounsandth1000th10000tenthounsandtenthounsandth10000th1000000onemillionmillionth1000000th基数词与序数词都有一定的构成方法,但都有特殊例外的几个字,所以除了要学会一般构成法之外,还要特别记熟一些例外。因它们在考试中出现的频率很高。\n1基数词构成结构21~99的两位数字,在10位和个位之间加连字符构成,如89-eighty-nine.101~999的三位数字,由hundred加and再加二位数或未位数字,如:101-onehundredandone,223-twohundredandtwenty-three.四位以上数字,应从个位起向前数三位加逗号,读作thousand,再数三位加第二个逗号,读作million,再数三位加逗号,读作billion,其读法如下:1001-onethousandandone5386-fivethousand,threehundredandeighty-six要注意的是hundred,thousand,million与billion的用法。①前面有别的基数词时,即若干个百、千、百万、十亿时,其本身都不要加s,如:threehundredstudents。②若表示成百,成千或数百,数千时,前面不能有基数词,但其本身要用复数形式,然后+of+名词复数。如:thousandsandthousandsof。(成千上万)2序数词的构成法序数词除first,second,third以外,其余一般在词尾加th构成,除一般略有差异的各别数词外,很容易掌握。其二位数或多位数只将后面的个位数字改为序数词,其前面各位数字均不改变,都用基数词。3其他数字表示法小数的小数点读作point,零读作o[u]或zero,小数点后面的数字按个位基数词依次读出。分数分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分数要在序数词上加s,但1/2用onehalf,14用aquarter.13读作onethird而23读作twothirds。百分数(%),读作percent(percent),但不论是多少均用作单数形式不能加s。表示日期有两种说法和四种写法,如:2月1号英语表达法为:thefirstofFebruary而美语为February(the)first,但其书写上可有四种写法① February1②February1st③1stFebruary④1/2。倍数的讲法有所不同。两倍用twice,而三倍以上用序数词加times,如:HehasthreetimesasmanybooksasIhave.(二)正误辨析[误]1107shouldbereadasathousandahundredasseven.[正]1107shouldbereadasonethousandonehundredandseven.[析]在读数字时,如:and前只有百或千时,用onehundred/onethousand还是ahundred/athousand全是可以的。但如果文有百又有千时,则只能用one不要用a。如果没有and时,如:1100也只能读作onethousandonehundred或elevenhundred.[误]Idroveabouthalfmile.[正]Idroveabouthalfamile.[析]半小时为halfanhour,半天为halfaday,半镑为halfapound,尽量避免用halfayear,halfamonth,要用sixmonths,twoweeks或fifteendays要注意的是HalfoftheworkisdoneHalfofthebooksaresold.当Half作名词时,其谓语动词要看of后面的名词而定。如名词是不可数名词则用单数谓语动词,如是复数名词时,则要用复数谓语动词。要注意的是一个半的表达法,如:Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.其名词要用复数,但谓语动词则要用单数。[误]60studentsareplayingontheground.[正]Sixtystudentsareplayingontheground.[析]在句首的数字要用文字而不要用阿拉伯数字,如数字过大则应放于句中,用阿拉伯数字。如:Thereare166studentsplayingontheground.\n[误]Hebecamefamousaroundfiftyyearsold.[正]Hebecamefamousinhisfifties.[析]inhisfifties50多岁时,而inthefiflies在50年代。[误]Thereareabouttwothousandsworkersinourfactory.[正]Thereareabouttwothousandworkersinourfactory[析]几千,几百的表达法是基数词加thousand或加hundred,而且均不要加s。这样的单位还有dozen(打),score(20年)等。[误]Inthemorningtherearehundredofoldpeoplewalkinginthepark.[正]Inthemorningtherearehundredsofoldpeoplewalkinginthepark.[析]当表达数百,数千时,要用hundredsof和thousandsof这一结构。[误]Theclassbeginsateighta.m.[正]Theclassbeginsat8a.m.[析]与符号或与缩写的字母连用时一定要用数字,如:43%,67,No.2…[误]Twofifthofthebooksaresoldout.[正]Twofifthsofthebooksaresoldout.[析]分数表示法,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,但分子大于1时,分母要在序数词后加s。[误]TomwasbornonJulyeighteen.[正]TomwasbornonJulyeighteenth.[析]月日的表达法有美语和英语两种。美语July18读作Julyeighteenth英语July18th读作Julytheeighteenth[误]I'llgotoschoolat7∶30a.m.inthemorning.[正]I'llgotoschoolat7∶30a.m/at7∶30inthemorning.[析]a.m即表达在早上之意,不要再用inthemorning.[误]Thefilmwillbeginatthreequarterspastone.[正]Thefilmwillbeginatonequartertotwo.[析]大于30分钟时不要使用past,而要用差多少不到几点的to来表达。[误]Threetimethreeisnine.[正]Threetimesthreeisnine.[析]times此处作为"乘"讲一定要加s。英语中乘除法表达式如下:算法种类例句加法一般Fiveandsixiseleven.正式Fiveplussixis(equals)eleven.减法一般Eighttakeawayfourleaves(is)four.FourfromEightleaves(is)four.正式Eightminusfourequals(is)four.乘法一般Threefoursaretwelve3×4=12正式Threetimesfourequals(is)twelve.一般Twointofouristwo.正式Fourdividedbytwoequalstwo.(三)例题解析1-Howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool,Mike?-Thereareover___studentsinourschool.\nA.twothousandsB.twothousandsofC.twothousandD.twothousandof[答案]C.[析]有基数词在前面时thousand,hundred等词不能加s,也不能加of结构,只有在thousandsof时才可以使用。2Johnliveson___floor.Hedoesn'tusealifttogoupanddown.A.nineB.theninthC.ninthD.aninth[答案]B.[析]序数词前加定冠词,nine与ninth的拼写上有一个e字母相差别。3WuDongwonthegirls'___raceintheschoolsportsmeetinglastweek.A.100metresB.100metresC.100metreD.100metre[答案]D.[析]数词、名词、形容词等词用连字符连接成的形容词中,名词都不要加s,如:Ihavetowriteatwothousandwordreport.而且由连字符组成的形容词只能放于名词前,不能放于名词后,作后置定语,或用在be动词后作表语。4Thereare___studentsinourschool.A.fourhundredtwentyB.fourhundredandtwentyC.fourhundredstwentyD.fourhundredsandtwenty[答案]B.5-Howmanydaysarethereinayear?