高中英语语法定语从句ppt课件 51页

定语从句\n定语从句考点1.关系代词that–which;whose;which–as的用法比较；2.关系代词和关系副词的用法比较；3.介词加关系代词引导的定语从句；4.定语从句与并列句的区别。\n定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：1)Doyouknowthemanwho/thatisstandingoverthere?2)Thegirlthat/who/whomweweretalkingaboutisJoan.3)Didyouseethepenthat/whichIlostyesterday?4)Hetoldmethedatewhen/onwhichhejoinedtheLeague.5)Theplacewhere/inwhichhelivesisfarawayfromhere.\n先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，例1)中的man就是先行词。1)Doyouknowthemanwho/thatisstandingoverthere?2)Thegirlthat/who/whomweweretalkingaboutisJoan.3)Didyouseethepenthat/whichIlostyesterday?\n关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。分为关系代词关系副词1.引导定语从句。2.代替先行词。3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系词的3个作用：\n关系代词和关系副词放在先行词与定语从句中间起联系的作用，同时作定语从句的一个成分。关系词关系副词关系代词that,which,who,whom,whosewhen,where,why引导定语从句的词\n分析关系词在定语从句中的作用Doyouknowthemanwho/thatisstandingoverthere?2)Thegirl(that/who/whom)weweretalkingaboutisJoan.3)Didyouseethepen(that/which)Ilostyesterday?4)Hetoldmethedatewhen/onwhichhejoinedtheLeague.5)Theplacewhere/inwhichhelivesisfarawayfromhere.指人作主语注意谓语动词指人作宾语可省略指物作宾语可省略指时间作状语指地点作状语\n6)Canyoutellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyouarelate?7)Whoisthepersonwhosehandwritingisthebestofyou?8)Thebookthat/whichisabouttheUSAhasbeenlost.指原因作状语指人作定语指物作主语注意谓语动词\n主语宾语定语that/whothat/who(m)whosethat/which关系代词的用法小结whose指人的关系代词指物的关系代词可省略主语宾语定语that/which可省略主谓一致主谓一致\n关系副词的用法小结whenwherewhy表示地点，在从句中作地点状语表示原因，在从句中作原因状语表示时间，在从句中作时间状语\n介词加关系代词引导定语从句的用法关系代词which和whom除了在定语从句中作及物动词的宾语外，还可以作介词的宾语。在作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在整个定语从句的前面（此时关系代词不能省略),为了使关系代词紧跟先行词也可以把介词放在相关动词的后面，这种从句叫做带介词的定语从句。如:1)ThatistheroominwhichIlive.(or:Thatistheroomwhich/thatIlivein.)2)Imetthemantowhomyoutalkedyesterday.(or:Imetthemanwhom/that/whoyoutalkedtoyesterday.)\n注意：当先行词是表示地点或时间的名词时，关系词的选用要根据其在从句中的作用而决定，如果关系词在从句中作状语，则需选用关系副词；如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语，则应选用关系代词。如：\nThisistheschoolthat/whichIvisitedlastyear.宾语2)Wedidn’tacceptthereasonthat/whichhegave.宾语3)Ishallneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespentinthecountryside.宾语4)Hetoldmethedatethat/whichwasthemostimportanttohiminhislife.主语\n注1：当介词放在相关动词后面时，which可用that来替换；whom可用that或who来替换。此时关系代词可以省略。如：1)Thatistheroom(that)Ilivein.2)Imettheman(that)youtalkedtoyesterday.\n注2：如果关系代词作含有介词的动词短语的宾语，此时动词短语不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如：Wrong:ThisisthepenforwhichIamlooking.Right:ThisisthepenwhichIamlookingfor.\n注3：当先行词是way（方式、方法）时，根据英语的习惯常用that来代替inwhich来引导定语从句，而且也常常省略；另外当先行词是time（次，其前面用序数词修饰）时，根据英语的习惯常用that来代替forwhich来引导定语从句。如：1)Theway(that)wediditwasverysimple.2)Thisisthefirsttime(that)weshallseeanEnglishfilm.\n关系代词指物时，多数情况下既可以用that又可以用which。如：1)Thisisthebookthat(which)Iboughtyesterday.2)Don’treadinlightthat(which)istoobright.\n在下列情况下，一般习惯用that而不用which。先行词为all,little,nothing,anything,something,everything,much,afew等不定代词时。当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,afew等不定代词修饰时。当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。当先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。当定语从句修饰用两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词的时候。当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，一般用that来引导定语从句。\n在下列情况下，一般习惯用that而不用which。当一个句子有两个定语从句，其中一个已用which，另一个则用that。如：Weboughtapresentwhichtheymadethemselvesthathadneverbeenseenbefore.在herebe或therebe结构开头的句子中，多用that。如：Here’sthebookthatyouwant.\n注意，先行词是人时一般不受上述情况的限制。