鲁科高中化学必修一总复习课件 37页

高一化学1（必修）（山东版）知识主线总复习Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n一、基本概念和基本理论1、物质的量（1）物质的量及其单位——摩尔阿伏加德罗常数NA（6.02×1023mol－1）0.012Kg12C所含的碳原子数6.02×1023。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n物质的量（n）、阿伏加德罗常数（NA）与微粒数（N）之间公式关系：Nn=—NAEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（2）、摩尔质量和气体摩尔体积摩尔质量：单位物质的量的物质所具有的质量m单位：g·mol－1公式：n=——MEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n气体摩尔体积（Vm）：一定的温度和压强下，单位物质的量的气体所占的体积。标准状况STP（0℃、压强为101kPa）下，Vm=22．4L·mol－1公式：Vn=——VmEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（3）物质的量浓度定义：以单位体积溶液所含溶质B的物质的量来表示溶液组成的物理量，叫做溶质B的物质的量浓度。公式：nB=cB×V单位：mol·L－1Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n2、胶体胶体：分散质的微粒粒度介于1～100nm（1×10－9～1×10－7m）之间的分散系性质：丁达尔现象：电泳：聚沉：Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n胶体：分散质的微粒粒度介于1～100nm（1×10－9～1×10－7m）之间的分散系性质：丁达尔现象：用于鉴别胶体与溶液电泳：说明胶体中的胶粒带电聚沉：加热、可溶性盐或搅拌Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n3、电解质电解质与非电解质电解质：在水溶液里或熔融状态能够导电的化合物非电解质：在水溶液里或熔融状态都不能导电的化合物Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n强电解质：在水溶液里能完全电离的电解质范围：强酸、强碱、盐弱电解质：在水溶液里只部分电离的电解质范围：弱酸、弱碱Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n4、离子反应和离子方程式☆题型☆a.离子共存b.离子方程式的书写、正确与错误判断Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n5、氧化还原反应基本概念氧化还原反应氧化反应、还原反应、被氧化、被还原、氧化产物、还原产物、氧化剂、还原剂Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n二、元素与化合物1、非金属元素与化合物（1）卤族元素（2）氧、硫（3）氮（4）碳、硅2、金属元素与化合物（1）钠、镁、铝（2）铁、铜、（3）合金Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（1）卤族元素——氯气3Cl2＋2Fe=2FeCl3Cl2＋Cu=CuCl2Cl2＋H2=2HClCl2＋H2O=HCl＋HClO2Cl2＋2Ca(OH)2=Ca(ClO)2＋CaCl2＋2H2OCl2＋2NaOH=NaClO＋NaCl＋H2OCl2＋SO2＋2H2O=2HCl＋H2SO4Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nBr2、I2：Cl2＋2NaBr=2NaCl＋Br2Br2＋2KI=2KBr＋I2Br2＋2NaOH=NaBr＋NaBrO＋H2O特性：a。淀粉遇到碘水变蓝色b。碘可升华Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（2）硫及其化合物：S＋Fe=FeSS＋O2=SO22SO2＋O2=2SO32H2SO4（浓）＋Cu=CuSO4＋2SO2↑＋2H2O2H2SO4（浓）＋C=2SO2↑＋CO2↑＋2H2OEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n2H2S＋SO2=3S↓＋2H2OH2O＋SO3=H2SO4Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（3）氮及其化合物N2＋O2=2NO2NO＋O2=2NO23NO2＋H2O=2HNO3＋NON2＋3H2=2NH3NH3＋H2O=NH3·H2ONH3＋HCl=NH4Cl4NH3＋5O2=4NO＋6H2OEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nNH4HCO3=NH3↑＋CO2↑＋H2ONH4Cl=NH3↑＋HCl↑NH4+＋OH－=NH3↑＋H2O2NH4Cl＋Ca(OH)2=2NH3↑＋CaCl2＋2H2O4HNO3=2H2O＋4NO2↑＋O2↑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n4HNO3(浓)＋Cu=Cu(NO3)2＋2NO2↑＋2H208HNO3(稀)＋3Cu=3Cu(NO3)2＋2NO↑＋4H204HNO3(稀)＋C=CO2↑＋4NO2↑＋2H20Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n硅及其化合物:Si＋O2=SiO2Si＋2C=Si＋2CO↑SiO2＋2NaOH=Na2SiO3＋H2OSiO2＋CaO=CaSiO3Si＋4HF=SiF4↑＋2H2OEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n制造玻璃原料:纯碱、石灰石、石英反应：CaCO3＋SiO2=CaSiO3＋CO2↑Na2CO3＋SiO2=Na2SiO3＋CO2↑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n2、金属元素及其化合物（1）钠及其化合物：2Na＋2H2O=2NaOH＋H2↑4Na＋O2=2Na2O2Na＋O2=Na2O22Na＋S=Na2SNa2O＋H2O=2NaOH2Na2O2＋2H2O=4NaOH＋O2↑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nNa2O＋CO2=Na2CO32Na2O2＋2CO2=2Na2CO3＋O22NaHCO3=Na2CO3＋CO2↑＋H2O条件：加热Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（2）铝及其化合物A、4Al＋3O2=2Al2O3B、2Al＋Fe2O3=Al2O3＋2FeAl的两性:C、2Al＋6HCl=2AlCl3＋3H2↑D、2Al＋2NaOH＋6H2O＋2Na[Al(OH)4]＋3H2↑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nAlCl3＋3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓＋3NH4ClAl3+＋3OH－=Al(OH)3↓Al(OH)3的两性:Al(OH)3＋3H+=Al3+＋3H2OAl(OH)3＋OH－=[Al(OH)4]－Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nAl2O3的两性:Al2O3＋6H+=2Al3+＋3H2OAl2O3＋2OH－＋3H2O=2[Al(OH)4]－Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n2Mg＋O2=2MgO3Mg＋N2=Mg3N22Mg＋CO2=2MgO＋CMg＋2HCl=MgCl2＋H2↑3Mg＋8HNO3(稀)=3Mg(NO3)2＋2NO↑＋4H20Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n（3）Fe及其化合物Fe单质的还原性：Fe＋2H+=Fe2+＋H2↑Fe3+的氧化性：2Fe3+＋Cu=2Fe2+＋Cu2+2Fe3+＋Fe=3Fe2+Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n+2、+3价铁盐的性质：Fe2+＋2OH－=Fe(OH)2↓4Fe(OH)2＋O2＋2H2O=4Fe(OH)3Fe3+＋3OH－=Fe(OH)3↓Fe3+的检验：用硫氰酸钾溶液Fe3+与SCN－反应，溶液显红色。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\nCu及其化合物2Cu＋O2＋2H2O＋CO2=Cu(OH)2CO32Cu＋O2=2CuO2Cu＋S=Cu2S4CuO=2Cu2O＋O2↑CuSO4·5H2O=CuSO4＋5H2O↑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n三、化学实验Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n1、卤族元素——氯气3Cl2＋2Fe=2FeCl3Cl2＋Cu=CuCl2Cl2＋H2=2HClCl2＋H2O=HCl＋HClOEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n2、氮及其化合物浓、稀硝酸分别和铜、碳的反应3、硫及其化合物Fe＋S=FeS注意反应条件及现象Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n4、操作实验配制一定物质的量浓度的溶液（1）用固体（如NaOH）配制的基本步骤①计算②称取③溶解④移液⑤定容（2）用液体（如浓盐酸）配制的基本步骤①计算②量取③稀释④移液⑤定容Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n四、化学计算Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.\n类型：1、利用化学方程式的计算2、关系式法思考练习题（略）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2.0.0.Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.