-Thereare___.A.threehundredsandsixtyfiveB.threehundredssixtyfiveC.threehundredandsixtyfiveD.threehundredsixtyfive[答案]C.6Wehavelearnedabout___Englishwords.A.ninehundredsB.ninehundredC.ninehundredofD.ninehundredsof[答案]B.7Autumnis___seasonoftheyear.A.third\nB.thethreeC.thirdsD.thethird[答案]D.8Theyarelearning___now.A.LessonEightB.theeightlessonC.LessonEiththD.Eighthlesson[答案]A.[析]第几课,第几个门……,在英语中有两种说法,①LessonTwo,GateTwo但要注意每一单词的首字母要大写。②thesecondlesson,thesecondgate首字母不要大写,并要注意有些缩写的读法。如:p.8-第8页(pageeight)$8.50-8.5美元(fivedollarsandfifty)电话号码66164532-(six,six,one,six,fourfive,three,two)9Theboywassohungrythatheate___.A.threebowlsofricesB.threebowlofriceC.threebowlofricesD.threebowlsofrice[答案]D.[析]rice是不可数物质名词,而bowl是可数名词。10Thereare___monthsinayear.A.twelveB.twelfC.twelvethD.twelfth[答案]A.八、动词(一)知识概要动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多,但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。①时态:初中范围主要有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来时与过去将来时六种时态。②语态:主动语态与被动语态。③助动词和情态动词。④非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法。时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。1一般现在时:主要有以下三方面,①用来表示状态,特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如:Matterexistsinthreestates物质有三态。又如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun②表示习惯性和经常发生的动作,如:Ioftengotobedat9∶30③在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如:AssoonasIgetthereI'lltelephoneyou.\n2一般过去时:① 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如:Iwasilllastweek②过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如:Iusedtogetupatsix.3一般将来时:用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式①用will(shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生,或经常、将要发生的动作或状态,如:SchoolwillbeginonSepember1st②用begoingto+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如:I'mgoingtoswimthisafternoon③be+现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如:I'mcoming。这些动词只限于:go,come,leave,start,move,sail,arrive,reach,getto等动词。④在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。4现在进行时:用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如:Whatareyoudoingnow?要注意的是表示状态,情感的某些词没有现在进行时,这些动词有:like,have(有),love,know,understand,remember,forget,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,wishhope,expect…5过去将来时:用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如:Hetoldmehewouldcometomyparty6现在完成时与过去完成时:现在完成时的两个用处是:① 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在,如:I'vestudiedEnglishfortwoyears②用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如:Ihaven'thadmybreakfast.soI'mhungrynow现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如:Ihaven'tseenmyoldteacherforalongtime我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话,则将变为过去完成时,如:YesterdayIsawmyoldteacher.Ihadn'tseenhimforalongtime.因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbegun如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态,或延续性动词,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbeenonforfiveminutes语态:英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如:Ibrokethewindow而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如:Thewindowwasbrokenbyme被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如:TheNewbuildingwasbuiltlastweek关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词,在被动语态要还原,如:主动语态Isawhimcomein.被动语态Hewasseentocomein.助动词和情态动词:助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否定句,以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有:can,could,may,might,will,would,must(haveto),shall,should。最后要谈论的是非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为不定式,和动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围,这一项不是语法重点,但还是要花一定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如:Toseeistobelieve.(百闻不如一见)Hewanttoseeafilm还可以作补足语,如:Hewantsmetoleave.也可以作状语,如:IcomeheretolearnEnglish.动名词也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeswimmingverymuch.\n而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如:Thegirldrivingacarishersister.(定语)Didyounoticehishandshaking?(宾语补足语)Hearingthenoise,westoppedtalking.(状语)(二)正误辨析[误]Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.[正]Shelaydownandsoonfellasleep.