但是：a.当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，最好不用who来引导定语从句，而用that(宾格可以用whom)来引导。b.当先行词是those时宜用who。c.当先行词和定语从句相隔离时宜用who。如：ImetaforeignerinthestreetyesterdaywhocouldaskedmequestionsinChinese.d.当一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个用that，另一个宜用who。如：Themanthatyoumetinthestreetyesterdayistheonewhostoleyourwallet.\n只能用which的情况：1.介词提到关系代词前Thecityinwhichshelivesisfaraway.Thecitywhich/thatshelivesinisfaraway.2.引导非限制性定语从句IamreadingHarryPorter,whichisaninterestingbook.3.整个句子是先行词，从句前面往往有逗号。Hefailedintheexam,whichmadehisparentsangry.\nas引导的限制性定语从句as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as常用于thesame...as,such...as,as...as和so...as结构中。as引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。如：1）Ihaveneverseensuchalazymanasyou(are).我从来没有见过像你这样懒的人。（作表语）\n2)Letchildrenreadsuchbooksaswillmakethembetterandwiser.让孩子们读使他们变得更好、更聪明的书。（作主语）3)Takeasmanyasyouwant.你想要多少就拿多少。（作宾语）4)Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.这儿有一块没人能搬动的大石头。（作宾语）\n注：thesame...后既可以用that也可以用as来引导定语从句，that“同一的”指同一事物；而后者引导定语从句时，as“相似”指同类事物。如：1)ThisisthesamepenthatIlostyesterday.(Thissentencemeans:Thispenismine.Ilostityesterday.)2)ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.(Thissentencemeans:ThispenisverymuchliketheonethatIlostyesterday.Infact,itisn’tmine.)\n非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句和主句关系不是很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句，写时往往用逗号分开。译法上译成先行词的定语“……的”，通常译成主句的并列句。\n1）Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.我是我们办公室惟一被邀请的人。（如果把从句部分去掉，整个句子的含义就变了）2）Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.足球是一项非常有趣的运动，全世界都踢足球。（如果把从句部分去掉，句子意思仍然清楚）\n2.非限制性定语从句中的一些问题：指物时，用which而不用that；指人时主格用who，宾格用whom，物主格用whose（也可指物）；另外关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点）也可以引导非限制性定语从句;关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句；介词加关系代词常常可以引导非限制性定语从句。\nas和which的区别1.as和which都可以表示主句在意义上的连贯，在从句中作主语，或用作及物动词的宾语，如：Hemarriedher，which／aswasnatural．Iwasveryusefultohim，which／asherealized．\n2.as指前面提到过的事实或情况，可以放在句首、句末，也可以插入主句中，而which指前面提到的事实或情况，一般放在主句之后（有时也可用as），如：Asourteacherpointsout，thatbookisofbenefittoeveryone．Heatisaformofenergy，asisknowntoallofus．Thismachine，asmightbeexpected，hasstoppedoperating．\n3.as含有正如、按照、正像之意，一般用在肯定句中，而which则可以用于含否定意义的句子中，如：Hefailedintheexamagain，aswasexpected．Hefailedintheexamagain，whichwasunexpected．\n4.当关系代词代表主句引起的结果，又作主谓宾补（svoc）结构中的主语时，多用which，如：Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim．Hedidn’tpasstheexam,whichmadehismotherangry．\n5.下列固定结构，一般不能用which，如：ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述asoftenhappens正像经常发生的那样asiswellknown众所周知aswillbeshowninFig3将如图3所示asweknow正如我们知道的那样asmaybeimagined这可以想像得出来asweallcansee正如我们大家看到的那样asfollows如下\n定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。例如：1. Herearesuchsentencesasareoftenusedbythestudents.(as指代sentences,谓语动词用are)。2. I,whoamaPartymember,shouldworkhardforourcountry.(who指代I,谓语用am)。3. Hewasoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedforit.(who指代thestudents)他是被表扬的学生之一。4. Hewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedforit.(who指代theonlyone)他是惟一被表扬的学生。\n定语从句的缩略1.缩略为分词短语有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词who,which,例如：1)Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.2)Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident.3)Theproblem(whichis)botheringeverybodyisthelackofmoney.\n4)Thebook(thathasbeen)giventohimisanEnglishnovel.有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为现在分词，这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。例如：5)Themanwhoownsthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.→Themanowningthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.\n6)Bill,whohadtakenchemistryinthehighschool,offeredtohelphim.→Bill,havingtakenchemistryinthehighschool,offeredtohelphim.7)Now,however,thefurniturewhichtheyarecarryingdowntothetruckfeelsveryheavy.→Now,however,thefurniturebeingcarrieddowntothetruckfeelsveryheavy.\n2.缩略为形容词短语若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语由形容词短语充当，可直接略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词，从而使定语从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。例如：1)Themen(whowere)responsiblefortheadministrationoftheschoolrefusedtoconsiderthematter.\n2)WesaidgoodbyetoMrs.Long,(whowas)stillbusyatherchores.3)Thepuppy,(whichwas)tooexcitedtobecalmed,barkedfuriously.\n3．缩略为名词短语由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。例如：1）Thecompanycommander,(whowas)CaptainMadison,assembledhismenandannouncedtheirmission.连队指挥官，墨迪逊上尉，把战士们集合起来宣布他们的战斗任务。2）YoushouldhaveatalkwithMr.Worth,(whois)theadvisertostudents.你应该和沃斯先生——学生顾问谈一谈。3)WefinallyreachedRio,(whichwas)theendofourjourney.\n4．缩略为介词短语若定语从句为主系表句型，且表语为介词短语，可略去主语关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。例如:Hespoketothegirl(whowas)fromNewYork.此外，若定语从句中含“有”动词（has,have,had），用介词with/without替代定语从句中主语关系代词和“有”动词，使定语从句缩略为介词with/without短语作后置定语。with适用于肯定的定语从句；without适用于否定的定语从句。例如：\n1)Thecompanywantsmenwhohaveexperience.→Thecompanywantsmenwithexperience.2）Myfatherwentuptothewomanwhohadabookunderherarm.→Myfatherwentuptothewomanwithabookunderherarm.\n5.缩略为动词不定式短语某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语。\n定语从句常见错误分析1.定语从句中代词或状语与关系词重复。1)误：ThewatchwhichmysistergaveittomeasapresentwasmadeinSwiss.正：ThewatchwhichmysistergavetomeasapresentwasmadeinSwiss.2)误：That’sthehotelwherewespentthreedaysthere.正：That’sthehotelwherewespentthreedays.\n2.先行词与定语从句中动词的主谓不一致。1)误：Thosewhobreakstheruleshouldbepunished.正：Thosewhobreaktheruleshouldbepunished.2)误：Sheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoareabletoplaytheguitar.正：Sheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisabletoplaytheguitar.\n3.介词误用。1)误：ThisistheveryrulerforwhichI’mlooking.正：ThisistheveryrulerwhichI’mlookingfor.2)误：ThestoriesabouttheLongMarch,forwhichthisisanexample,arewellwritten.正：ThestoriesabouttheLongMarch,ofwhichthisisanexample,arewellwritten.\n4.关系词省略错误1）误：Anyonebreaksthelawmustbepunished.正：Anyonewhobreaksthelawmustbepunished.2）误：Isthisthefactoryyouworkedfiveyearsago?正：Isthisthefactorywhere/atwhichyouworkedfiveyearsago?\n定语从句与强调句型的区别:1)误:Itwasyesterdaywhenhecamehere.正:Itwasyesterdaythathecamehere.(强调时间)2)误:Wasitbecausehewasillwhyhedidn’tcometowork?正:Wasitbecausehewasillthathedidn’tcometowork?(强调原因)\n3)误：Itwasthewarwhichmadethechildrenorphans.正：Itwasthewarthatmadethechildrenorphans.(强调事物)4)ItwasIthat(who)wenttotheGreatWallwithhimonSunday.(强调人)5）Itwasmethat(who,whom)hecheated.他欺骗的是我。(强调人)\n定语从句的关系词较多,如关系代词:that,which,who(m),whose,as,关系副词where,when,why等。关联词在从句中所起的作用不同：that在引导强调句型时，在从句中代替被强调部分作主语、宾语或状语；而定语从句中关系代词在从句中一般作主语、宾语、表语（宾语时可省略），关系副词在从句中作状语。\n定语从句记忆口诀thatwhich可互换，下列情况要照办，that用法比较多不妨对你说一说：不定代词这路货要用that准没错；先行词前有限制千万不要用which;要用which别着急；介词提前逗隔离。\n定语从句记忆口诀解题方法：还原法，即把先行词还原回到定语从句中，观察先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分。一找：定语从句和先行词二查：先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分，即定语从句中的动词和先行词的搭配三选：合适的关系词