[析]考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放,lie躺,lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下:lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物动词)lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物动词)lie(说谎)lied,lied,lying[误]Pleaseriseyourhand.[正]Pleaseraiseyourhand.[析]rise是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如:Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物动词。[误]Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdon'tlikeswimmingthisafternoon.[正]Ilikeswimmingverymuch,butIdon'tliketoswimthisafternoon.[析]like作为"喜欢"讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。但要注意的是like与would连用时则一定要接不定式,如:Wouldyouliketogowithme?再有一点要注意的是,like作为介词"像"讲时,只能用分词作其宾语。[误]Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?[正]Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?[析]hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么,而listento的侧重点为听的倾向,如:listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallinghelp?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同,look重于"看"的倾向,而see重于看见没看见。[误]Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?[正]Didyouseesomefilmrecently?[析]英语中see与watch各有不同的用处,see用于看电影、剧目,而watch用作看电视和看球赛。[误]Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.[正]Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.[析]hang有两个含义,①"挂",它的过去时与过去分词是hung,hung;②"绞刑",这时它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词则为hanged,hanged。[误]HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?[正]HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?[析]"借"在英文中有三个词,①借入,即borrow,如:MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?②借出,如:Icanlendmybiketoyou.③借多久要用keep,因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词,而keep是延续性动词。如HowlongcanIkeepit?[误]Wehavewonyourclass.[正]Wehavebeatenyourclass.[析]win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如:Wewonthegame.\n[误]Ileftmykey.[正]Iforgotmykey.[正]Ileftmykeyathome.[析]leave是"丢下",其后一定要接地点状语,而forget其后不要接地点状语。[误]Oh!It'srainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.[正]Oh!It'srainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.[析]bring为"带来"如:Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take为"带走",fetch为"去某处取什么回来",如:Pleasefetchsomecoffeeforus要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组,如:takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下takeoff脱下take…out拿出takeplace发生takeholdof拿住takepartin参加takeaseat坐下takeone'splace替代takealook看看takeone'sturn轮流takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy别着急takeone'stime慢慢来takeone'stemperature测量体温[误]Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.[正]Thepolicemanreachedforhisgun.[析]reach作"到达"讲时是及物动词,如:Ireachedthehotelat8∶30但作"伸手去拿",则要用reachforsomething。作为"到达"讲时还有arrive(in+大地方)(at+较小的地方)和getto.要注意的是与get有关的词组有:getback回来getin收割getinto进入getoff下车geton上车getout出去getup起床getto到达getreadyfor=bereadyforgetonwellwith与人相处融洽get加比较级为变得如何,例如:getcolderandcolder.[误]Thisdictionaryspentmefivedollars.[正]Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.[析]英文中的"花费"有4个spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend与pay所在句中的主语应为人,如:Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost与take的主语则是事物,如:Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.[误]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.[正]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.[正]Ialwayssleepwiththewindowsclosed.[析]要注意open是动词也是形容词,而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。[误]Pleasewaitaminute.I'mhavingonmyclothes.[正]Pleasewaitaminute.I'mputtingonmyclothes.[析]英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着打扮,还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如:Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear则多用进行时来表示状态,如:Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示动作的词中puton是常用的一词。dress用作动词当"穿衣"讲时其后宾语不应接衣物,而要接人,如:Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldn'tdressthemselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如:Heisdressedinwhite.[误]Mycomputercan'tbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?[正]Mycomputercan'tstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?\n[析]begin与start均可指"开始",而且常常可以互换,如:Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin而要用start,①当作机器开动、发动讲,如:Mycarcan'tstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.②作为"旅途开始"讲,如:Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.[误]I'mverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.[正]I'mverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.[析]find是不规则动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found,found,而found又是另外一词"建立",它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词是foundedfounded,如:ThePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.[误]Please.Let'sspeakinEnglish.[正]Please.Let'sspeakEnglish.[正]Please.Let'stalkinEnglish.[误]CanyouspeakitEnglish?[正]CanyousayitinEnglish?[析]英文中"说"有4个常用词say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk,如:Iwanttotalkwithyou.Wearetalkingaboutthenewfilm.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词,其他情况是不及物动词。say与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用双宾语,如:Tellusastory.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如:Tellthetruth.[误]CanyousayJapanesefromChinese?[正]CanyoutellJapanesefromChinese?[析]tell…from为固定词组,即分辨两者的不同。[误]Excuseme,didIsteponyourfoot?[正]Oh,sorry,didIsteponyourfoot?[析]excuseme用于未打扰对方前,以提醒对方注意的用语,而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。[误]Wouldyoucarefortoswimwithus?[正]Wouldyoucaretoswimwithus?[析]carefor后接不定式时,要省略for,或换用名词,如:Wouldyoucareforacupoftea.carefor作"照顾"讲时与lookafter相同。在初中阶段学习与for有关的词组有:askfor请求callfor接人,请人carefor关心goinfor从事answerfor负责lookfor寻找waitfor等待sendfor请人payfor付款searchfor寻找leavefor去某地preparefor准备thanksomebodyforsomething为某事向某人道谢。[误]Areyouunderstandingit?Yes,Igottoit.[正]Doyouunderstandit?Yes,Igotit.[析]understand这一词没有进行时态,如同感观动词love、hate…Igotit是美语,即Iunderstoodit。要记住get作为"到达"讲时是不及物动词,如:I'llgettotheschoolat8a.m.初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下:belongto属于cometo苏醒pointto(at)指着getto到达referto谈到stickto坚持leadto导致turnto翻到lookforwardto期望agreeto同意\n[误]Themeathasgonebadly.[正]Themeathasgonebad.[析]英语中go,get,become,turn作为转变时,其后接形容词,这时这些动词应被看作系动词。[误]Theteachersaidtheearthmovedaroundthesun.[正]Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.[析]如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时,则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实,所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。[误]I'llcometoseeyouassoonasI'llbeback.[正]I'llcometoseeyouassoonasIamback.[析]在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来,如:Ishouldtellhimwhenhecameback.[误]Iwanttoknowwhetheryoucometomypartytomorrowornot.[正]Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillcometomypartytomorrowornot.[析]在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时,依然要用一般现在时表示将来,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainstomorrowyou'llcomehereornot.[误]Whatdidyoudoateightlastnight?[正]Whatwereyoudoingateightlastnight?[析]在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时,如:IwaswashingclothesfromeighttillnoonlastSunday[误]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididn'tgowiththem,becauseIhaveseenitbefore.[正]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididn'tgowiththembecauseIhadseenitbefore.[析]现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点,它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时;如动作截止到过去,用过去完成时。例如:I'velearntEnglishforthreeyears.(到现在为止)又如:BeforeIwenttocollege,IhadlearntEnglishforthreeyears.(动作截止到上大学那时,即截止于过去)[误]I'mfeelingwellnow.[正]Ifeelwellnow.[析]瞬间动词有些无进行时态,它们是:表示思维状态的词:believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want表示感情的动词:care,like,dolike,love,mind,hate,fear表示状态的词:belong,own感观动词:feel,hear,see,smell,taste[误]Whenhaveyoudonethiswork?[正]Whendidyoudothiswork?[析]when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。[误]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasgonetomanyforeigncountries.[正]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasbeentomanyforeigncountries.[析]havegoneto是到某地去了,此人现在不在这里。havebeento\n是到过某地,现在此人在说话现场。[误]Ihaveborrowedthisbookfortwoweeks.[正]Ihavekeptthisbookfortwoweeks.[析]截止性动词有完成时态,但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如:WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbegun.但要讲WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbeonforfiveminutes这样的用法还有buy,join,die,如:Iboughtthisbookyesterday.我昨天买的这本书。Ihavehadthisbookfortwodays.这本书我已买了两天了。Ijoinedtheclubtwoyearsago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。Ihavebeeninthisclubfortwoyears.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。Myfatherdiedfiveyearsago.我父亲是5年前去世的。Myfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears.我父亲已去世5年了。[误]Haveyouunderstoodthelessons?[正]Doyouunderstandthelessons?[析]有些动词不易用完成时态,它们是understand,think,believe,know(知道)[误]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarhadbrokenoutin1939.[误]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarwasbrokenoutin1939.[析]在讲述过去的历史事件时,总要用过去时而不要用完成时,而且happen,breakout,takeplace作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。[误]WhenIwalkedalongthestreet.Ihappenedtomeetanoldfriend.[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetIhappenedtomeetanoldfriend.[析]在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中,某一突然事件发生,这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时),而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时),如:Whenmyfatherisreadinganewspaperthetelephonerings.[误]Pleasebuyabookforme.[正]Pleasebuymeabook.[正]Pleasebuyabooktome.[析]在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语,如:Buymeabook中me是间接宾语,而abook是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置,其后应加to,如:Tellmeastory.Tellastorytome.Givemeabook.Giveabooktome.[误]Hewasseencomeintothebookstore.[正]Hewasseentocomeintothebookstore.[析]在主动语态中,有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语,如:Isawhimcomeintothebookstore.但如果变为被动语态时,则要将省略的to还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语,如:Isawhimcomingintothebookstore,如变为被动语态时,则没有变化。如:Hewasseencomingintothebookstore.[误]Hownicethebookis!Isitsoldwell?[正]Hownicethebookis!Doesitsellwell?[析]有些动词可以表示一种动作,但也可以用来表示某种性质,表示动作时可用被动语态,在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如:Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。Thiscardriveseasily.这车容易驾驶。\nTheseclotheswasheasily.这些衣服好洗。在作上述表达时,不要用被动语态。而要讲:Thiskindofbookwassoldout.(这种书卖完了)Theseclotheswerewashedbythewashingmachine.这时要用被动语态,因为它描述的是具体动作。[误]MustIdoitnow?No.youmustn't.[正]MustIdoitnow?No,youneedn't.[析]need用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词,其后接不带to的不定式。由must提问的问句作答语时,如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用needn't,即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词,如:Ineedtowaitformyboy.[误]Isthisbookyours?Yes,It's.[正]Isthisbookyours?Yes,Itis.[析]在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式,而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式,如:No.Itisn't.[误]I'llhavemybikerepairtomorrow.[正]I'llhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.[析]have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为:让某人作某事,如:Myfatherhadmetolearnhowtodrive,或Myfatherhadmedoingmyhomeworkfrommorningtillmighthave+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如:Ihavemyhaircut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事,则用Iwanttorepairmybikemyself.[误]I'llgetmybrotherrepairthebikeforyou.[正]I'llgetmybrothertorepairthebikeforyou.[析]have与get的用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。相同之处,如:havesomethingdone,也可用getsomethingdone,或have(get)somebodydoingsomething但不同之处在于havesomebodydosomething在用get时则要用getsomebodytodosomething。[误]IhavetostudyonSaturdaybutIhaven'ttostudyafullday[正]IhavetostudyonSaturday,butIdon'thavetostudyafullday.[析]haveto不得不,而don'thaveto为其否定式。[误]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hemustn'tbeintheclassroom,becauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.[正]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hecan'tbeintheclassroombecauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.[析]must加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测,而表示否定的推测则要用can't。[误]Mygrandpaisovereightybutheisabletoreadwithoutglasses.[正]Mygrandpaisovereighty,buthecanreadwithoutglasses.[析]can(could)多用于表达客观的事实,主观能力,而beableto则多用于表达主观的意愿。[误]Shedoesn'tanswerthedoorbell.Sheshouldbeasleep.\n[正]Shedoesn'tanswerthedoorbell.Shemustbeasleep[析]should用于现在时态的句子中应译为"应该",如:Youshoulddoyourhomeworkrightaway.而must加动词原形表示一种推测。[误]Doyouliketogowithus?[正]Wouldyouliketogowithus?[析]Doyoulike…问的是习惯,如:Doyoulikeswimming?而wouldyoulike是一次性的邀请。[误]Iamusedtogetupearlyinthemorning.[正]Iamusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.[析]usedto共有三种用法,①表示过去的习惯,如:Iusedtolivewithmyparents.②表示过去的习惯延续到现在,如:Iamusedtoswimmingintheriver.③用于被动语态,如: Oilisusedtocook[误]Toplaywiththechildrenareveryinteresting.[正]Toplaywiththechildrenisveryinteresting.[析]不定式作主语时,应视为单数主语,特别是两个不定式用and作连词作主语时,如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如:Togetupearlyandtogotosleepearlyisgoodforyourhealth.[误]Heaskedmedomyhomeworkalone.[正]Heaskedmetodomyhomeworkalone.[析]某些动词要求不定式作其宾语或宾语补足语,它们是:asksomebodytodosomething要求某人做某事。tellsomebodytodosomething告诉某人做某事还有prepare准备,decide决定,happento碰巧,seem似乎。[误]hetoldmetodriveacar.[正]Hetoldmehowtodriveacar.[析]要学会疑问词加不定式的用法,特别要注意的是what是疑问代词,而how是疑问副词。如:Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(我想知道干什么)。Iwanttoknowhowtodoit.(我想知道如何去作)。要注意的是howtodoit中的it是不可少的,因how是疑问副词,不能作及物动词的宾语,而what是疑问代词,可做do的宾语,所以whattodo后不要加it。[误]Iamverygladmeetingyou.[正]Iamverygladtomeetyou.[析]许多形容词后加不定式,这样用时形容词多是用来描述人物的感情、态度,如:glad,happy,pleased,lucky,sorry,sad,upset,ready,careful,surprised。[误]I'mtoogladforseeingyou.[正]I'mtoogladtoseeyou.[析]这句话不能按照too…to的句型翻译为:我太高兴了以至于不想见你。而应译为:见到你太高兴了。又如:Sheistoohonesttotellthetruth应译为:她很诚实,不会不讲实话。[误]Tomistooyoungnottojointhearmy.[正]Tomistooyoungtojointhearmy.[析]这是too…to的正常用法,太如何如何以至于不能如何。[误]Iwenttothehospitalforseeingmyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.[正]Iwenttothehospitaltoseemyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.[析]在句中表示某动作的目的时,要用不定式而不能用for加动名词。\n[误]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtosit.[正]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtositon.[析]当不定式作后置定语时,将不定式放于名词之后。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则其后面的介词不要省略。如:Isatonthechair.这样的用法还有:Iwanttofindaroomtolivein.Iwanttofindapentowritewith.[误]Whenmotherwasaboutleavingthebabycriedsuddenly.[正]Whenmotherwasabouttoleavethebabycriedsuddenly.[析]beaboutto是表达较近的即将发生的动作,可用来表示将来时,或按计划、安排的事。[误]Thisworkisdifficulttobedone.[正]Thisworkisdifficulttodo.[析]在不定式作宾语时,下列情况常用主动语态表示被动。①句子的主语即是不定式动作的执行者,如:Ihavealotofletterstowrite.②句中的宾语是不定式中动作的执行者,如:Couldyoufindmeajobtodo?③在形容词之后的不定式,如:Englishisdifficulttolearn.[误]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus?Yes,I'dlove.[正]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus?Yes,I'dloveto.[析]在口语简答语中要将不定式符号保留,如:Ihadto(不得不作)I'mgoingto(打算作)Iusedto(过去习惯作)I'dloveto(喜欢作)Ihopeto(希望作某事)I'llbegladto(高兴作)[误]Didyouseesomeonetodothisworkforme?[正]Didyouseesomeonedothisworkforme?[析]在感观动词之后常接不带to的不定式。这些词是see,lookat,watch,hear,listento,feel,notice。[误]Hewasseenpreparethiscar.[正]Hewasseentopreparethiscar.[析]在被动语态中要将主动语态句中省去的不定式还原回来。[误]PleaseLetmychildtotryitagain.[正]PleaseLetmychildtryitagain.[析]在make,have,let后加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。[误]Whynottodoitagain?[正]Whynotdoitagain?[析]Whynot,you'dbetter后接不带to的不定式,如:You'dbettergo.但要注意的是它的否定式是You'dbetternotgo.[误]Whenheheardthenewshecouldn'thelptocry.[正]Whenheheardthenewshecouldn'thelpcrying.[析]can'thelp+现在分词表示情不自禁作某事。[误]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallingleaves.[正]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallenleaves.[析]现在分词作定语有正在的含义,如:fallingleave正下落的叶子。而过去分词作定语fallenleaves是落地的叶子。过去分词含有已经完成的意思。[误]Doyouhearsomeonesingintheoffice?[正]Doyouhearsomeonesingingintheoffice?[析]\n感观动词可用不带to的不定式来作宾语补足语,表达一个动作的全过程或已结束的动作,而用现在分词表示一个正在进行中的动作。[误]Iwanttoshopsomefoodforsupper.[正]Iwanttobuysomefoodforsupper.[正]Iwanttogoshopping.[析]shop作买东西讲时,要用goshopping,其后不要加所购买的东西。这样的用法还有:goboating划船gosailing航海goskating滑冰goshooting射击godancing去跳舞gofishing钓鱼goswimming去游泳……不要用错,也不要改为其他式,因为这是习惯用法。[误]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtotalk.[正]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom.thestudentsstoppedtalking.[析]stoptodosomething是停下来去做某事,而stopdoingsomething则是停止做某事。[误]Ididn'trememberclosingthedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.[正]Ididn'tremembertoclosethedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.[析]remember后接不定式是记着去做某事,即该动作并没有完成。而remember后接动名词则表明该动作已经作完了。如:Doremembertoturnoffthelight,beforeyouleave.即在你离开前记着去关灯。而关灯的动作并没有做。Iremembermeetingyousomewhere.我记得在某处见过你。而相见一事已经作完了。相同用法还有forget。[误]WhenIfinishedtodothisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.[正]WhenIfinisheddoingthisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.[析]在英语中有些动词后要接动名词作宾语。在初中范围主要有两个动词finish和enjoy,千万不要与like相比。因为like作动词"喜欢"用时,其后接动名词表示习惯性动作,接不定式表示一次性特殊的动作,而wouldyoulike后面则一定要用不定式。[误]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentonplayingthefootball.[正]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentontoplayfootball.[析]goontodosomething是做完一件事紧跟着做另一件事。而goondoingsomething是在做一件事的过程中被打断后接着再继续做这件事。[误]He'sbusytopreparehislessons.[正]He'sbusypreparinghislessons.[析]bebusy后加doing而不能接不定式。(三)例题解析1MrZhangaskedme___thewordsagain.A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading[答案]C.[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。2You___playontheroad.It'sdangerous.A.mustn'tB.may\nC.canD.must[答案]A.[析]must用于否定句表示禁止做某事。3MrBrown___inBeijingsince1993.A.workB.worksC.workedD.hasworked[答案]D.[析]句中有since引导的时间状语,因此句中要用完成时态。4I___aletterwhenmymothercamein.A.writeB.amwritingC.waswritingD.willwrite[答案]C.[析]当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作,而写信是一个长动作,所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态,表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。5It'snotanimportantparty,youneedn't___.A.payforitB.wearitoutC.tryitoutD.dressupforit[答案]D.[析]payfor-为某物,某人付款,wearout-穿坏,磨破,tryout-选拔,挑选,而dressup-梳妆打扮。6CanI___abikefromhim?A.lendB.returnC.giveD.borrow[答案]D.[析]borrowsomethingfrom…为向某人某处借某物。而lend,return,give后面的介词应用to。7-MustIstayathome?-No,you___.A.mustn'tB.needn'tC.maynotD.cannot[答案]B.[析]needn't为"没有必要必须做某事",而mustn't为"禁止做",cannot为"不能做"。根据题意是:你不一定待在家里。8-Howlonghaveyou___here?\n-Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived[答案]A.[析]havebeenhere是个状态,可以与后面的长时间状语连接,而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。9Stamps___bypeopleforsendingletters.A.useB.usingC.usedD.areused[答案]D.[析]这里是被动语态,意为邮票被人们用来发信。10TheradiosaysTianjinwillbe___tomorrow.A.rainsB.rainC.rainedD.rainy[答案]D.[析]rainy为形容词作表语。11Ifyoudon'tknowthisword,___inthedictionary.A.lookforitB.lookatitC.lookafteritD.lookitup[答案]D.[析]lookup查字典,与look有关的词组有:lookabout四周环视lookafter照顾lookaround周围,四处看lookat看lookback回顾lookfor寻找lookforwardto期待lookout当心looklike看上去像12Myfathertoldme___playonthestreet.A.notB.tonotC.nottoD.didnot[答案]C.\n[析]不定式的否定式是nottodosomething.13Thereisgoingto___anEnglishpartythisevening.A.beB.hasC.haveD.is[答案]A.[析]这里是therebe无生命的"有"加助动词的句型,即therewillbe,而没有therehave的句型。14There___nobusstopherelastyear.A.isB.wasC.areD.were[答案]B.[析]lastyear为去年,所以用过去时。而therebe句型的单复数要看be动词之后离之最近的名词是单数还是复数。如:Thereisapenandtwopencilsonthedesk.15Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeetingifit___tomorrow.A.isn'trainB.rainsC.won'trainD.doesn'train[答案]D.[析]在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。16Bikesmustn't___everywhere.A.beputB.beputtedC.putD.putting[答案]A.[析]这里是被动语态。与put有关的词组如下:putaway放好putoff推迟puton穿上putout扑灭putdown放下17NeitherLiLeinorHanMeimei___Harbin.A.havebeentoB.hasbeentoC.havegonetoD.hasgoneto[答案]B.[析]hasbeento是去过某处。18It'scoldtodayyou'dbetter___morecoats.A.putonB.takeoffC.toputon\nD.totakeoff[答案]A.[析]'dbetter其后加不带to的不定式,而puton为"穿上"。19Henry___abirthdaycardforSamyesterday.A.hasboughtB.buysC.boughtD.willbuy[答案]C.[析]因句中的yesterday为表达过去的时间状语,所以应用过去时态。20WhenIgottothefactory,theworkers___aboutthefilim.A.aretalkingB.talkedC.weretalkingD.havetalked[答案]C.[析]状语从句中所用的动词为过去时,则主句中也要与之呼应。而工人们在谈论电影为一长时间的动作,所以要用过去进行时。21Nohurry,please___yourtime.A.takeB.bringC.carryD.catch[答案]A.[析]takeone'stime慢慢来别着急。22Ienjoy___thelightmusic.A.tolistentoB.listeningtoC.hearingD.tohear[答案]B.[析]enjoy与finish其后只能接动名词作宾语补足语。23Please___assoonasyougetthere.A.ringmeupB.ringupmeC.wakemeupD.wakeupme[答案]A.[析]ringup打电话,而wakeup唤醒。英文中有很多动词词组如其宾语是代词时,一定要放在动词与介词之间。24WhenI___,Iwanttobeateacher.A.growsupB.growupC.shallgrow\nD.grewup[答案]B.[析]growup长大。而状语从句要用现在时表示将来,即使主句也用的是一般现在时,但它含有将来之意。25Icalledhimandhe___tohaveatalkwithme.A.stopB.stopsC.stopedD.stopped[答案]D.[析]这是由and连接的两个并列句,所以时态应保持一致。26-Wouldyouplease___meanevaser,Lucy?-Certainly.Hereyouare.A.borrowB.lendC.borrowedD.lent[答案]B.[析]wouldyouplease其后接不带to的不定式即动词原形,而borrow为"借入"而lend为"借出"。27Trees___inspring.A.plantB.wereplantedC.shouldbeplantedD.shouldplant[答案]C.[析]should用于一般现在时态中表示应该,而此句又是被动语态。28-Where'syourfather?-He___toParis.A.goB.goesC.wentD.hasgone[答案]D.[析]hasgone是已去某处了,不在这里了。所以强调过去的动作影响到现在。29-MustIfinishmyhomeworkinclassnow?-No,you___.Youcandoitathome.A.mustn'tB.maynotC.needn'tD.can[答案]C.[析]\nneedn't表示没有必要一定要这样做。由must提问,肯定句用must,否定句用needn't.30Thankyouverymuchfor___yourbook___me.A.lending,toB.lent,toC.borrow,fromD.borrowing,from[答案]A.[析]for是介词,要用动名词作介词宾语。31TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom___theearthaway.A.blowingB.blowC.blowsD.toblow[答案]A.[析]stop…fromdoingsomething.阻止某人或某物作某事。32ThestudentswillgototheWestHillFarmbybike,ifit___finetomorrow.A.willbeB.isC.shallbeD.was[答案]B.33Ourteacheralwaystellsus___inthestreet.It'stoodangerous.A.don'tplayB.nottoplayC.toplayD.notplay[答案]B.[析]不定式的否定式为nottodo。34Englishisausefullanguage.It___widelyintheworld.A.isspokenB.wasspokenC.canspeakD.willspeak[答案]A.[析]本句为被动语态。35Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.It___abird.A.looksatB.lookslikeC.looksforD.looksafter[答案]B.[析]looklike像……,其中like为介词。36-Look!What'sWangPingdoingoverthere?\n-She___underabigtree.A.singsB.sangC.hassungD.issinging[答案]D.37You___seeadoctor.You'vegotabadcold.A.willB.aregoingtoC.hadbetterD.could[答案]C.[析]hadbetter最好,意为一种真心的劝告。38Yourradioistooloud.Wouldyouplease___?A.turndownitB.turnitdownC.toturndownitD.toturnitdown[答案]B.[析]wouldyouplease后面加动词原形。39Couldyoutellmeifit___tomorrow?A.rainsB.israiningC.willrainD.rain[答案]C.[析]if从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。所以还是要用将来时,而不能用一般现在时表示将来。40Suddenlyoneofthebags___thetruckandlandedinthemiddleoftheroad.A.felloutB.felldownC.felloffD.willbe[答案]C.[析]falloff掉落,与off有关的词组有seeoff送行giveoff散发shutoff关闭kickoff踢掉turnoff关闭getoff下车jumpoff跳下showof炫耀takeoff脱下payoff付清41He___atthisschoolsincetwoyearsago.A.wasB.hasbeenC.isD.willbe[答案]B.\n[析]since引导的时间状语应与完成时相呼应。42Shedoesn'tknow___.A.whentodoB.whattodoC.howtodoD.wheretodo[答案]B.[析]when,how,where均为疑问副词,而what为疑问代词,又因do是及物动词需要宾语。如用疑问副词时应为whentodoit,howtodoit,wheretodoit.43Mustolderpeople___topolitely.A.speakB.spokenC.bespokeD.bespoken[答案]D.[析]这句话的主动语态应为Peoplemustspeakpolitelytoolderpeople对年龄较大的人讲话应有礼貌。44Teachersusuallyasktheirstudents___loudlyinclass.A.tospeakB.speakC.speaksD.spoke[答案]A.[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。45-WhereisMrZhang?-Look!He___onabigmachineoverthere.A.worksB.workedC.isworkingD.hasworked[答案]C.[析]由look,liston等词开始的句子一般要用现在进行时态。46There'safootballmatch.Please___theTVatonce.Let'swatchtogether.A.turnonB.takeoffC.turnoffD.goon[答案]A.[析]turnon打开。与turn有关的词组有:turnagainst背叛turnon打开turn+颜色变为某种颜色turnoff关闭turnover翻转turnto翻到某页turninto变为turnup向上翻47Pleasetellmewhere___haveourpicnictomorrow.A.wewillB.willwe\nC.willD.willyou[答案]A.[析]where引导的从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。48We___Englishforthreeyearsalready.AndwecanspeakalittleEnglishnow.A.learnB.havelearnedC.haslearnedD.willlearn[答案]B.[析]for+表示一段长度的时间词,应与完成时相呼应。49Atlast,LinFengmadethebaby___andbegintolaugh.A.stoptocryB.stopcryingC.tostoptocryD.tostopcrying[答案]B.[析]makesomebodydo(ordoing)something,stopdoing意为停止做某事。50Ourclassroommust___cleaneveryday.A.keepB.tokeepC.bekeptD.tobekept[答案]C.[析]应为被动语态。51Ihearthere___asportsmeetinginourschoolnextweek.A.isgoingtohaveB.willhaveC.isgoingtobeD.aregoingtobe[答案]C.[析]这是hear的宾语从句是therebe句型。而且是用了begoingto形式。52It'sgettingcolder,Peter.You'dbetter___thiscoatwithyou.A.bringB.carryC.takeD.get[答案]C.[析]bring带来,take带走。53Ourclassroomiscleanandtidy.It___everyday.A.cleansB.iscleaningC.cleaned\nD.iscleaned[答案]D.[析]这里表达的是经常的一种状态,所以应用一般现在时的被动语态。54Ifyouarenotcarefulinthestreet,acarmay___you.A.hurtB.hitC.runD.catch[答案]B.[析]hit撞上,碰上,击中55Thefarmerswerebusy___readyforthenextyear.A.gotB.gettingC.togetD.get[答案]B.[析]bebusy后应用动词的ing形式。